Karl G. Linden, Ph.D., BCEEM Environmental Engineering Mortenson Professor in Sustainable Development University of Colorado Boulder - Borchardt ...
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Karl G. Linden, Ph.D., BCEEM
Environmental Engineering
Mortenson Professor in Sustainable Development
University of Colorado Boulder
Borchardt Conference 2020
University of Michigan
February 25, 2020
karl.linden@colorado.edu
@waterprof
2 Thanks • My Students: Many theses and dissertations! • Funding Agencies: NSF, WaterRF, WateReuse, WERF, USEPA, NWRI, Industries • Incredible Colleagues: academic, utilities, consulting, industry
Right Place, Right Time, Right People
1992
1996
Jeannie Darby George Tchobanoglous
James Phil
1997 Malley Singer
AwwaRF
1998 Jennifer Alex 2668
Clancy Mofidi
4
The Tipping Point: 1998
• Milwaukee Cryptosporidium outbreak driving new
regulations
• Unfiltered Utilities – Feeling stress around Crypto
• Discovery that UV was very effective for Cryptosporidium
Linden Graduates:
take position at UNC Charlotte
J AWWA, Sept 2000
5 But what was happening before then?
Ultraviolet Light in Water Treatment: History
• 1877: Downes and Blunt discovered bactericidal effects of sunlight
• 1901: Peter Cooper Hewitt invented the mercury vapor arc lamp
• 1906: Quartz sleeve allows the production of UV lamps
• stimulated research into the bactericidal properties of UV light
• 1910: First recorded use of UV light for disinfection of water in
Marseilles, France
• disinfection of 36 m3/h (9500 gph) of pathogen-spiked water was
achieved in a few seconds
• used a Westinghouse Cooper Hewitt mercury lamp in fused quartz.
• 1916: use of UV light for the disinfection of water on ships
• 1916-1923: UV disinfection facilities supplied by the R.U.V. Co., Inc.,
of New York, operating in Henderson, KY
• 1923-1936: UV disinfection operating in Berea, OH
• 1923: UV disinfection operating in Horton, KS
• 1928-1939: UV disinfection operating in Perrysburg, OH
UV Light: Where did you go? • Problems with electrical supply reliability • Maintenance of lamps was problematic Trojan Technologies • The small size of quartz lamps limited the applications for municipal systems • Belief among state officials that chlorine was a more effective technology • The use of UV light for disinfection of water gradually grew out of favor in the 1920-30s • Facilities abandoned due to the cost of operation compared with other water disinfection techniques (chlorination)
8 Meanwhile, Over in Europe • 1955: First modern installations of UV disinfection systems using low-pressure UV lamps in water treatment plants occurred in Switzerland and Austria • 1975: UV disinfection was introduced in Norway as a result of concern with the disinfection by-products from the use of chlorine disinfection • 1985: Over 1,500 UV installations in Europe. Most were for the treatment of groundwater and bank- filtered water. • 2000: Number of UV installations in Europe is over 6,000, with most treating groundwater
9
UV for Wastewater Disinfection (
UV for Water Treatment?? ………………..Protecting Public Health Given our modern water quality concerns… • Challenge 1: Inactivation of pathogens • Protect the public from waterborne diseases • Challenge 2: Removal of chemical pollutants • Organic and inorganic contaminants • No new harmful chemicals formed • Challenge 3: Maintain favorable aesthetics • No adverse taste and odor issues • Result: Appropriate water treatment solutions
What is an Ideal Water Treatment Process? • No synthetic/harmful chemicals • Free of unwanted byproducts • Free of unwanted residuals • Sustainable materials • Low or no energy • Fast acting • Easy to operate • Autonomous
Drivers for UV in Water Treatment • Disinfection • Sensibility: i.e., Wastewater disinfection • Non-chemical (chlorine), No byproducts • Cryptosporidium** (and Giardia) • “Green” Technology
But…………What Does It Take to Get a Technology Accepted in the 21st century? • Good stuff • Bad stuff • Basic Research • Residuals • Validation procedures • Byproducts • Safety factors • Harmful side effects • Sensors/automation • Toxic materials • Certificates • Dangerous handling • Mathematical models Require the GOOD Minimize the BAD
14
Mapping Research to Accelerate Innovation
I. Develop standards and protocols to benchmark
technology progress and comparisons
II. Generate fundamental and applied evidence to
support technology acceptance and adoption
Understanding UV mechanisms
Tailor innovations based on knowledge
III. Leverage other opportunities
AOP, NDMA, Water Reuse
IV. Imagine what the future should be, and work toward
it through research
LEDs, Small systems, distribution systems15
Mapping Research I: Standards and Protocols
ASCE J Env. Eng., 2003.
610 ISI Citations (highest
cited paper in journal)
ASCE J Env. Eng.,
2006.
Water Research 2007
Photochem/Photobio, 2015
2019Fundamental Premise of Long Term 2 ESWTR:
Availability of UV Disinfection:
EPA recognized that UV disinfection
is a new technology to the water
industry and that documents needed
to be developed to bridge the
knowledge gap
• UV dose tables
• Validation protocol
• Monitoring requirements
• UV disinfection guidance
manualUV Disinfection Acceptance • 6 years to develop a guidance manual • 2003 draft, 2006 final • Includes: • Microbial methods • Validation examples • Lamp breakage evaluation • Defined Validation Protocols
Validation of UV Disinfection • Hydraulic Validation • Mathematical models • CFD analysis • Lamp validation • Sensor validation • UV Transmittance • Biological assay validation • Challenge testing • On-line dose monitoring protocol • Uncertainty and Bias evaluations
NY State UV Validation Center
Operated by HDR/ HydroQual
Second facility built in Portland Oregon (Carollo)Catalyzed UV Disinfection Funding • Fundamentals of pathogen inactivation • Relative to surrogates used to test UV Systems • Modeling hydraulics • CFD, Light intensity models • New methods for validation • Examination of byproducts • New UV technology evaluation and verification • Statistical analyses of validation • Applied knowledge of UV in Water Treatment 1998-2015: Led 10 major UV projects from AwwaRF/WaterRF
21 NYC: 2 BGD – Largest UV Facility
22 Mapping Research II: Fundamental and Applied Science - Understanding UV Mechanisms • How UV Works • Mechanisms of Inactivation • Wavelengths and Action Spectra • Utilizing Tools in Molecular Biology (Proteins/DNA)
Ultraviolet Disinfection
• UV-C disrupts DNA replication
• Inactivates:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Protozoa
http://www.aquabest.nett24
LP and MP Emission Spectra
16
Medium Pressure
Spectral Emittance (rel)
12 Lamp
Low Pressure Lamp
8 (254 nm) x 10
4
0
200 250 300 350 400
wavelength / nm
Bolton, J.R. and Linden, K.G. (2003) “Standardization of Methods for Fluence (UV Dose) Determination in
Bench-scale UV Experiments” ASCE: Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 129 No. 3. pp 209-21525 Typical LP and MP Systems
UV Inactivation of All Pathogens
Medium
Pressure UV
Linden, K.G., Thurston, J., Schaefer, R., Malley, J.P. Jr. (2007) “Enhanced UV Inactivation of
Adenoviruses under Polychromatic UV Lamps” Appl & Environ Microbiol, 73, (23) 7571–757427
Why is MP > LP? Action Spectra
• Collaborated with NIST Lab
• Microbial assays with Clancy Lab and EPA
0.12
210 220 230 240 253.7 260 270 280 290
Normalized Irradiance
0.1
0.08
National Institute
of Standards and 0.06
Technology UV
laser system 0.04
0.02
0
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
wavelength (nm)
Beck, S.E., Wright, H.B., Hargy, T.M., Larason, T.C., Linden, K.G. (2015) “Action Spectra for Validation of
Pathogen Disinfection in Medium-Pressure Ultraviolet (UV) Systems” Water Research, 70:27-3728
Action Spectra-Adenovirus
• 5-20x greater response at low wavelengths compared to LP
Beck, S.E., Rodriguez, R.A., Linden, K.G., Hargy, T.M., Larason, T.C., Wright, H.B. (2014) Wavelength
Dependent UV Inactivation and DNA Damage of Adenovirus as Measured by Cell Culture Infectivity and
Long Range Quantitative PCR” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (1), pp 591–59829
Action Spectra
• Note differences in low wavelength response
& Giardia
Beck, S.E., Wright, H.B., Hargy, T.M., Larason, T.C., Linden, K.G. (2015) Action Spectra for Validation
of Pathogen Disinfection in Medium-Pressure Ultraviolet (UV) Systems Water Research, 70:27-3730
UV Disinfection Mechanisms
• Genome (DNA/RNA) damage
• Replication
• Protein damage
• Structure and function
• Important for UV-resistant
microbes, such as viruses
• Other biomolecules not well-
studied
Harm (1980)
Rodriguez, R.A., Bounty, S., Linden, K.G. (2013) Long-Range Quantitative PCR for Determining
Inactivation of Adenovirus 2 by UV Light. J. Applied Microbiology. 114(6) 1854-186531 Mapping Research II: Fundamental and Applied Science - Tailoring Innovations • Advances in UV Technology (UV LEDs) • Leveraging Fundamental Knowledge of Mechanisms
32 UV LEDs: Tailoring Wavelengths What if we could design our own UV emission profile? • It would include wavelengths that proved effective • It would not emit wavelengths we did not want • Could be operated for specific microorganism disinfection • Could take advantage of other specific water treatment objectives (contaminant degradation, oxidation)
Tailored Wavelength UVC LED Reactor
LEDs
readily
12 available
Spectral Sensitivity
10
?
8
MS2
6
Crypto
4 Adenovirus 2
2 B. pumilis
http://www.nikkiso.com/technology/application.html
0
220 240 260 280 300
Wavelength (nm)
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
1
Absorbance
0.1
0.01
? DNA
Protein
0.001
200 250 300
Wavelength (nm)34
Approach: UV Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
UV
Absorbance
260 280
UV Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs)
200 220 240 260 280 300
wavelength (nm)35
MS2: 260, 280, 260|280 nm LEDs
• Fluence based
on LED output,
unweighted
• 260|280 nm
combined was
compared to
sum of percent
of each
• No Synergy
noted
Beck S.E., Ryu H., Boczek L.A., Cashdollar J.L., Jeanis K.M., Rosenblum J.S., Lawal O.R.,
Linden K.G. (2017) Evaluating UV-C LED disinfection performance and investigating potential
dual-wavelength synergy. Water Res. 109:207-21636
Emerging UV Sources Enable Wavelength
Tailored Disinfection Optimization
KrCl Excimer lamp Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
(Excilamp) 255 265 285 nm
1 Excilamp LED LED LED
0.8
Relative Lamp Emission
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
200 250
Wavelength (nm) 30037
Results: Tailored Wavelengths KrCl Excimer lamp
• 260/280 LEDs did not exhibit
synergy
• But were very effective, as expected
• 222 nm (KrCl excilamps) promising
for viral disinfection
• Fluence and Electrical benefits
• Alone or with LP or LEDs
• Sequential exposures enhance
action
• Excimer or LP before LEDs
Hull, N.M., Linden, K.G. (2018) Synergy of MS2 disinfection by sequential exposure to tailored UV
wavelengths. Water Research 143, 292-30038
UV Metrics: Disinfection Citations
Search: “UV and water treatment and disinfection”
1993: 13 2019: 8985Atlantium Hydro-Optic™ Solutions
UV Acceptance
• UV disinfection installed for all surface water types
• Unfiltered supplies in NYC, Boston, Seattle, etc
• Filtered water in Colorado, Ohio, Texas, New York, etc
• Applied for multi-barrier disinfection, Cryptosporidium, and
to meet future regulations
Dotson, A.D., Rodriguez, C., Linden, K.G. (2012) “UV Disinfection Implementation Status in US Water Treatment
Plants” Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 104, No. 5, 318-324
• UV now proven validated to meet the GWR
• Live virus challenge validation proves effectiveness
• 4-log adenovirus credit accepted in PA, NY
• Accessible for meeting regulations for small systems
• Remote monitoring and operation
Linden, K.G., Shin, G-A., Lee, J-K., Scheible, O.K., Shen, C., Posy, P. (2009) “Demonstrating 4-log Adenovirus
Inactivation in a Medium-Pressure Ultraviolet Disinfection Reactor”, Journal AWWA , Vol. 101, No. 4, 90-97
2010 Best Paper Award, JAWWA40 Mapping Research III: Leveraging Other Opportunities What else can UV do for me? • UV Photolysis and Advanced Oxidation of Contaminants • NDMA, 1,4 Dioxane
UV-Advanced Oxidation Processes
UV AOP Reactions
•OH + contaminant → chemical transformationUV AOP Leverages Photolysis and Oxidation
Direct UV •
•
Absorption Characteristics
UV Emission Spectrum
Photolysis • Water Absorbance
(UV only) • Quantum Yield
• H2O2 Concentration
OH Radical •
•
UV fluence
Radical Scavengers
Oxidation • OHss Concentration
• OH Radical Rate ConstantNDMA Contaminant Problem #1
•NDMA: Problem in
water reuse
Molar Absorption Coefficient M-1 cm-1)
•Absorbs LP and MP UV
•Quantum yield is high
(~ 0.3 mol/Es at pH 8)
•Works with or without
H2 O2
•UV is a best available
technology
Wavelength (nm)
Sharpless, C.M. Linden, K.G. (2003) “Experimental and Model Comparisons of Low- and Medium-
Pressure Hg Lamps for the Direct and H2O2 Assisted UV Photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in
Simulated Drinking Water”, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 37 No. 9, pp. 1933-1940UV Degrades Pharmaceuticals Pereira, V.J., Linden, K.G., Weinberg, H.S. (2007) “Evaluation of UV irradiation for photolytic and oxidative degradation of pharmaceutical compounds in water” Water Research Vol. 41, No. 19, 4413 – 4423
Where Do AOPs Fit? After RO in Reuse
Diurnal Flow UV/H2O2
Pre-Treatment EQ/storage MF RO
Secondary
Effluent
Treated Water
Concentrate Storage or
Treatment Recharge
Orange County Water District, CA; Queensland, Australia
UV/H2O2
MF RO
Recharge
Secondary
Effluent
Ozone Contact
Concentrate
Basin
Treatment
West Basin, CA; Scottsdale, AZ
NDMA, 1,4 dioxaneAOP: in Water Treatment
Lake IJssel
coagulation
rapid sand filtration
UV/H2O2 treatment
GAC filtration
GAC filtration
ClO2 Disinfection
PWN, Andijk, Netherlands
Pesticide degradation
H2O2 quenching
Joop Kruitof BiostabilityAOP as Part of a Multi-Barrier Treatment Train
Granular
Bank Blend with
Precipitative Media
Filtration Municipal
Softening Filtration
Supply
South Aquifer
Platte Recharge Carbon
River and UV Adsorption
Recovery Advanced
Oxidation
NDMA, EDCs, PCPPs
Prairie Waters Project H2O2 quenching
Aurora, Colorado USA Biostability48 Mapping Research IV: Imagining the Future • UV LEDs for Small Systems • UV Applications Beyond the Treatment Plant
49
UV LEDs are particularly appropriate for
small systems Jamestown, CO
Population: 300
Elevation: 8,000 ft
• Small footprint, sturdy
• Intermittently operable
• Autonomous operation
• Long life
• No mercury
• No residuals
• Disinfect and minimize DBPs
• Low power requirements
• Compatible with PV Jamestown, CO and Water Committee
(Jon Ashton, Emma Hardy, Jennifer Aieta)50
UV-C LED PearlAqua
Nominal: 285 nm
Actual: 282 nm
1.0
0.8
Relative Lamp
Emission
0.6
0.4
~6 in (15 cm)
0.2
0.0
200 250 300
Wavelength (nm)51
Results: Demonstration scale UV LEDs
• UV-C LED reactor was resilient for year-long continuous
operation
• Adverse conditions: no maintenance, near freezing, runoff
• Proof of concept for municipal small systems
• Jamestown WTP flow 50 lpm, PearlAqua flow 0.5 lpm
• UV Dose ~30 to ~120 mJ/cm2
• Cost52
Thinking Outside the Treatment Plant:
……………The Next Frontier for UV Applications
Linden, K.G., Hull, N., Speight, V. (2019) Thinking Outside the Treatment Plant: UV for Water
Distribution System Disinfection. Accounts of Chemical Research. Vol. 52, No. 5, 1226-123353 Current State of Water Distribution • Water distribution systems represent the final infrastructure in multi-barrier public health protection • Water quality in the distribution system can be compromised due to aging and deterioration of buried pipe assets • increased vulnerability to contamination • Chlorine residual concerns • disinfectant decay • formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs)
54
In the US, an estimated 93.7%
of the population receive water
with a secondary disinfectant
Many European countries distribute
drinking water without a secondary
disinfectant: including the Netherlands,
Germany, and Switzerland
The precedent for
secondary disinfectant-free
water has already been set
Can we do better and make water safer?55 Types of UV Systems
56 Potential Benefits of UV Applications • UV LEDs • Distributed systems – rural and urban • Increase end-user protection • Multibarrier microbial defense • Control microbial problem areas while limiting DBPs • Integrate into new/rehabilitation infrastructure investments
57 Imagine the Magic of UV Everywhere • UV is a proven technology for disinfection • Immediate application in POE, POU in buildings • Immediate application in no-residual systems • Next 10-20 years - investment in pipe replacement • Opportunity to install new pipes with embedded UV LEDs and associated sensors • Need to work with regulators to overcome the glacial pace of regulatory reform in countries that require a chemical-residual secondary disinfectant
What is an Ideal Water Treatment Process? No synthetic/harmful chemicals Free of unwanted byproducts Free of unwanted residuals Sustainable materials Low or no energy Fast acting Easy to operate Autonomous
UV: Cross-cutting discipline • UV disinfection integrates fundamentals • Photochemistry • Photobiology • Molecular Biology • Physics • Engineering Design • All integrated to provide public health protection • Minimizing unwanted byproducts • Optimizing pathogen control • Transforming chemical contaminants • Providing easy tool to serve all types of communities
Time for a Water Treatment Revolution?
• Globalization
• More aware of other
approaches
• Holistic Approaches
• Multiple Barriers
• Move away from
“patchwork processes” Why is so much energy and
• Biological Processes money spent on
• Stabilization of Water accommodating chlorine vs.
rethinking its use?
• Minimize Chemicals
• Leverage UV TechnologyKarl G. Linden, Ph.D., BCEEM
Environmental Engineering
Mortenson Professor in Sustainable Development
University of Colorado Boulder
Borchardt Conference 2020
University of Michigan
February 25, 2020
karl.linden@colorado.edu
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