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Info for exhibition organisers Thank you so much for taking part in the HMD 2022 exhibition. Follow these easy steps to mark HMD in a meaningful way: If your Jsoc would like to host one of these exhibitions, follow these easy steps: 1. Book a room in the SU, library or another space where many students will be passing. You can book a room on HMD itself, or another available date. 2. Advertise the exhibit on your socials, and reach out to other societies (eg history society) to spread the word. You can use the poster on the next page to do this. To request an editable poster, please email jodief@ujs.org.uk 3. Print the posters for the exhibition (colour, single sided) and stick them around the room. You can put the advertising poster on the door to encourage students to enter the room. You may want to buy tea-lights or similar to create the desired atmosphere 4. The exhibit will be open all day, and students can enter at any time and take a few minutes to walk through the exhibition. 5. Optional extra: create a rota so that (at least) one committee member will be in the room at all times, to have conversations with students about HMD and the exhibition
Holocaust Memorial Day 2022 Free exhibition Open all day Take just a few minutes to learn from our past, for a better future.
Holocaust Memorial Day 2022 Welcome to this exhibition to mark HMD 2022. The following exhibition will take you through a timeline of events before, during and after the Holocaust. Please take your time to read and process each part of the exhibition. The following journey contains descriptions and images of violence, warfare and murder. For support and further information please visit: hmd.org.uk ujs.org.uk/important_helplines
Holocaust Memorial Day 2022 The Holocaust was the genocide of approximately eleven million people during World War II. The Holocaust threatened the fabric of civilisation, and genocide must still be resisted every day. Our world often feels fragile and vulnerable and we cannot be complacent. Even in the UK, prejudice and the language of hatred must be challenged by us all. Each year across the UK, thousands of people come together to learn more about the past and take action to create a safer future. Together we bear witness to the atrocities of the past, and honour the survivors and all those whose lives were changed beyond recognition.
Pre-war Jewish life In 1933, over 9 million Jews lived in Europe, nearly 2% of the total population.
Pre-war Jewish life A Polish shtetl in winter A girls cheder (religious school) in Lublin Market day in the shtetl A man purchasing herring in Mukacevo Many eastern European Jews lived in small Jewish villages called shtetls. They spoke Yiddish (a mix of Hebrew and German), and dressed in traditional clothing.
Pre-war Jewish life Classmates at a school in Prague, 1928 The Jewish quarter of Paris, 1930's A Jewish wedding in Amsterdam, 1933 German Jewish soldiers during world war I. Jews in western Europe were more assimilated into the general population. Yiddish was less commonly spoken, and they tended to live in major towns and cities.
Reflection Point Do you know any Jews in your city? What proportion of the general population do you think Jews make up today?
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler, a fascist politician, was born in Austria in 1889. After serving in WWI, he rose to become the leader of the Nationalist Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) Party. The swastika, the symbol of the Nazi party Adolf Hitler In the aftermath of WWI, thousands of Germans felt disenfranchised and frustrated by the loss and the state of the economy in Germany. They were captivated by Hitler's style and charisma, and joined the Nazi party.
Hitler's rise to power In 1923, Hitler and the Nazis attempted to overthrow local authorities in Munich. This coup became known as the Beer Hall Putsch, and resulted in Hitler's arrest. Troops supporting Hitler's arrival in Munich, November 1923 Adolf Hitler and other participants in the Beer Hall Putsch Mein Kampf Whilst in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, his antisemitic manifesto including his plans for the future of Germany.
1933
Reflection Point How would you feel if your university censored your reading material? What if it was your community being silenced?
Dachau Dachau was the first concentration camp established by the Nazis. Most prisoners in the early concentration camps were those thought to be a threat to the Nazi regime: socialists; communists; Roma gypsies and homosexuals - those considered to be "un-German". A memorial at Dachau
Changing times From 1933 onwards, many laws were passed by the ruling Nazi party to concretise the Nazi beliefs into law. These included forced sterilisation of disabled people, banning Jews from attending public schools, and persecuting homosexuals. Pupils in a school in Berlin, 1934 Crowds at the Nazi party rally in Nuremberg, 1935 The Nuremberg Race Laws (1935) detailed that only racially pure Germans can hold German citizenship, and banned marriage between Germans and Jews, Roma Gypsies and people of colour.
Kristallnacht In November 1938, Nazi leaders unleashed a series of pogroms (organised massacre) against the Jewish population in Germany. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after that night. Jewish businesses, homes and synagogues were vandalised and destroyed during the violence.
Reflection Point First you are forced into segregated schools. Then you can't marry who they choose. Now your homes and businesses are vandalised. Could it get any worse?
Kindertransport In the wake of Kristallnacht, the British government permitted thousands of children to escape Nazi occupied territories and take refuge in Britain. These children would have otherwise been persecuted by the Nazis. Children travelling to Britain by boat and train on the Kindertransport program Approximately 10,000 children survived the war thanks to the generosity of the British government. Many were the sole survivors of large families.
The outbreak of WWII On September 1st 1939, Germany invaded Poland, causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany. The German army invaded much of Europe, destroying Jewish towns and communities in their wake. Evening newspaper placards in London announce the news of Germany's invasion of Poland.
Nazi camps Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 44,000 camps and other incarceration sites. These sites were used for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people thought to be enemies of the state, and for mass murder. A map detailing the extermination and concentration camps in occupied Poland, 1942
Auschwitz A gas chamber and cremation furnaces at Auschwitz Auschwitz was the largest of the death camps, established in May 1940. Over 1,100,000 people were murdered at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most prisoners were killed on arrival. Some were were forced to work before being shot, some underwent medical experimentation and others were taken on a death march.
Prisoner markings From 1938, Jews in the camps were identified by a yellow star sewn onto their prison uniforms, a perversion of the Jewish Star of David. After 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a coloured inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. A chart of prisoner markings used in German concentration camps. The Nazis used this chart illustrating prisoner markings in the Dachau concentration camp.
Reflection Point Why did the SS have a system of badging and identification within the camps, if everyone was a prisoner? How do badges and numbers dehumanize individuals?
Ghettos The Nazis established ghettos in many cities across occupied Europe. Ghettos were segregated parts of a city in which Jews were forced to live. Children begging in the Warsaw ghetto The Warsaw ghetto was the largest in all of Europe. On November 16th 1940, Warsaw's Jews (about 30% of the population) were pressed into just 2.4% of the city's surface area. The ghetto was unsanitary, overcrowded and prone to diseases such as typhus. Thousands of people died from malnutrition or illness.
Wannsee Conference In January 1942, Nazi leaders gathered together to coordinate "the Final Solution to the Jewish Problem," for an estimated 11,000,000 Jews. The meeting was chaired by Reinhard Heydrich with the participation of 15 officials and representatives of the Reich authorities. The house of the Wannsee Conference, near Berlin As a result of this meeting, enemies of the Reich were killed in an organised, systematic way through extermination camps, mass shootings and other barbaric methods.
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising In April 1943, the Nazis attempted to liquidate the remaining Jews in Warsaw ghetto. The Jews inside the ghetto resisted these efforts for 27 days, making the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising the largest Jewish uprising in WWII. A Jewish underground bunker in the Warsaw ghetto. With no military training and few weapons, the Jewish resistance eventually succumbed to the Nazis, who raised the ghetto to the ground in May 1943. This courageous event inspired resistance fighters in other ghettos across Europe.
Reflection Point Time and again, people have had their voices taken away by oppression. Standing up and speaking out against atrocities can make an immeasurable difference.
Roma Gypsies In August 1944, the 'Gyspy family camp" at Auschwitz was liquidated by the SS. Over 1,000 Roma Gypsies were transported to the concentration camp at Buchenwald, and the remaining 3,000 were murdered in the gas chambers at Birkenau. A prisoner at the "Gypsy family camp" An estimated half million Roma and Sinti perished during the Holocaust.
Death Marches By 1945, the allied forces were making headway, and approaching Auschwitz-Birkenau. In an attempt to cover up the atrocities that occurred, the SS demolished the gas chambers and crematoria at the camp. Surviving prisoners were taken on "death marches". Thousands of people were forced to march for miles, further into German-controlled territory. Dachau inmates on a death march SS guards shot anyone who fell behind. Prisoners suffered from the cold weather, starvation, and exposure.
Reflection Point Siegfried Fedrid, an Austrian inmate, grabbed his blanket from Auschwitz before leaving the camp for the death march. He shared it with other prisoners to survive the freezing nights. Siegfried's blanket from Auschwitz Temperatures were as low as –30 °C.
Liberation of Auschwitz On January 27th 1945, Soviet forces liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau. There they found more than 7,000 starving inmates, weak and dying. The atrocities which took place there were finally revealed to the world. A Russian teenager is rescued by Soviet forces Today, the anniversary of the liberation is known as Holocaust Memorial Day.
Each of these shoes belonged to a child, taken from their homes and transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Focus on just one shoe, and think about the child who's life was cruelly cut short by the Nazi regime.
After the War Survivors of the Holocaust were scattered all across the world, looking for their families and friends. Many did not discover the fates of their loved ones until years later. Survivor Nina Weil displays the numbered tattoo given to her at Auschwitz Mental and physical trauma from their experiences often made survivor's lives immeasurably difficult and painful.
Today Survivors of the Holocaust share their stories with the world to ensure that the memories of those who perished will never be forgotten. On Holocaust Memorial Day 2022, we must each play our part to recognise discrimination and hatred and fight against it. "Whoever saves one life has saved an entire world." Jewish proverb
Jews Soviets Poles Serbs People with disabilities Roma Gypsies Jehovah's Witnesses Criminals Political prisoners Homosexuals Men Women Children 11,000,000 people We remember them.
Template Thank you so much for engaging in this exhibition. We hope you have learnt valuable lessons about the past to shape the future. For support and further information please visit: hmd.org.uk ujs.org.uk/important_helplines Information has been taken from the following websites: www.hmd.org.uk www.encyclopedia.ushmm.org www.auschwitz.net/en www.facinghistory.org www.yadvashem.org www.history.com
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