JSPS RONPAKU (Dissertation Ph.D.) Program Abstracts of Dissertation for FY 2009
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JSPS RONPAKU (Dissertation Ph.D.)Program Abstracts of Dissertation for FY 2009
JSPS RONPAKU (Dissertation Ph.D.) Program
Abstracts of Dissertation for FY 2009
Asian Program Division, JSPS
http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-ronpaku/
Asian Program Division, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Message from JSPS
The RONPAKU (Dissertation PhD) Program was inaugurated in 1978
as a centerpiece initiative within JSPS menu of activities directed to Asian
and African countries. Under it, support is given to excellent Asian and
African researchers who wish to earn a doctorate from a Japanese university
by submitting a dissertation, without matriculating a doctoral course.
Up to FY 2009, some 582 researchers have obtained their PhDs through
the RONPAKU Program. This booklet contains abstracts from the 35
RONPAKU fellows who “graduated” from the program in FY 2009. We will
be happy if this collection of their abstracts is of encouragement to current
RONPAKU fellows and researchers from Asia and Africa who will be
eligible to enroll in the program from next year. We look forward to the ties
cultivated among RONKAKU fellows and Japanese researchers through
participation in this program accruing to the building of a robust researcher
network within the Asian and African community.
Finally, it is with great expectation that we look forward to the future
activities and contributions of the researchers who have earned their PhDs
through this program.
March 2011
Akie Hoshino
Head
Asian Program Division
International Program Department
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
CONTENTS
About RONPAKU Program 1
China Xiao ZHANG 4
8
India Gopakumar Raghavan PILLAI 10
Ashok KUMAR 12
M.Jerald Mahesh KUMAR 14
Indonesia Josephine Elizabeth SIREGAR 16
Ndan IMANG 18
Iin KURNIA 21
Rike YUDIANTI 23
Neni Trilusiana RAHMAWATI 25
Fransiscus Suramas REMBON 28
Ardianor 31
Korea Dong Hyun KIM 34
Byunggyu YU 36
Ki Youn KIM 38
Malaysia Mohamed Bin Gulam Hassan ASLAM 40
Faisal MOHD-YASIN 42
Mongolia Tseye-Oidov ODBAYAR 44
Philippines Lucille Velez ABAD 46
Evelyn Cuevas CREENCIA 48
Victoria Chavez LAPITAN 51
Iris Ann Galarosa MARTINEZ 53
Victor Salcedo SOLIMAN 56
Thailand Jankana BURANA-OSOT 60
Aroonlug LULITANOND 62
Suwannee LUPPANAPORNLARP 64
Chusit PRADABPET 65
Archawin ROJANAWIWAT 68
Siriphan SAENG-AROON 69
Vilasinee HIRUNPANICH 71
Chatchai MARNADEE 74
Kittisak SAWANYAWISUTH 77
Sawai WANGHONGSA 81
Vietnam Thi Van NGUYEN HA 84
Minh Cong NGUYEN 87
About RONPAKU Program
The aim of JSPS's RONPAKU (Dissertation PhD) Program is to provide
tutorial and financial support to promising young researchers in Asia and Africa
who wish to obtain their PhD degrees from Japanese universities through the
submission of a dissertation without going through a doctoral course. Grantees
under the program (RONPAKU Fellows) are given the opportunity to visit their
Japanese advisor once a year to receive direct supervision at the Japanese
university where they will submit their PhD thesis.
Since the program launched in 1978, 582 RONPAKU Fellows have obtained
their PhDs under the program. The number of such fellows by country is as
follows:
Number of
Counterpart Number of Ph. D.
Country Current Fellows
Organizations Awardees
as of April 2010
Bangladesh UGC 9 3
CAS 18 2
China CASS 8 2
MOE (CSC) 22 16
India DST 26 2
DGHE 90 8
Indonesia
LIPI 38 7
Korea NRF 62 19
Malaysia VCC 21 5
Mongolia MECS 1 8
Philippines DOST 72 10
Singapore* NUS 3 None
Thailand NRCT 191 19
Vietnam VAST 18 17
Others 3 33
Total 582 151
* Indian counterpart organization (DST) is off the list nominating organization from FY 2008.
* Singapore counterpart organization (NUS) is off the list nominating organization from FY 2001.
1
Eligibility Country
This program is offered to researchers in the following countries
ASIA (including Middle East countries)
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh*, Bhutan, Brunei,
Cambodia, China*, Georgia, India, Indonesia*, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, South Korea*, Kuwait, Kyrgyz, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia*,
Maldives, Mongolia*, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines*,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand*,
Timor-Leste, Turkey, Turkmenistan, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vietnam*, and
Yemen.
AFRICA
Algeria, Angora, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape
Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt*,
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,
Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda,
Zambia and Zimbabwe
* These ten countries have JSPS counterpart organizations that assist in applicant nomination and program implementation.
Eligibility
Each applicant for the Program must be a researcher who
belongs to a university or research institute in the above-listed countries
already holds a full-time position as a researcher in a university or reserve
institution in his/her home country or will likely be appointed to such a
position by 1 April of the starting year of the fellowship. (JSPS also treats
Taiwanese and Palestinian researchers in this manner.)
is under age 49 as of 1 April of the starting year of the fellowship.
Number of Fellowships About 30~40 per year
Duration of Fellowship Up to 5 years
2
JSPS Support
RONPAKU Fellows may visit their Japanese host university once a year for
a maximum period of 90 days for the purpose of studying under the
supervision of their Japanese advisor.
JSPS provides RONPAKU Fellows with a roundtrip international air ticket
(economy class), maintenance allowance and medical/accidental insurance,
and covers expenses related to dissertation submission during their stays in
Japan.
The Japanese advisor may visit the RONPAKU fellow's home university or
research institution once a year for a maximum period of 30 days for the
purpose of supervising RONPAKU Fellow's study.
JSPS provides Japanese Advisors with a roundtrip air ticket (economy class)
and maintenance allowance, and covers their visa issuance fees and
supervising expenses during their stays in the fellow's country.
During the fellow's stay in Japan, JSPS provides the Japanese Advisor with
an allowance for supervising his/her study at the host institution.
Contact Information
We are happy to receive news of post-fellowship activities expanding their
own initiative and opinion of our RONPAKU Program. Please email your
comments to the JSPS RONPAKU Program.
JSPS RONPAKU Program
Asian Program Division
International Program Department, JSPS
Address: 8 Ichibancyo Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472 JAPAN
TEL: +81-(0)3-3263-2368
FAX: +81-(0)3-3234-3700
Email: ronpaku@jsps.go.jp
3
CHINA
Damage and Interindustry Economic Impact of Drought
and Water Scarcity in China: An Input-Output Analysis
Xiao ZHANG CASS - 10401
Professor,
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,
Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics
Japanese Advisor : Hikaru SAKURAMOTO
Professor, Keio University
China has faced many
water resource problems
including water pollution,
flooding, and water scarcity
combined with poor water
distribution. These three
issues have even existed at
the same time and place
before. In China, especially
northern China, in terms of
water issues, drought and
water scarcity may be the
most serious problems for
the country’s development. Although China ranks number six in the world in terms
of water volume, the amount of water that qualifies as a resource per capita is only
about 25% of the average level in the world. The North China Plain accounts for
over 66% of the country’s agricultural production (over half of is wheat and a third
of is corn), however, about 80% of available water resources lie in southern China’s
Yangtze River basin. Furthermore, in China, where grain production relies heavily
on the availability of water resources, 80% of the grain is produced from irrigated
land, whereas in the United States and India, the proportion is 20% and 60%
respectively. The third cause for concern is that the efficiency of water use in China
is comparatively low. It was estimated that 60% of water is lost in the irrigation
process for various reasons such as evaporation in irrigation canals and on land, as
well as during the flow through water supply facilities. Additionally,
industrialization and urbanization have caused the demand for water to increase
significantly. For instance, urban demand for water increased from 30% to 40%
between 1999 and 2006. A pressing concern for China is the need for water for
both grain production and economic safety. The motivation behind this study is to
understand the inter-industry economic impact and damage caused by droughts and
water resource scarcity. The input-output analysis framework served as the basis for
4
CHINA
the approach adopted in this research because it provides diverse linkage measures,
such as a backward and forward linkages as well as internal and external linkages
between individual sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the input-output table and
model can be used to analyze the relationship between intermediate input, final
demand in monetary units and water use attached in physical units. Linkage
measures can be used to identify which resources are most important for a country’s
development and for which sectors because it is believed by some researches that
encouragement of (concentration of scarce resources in) those sectors would lead to
maximum economy-wide benefits, thereby stimulating economic development. In
that case, the hypothetical extraction method is used as a linkage measure approach
to capture the sectoral interdependence in this study.
The primary objective of this study is to analyze the impact of droughts and
water scarcity on all economic sectors in China. In order to reach this goal, the
background and measure of the economic damage resulting from droughts and
water scarcity are, respectively, reported and estimated. The second objective is to
demonstrate the value of input-output tools and create assessing methods to
estimate the linkage measure (indirect impacts) which include backward and
forward linkages for sectors. The third objective is to devote a series of empirical
analyses based on the linkage impact method and various scenarios in order to find
relevant macro-economic policy implications.
This study focuses on the economic impact of drought and water scarcity as
well as the issues concerned and, in order to perform a thorough analysis, includes
four parts. In part one the study’s motivation and approach are introduced. The
motivation of the study comes from a need to understand the extent of economic
losses due to natural disasters and water scarcity issues China has faced, as well as
the general effects on the country’s society and economic system. There has never
been a sector by sector or inter-sector study focusing on impact analysis. In fact, the
key approach of this study is analysis based on an input-output model by which we
can learn about the link
between key sectors and
other sectors, or links
between different sectors in
the economic system as a
result of droughts and water
scarcity losses. Additionally,
this study will seek to
understand the impact
between key sectors and
other sectors in the economic
system due to changes in the
efficiency of water use. Part
5CHINA
two gives estimates of damage caused by droughts and water scarcity, including
grain and food damage and water supply damage. Part three is the key part of the
study. Firstly, it explains the methodology used to determining linkage measures
between losses in a key sector (agriculture sector) caused by droughts and the
impact of the losses on other sectors. The section then describes the methodology,
including the water use coefficient and inter-sectoral dependence linkages (internal
and external effects) of water use, implemented in determining the linkage measure
for water use among sectors. Secondly, it presents an empirical analysis of the
damage caused by droughts and water scarcity. Thirdly, it divides a large combined
sector (electricity, steam, hot water production & supply sector) into several sub-
sectors in order to perform a detailed investigation. In part four, water use
efficiency and policies on disaster risk reduction are discussed, including some
international comparisons through scenario analyses. The four parts are composed
of 10 chapters.
The main findings and conclusions are (1) the estimate of damage and loss
caused by droughts and water scarcity each year is an enormous figure and has an
extreme impact on some sectors. The results estimate the total loss and linkage
impact on agriculture to be RMB 272 billion and RMB 156 billion in 2001 and
2002, respectively. These figures account for 2.5% of GDP and 10.4% of GOV
(gross output value) of agriculture in 2001, and 1.3% of GDP and 5.7% of GOV of
agriculture in 2002. Droughts, including effects of flooding, especially impact the
country’s poorer people and those living in rural areas for whom production
activities rely heavily on water and natural conditions. In other words, droughts and
water scarcity have had a very serious impact on growth and development in China.
(2) Some key sectors, such as agriculture and electricity, use more water either per
output or total volume. In addition, their total linkage impacts calculated (backward
and forward) can be several times the value of its direct economic loss. Therefore,
it is especially important for industries in those sectors to be monitored and
encouraged to save water use by increasing water use efficiency. (3) When giving a
careful consideration for all sectors, including the six sub-sectors divided from the
sector of electricity, steam, hot water production & supply with regard to direct
water use coefficient per output, the sub-sector of steam, hot water production &
supply takes the number one slot, moving the agriculture sector to number two.
Sub-sectors of thermal power generation and nuclear power generation are,
respectively, No. 3 and No. 4. Regarding the external forward linkage of water use
(transferring water from one sector to others by inputs), sub-sector of thermal
power generation and sectors of chemicals and metals are, respectively, No. 2 and
No.3. The conclusion of this finding is that the thermal power generation sub-
sector is the top sector in water use compared with all other Chinese industrial
sectors. In order to deal with the challenges presented by droughts and water
scarcity in northern China, the sector’s allocation of any new thermal power
6CHINA
generation plant should be carefully monitored, and the sector’s water use
efficiency must be improved upon. (4) The results of the analysis on the impact of
transferring water between sectors in various scenarios show that although some
sectors, such as electricity generation (thermal power generation), iron & steel,
chemicals, petroleum processing, paper making, and textiles, are thought to use
more water in their manufacturing processes, however, it is important to note that
there are two different types of water transfer. It is not as easy to detect, but some
sectors indeed use more water not only through their own demands, but also
through inputs used in the production of goods coming from other sectors, such as
food processing, clothing and textiles, which is considered to be importing water.
The same is true about exporting water which occurs when goods such as
electricity generation, chemicals, and iron &steel are transferred to other sectors.
(5) The simulations yield different outcomes for the resulting total water use either
in internal effect or external transferring under three different scenarios. Comparing
with BaU scenario, in scenario two, direct water use was decreased by 30% in all
23 industrial sectors, while in scenario three the Japanese data describes direct
water use in only four industrial sectors. In measuring the total decrease of water
use in relevant sectors and the total amount of water transferred to and from sectors,
the strategy of scenario three compared to that of scenario two appears to be more
comprehensive, and therefore a better method. In terms of policy, this implies that
to improve water efficiency in industrial sectors, it would be helpful to increasing
water use efficiency and follow Japan’s example illustrated by the chemicals sector
and the three other industrial sectors included in the data.
7CHINA
CSC - 10502
.
2 CMC
3
800
4
5
6
0.5
P2
7
0.5
1 2
8CHINA
.
. 65
98 9.8
94 81
24 96 9.5
9INDIA
Decision Support for Water Management in the
Vembanad Wetland System
Gopakumar Raghavan PILLAI DST - 10304
Scientist,
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management,
Surface Water Division
Japanese Advisor : Kaoru TAKARA
Professor, Kyoto University
The Vembanad wetland located on the southwest coast of India consists of the
Vembanad backwater lake and deltaic regions of the Achencoil, Pamba, Manimala,
Menachil and Muvattupuzha rivers. Major human interventions like large scale land
reclamation and construction of a salinity control barrage across the lake lead to
environmental degradation of the wetland. Increased flood proneness became a
major issue in this region receiving heavy monsoon flows from five rivers and
finally drains it to the Arabian sea. With many existing mutually conflicting
functions and values like flood control, pollution control, inland navigation,
agriculture etc., integrated management of the water system of the wetlands is a
challenging task. Decision support using databases and computer models is
essential for planning water management in the wetlands. A dynamic view of the
changes in spatial development in the region and its relation to inundation scenario
is needed for planning flood risk management in the region. In this research, spatial
and non-spatial databases are developed on the land and water resources of wetland,
and models are developed for forecasting of water levels in the wetlands and river
flows to the system. The databases are used for the analysis of hydrology,
topographic features, and characteristics of floods in the wetland. Based on the
analysis, some strategies are evolved for flood risk management in the Vembanad
wetlands.
Geographic information datasets of the physical features of the wetlands are
generated in GIS using topographic maps and satellite data, and spatial changes in
the extent of Vembanad lake during the 20th century assessed. Due to reclamation,
area of the lake reduced from 290.9 km2 to 213.3 km2 during the 1917-1990 period.
Bathymetry of the lake is analyzed by generating digital elevation model (DEM)
and benchmark established for its elevation-area-capacity relationship. Major area
of the lake is located at elevation between -6m Mean Sea Level (MSL) to 1 m MSL.
Storage capacity of the wetland is analysis by generating DEM. About 398 km2 area
of the wetland is located below the MSL, and storage capacity at elevation of 1 m
MSL is 1079 Mm3.
Hydrology of the wetlands is analyzed in terms of; quantity of river flows to
the system and its variability, overall water balance of the region and mean
10INDIA
residence time of Vembanad lake. Nearly close estimates of mean water residence
time of the lake for monsoon and non-monsoon periods for the pre-barrage scenario
show that rescheduling of barrage operation to allow periodic tidal flushing during
non-monsoon period shall be a strategy for restoration of the environment and
ecology of the water system. Characteristics of floods in the region are assessed
based on flood frequency analysis and hydrographs of extreme events. Inundation
scenarios for selected extreme flood events are modeled in GIS. Wetlands play a
vital role to attenuate extreme floods and reduction in storage due to land
reclamation is a major cause for increased flood proneness in the region.
Considering the physical and hydrologic characteristics of wetlands, aiming for a
high level of flood protection through structural measures will be highly expensive
and practically difficult. But, since floods in the region are slow rising, model-
based flood forecasting and warning systems is a feasible option that can be used in
combination with the structural measures for flood risk management.
Applicability of artificial neural networks (ANN) for 1-day ahead forecasting
of river flows to the wetland and water level variations within the wetland water
system is studied. Nonlinear modelling of river flows from the Achencoil basin
shows that ANN models can be successfully used for forecasting river flows from
the upper basins during the monsoon period. Hydrologic data exploration using Self
Organizing Maps (SOM) is found to improve the performance of the model
marginally. Although ANN models are developed for forecasting the 1-day ahead
monsoon water levels at three selected locations in the wetland, quality of water
level data needs to be improved for effective use of the forecasting models. Since
the flood risk in the Vembanad wetlands would increase further in the future with
the continuing uncontrolled development, flood risk management measures have to
be finalized based on a master plan for spatial development in the wetland.
During the visit of Prof. Takara to India in October 2007
11INDIA
Impact of dietary intake, education and physical activity
on bone mineral density among North Indian Women
Ashok KUMAR DST - 10638
Professor,
Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Japanese Advisor : Hiroaki OHTA
Professor and Chairmanr, Tokyo Women's Medical College
The aim of the study was to
find out the relation of dietary
nutrients and bone mineral
density (BMD) in North Indian
women. This cross-sectional
study was conducted from April
2006 to March 2008. Subjects
included 255 healthy women,
aged 20-69 years, who were the
relatives of the patients being
admitted in the hospital. Various
demographic characteristics
including socioeconomic status serum parameters in relation to BMD were
evaluated. In addition, the daily dietary intake of energy, protein, fat, and calcium
and the amount of physical activity were assessed. BMD at the lumbar spine,
femoral neck, and Ward’s triangle was measured by DXA. BMI, physical activity,
and educational level were positively correlated with BMD. The daily intakes of
energy (1563.4 ± 267.2 kcal) and protein (48.7 ± 8.7 g) were below the
recommended dietary allowance. Daily dietary energy, protein, and calcium intakes
were correlated with BMD at the lumbar spine. Stepwise multiple linear regression
analyses showed that age, BMI, and physical activity were significant predictors for
BMD at all sites. In addition, energy intake was also a predictor for BMD at the
lumbar spine. The protein intake was associated with BMD at the spine (P = 0.02
and β = 0.163) even after making adjustments for energy intake. Thus, dietary
pattern coupled with higher education levels and greater physical activity favored
bone health.
12INDIA
13INDIA
Molecular analysis of estrogen dependent breast cancer
in animal model and cell lines
M.Jerald Mahesh KUMAR IND - 10903
Scientist,
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Animal facility
Japanese Advisor : Takeo OHSUGI
Associate Professor, Kumamoto University
I here present the development of estrogen receptor (ER) positive, estrogen
responsive mammary tumour animal model and MAC 51 cell line from a
spontaneously mutated NIH nude heterozygous female mouse. I found a mammary
tumour in one of the heterozygous breeding females and this mouse was used as
founder and continuous brother-sister mating with pedigree expansion system was
followed to develop a medium–size heterozygous breeding colony of mammary
tumors.
Mammary tumors were observed only in female breeding mice and females
which were not mated did not develop tumors in its life span. Among 42 females
bred, 26 females developed mammary tumour (incidence rate 62%). The age of
occurrence of tumour was about 7 months (range, 3.5 to 12) and average tumour-
size was about 3.6 cm 3.2 cm 2.8 cm (length width height).
Highly significant increases in white blood cell count (WBC) and neutrophils
(P < 0.01) were observed in tumour animals but significant decreases in the levels
of red blood cells (RBC) and lymphocytes (P < 0.05) were observed. Highly
significant increases in the levels of serum aminotransferase (sGOT), serum alanine
amino transferase (sGPT) (P < 0.01) but no significant changes in the value of
albumin and total protein were observed. Highly significant (P < 0.01) increase in
the levels of estrogen in tumour animals, but no significant changes in the levels of
progesterone and blood glucose levels were observed.
Grossly, tumour mass revealed multi-lobes, each lobe had multiple solid
nodules enclosing a central necrosed tissue. Histologically, tumour mass resembled
luminal/tubular epithelial-like morphology with well differentiated (Grade 1) lobes.
Neoplastic tubular epithelial cells metastasized through both haematogenous and
lymphatic route into regional lymph nodes, liver, lung, heart, spleen, brain and
lymph nodes.
Ultrastructurally, round to oval shaped dark epithelial cells with large numbers
of endoplasmic reticulum and secretary granules were observed in the tumour cells.
Expression of ER α, cytokeratins 18, 19, proliferating cell nuclear antigen were
high in neoplastic epithelial cells of all tumour animals .Screening of mouse
mammary tumour virus (MMTV) in these animals using MMTV long terminal
14INDIA
repeat (LTR) specif ic primers does not show any amplif ication. Hormone
responsiveness experiment indicated that estrogen, progesterone levels and tumour
size were reduced from seventh day onwards in ovariectomized and tamoxifen
(anti–estrogenic) treated groups.
MAC 51 (mammary adenocarcinoma cell line) was developed from animal
number 51 and this line shows an epithelial–like morphology with average doubling
time of 15.4 hours. Immunofluorescence assay showed high degree of localization
of ER α protein but, no ER β expressions were observed. Real time PCR assay
showed 64–fold over expression of ER α gene in tumour animals and 16–fold over
expression in cell line was observed. Immunostaining of apoptotic genes showed
over expression of Bcl-2, caspase 3 and equal expression p53 was observed in
MAC 51 and tumor samples.
Over expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), K12, K18 and K19 was
observed in MAC 51 cell line in immunofluorescence assay and high amount of GR
protein was quantitated in indirect ELISA compared with COS-1 cell line.
However, less transfection efficiency of MAC 51 cell lines was observed using GR
ligand and dexamethasone–mediated transfection compared with commercial
available Lipofectamine. Transfection of apoptotic gene constructs GFP–Bcl-xL
with MAC 51 showed diffused staining in cytoplasm but GFP–Bax transfected cells
showed diffused staining in both cytoplasm and nucleus.
Tumorigenicity assay showed high concentration of MAC 51 cells (3 105
cells) produced tumor as solid palpable mass within 6 days at the site of injection,
but the lower concentration (3 104 cells) took 15 days to get a palpable mass.
Gross, histopathology and metastatic pattern of this tumor resembled with our
spontaneous model.
Our models (animal and cell line ) mimics most of the characteristics of
human breast cancer subtype (luminal epithelial–like/ER positive) and I believe this
has a major application potential in the human breast cancer research and drug
screening programme.
15INDONESIA
Mitochondrial genetics in the malarial parasites:
Atovaquone-resistant Plasmodium berghei as a model
Josephine Elizabeth SIREGAR LIPI - 10414
Research Fellow,
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology,
Malaria Division
Japanese Advisor : Kiyoshi KITA
Professor, The University of Tokyo
The development of new antimalarial drug is being a target in combating
malaria disease, since the parasites that causes malaria, Plasmodium, has developed
resistance to the antimalarial drug mainstays, chloroquine and sulfadoxine-
pyrimethamine. Studies aimed to identify the molecular mechanism that underlie
resistance phenomenon had revealed various mutations in the gene encoding the
enzyme target in the malaria parasite.
Mitochondrial inhibitors represent valuable additional chemotherapeutic
agents, yet the biogenesis and function of plasmodial mitochondria remain poorly
understood. Atovaquone, a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, is an anti-malarial that
shares structural similarity with protozoan ubiquinone, a coenzyme involved in the
mitochondrial electron transport. It is effective against chloroquine-resistant strains
of P. falciparum, and is a major component of MalaroneTM, a fixed combination of
atovaquone and proguanil.
Mutations confer ring atovaquone resistance were identif ied in the
mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of P. berghei, P. yoelii, P. falciparum,
Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii. In Plasmodium spp., 10 mutations,
M133I, L144S, I258M, F267I, Y268C/N/S, L271F/V, K272R, P275T, G280D, and
V284F had been documented, mostly located in the quinone binding domain 2
(Qo2). The two main P. berghei mutations reported previously by our group, M133I
and L144S, were all located in the quinone binding domain 1 (Qo1). To obtain a
better model for the biochemical and genetic studies of mutations observed in the
human P. falciparum, I have now extended the study to isolate a wider range of P.
berghei resistant strains, in particular those having mutations in the Qo2 region
conferring high degrees of resistance. Here I report four new mutations, most in the
Qo2 domain, two of which are convergent to codon 268 mutations in P. falciparum.
All of those mutations have been proven to associate with resistance to
atovaquone to Plasmodium.
Technical difficulties in isolating active assayable mitochondria in the
malarial parasite hinder us to obtain direct biochemical evidence to support the
aforementioned evidence. Following the establishment of the mitochondrial
isolation method in the malaria parasite, I further tested the activity of DHO-
16INDONESIA
cytochrome c reductase in various P. berghei atovaquone resistant and sensitive
clones in the presence of a wide concentration range of atovaquone. All of the
mutant mitochondria showed higher IC50 values (1.45 – 43.5 nM) than that of wild
type (0.327 nM). The highest IC50 was found in clones carrying the 268C and 268N
mutations with an approximately of 100 fold increase.
So far, there has been no report as to how resistance to antimalarial drugs that
target function encoded in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited, while
mtDNA is inherited uniparentally through the maternal line. My study of genetic
crosses of atovaquone-resistant (atv-r) and -sensitive (atv-s) in murine malaria
parasite P. berghei indicates that the presence of the mutation in the cyt b gene in
the atovaquone-resistant P. berghei results in the loss of fitness of the parasite
during the development of the sexual stage in the mosquito vector. The observation
that atovaquone resistance mutation in P. berghei, particularly that convergent to P.
falciparum, affects both growth in erythrocytes and mating fitness might explain
the defect in the development in mosquito. This probably leads to observed
reduction in transmission of the drug resistance to offspring. My results corroborate
the phenomenon that emergence and spread of atovaquone-resistant P. falciparum is
very limited in the field.
17INDONESIA
Adaptation to Decentralization and Monetary Economy by
the Kenyah Swiddeners in East Kalimantan
Ndan IMANG DGHE - 10510
Lecturer,
University of Mulawarman,
Center for Social Forestry
Japanese Advisor : Makoto INOUE
Professor, The University of Tokyo
Indonesia is an archipelago country, consists of more than 13,000 islands,
inhabited by more than 200 ethnic groups, with the population of 242 million
people. Among of the main five islands is Kalimantan. East Kalimantan1 covers
land area of 200,395 km2 of which 140,000 km2 covered by forest. It favored with
abundant of natural resources such as timber, wild animals, NTFPs, coal, gold,
minerals, etc. One of the indigenous people of East Kalimantan is the Kenyah
Dayak, mostly living in the upper land, and they are forest-dependent communities.
Since 1960s, some of them have migrated down river for a better economic life
purpose. In 2000, decentralized policy on natural resource management was
launched in Indonesia that has affected their customary resource managements
which in turn accelerates monetary economy infiltration. This research has been
undertaken to investigate adaptation of the indigenous Kenyah to decentralized
policies in natural resource managements, and the monetary economy infiltration.
Data and information were drawn from two forest villages and one suburban
village.
By reviewing earlier studies and problems arose in such external pressures, I
set five research objectives: (1) to explore the economic life of the Kenyah, (2) to
investigate the influence of monetary economy in swidden agriculture (ladang)2, (3)
to analyze cohesiveness among the Kenyah people, (4) to investigate customary
resource managements under decentralized policy, and (5) to explore dynamics of
perception to forest functions
Research found that despite the influence of the monetary economy, the
Kenyah still practicing ladang, mostly for subsistence. Monetary economy had
already infiltrated to varying degree. It leads to declining in the importance of
ladang, the fading of traditions related ladang, change in ladang calendars,
decreasing labor allocation for mutual-aid and reciprocal-work systems.
Conversely, contribution of non-ladang activities to household income increased
because market availability to sell cash crops, and cash income from off-farm
1
It was known as Borneo
2
Ladang is the Indonesian term for Swidden agriculture, and has been used nation-wide, will be frequently used in this article.
18INDONESIA
activities Kenyah people in general are quite responsive to changes in livelihood
diversif ication, but rather unenthusiastic about practicing new inorganic
agricultural practices due to unsure about the returns, and the legacy of former
values.
Under f ierce competition and external pressures, the Kenyah remain
maintaining cohesiveness among them through community self-help works,
mutual-aid system, reciprocal works in ladang and willingly to assist those thought
need help. The intensity of the cohesiveness in suburban village however, is slightly
declined compared to forest villages. Regardless the disadvantages, negative impact
of rigid cohesiveness and external pressure, they consider that cohesiveness should
be sustained. Strategies to maintain cohesiveness are to revive and strengthen the
functions of customary institution (adat), to impose penalties to those not actively
involved in self-help works, and keep to hold annual ceremony pelas tahun and
cultural festival (pemung tawai).
Regarding customary resource management, the Kenyah divide village
territory into four purposes: settlement and graveyard, agricultural area, customary
conservation forest, and utilized forest. Before decentralization, village boundaries
were delineated by natural signs, and mostly unwritten that had caused dispute over
boundaries. Therefore, after decentralization, village boundaries are both in natural
signs and man-made signs in a formal document. Access to NTFPs before and after
decentralization both for villagers and non-villagers is less strict. After
decentralization, it is stricter in particular for non-villager. Before decentralization,
customary rules over NTFPs were mostly unwritten, but stricter in imposing
penalties in decentralization era, and it put in formal document.
In forest communities NTFPs largely contribute to cash income before and
after decentralization, primary forest ecology is the most suitable habitat of wild
animals for breeding. Therefore, they enclave some rich forest areas against
logging activities, logging activities only allowed within designated area, not
allowing logging activity in rivers at upper side of the village, customary law (adat)
has drafted appropriate regulations for a sustainable utilization of forest products
and forest ecology.
I concluded the overall study that “extractive habits” remain adhered with the
Kenyah. They remain practice cohesiveness among them, but it shows a decreasing
of intensity so that they have been trying to revive customary law to strengthen
cohesiveness among them. In decentralization era, they formalized customary rules
over natural resources. To secure individual rights over land in suburban
community, the people are encouraged to get “land certificate” as “inner boundary”
It is recommended to immediately change ‘extractive habits’ with more
intensive cultivation in particular animal husbandries, to grow tradable crops and
estate commodities. ‘Social capitals’ should be in accordance with new situation
under monetary economy infiltration. In agricultural extension, an agricultural
19INDONESIA
off icer should pay serious attention to old values of the Kenyah, clearly
demonstrates the ‘financial comparative advantages’ of better livelihood systems.
For academic societies, this research supports existing theories such as
customary resource managements under decentralized policies, cohesiveness of an
ethnic group under monetary economy infiltration. The dissertation could also
explore new ideas such as formal recognition to customary resource managements,
and to practice cohesiveness in benefit-oriented activities.
Several recommendations were given. Lessons learned from this study could
be useful for researchers in conducting similar research, and for policy makers in
formulating farm and off-farm livelihoods for a better life of the Kenyah people.
20INDONESIA
Nucleolar organizer regions in squamous cell carcinomas
of the uterine cervix treated with chemoradiotherapy
Iin KURNIA LIPI - 10511
Young Scientist,
National Nuclear Energy Arency,
Center for Technology of Radiation Safety and Metrology
Japanese Advisor : Takashi NAKANO
Professor, Gunma University
Background: Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are chromosomal loops of
DNA involved in ribosomal synthesis. Their size and number in a nucleus has been
reported to reflect the proliferative activities of various cells. The purpose of this
study was to assess the meaning of the number of NORs in tumor-cell nucleoli
compared with other proliferative markers before and after 10 Gy irradiation.
Material and Method: Forty six biopsy specimens from twenty three patients
with cervical squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy at Cipto
Mangun Kusumo Hospital (Indonesia) taken before radiotherapy and after exposure
to 10 Gy were analyzed. The number of NORs was measured using a silver
staining method. MIB-1 and p53 labeling indexes (LI) were measured using an
immunohistochemical method. Histological radiation response and mitotic index
(MI) were investigated with hematoxylin and eosin staining.
Result: After 10 Gy irradiation, the number of NORs per nucleolus (AgNOR
score) decreased from 4.9 to 3.4 (pINDONESIA
DOCUMENTATION OF EXAMINATION
Figure 1.
I present the my research in PhD examination Gunma University
Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi J apan, on 1 September 2009
a b
Figure 2.
Professor. Takashi Nakano, MD,PhD (a) and Associate Professor
Yoshiyuki Suzuki MD,PhD Speaking in Thank Giving Party after my PhD
Examination, Maeabashi, J apan on 1 September 2009
22INDONESIA
Studies on Properties of Cellulosic Hydrogels in Salvia
Nutlets
Rike YUDIANTI LIPI - 10512
Researcher,
Indonesian Institute of Sciences,
Research Center for Physics
Japanese Advisor : Jun-ichi AZUMA
Professor, Kyoto University
Detailed characterization of Salvia hydrogels as one of cellulosic biopolymers
was described in this thesis. Research work in this direction is expected to open
their usability as new food additives or other functional materials. At the beginning,
pericarp structures of nutlets from forty five Salvia species as origin of hydrogel
were investigated comparatively and classification of them was tried based on their
hydrogel productivity and carbohydrate compositions. In addition mechanism of
expanding hydrogels out from the epicarp layer of Salvia nutlets was also
discussed. Morphological properties of the thirty nine expandable nutlets of Salvia
species focusing on their pericarp structure and hydrogel productivity showed a
good co-relationship between hydrogel content (x) and epicarp thickness (y), found
to have a straight co-relationship y = 1.93 x + 0.0006 (R2 = 0.8). The hydrogels
were mostly found to be rich in xylose (eighteen species) and followed by hydrogels
rich in glucose, galactose and xylose (sixteen species). All native hydrogels isolated
from expandable nutlets of three species of Salvia, S. miltiorrhiza (SM), S. sclarea
(SS) and S. viridis, were present as a kind of cellulose-hemicellulose composites.
Neutral fractions of the hydrogels were composed of a mixture of starch and
galactan in the SS and SV hydrogels, while galactan was replaced by
arabinogalactan in the SM hydrogel. Acidic fractions were, however, commonly
composed of (1,4)-linked xylans highly substituted at O-2 positions. Mixed
substitutions with 4-O-methylglucuronic acid and glucuronic acid occurred in both
of the SS and SV hydrogels, while glucuronic acid was exclusively substituted in
the SM hydrogel. Structural analysis of the oligosaccharides from reduced acidic
polysaccharides exhibited random and contiguous distribution of uronic acids.
Presence of only one type acidic residue (GlcA) in SM gave simpler mass
chromatograms than in the cases of SS and SV.
The native hydrogels have typical gel-like properties at 1.0% (w/w). Addition
of salts and urea induced a change from gel to liquid state. Even the addition of
urea induced more clear-cut liquefaction effect on the hydrogel. Effects of additive
ion size, pH and temperature up to 60ºC revealed that the electrostatic repulsion is a
major contributor for production of hydrogel structure. In addition to electrostatic
repulsion between free-charged carboxyl groups, divalent metal ion bridges such as
23INDONESIA
calcium egg box structures together with hydrogen bonds was demonstrated by
recovery of viscosity of all hydrogels by addition of calcium ion after splitting
cross-linkages due to calcium by acidification. Water structure of the native Salvia
hydrogels, SM, SS and SV, at 1.0% (w/w) was distributed in tightly bound (83-
89%) and free (10-16%) states. Presence of 0.5-3.0 M urea and 1.0-3.0 M NaCl
induced conversion of partially free water to loosely bound water. Further at 5.0 M
NaCl concentration, all water distribution in the hydrogel network was assigned in
tightly bound state. This indicates that both urea and NaCl change water
enviroment of the Salvia hydrogels from loosely hydrogen bonded networks to
rather compact water-salt clusters.
Thermal stability of before-dried (BD) hydrogels isolated from Salvia (S.
viridis (SV) and S. sclarea (SS)) was characterized by using microwave heating up
to 230ºC. Interactions between cellulose and hemicellulosic polysaccharides in
both hydrogels were began to split evidently by heating at 120ºC and clear phase
separation occurred by heating at 160ºC for 5 min. Analysis of sugar composition
of both soluble and insoluble fractions indicates that hemicellulosic poysaccharides
were gradually released accompanied by degradation to form cellulose rich
precipitates. This revealed that interactions between cellulose and hemicellulosic
polysaccharides were prerequisite for formation of gel structure.
24INDONESIA
A study of growth and somatotypes in Indonesians
Neni Trilusiana RAHMAWATI DGHE - 10615
Lecturer,
Gadjah Mada University,
Faculty of Medicine
Japanese Advisor : Kumi ASHIZAWA
Professor, Otsuma Women's University
Although a considerable number of paleoanthropologic papers based on fossil
remains in Indonesia are available, studies on living humans in Indonesia are rather
scarce in biological anthropology. The aim of this study is to determine and
synthesize aspects of the growth and somatotypes of the people of Indonesia.
Through studies on living humans, we can obtain information on nutritional status,
so-called ‘racial’ differences, secular change, and so on. Studies on the living
human reflect well the ecological conditions in which we live, and so the discipline
of human biology attaches great importance to them.
This study is based on a cross-sectional sample of 2,097 subjects aged 7 to 50
consisting of three groups: children, adults, and athletes.
(1) Indonesian children, 816 boys and 900 girls, aged 7 to 15, were
investigated in 1999, 2001 and 2006 in three areas: an urban area (Yogyakarta), an
agricultural village (Imogiri in Bantul), and a fishing village (Bungus Telk Kabung
in Padang).
(2) Indonesian adults, 61 males and 77
females in Yogyakarta, aged 20s to 50s, were
investigated in 2005. Among the subjects,
55% of the males and 40% of the females
were laborers.
(3) Indonesian male athletes, i.e. 19
badminton players aged 16 to 27, 96 soccer
players aged 16 to 28, and 74 volleyball
players aged 16 to 28 were studied. A group
of 51 male medical students, aged 17 to 21,
was adopted as a control for these three
athlete groups. All these subjects were
investigated in 1994 and 1995, in Yogyakarta.
Chapter 1 presents the methods of
anthropometry and somatotyping.
Chapter 2 discusses the g rowth of
height, weight, and body mass index (BMI)
of the children in the three ecologically
25INDONESIA
different areas mentioned above. Their growth was compared among them, and
referred to the growth of Philippine children. The results showed that the urban
Indonesian children are taller and heavier, and have an earlier age at maximum
yearly increment of height and weight than their peers of both agricultural and
fishing villages. These results coincide well with those obtained from a study in the
Philippines, and with worldwide recognized phenomena: i.e. children from well-off
families are taller and heavier. Comparing the children of Yogyakarta with a well-
off group in Manila, the Philippines, the former are shorter and lighter. This
suggests not only a difference of economic level between the families of
Yogyakarta children and of Manila children, but also a diet and lifestyle difference,
and a difference in environmental stress between the Muslims in Yogyakarta and
the Catholics in Manila.
Chapter 3 reviews the mean somatotype distribution during the growth period
for each area. With regard to the differences by region in Indonesia, the urban
children were more endomorphic and mesomorphic, but less ectomorphic than the
children in either the agricultural or the fishing village. Between the villages, the
children in the fishing village were less endomorphic than the children in the
agricultural village.
Chapter 4 describes the body size and shape of the present-day Javanese
adults in Yogyakarta. For body size in comparison with present-day Japanese adults
in the literature, the Javanese were shorter in both height and sitting height in both
sexes. The males were considerably lighter in weight, but the females were not in
comparison with the Japanese of the same sex. Since leg length was not short in the
Javanese, they had as a consequence greater leg length to height than the Japanese.
Comparing these two populations of 60 years ago, almost the same tendency was
observed, except in height, which had been similar in both populations at the
earlier time. Therefore, we found that relative leg length to height is a genetically
stable characteristic adapted to climate, cold or warm, at least as for the Mongoloid
population. As for secular change of body size, both groups exhibited a great
increase during the past 60 years although the Javanese subjects’ increase was
smaller.
Chapter 5 presents the interrelationships between somatotype and physical
performance of the Indonesian athletes. Among them, the badminton players were
small in height and weight, but great in upper arm and trunk skinfolds; the soccer
players exhibited great girth of the four limbs and a large BMI value, but their
supraspinale skinfold was small; the volley ball players were great in height and
weight, but small in subscapular and calf skinfolds. The mean somatotype of the
badminton players was central, that of the soccer players was balanced mesomorph,
and that of the volleyball players was mesomorph-ectpmorph. Compared with
international data, the Indonesian players were found to be extremely short and
light in each of the three sports.
26INDONESIA
In the end, only recently have enough data been amassed from various parts of
the world to present possible genetic patterns in growth and somatotype. However,
many gaps still remain to be filled after future research.
27INDONESIA
Studies on the Soil Physicochemical Properties of Sago-
Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.)-Growing Areas
and Its Growth and Starch Productivity in
Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Fransiscus Suramas REMBON DGHE - 10716
Lecturer,
Haluoleo University,
Faculty of Agriculture
Japanese Advisor : Yoshinori YAMAMOTO
Professor, Kochi University
Sago palm has been utilized more than two hundred years as the second staple
food after upland rice for the indigenous people in the Southeast Sulawesi,
Indonesia. However, the growing areas decreased appreciably from about 13,000
ha in 1986 to 4,988 in 2007, mainly due to the conversion to the rice field. On the
other hand, in recent years sago palm has been paid much attention as the raw
materials for industrial use such as bio-fuel (alcohol), biodegradable plastic
production, etc., due to its great starch productivity. This study was carried out to
obtain the basic information on the soil environment under sago growing areas and
the growth and starch productivity of sago palm in the Southeast Sulawesi to
predict and evaluate the possibility of sago palm cultivation in this region.
Physicochemical properties of soils under sago-palm-growing areas (SF) were
compared with those of the surrounding cashew fields (CsF), cacao fields (CoF),
and paddy fields (PF) around Kendari. The soil texture under the SF varied from
sandy loam to silty clay and the soil bulk densities in the SF were mostly lower than
those in the CsF and CoF, due to the differences in water regimes. The soil pHs in
Photo was taken shortly after my final exam defence, February 6, 2010. From the left : Prof. Tetsushi YOSHIDA (Co-
supervisor and Examiner, Kochi University), Associate Prof. Dr. Akira MIYAZAKI (Co-Supervisor and Examiner, Kochi
University), Prof. Hideki SUGIMOTO (Examiner, Ehime University), myself, and my Supervisor and Japanese Advisor Prof.
Yoshinori YAMAMOTO (Supervisor and Examiner, Kochi University).
28INDONESIA
the SF were dominantly acid, particularly for the organic soils in Watulondo. The
total-N contents varied from low to very high in the SF and these were higher than
those in the CsF, CoF and PF. In the SF, the available-P contents were dominantly
very low to medium, whereas the exchangeable-K contents were mostly low. The
soil CECs in the mineral soils widely varied from low to high, except in the peat
soil in Watulondo where the CECs were very high. The total-C contents were
widely ranged from very low to very high in the mineral soils, while it was
extraordinarily high in the peat soil of Watulondo.
The comparison of the physicochemical properties of mineral soils around
Kendari with those in the major sago palm growing areas of eastern Indonesia,
Seram and Jayapura, revealed that nutrient contents of sago-palm-growing areas
around Kendari showed higher in the CEC, total-N and total-C than those in Seram
and Jayapura. On the other hand, the exchangeable-Ks, available-Ps and pH values
showed lower around Kendari than in Jayapura and Seram. Around Kendari soil
acidity is not so good for nutrients availability.
The growth and starch productivity of the three types of sago palm (folk
variety; Molat, Tuni and Rotan)
found around Kendari were
compared along their growth stages
after trunk formation (ATF). The
increase in trunk weight per year
ATF, the average trunk weight and
starch yield at harvesting stage
were higher in the order of Molat
>Tuni >Rotan. The differences in
starch yield were caused by the
differences in trunk (pith) weight, Photo was taken during my Final Exam Presentation at the
Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, February 6, 2010.
but not by the starch percentage.
The average starch yield per ha of Molat sago was
predicted around 9 ton during the consecutive years
from 2006-2015. However, the starch yield showed a
downward trend from 13.5 t/ha in 2006 to 4.3 t/ha in
2015. This trend is caused by the decreasing numbers
of harvestable trunks in each subsequent year due to
the less management of sago palm garden.
Sago palm is one of the rare crops which can
grow on the marginal lands such as deep peat and
water-logged soils. In Southeast Sulawesi there are
huge deep peat land at Tinondo swamps, district of Preparation before the Final Exam
Kolaka, and waterlogged land at Rawa Aopa presentation, at the Faculty of
Agriculture, Ehime University.
surrounded by districts of Kolaka, Konawe and South Feb. 6, 2010.
29INDONESIA
Konawe. These lands are possible to be converted into the large scale plantations of
sago palm aiming at the industrial use of the starch. The total area of the lands is
around 58,000 ha. If the sago palms are planted at a density of 10m x 10m in the
whole land and harvestable one palm from each clump in each two years after
attaining harvesting stage, the starch yield would be 1.16 million ton per year from
the average starch yield of Molat sago (ca. 400kg). This is expected to result in the
agricultural and rural economic developments in the districts. For developing the
huge sago palm plantation, the use of seedlings as planting materials were
examined, and the possibility was approved.
Photo was taken at the preliminary exam Dec. 21, 2009 in the Teleconference Room, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi
University. From the left: my Supervisor and Japanese Advisor Prof. Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, myself, my colleague Albertus
Fajar IRAWAN (Indonesian PhD Student), my Co-Supervisor Associate Prof. Dr. Akira MIYAZAKI, and the Technician of
the Studio room.
30INDONESIA
Environmental factors affecting lacustrine phytoplankton
dynamics in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Ardianor DGHE - 10823
Lecturer,
University of Palangka Raya,
Agriculture Faculty
Japanese Advisor : Seigo HIGASHI
Professor, Hokkaido University
During 29 of 35 months from February 2004 to December 2006, I collected
phytoplankton and recorded water level, water transparency (Secchi-disk value),
water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a
at the oxbow Lake Tehang and the backwater Lake Batu located in a floodplain of
the Kahayan River system, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, to extract environmental
factors affecting the lacustrine phytoplankton community dynamics by using
Multiple Correlation and Regression Analysis, ANOVA permutation test and two
ordination techniques redundancy analysis (RDA) and canonical correspondence
analysis (CCA). In 2004, the vertical distribution of phytoplankton was surveyed
on October 3th – 4th at Lake Tehang and on October 11th – 12th at Lake Batu to reveal
the diel migration of phytoplankton. From March to July 2008, I collected
phytoplankton and recorded above-mentioned environmental conditions, light
intensity and amount of nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate and ammonium) at open
water zone and interrhizon area, i.e. macrophyte-covered water zone, of Lake Lutan
to reveal the effects of the interrhizon on the phytoplankton community and
environmental conditions. The main results were:
1) Phytoplankton on all observed lakes were represented by a total of 96
species (including Tabellaria spp. which obviously consisted of multiple
unidentifiable species) belonging to eight classes, dominated by Euglenophyceae
(38%), Bacillariophyceae (31%) and Chlorophyceae (21%). Number of species
was 80 at Lake Tehang, 77 at Lake Batu and 74 at Lake Lutan. Only Cryptomonas
sp. and Trachelomonas volvocina were abundant in all of the three observed lakes.
In floral composition, Lakes Tehang and Batu were similar to each other but Lake
Lutan was remarkably different from other lakes.
2) The long-term surveys in Lakes Tehang and Batu exhibited seasonal trends
of phytoplankton population dynamics. Chlamydomonas sp, Cryptomonas sp. and
Trachelomonas volvocina occurred throughout the year, while Peridinium sp. and
Trachelomonas armata were abundant only in the flood season and Cymbella spp.,
Eunotia spp., Navicula spp., Euglena proxima, E. spirogyra, Phacus pleuronacles,
Trachelomonas hispida and Trachelomonas spp. were abundant only in dry season.
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