Instructor: Maurizio Casarin - Address: Unipd
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Instructor:
Maurizio Casarin
Address:
Maurizio Casarin: Via Loredan 4, 35131 - Padova
Phone number: +39 049 - 827 ext. 5164
E-mail address: maurizio.casarin@unipd.it
hSp://wwwdisc.chimica.unipd.it/maurizio.casarin/pubblica/casarin.htm
Maurizio Casarin Chimica Generale ed Inorganica (Canale M – Z)
Recommended Book:
“Chimica Generale” 11th edi0on
by
Petrucci, Herring, Madura, BissoneSe
Piccin Eds
(47.00 €)
Academic Year 2020 - 2021 8 + 25 8 + 20 8 + 15 5+4
hSps://dida`ca.unipd.it/off/2018/ME/corsi_a`vi
Modalità di Esame:
ScriSo
Orale (iff scriSo ≥ 17/30 )
hSps://ptable.com/
Tc: Perrier, Segre in ‘37 at Italy
Fr: Perey in ‘39 at France
At: Corson, MacKenzie, Segre in ‘40 at USA
Pm: Marinsky, Glendenin, Coryell in ‘45 at USA
Np: obtained by Edwin M. McMillan and P. H. Abelson in 1940 in USA
Pu: obtained by G.T Seaborg, J.W. Kennedy, E. M.
McMillan and A. C. Wahl in 1940 in USA
hSps://ptable.com/ On 28 November 2016, the IUPAC approved the name and symbols for four elements: nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og), respectively for element 113, 115, 117, and 118
hSps://ptable.com/ Jurij Colakovič Oganesian (1933 - )
15 February 1564[2] – 8 January 1642
Experiments are the only means of knowledge at our disposal. The rest is poetry, imaginapon. Max Planck 1894
Facts & Data Fact: A statement that scien0sts demonstrate to be true. Data: Raw informa0on that scien0sts gather.
Laws & Hypotheses
Laws: A description of events that always happens.
No assumptions about why.
Hypotheses: An assumption about why things happen.
Requires testing. Never proven.Theory & Experiment
Theory: Like a hypothesis; but based on more observations.
Experiment: A controlled test of a hypothesis.The Scienpfic Method
Making observapons
Making predicpons
Doing Experiments
Making observapons
Making predicpons
Doing ExperimentshSps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KcpqLk78YA
“It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment." Sherlock Holmes, in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, "Scandal in Bohemia" (1892).
«La filosofia è scriSa in questo grandissimo libro che conpnuamente ci sta aperto innanzi a gli occhi (io dico l'universo), ma non si può intendere se prima non s'impara a intender la lingua, e conoscer i caraSeri, ne' quali è scriSo. Egli è scriSo in lingua matemapca, e i caraSeri son triangoli, cerchi, ed altre figure geometriche, senza i quali mezi è impossibile a intenderne umanamente parola; senza quesp è un aggirarsi vanamente per un oscuro laberinto. » Galileo Galilei, Il Saggiatore, Ed. Accademia dei Lincei, Roma (1623).
Measurement Systems: Where did the “foot” originate from, and why was it useful? Carpenters always had it with them! Early definipon of an inch? The distance occupied by four barley corns! The cubit is? The distance from the elbow to the end of the index finger.
Quanptapve Units of Measurement
(SI UNITS)
Measurement Unit Name Abbreviapon
Mass Kilogram kg
Length Meter m
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount Mol mol
Electric Current Ampere A
Luminous Intensity Candela cdSI Prefixes Prefix Symbol Mulppliers Prefix Symbol Mulppliers deci d 10-1 deka da 101 cenp c 10-2 hecto h 102 milli m 10-3 kilo k 103 micro m 10-6 mega M 106 nano n 10-9 giga G 109 pico p 10-12 tera T 1012 femto f 10-15 peta P 1015 aSo a 10-18 exa E 1018 zepto z 10-21 zeSa Z 1021 yocto y 10-24 yoSa Y 1024
SI DERIVED UNITS SI Derived Quanpty Unit Name Symbol Dimension accelerapon meter per second per second - m ✕ s-2 electric charge coulomb C A ✕ s electric field volt per meter - V ✕ m-1 electric potenpal volt V J ✕ C-1 force newton N Kg ✕ m ✕ s-2 frequency hertz Hz s-1 momentum newton second - Kg ✕ m ✕ s-1 power waS W J ✕ s-1 pressure pascal Pa N ✕ m-2 radioacpvity becquerel Bq s-1 speed meter per second - m ✕ s-1 work, energy, heat joule (newton meter) J Kg ✕ m2 ✕ s-2
Special Units and Conversion Factors
Quanpty Unit Symbol Conversion
energy electron volt eV 1 eV = 1.60217733 ✕ 10-19 J
heat calorie cal 1 cal = 4.184 J
length ångstrom Å 1Å = 10-8 cm = 10-10 m
mass atomic mass unit u or Da 1 u/1 Da = 1.6605402 ✕ 10-27 kg
pressure atmosphere atm 1 atm = 1.01325 ✕ 105 Pa
pressure torr torr 1 torr = (1/760) atm
temperature Celsius °C °C = K - 273.15Special Units and Conversion Factors Quanpty Unit Symbol Conversion pme minute min 1 min = 60 s pme hour h 1h = 60 m = 3600 s pme day d 1d = 24 h = 86400 s pme year y 1y = 365.25 d volume liter L 1L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 volume cubic cenpmeter cm3, cc 1 cm3 = 1 mL = 10-3 L
Physical Constants Quanpty Symbol Value accelerapon due to gravity (earth) g 9.80665 m.s-2 Avogadro’s Number N 6.0221367 ✕ 1023 mol-1 Bohr radius a0 0.529177249 ✕ 10-10 m Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.380658 ✕ 10-23 J.K-1 electronic charge-to-mass rapo -e/me 1.75881962 ✕ 1011 C.kg-1 elementary charge e 1.60217733 ✕ 10-19 C Faraday constant F 9.6485309 ✕ 104 C.mol-1 gravitaponal constant G 6.67259 ✕ 10-11 m3.kg-1.s-2 mass of electron me 9.1093897 ✕ 10-31 kg mass of neutron mn 1.6749286 ✕ 10-27 kg mass of a proton mp 1.6726231 ✕ 10-27 kg
Physical Constants
Quanpty Symbol Value
molar volume of ideal gas at NTP Vm 22.41410 L.mol-1
permi`vity of vacuum ε0 8.854187817 x 10-12 C.N-1.m-2
Planck’s constant h 6.6260755 x 10-34 J.s
Rydberg constant R∞ 2.1798741 x 10-18 J
speed of light in vacuum c 2.99792458 x 108 m.s-1
universal gas constant R 8.314510 J.mol-1.K-1
0.08205783 atm.L.mol-1.K-1Mass and weight • Mass is the resistance of an object to its change in state of motion. • On earth this is due to gravity, and is “constant”. We measure a weight.
Density = mass/volume
Density = mass/volume
Uncertainty in Measurements
meniscus
Instrument error
Human errorconcave meniscus convex meniscus
Accuracy vs Precision
Accuracy: how close to “Real”
Precision: how reproducible
Good
precision
Terrible
Accuracy!Significant Figures (Sig Figs) The answer can be no more precise than the least precise measurement.
Rules to determine Sig Figs:
1. All non-zero integers ALWAYS count as Sig Figs.
The numbers 14576 and 1.7895 both have FIVE SigFigs
2. Exact numbers NEVER limit the number of Sig Figs in a
calculapon and as a result are assumed to have an
UNLIMITED number of Sig Figs.
Exact numbers are those that are determined by counpng rather
than measuring; they also arise from definipons of quanppes.
102 people were in the room; it indicates that EXACTLY 102
people were in the room; not 101 or 105 or 102.334 people. The
number 102 is an EXACT number and carries with it an unlimited
number of Sig Figs.Rules to determine Sig Figs:
3. Treatment of zeros (note: if you have a problem with Sig
Figs it will be here). There are three types of zeros:
i) Leading zeros (zeros that precede all of the non-zero digits [i.e.
are to the le…]) NEVER count as Sig Figs;
ii) Cappve zeros (zeros that fall between non-zero digits) ALWAYS
count as Sig Figs;
iii) Trailing zeros (zeros at the right end of a number) are ONLY
SIGNIFICANT IF THE NUMBER CONTAINS A DECIMAL POINT.Leading zeros: Say you have a counter on a turnsple that reads ‘0012’. The zeros here are NOT significant (think about it...they simply tell you that less than 1100 people have passed through your turnsple). This number has TWO Sig Figs. 0.00034; here this number has four leading zeros, none of which are significant...all they do is fix the decimal point. This number has TWO Sig Figs.
Cappve zeros:
10.005 has three cappve zeros ALL of which are significant. This
number therefore has FIVE Sig Figs.
Trailing zeros
120 has two significant figures, while 120. has three; the decimal
point indicates that the zero IS significant.
What about 10.000? If you said it has FIVE Sig Figs, you’d be correct!
By the way, if I said that I counted 120 oranges, now that number has
THREE Sig Figs, since it is now an exact number and should be best
represented by wripng 120..Significant Figures (Sig Figs)
1.23 grams = 3
0.000123 grams = 3
2.0 grams = 2
0.020 grams = 2
100 grams = 1
100. grams = 3
a defined quan0ty = infinityRules of use:
1.Mulpplicapon and Division:
Least significant rules.
2. Addipon and Subtracpon
Least # decimal places.
My suggespons:
i) Use all the numbers available for all calculapons.
ii) When the calculapon is done, then apply rules.
Use rounding when appropriate.What are Physical Properpes? Properpes that can be seen and measured without changing the composipon of the substance.
Physical Properpes • Color • Density • Melpng and Boiling points • Heat of fusion and vaporizapon • Solubility • Ability to conduct heat or electricity • Magnepc Properpes • Metallic Character • Malleability • Ducplity • Viscosity
States of MaSer
Solid Liquid
melpngStates of MaSer
Liquid Solid
freezingStates of MaSer Liquid gas vaporizing
States of MaSer gas liquid condensing
States of MaSer
solid gas
sublimingStates of MaSer solid gas deposipon
FeS structure
FeS
FeS2 (oro degli stolp)
FeS2 structureSolute Solvent Solu0on
gas O2 in a gas N2 Air
Gas CO2 in a Liquid H2O Carbonated Water
liquid H2O in a Gas Air Fog
liquid EtOH in a Liquid H2O Wine
Liquid Hg in a Solid Ag Dental-filling
Solid NaCl in a Liquid H2O Brine
Solid Ag in a Solid Au 14 Karat goldChemical Change
Reactants Products
The number and
Must equal those
kind of atoms on
on this side of the
this side of the
equapon
equapon
This is the conservapon of maSer
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
(Paris 1743, ivi 1794)This is Antoine Lavoisier's (1743-94) first book. It deals with the phenomena of disengagement and fixapon of an elaspc fluid during combuspon and fermentapon. It represents the first phase in a series of experiments which ulpmately led to the rejecpon of the phlogiston theory and the discovery of oxygen. In order to have the book published, Lavoisier had to reperform all the experiments before the Commissioners of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris.
The Traité was his crowning achievement giving a full exposipon of his and his disciples achievement in chemistry. It opens with the famous 'Discours preliminaire' which outlines his views on methodology. Indeed the 'Discours' is the most widely read of Lavoisier's wripngs today. In the Traité Lavoisier included a table of substances simples which is a precursor to the Periodic Table. It is quite revealing as to the state of knowledge about material elements in his day. The thirteen copperplate engravings are the work of Lavoisier's wife who dedicated her life to assispng and promopng her husband's work.
hSps://ptable.com/ On 28 November 2016, the IUPAC approved the name and symbols for four elements: nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og), respectively for element 113, 115, 117, and 118
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