INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE AND EVENTS GUIDE - AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AUSTRALIA - Amnesty ...
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AMNESTY
INTERNATIONAL
AUSTRALIA
INCLUSIVE
LANGUAGE
AND EVENTS
GUIDE
DEFENDING HUMAN RIGHTSCONTENTS INTRODUCTION LANGUAGE Language reflects the values and knowledge of people using it, and can reinforce
both negative and positive perceptions about others. Inclusive language
INTRODUCTION 2 MATTERS acknowledges the unique values, culture and experiences of individuals or
groups. Derogatory or discriminatory language undervalues individuals or groups,
denigrates, humiliates and perpetuates stereotypes and inequality in society.2
GENDER, SEX 6 Why do we need an Inclusive
AND SEXUALITY Language shapes realities and can render people invisible. Inclusive language
Language Guide? can help to create a culture of mutual respect, dignity, inclusion, belonging and
community.
ABORIGINAL AND 17 Amnesty International Australia (AIA) is committed
TORRES STRAIT to creating a diverse, inclusive, representative and
ISLANDER PEOPLES culturally competent movement. AIA wants to ensure
that all our employees, volunteers and activists feel LANGUAGE IS Language can – consciously or unconsciously – have very positive impacts on
people. When inclusive language is used, it can make people feel included,
CULTURAL AND 25 respected and valued and that our movement is EXTREMELY valued, respected and empowered. It ensures people are given respect and a safe
LINGUISTIC respectful and inclusive when conducting its work. POWERFUL environment which helps facilitate meaningful participation.
DIVERSITY One of the ways we can do this is through ensuring
that our language is always inclusive and respectful
DISABILITY AND 28 of members of our movement, our employees and our LANGUAGE Language can be harmful if used in a derogatory manner or to offend, intimidate,
ACCESSIBILITY community.
CAN BE
belittle, disrespect, exclude or devalue individuals. Language can also reinforce
harmful stereotypes and contribute to inequality.
INCLUSIVE EVENTS 33 Inclusive language is language that is free from words, HARMFUL AIA will not tolerate any language that leads to discriminatory and/or bullying
phrases or tones that reflect prejudiced, stereotyped conduct. The following Policies and Procedures set out our values and standards
or discriminatory views of particular people or groups. of behaviour:
It does not deliberately or inadvertently exclude • Code of Conduct
people from feeling accepted. When you use inclusive • Equal Opportunity Policy
language, you put the person first and do not focus on
• Sexual Harassment Policy and Procedure
how society defines them by their characteristics.1
• Representing Amnesty
Inclusive language is a way of showing respect for • Social Media Guidelines
everyone in our organisation and in the community. Any employee who breaches these policies will be subject to disciplinary conduct.
Inclusive language enables everyone to feel valued and For more information, please refer to our Grievance Policy and Procedure.
N G U A G E respected. It also allows people to feel comfortable Employees can find our Policies and Procedures on our intranet at the following
LA R S
which then enables them to be more able to contribute link: Policies and Procedures.
T E
their talents to drive organisational performance.
M A T
U A G E I S
LANG EMELY
EXTR FUL
POWER
G E C A N
LANGUA MFUL
BE HAR 1
mnesty International, Staying Resilient While Trying to Save The World, A Wellbeing WorkBook for Youth
A 2
tudent Diversity and Inclusion; Words Matter - A Guide to Inclusive Language and Presentation for staff and students: https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf
S
Activists, Volume 2 file/0025/546073/152_17_Words_Matter_A5_FA3_WEB.pdf accessed 19 May 2021
2 3‘Wofepeople
acknowledge the diversity
we work with
and advocate for
’
Why does Inclusive Principles of
Language matter? Inclusive Language6
Inclusive language provides a more accurate Inclusive language changes as we continue to evolve. • Only reference personal attributes or
view of people as it reflects our diversity and Words that may be acceptable now may not be characteristics when it is relevant to the
the intersecting characteristics that make us acceptable in the near future. It is our responsibility conversation or context for example in media
who we are. Inclusive and respectful language to ensure that our language evolves as the times releases, campaigns or social media.
acknowledges peoples’ preferences to identify with evolve. What does not change, however, are the
a particular community or characteristic. It reflects general principles of Inclusive language. Below are • Consider a strengths-based approach
our diversity and enables everyone to feel that they some of those principles: (i.e. focussing on abilities, knowledge and
are being reflected in what is being said or done.3 capacities), rather than a deficit approach (i.e.
Using inclusive language also helps us to avoid • Always be respectful. Respect how people want focussing on deficiencies or supposed failings of
stereotyping or making false assumptions about to be addressed. Respect the language that a person, or group of people). Avoid language and
people based on their age, cultural background, certain groups want to be used regarding their expressions that disparage, trivialise and make
disability, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. people feel invisible.
background, sexual orientation, gender identity or
sex characteristics. • Where appropriate, ask about the language or • Avoid language that minimises or disregards
According to the Diversity Council of Australia4,
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE terminology the person prefers and respect their
wishes.
people’s lived experiences.
studies show that non-inclusive language: The guide includes examples and advice • Be conscious of the implications of your
around inclusive language relating to: • Language should be applied with care and language. Language is the most common way of
• contributes to stereotyping consideration, with an awareness of the diversity communicating attitudes, thoughts and feelings
• Gender, sex and sexuality
• harms people who witness it as well as the people within and between groups. and can therefore shape attitudes, perceptions
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
being addressed and perpetuate stereotypes.
• Cultural and linguistic diversity • Do not make assumptions about people or their
• results in job applicants excluding themselves • Disability and accessibility characteristics based on stereotypes or limited • If inappropriate language is used in your presence,
from applying for positions, finding positions information. correct the person and share the appropriate
• Delivering inclusive events
unattractive, or not identifying with positions terminology, if it is safe to do so.
• Address and remove stereotypes and myths in
• can have an insidious effect on individuals who feel You may wish to refer to this guide: your language. You can do so by reflecting on your • Be aware of the context of the language being
excluded which can impede their progression at work • when interacting with people in the commonly held beliefs about certain groups of used. Some terms are appropriate when used by
organisation, including employees and people and how this is reflected in your language. people belonging to a particular group as a means
• used frequently can have just as harmful effects
members of the movement of claiming their identity, but are not appropriate,
as more intense but less frequent experiences of • Use person-centric language, which focuses on and can be seen as derogatory, when used by
harassment, bullying or discrimination, and • when interacting with members of the the person and reflects their individuality. Person- others outside that group.
community centric language does not classify or stereotype
• can lead to tolerance of negative stereotypes and
discrimination if it’s hidden behind light humour • when designing and delivering internal people based on their association or identity with
or jokes.5 or external-facing communications and a group or culture.
marketing materials such as posters,
Inclusive language ensures we don’t leave people out brochures, speeches, news releases, social
of our conversations or our work by acknowledging media content, etc.
the diversity of people we work with and advocate for.
• when preparing a presentation or event for
an internal or external audience, and
• as an opportunity for personal reflection and
professional development.
3
iversity Council Australia, Words at Work: Building Inclusion through the Power of Language: https://www.dca.org.au/research/project/wordsatwork-building-inclusion-through-
D
power-language, accessed 12 May 2021
4
Ibid, Diversity Council Australia, Words at Work: Building Inclusion through the Power of Language, accessed 12 May 2021
5
Ibid, Diversity Council Australia, Words at Work: Building Inclusion through the Power of Language, accessed 12 May 2021 6
The University of Queensland, Guide to Inclusive Language, https://staff.uq.edu.au/files/242/using-inclusive-language-guide.pdf, accessed 19 May 2021
4 5GENDER, SEX
AND SEXUALITY Your gender GENDER is a social and cultural they identify with), attraction important to note that gender transsexual, whereas some find
Introduction identity is who
concept about the identity,
expression and experience as
(romantic or sexual interest in
another person) and behaviour
and sexual identities vary from
one culture to another culture.
the term inappropriate. You may
also encounter outdated or even
When we refer to people’s gender, sex
and sexuality, it is important that we you are. a person of a particular gender
(e.g. man, woman, non-binary
(sexual behaviour). These terms
are explored more below.
Therefore, language used in
one culture may not be used, or
offensive terms in medical,
psychological or legal contexts.
do not conflate these terms. person, genderfluid person, have the same meaning in other Inclusive language continues
gender diverse person etc).7 People express their gender and cultures. Likewise, language to evolve over time as people
sexuality in different ways. For acceptable in some cultures find the language that best suits
Your sex is A person’s SEX is based example, their assigned sex may may not be acceptable in other their identity. It’s important
a construct upon their biological sex
characteristics, such as their
not be related to their gender.
Inclusive language is a way of
cultures. It is important to
respect the diverse terminology
to acknowledge that words to
describe identities are limitless
based on chromosomes, hormones and acknowledging and respecting of those with lived experience. and it’s more important to be
biological sex reproductive organs. While
typically based upon the sex
the diversity of bodies, genders,
sexualities and relationships. There will also be differences
open to difference when you
come across it rather than
characteristics. characteristics observed and
recorded at birth or infancy, a Language used to describe
in how people individually
use or define particular terms.
memorising every identity.
person’s sex can change over different LGBTQIA+ people For example some younger When we use LGBTQIA+
the course of their lifetime and by different parts of the members of the LGBTQIA+ inclusive language, we
Your sexuality and may differ from their sex
recorded at birth.8
LGBTQIA+ communities
changes over time and
community may proudly self-
describe as ‘queer’ whilst
demonstrate that we respect
LGBTQIA+ people, we build
is who you are can differ across cultures some older members of the trust within our organisation
attracted to. SEXUALITY relates to the
sexual orientation of a person
and generations. Language
acceptable to certain sections
LGBTQIA+ community may
see the term as a slur. In
and with LGBTQIA+
communities. It also helps
which encapsulates sexual of the community may not be addition, some members of us in our work to address the
identity (how a person thinks acceptable to other members the LGBTQIA+ community prejudice and discrimination
of their sexuality and the terms of the community. It is also may refer to themselves as LGBTQIA+ people face.
General Principles9
Our general guidance is:
• Respect the way a person expresses themselves and signature, screen name, business cards, or when
the terms and pronouns they choose to describe introducing yourself to new people. Embed these
themselves. practices in your structures e.g. set expectations for
meetings so that if new people are in attendance
• Don’t question or make assumptions about it is standard practice for everyone to share their
someone’s gender, sex, sexuality or relationship. pronouns when introducing themselves if they
Accept and respect how people define their gender feel comfortable. However, avoid making pronoun
and sexuality. sharing mandatory, as this may place some people
• Use language that acknowledges that we have in unsafe situations. For example, a gender diverse
diverse relationships and families. This can mean person joining a new group/workplace may need
using words like ‘partner’, ‘parents’, or ‘caregivers’, some time to build trust with others in the group
particularly when describing groups of people. before feeling safe to share their pronouns. Aim to
create a culture and space where folks have the
• Help to normalise the sharing of pronouns. For opportunity to share their pronouns (if and when
example, include your pronouns in your email they feel comfortable to do so.)
7
BS Standard for Sex, Gender, Variations of Sex Characteristics and Sexual Orientation Variables, https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/standard-sex-gender-variations-
A
sex-characteristics-and-sexual-orientation-variables/latest-release, accessed 18 June 2021 9
ee Australian Human Rights Commission LGBTI Terminology, https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/lgbti/terminology; Australian Institute of Family Studies, LGBTQIA+
S
8
Ibid, ABS Standard for Sex, Gender, Variations of Sex Characteristics and Sexual Orientation Variables, accessed 18 June 2021 Communities: Glossary of Terms, https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/lgbtiq-communitiees, Intersex Human Rights Australia https://ihra.org.au/style/ , accessed 11 May 2021
6 7LGBTQIA+ GENDER GENDER SEX SEXUALITY SOGIESC INTER-
An acronym that Is a social and IDENTITY A biological construct OR SEXUAL An abbreviation SECTIONALITY
Definitions10
stands for Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual,
cultural concept
about the identity,
Relates to how a
based on external
genitalia, internal ORIENTATION used to describe
Sexual Orientation,
Describes how
person identifies, reproductive different parts of
It is important to avoid Transgender and expression and which may be the Describes a Gender Identity and a person’s identity
stereotypes based on gender diverse, Queer experience as a man, organs, hormones person's romantic, Expression, and
same or different to and chromosomes or circumstances –
sex, sexuality or gender. and questioning, woman, non-binary the person’s assigned intimate and/or Sex Characteristics such as age, race,
A person’s sex, sexuality (referred to as sex
Intersex, and Asexual person, genderfluid sex at birth.13 A sexual attraction to collectively for the culture, disability,
and gender identity characteristics).
(as well as Aromantic person, gender person’s GENDER others. It can range purposes of law and gender, location or
might be important parts and Agender) as an diverse person etc. SEX from different-sex policy, most often
of who they are, but do IDENTITY does not CHARACTERISTICS religion – intersect
inclusive umbrella This includes norms, necessarily mean attracted, (e.g. in human rights and and combine to
not define who they are. abbreviation to behaviours and roles are physical heterosexual or anti-discrimination
Any attempt to reduce they have particular features relating shape people’s
encompass a range associated with being sex characteristics or straight), same- law. life experiences,
a person to a single to sex, including
of diverse sexualities, (or being perceived a particular sexuality, sex attracted (gay, including experiences
characteristic of their chromosomes, SOGIESC rights is
genders and sex as) a person of a or vice versa. lesbian), attracted of discrimination.
identity is likely to cause genitals, gonads, about ensuring the
characteristics. particular gender as hormones, and to more than one
offence. equal application
well as relationships GENDER EXPRESSION other reproductive or all genders Being LGBTQIA+ is
There are many between and within is how an individual (bisexual, pansexual), of human rights to only one part of any
arguments for and anatomy, and everyone regardless
genders. demonstrates and secondary features or not attracted person or community.
against the use of communicates their (often) to anyone of an individual’s
that emerge from
this and similar As a social construct, gender identity, sexually (asexual) sexual orientation, INTERSECTIONALITY
puberty.14 This has
acronyms, but it is GENDER varies from whether it is through historically been or romantically gender identity and recognises that the
generally agreed society to society behaviour, physical understood in most (aromantic). expression and sex different parts of
that most variations and can change over appearance or Western cultures characteristics.17 someone’s identity
do not represent time.11 It should medical intervention, as either female or and circumstances
the full spectrum of be noted that our for example, through male. cannot be
sex, sexuality and modern binary clothes, make-up, disentangled
However, we now
gender identity. The concept of gender is, gestures or voice. know that some or considered
use of ‘+’ at the to a great extent, a people are born with in isolation.
end of the acronym legacy of colonialism. natural variations to Intersectionality is
represents other First Nations sex characteristics a way of seeing the
sexual identities cultures around the that don’t fit medical whole person.
not included in the world have always and social norms
acronym. recognised and associated with For more information
even celebrated female or male on intersectionality,
the diverse genders bodies. refer to Amnesty
‘ way a
We respect that do not conform International's
Intersex is an ‘Decoding
to colonial binary umbrella term that
understandings Intersectionality:
person expresses of gender. Trans
is used to describe
these natural
Introducing How
themselves and gender diverse variations.15 It is
An Intersectional
Approach Improves
and the terms people have been, important to note
Our Human Rights
and continue to be that our First Nations
and pronouns they a part of some First People have always Work’ (April 2021;
choose to describe Nations populations understood and Index: P0L
’
-40/4019/2021)
themselves around the world.12 acknowledged sex
and gender as non
binary.16
10
or more terminology definitions, please refer to the “Queer Undefined” website where you can search for different terms: https://www.queerundefined.com/ accessed 21 July
F 14
Intersex Human Rights Australia, Intersex Human Rights Australia, accessed 11 May 2021
2021 15
Ibid, Intersex Human Rights Australia, accessed 11 May 2021
11
World Health organization, Gender and Health, https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1 accessed 14 May 2021 16
Junkee, Brotherboys and Sistergirls: We need to decolonise our attitude towards gender in this country: https://junkee.com/brotherboy-sistergirl-decolonise-gender/262222,
12
TransHub: https://www.transhub.org.au/trans-mob, accessed 21 July 2021 accessed 21 July 2021
13
Section 4, Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) 17
Ibid, Australian Human rights Commission, LGBTI Terminology, accessed 14 May 2021
8 9Definitions Table Definitions Table
GENDER18 GENDER18
TRANSGENDER/ A person whose gender does not exclusively align with the sex they were assigned at SISTERGIRL AND The terms sistergirl and brotherboy are general terms used in Aboriginal and Torres
birth. BROTHERBOY Strait Islander communities to describe transgender people and their relationships as
TRANS
a way of validating and strengthening their gender identities and relationships.22
Sistergirls and Brotherboys have distinct cultural identities and roles. Sistergirls are
GENDER/ Gender refers to the socially constructed and hierarchical categories assigned to
First Nations People who were assigned male at birth but live their lives as women,
individuals on the basis of their apparent sex at birth. It also refers to the way in
GENDER ROLE including taking on traditional cultural female practices. Brotherboys are First Nations
which a person identifies or expresses their masculine and/or feminine characteristics.
People who were assigned female at birth but have a male spirit.23
A person’s gender identity and gender expression is not always exclusively male or
female and may change over time. While many genders are recognised in different The terms sistergirls and brotherboys may also be used by other Aboriginal and Torres
cultures, in Western society, people are expected to conform to one of two gender Strait Islander Peoples – for example, both lesbian and heterosexual Aboriginal and
roles matching their apparent sex; for example, male = man/masculine and female = Torres Strait Islander women may refer to themselves as ‘sistagirls’, ‘sistas’ or ‘tiddas’,
woman/feminine. which has the meaning of the word ‘sisters’. Gay Aboriginal men may also refer to
themselves as sistas.24 In broader Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities,
the terms ‘sistagirl’ and ‘brothaboy’ are used as terms of endearment, for women and
GENDER DIVERSE An umbrella term referring to a range of genders expressed in different ways.
men respectively, with no reference to gender diversity.25
There are many terms used by gender diverse people to describe themselves. It
encapsulates people who identity as non-binary, gender fluid, agender, bigender etc It is worth noting not all First Nations people who are transgender use these
terms and it should not be assumed that a trans person who is First Nations can
automatically be called a brotherboy or sistergirl.
NON-BINARY The term encompasses people who have a gender that blends elements of different
genders (e.g. being a man or a woman); a gender that is not exclusively male or
female; or people who do not identify with any gender. The term “non-binary” can CIS OR CISGENDER A person whose gender aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth e.g. someone
mean different things to different people. If someone tells you they are non-binary, it’s who isn’t trans or gender diverse.
always important to ask what being non-binary means to them.19
TRANSITION OR Refers to the process where a trans or gender diverse person takes steps to socially
GENDER IDENTITY Refers to a person’s deeply held internal and individual feeling of gender, i.e. the
AFFIRMATION and/or physically feel more aligned with their gender. There are a wide range of ways
inner sense of oneself as man, woman, masculine, feminine, neither, both, or moving this process differs between people. The decision on how to affirm gender is specific
around freely between or outside of the gender binary. A person may express their to each person. It may involve social, medical and/or legal processes to affirm a
gender through behaviour, physical appearance or medical intervention, for example person’s gender identity. Some people may change how they interact with others,
through clothes, make up, gestures or voice etc. and others may change their appearance or seek medical assistance (i.e. medical
affirmation such as surgery/ies, hormone replacement therapy) to better express their
gender. Affirming a trans person’s identity also includes people acknowledging the
GENDERFLUID Genderfluid people are people whose gender changes over time. A genderfluid person
person is who they say they are.
might identify as a woman one day and a man the next. They might also identify as
agender, bigender, or another non-binary identity.20
AGENDER A person who is agender does not identify exclusively with any gender.26
GENDER PRONOUNS Refers to how a person chooses to publicly express their gender identity through the
use of a pronoun, whether it is a gender-specific or a gender-neutral pronoun. This
can include the more traditional he or she, as well as the gender-neutral pronoun
‘they’ and neopronouns such as e, ze or xe.21
22
Victorian Government Inclusive Language Guide: https://www.vic.gov.au/inclusive-language-guide accessed 19 May 2021
18
Ibid, Queer Undefined website: https://www.queerundefined.com/ accessed 21 July 2021 23
Ibid, Australian Institute of Family Studies, LGBTQIA+ Communities: Glossary of Terms, accessed 19 May 2021
19
National Centre for Transgender Equality, Understanding Non-Binary People https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful- 24
Ibid, Victorian Government Inclusive Language, accessed 19 May 2021
and-supportive, also see Healthline: What Does It Mean to be Non-Binary?: https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/nonbinary, accessed 21 July 2021 25
Ibid, Transhub, see also Junkee, Brotherboys and Sistergirls: We need to decolonise our attitude towards gender in this country: https://junkee.com/brotherboy-sistergirl-
20
Healthline: What Does It Mean to be Gender Fluid?: https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/nonbinary, accessed 21 July 2021 decolonise-gender/262222, accessed 21 July 2021
21
Pronouns Matter, https://www.mypronouns.org/, accessed 20 July 2021 26
Ibid, Queer Undefined, https://www.queerundefined.com/search/agender, accessed 21 July 2021
10 11Definitions Table Definitions Table
SEX SEXUALITY
SEX A person’s sex is made up of anatomical characteristics (primary and secondary sex ASEXUAL A person who does not experience sexual attraction, but may or may not experience
characteristics), chromosomal characteristics and hormonal characteristics. Sex romantic attraction towards others.
is often classified as either male or female at birth based on a person’s external
anatomical features. However, sex is not always straightforward as some people may
be born with an intersex variation, and anatomical and hormonal characteristics can PANSEXUAL A person who is romantically and/or sexually attracted to people regardless of gender.
change over a lifespan.
HETEROSEXUAL A person who is attracted to a person whose gender is different from their own.
SEX Sex characteristics are a person’s physical sex features, such as their chromosomes,
OR STRAIGHT
hormones and reproductive organs.
CHARACTERISTICS
PEOPLE WITH Intersex people have innate physical sex characteristics that do not fit medical norms QUEER This term is often used as an umbrella term for diverse genders or sexualities. Some
people use queer to describe their own gender and/or sexuality if other terms do not
for female or male bodies. These include a diverse range of genetic, chromosomal,
INTERSEX fit.
anatomic and hormonal variations. Instead of saying an "intersex person", using the
VARIATIONS phrase "people with intersex variations" is preferred and more useful as it recognises *Note - For some people, especially older LGBTQIA+ people, ‘queer’ has negative
the diversity of intersex people. At least 40 different variations, with different connotations, because in the past it was used as a derogatory term.29
characteristics, are so far known to science. Intersex people have a variety of gender
identities and sexual orientations.27
QUESTIONING This term is used to refer to people who are still exploring or questioning their gender
or sexual orientation. People may not wish to have one of the other labels applied to
ENDOSEX Refers to people whose sex characteristics meet medical and social norms for them yet, for a variety of reasons, but may still wish to be clear, for example, that they
typically ‘male’ or ‘female’ bodies.28 are non-binary or non-heterosexual. It is important these individuals feel welcome and
included in the acronym and the community’s spaces.
SEXUALITY
SEXUAL Sexual orientation describes who a person may be sexually attracted to, such as
heterosexual, gay, lesbian or bisexual.
ORIENTATION
ROMANTIC A person’s romantic attraction to another person. The same prefixes for sexuality apply
– biromantic, heteroromantic, aromantic etc.
ORIENTATION
LESBIAN Generally refers to a woman who is romantically and/or sexually attracted to other women.
However, non-binary people may also use this term. In addition, some women who are
attracted to other women may not use this term to describe their sexual orientation.
GAY A person who is romantically and/or sexually attracted to people of the same sex and/
or gender as themselves. This term is often used to describe men who are attracted to
other men, but some women and gender diverse people may describe themselves as gay.
BISEXUAL A person who is romantically and/or sexually attracted to people of their own
gender and of other genders. The term ‘bi+’ is also sometimes used to describe the
multiplicity of bisexualities.
The term ‘multi-gender attraction’ may also be used for those who experience
attraction to more than one gender over a lifetime, regardless of self-identity or labels.
27
Intersex Human Rights, https://ihra.org.au/style/, accessed 21 June 2021
28
Australian Human Rights Commission, Terminology, accessed 19 May 2021 29
Ibid, Victorian Government Inclusive Language, accessed 19 May 2021
12 13Using Pronouns Tips on using Pronouns and The Genderbread Person32
Neopronouns The Genderbread Person is a tool for breaking down uses some binary language and does not convey the
• Most, but not all, men (including trans and cis the concepts of sexual orientation, gender identity full diversity of sexual orientation, gender identity and
SOME EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS men) use the pronouns ‘he, him or his’. and expression, and sex characterists. When using expression, and sex characteristics.
this tool, be mindful that it is a simplified tool that
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE • Likewise, most but not all women (including trans
and cis women) use the pronoun ‘she, her, hers’.
Pronouns He Him His • The use of gender-neutral pronouns covers people
who either don’t wish to identify as a particular
She Her Hers gender or identify as non-binary or gender diverse.
Gender-neutral pronouns include terms such as
‘they, them, themselves and theirs’.
They Them Their
• If you are unsure what someone’s pronoun is, you
can ask them respectfully and preferably privately,
Neo- E Em Eir and don’t forget to share your own pronouns
Pronouns first. Say ‘I use [xx/xx] pronouns. Can I ask what
pronouns you use?. Do not say ‘What pronouns
Xe Xem Xyr do you prefer?’ A person’s pronouns and identity
are not a preference. Instead, just ask what
Ze Zir Zir pronouns they use.
• If you are unsure about someone’s gender
identity, use non-binary pronouns.
• Some people’s pronouns may be context-specific.
HOW TO USE PRONOUNS For example, someone might not use their
pronouns in a particular environment or around
PRONOUN HOW TO USE IT particular people because they do not feel safe or
comfortable to do so.
‘I saw Alex come to work today and • A trans person, or a person who is of non-binary
they seemed really happy. I wonder
They/ gender may use the pronouns that best reflect
if it has anything to do with their
Them/ weekend. their gender identity.
Theirs
I hope I see them soon to hear all • Some people may use a combination of pronouns
about it!’ that affirm their gender identity.
• Some people may use neopronouns, such as
‘I saw Alex come to work today and xe/xem/xeir or e/em/eir. Neopronouns can be
he seemed really happy. I wonder
He/ used by anyone, though most often they are
if it has anything to do with his
Him/ used by transgender, non-binary, and/or gender
weekend. nonconforming people.30 Some people prefer
His
I hope I see him soon to hear all using neopronouns as an alternative gender
about it!’ neutral pronoun set. This could be because they
want to avoid singular “they” being confused
‘I saw Alex come to work today and with plural “they”, because neopronouns express
she seemed really happy. I wonder something about them or their gender, or because
She/ if it has anything to do with her they feel more comfortable using neopronouns
Her/ weekend. over any of the standard pronoun options.31 It is
Hers best to ask the individual as to the pronunciation
I hope I see her soon to hear all
about it!’ and grammatical usage of their pronouns if you
are unsure.
• Some people do not use pronouns. These
people are referred to by their name instead of a
pronoun.
30
or more information on neo pronouns, please see the following link: LGBTA Wiki: https://lgbta.wikia.org/wiki/Neopronouns and https://www.queerundefined.com/search/
F
The Genderbread Person33
neopronouns accessed 21 July 2021
31
LGBTA: Neopronouns, https://lgbta.wikia.org/wiki/Neopronouns accessed 21 July 2021 32
The Genderbread person: https://www.genderbread.org/resource/genderbread-person-v4-0, accessed 21 June 2021
14 15Avoiding gender-specific terms33 ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER PEOPLES
LANGUAGE TO USE LANGUAGE TO AVOID
Police Officer Policeman Introduction General Principles
Australia’s First Nations Peoples One way of ensuring our language
Minister of Religion Clergyman
have diverse and distinctive is inclusive is by getting a
cultures which span more than better understanding of some
Firefighter Fireman 65,000 years. The diversity of cultural considerations. The list
languages, communication and below provides some examples,
Supervisor Foreman social customs and protocols may but should not be considered
not always be readily understood exhaustive. In addition, it's
Actor Actress by people who do not belong important to understand that
to these cultures. However, all because of the diverse Aboriginal
Host Hostess Aboriginal and Torres Strait and Torres Strait Islander
Islander Peoples share spiritual communities, the below may
Waiter Waitress and religious ties to both the not always apply to a particular
land and the seas, strong family group. You should also seek to
Flight attendant Stewardess/Steward networks and support systems.34 understand the cultural norms and
Using inclusive language is a way customs of the community you are
of recognising and valuing the engaging or working with.
Ms or Mx Miss or Mrs
diversity among the many cultural
groups belonging to Australia. It • Given the diversity of Aboriginal
Humans, humankind Man, mankind is also one way of recognising the and Torres Strait Islander
contributions that both Aboriginal cultures and identities across
Spokesperson Spokesman and Torres Strait Islander Australia, you should always
individuals and community groups seek advice from Aboriginal and
Colleagues/everyone/folks Ladies and gentlemen/Guys have made and continue to make Torres Strait Islander people
to our society. in your local area regarding
preferences and protocols
Parental Leave Paternity leave
around terminology use.
Dear Colleague Dear Sir/Madam • If you are speaking to or of an
individual, it is respectful to be
Worker, workforce Workman, manpower as specific as possible about
their cultural identity and or
Chairperson Chairman/Chairwoman language group. Ask the person
for guidance and/or consult
with local Aboriginal and Torres
Parent Mother/Father
Strait Islander Peoples.
Boyfriend/Girlfriend,
Partner • Be aware that some First
Husband/Wife
Nations Australians may be
Artificial Man-made connected with their culture but
not know their specific language
Child Son/Daughter or cultural group due to being a
child of, or related to a child of,
the Stolen Generations and/or
Sibling Sister/Brother
being displaced.
Salesperson/ Salesman/Saleswoman
Sales representative
33
ustralian Government, Style Manual – Gender and Sexual Diversity, https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/format-writing-and-structure/inclusive-language/gender-and-sexual-
A
diversity, accessed 11 May 2021 34
Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Recommended Guidelines for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Terminology, accessed 21 June 2021
16 17‘WTorres
e respect the contributions of Aboriginal and
Strait Islander individuals and community
groups have made and continue to make
to our society
’
Welcome to Country Acknowledgement
• Acknowledge that in certain issue. Meanings of silence vary
A Welcome to Country is a ceremony to welcome
people onto the land of the Custodians. A
of Country
cultures there is an established depending on the community local Traditional Owner performs a Welcome An Acknowledgement of Country is something
order in which people can – it can be used as a sign to Country. The Welcome to Country can take anyone can do. It allows a person of any
speak or make a contribution; of respect, contemplation, many forms, such as offering safe passage descent to pay respect to the local community
it is extremely important to disagreement or a time to reflect to visitors, or outlining any responsibilities and country by acknowledging the Custodians
remember this in facilitated and consider what has been while on country. A Welcome to Country is an of the land on which a meeting is being held
workshops and consultation said.39 important ceremony for many First Australians. and recognising the local community’s ongoing
sessions where everyone’s input When hosting external events or functions, you connection to, and care for, country. Some
is expected.35 • Allow time for people to think
must always ensure that an Elder from the local organisations also include acknowledgements
about ideas and have informal
community is engaged to welcome participants in email signatures, websites and other
• Use formal addresses when discussions. Always wait your
to country. publications/ materials.
interacting with older people turn to speak. It is important
and Elders - or ask them how to be a good listener and not
they wish to be acknowledged.36 to talk over anyone. Do not be
dismissive of people’s thoughts
• Respect protocols and
sensitivities around Men’s and
and opinions. Definitions and
Women’s Business. Certain
customs and practices are
• Be careful with the use
of humour, as it may be Terminology
performed by men and women misunderstood.
An awareness of cultural difference and use of
separately and sometimes
• It is important to always be inclusive language are essential for showing respect
privately but this will vary from
mindful of the context, your and communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait
community to community.37
body language, your tone and Islander Peoples, organisations and communities.
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait delivery when speaking as they The following are just some of the terms used widely
Islander Peoples often use all have a huge impact on what when communicating with or about Aboriginal and
different terms to refer to you are communicating and how Torres Strait Islander people.
themselves depending on inclusive you are.
where they are from. It is not
appropriate to assume that you
can use these terms without
their consent.38
• Silence is a common
communication style in many
Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander communities. Silence
does not mean Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people
do not understand a topic or
35
epartment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences: https://pmc.gov.au/resource-centre/indigenous-affairs/
D
communicating-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-audiences, accessed 21 June 2021
36
Ibid, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet: Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences
37
Ibid, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet: Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences
38
Ibid, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet: Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences
39
Ibid, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet: Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences
18 19AL OR IG I NA L AND US
ABORIGIN(S) AB
R E S S T R AIT INDIGENO(S) ELDER MOB NATION
PEOPLE TOR E O P L E(S) PEOPLE
R P
ISLANDE
‘Aboriginal’ is an adjective and An inclusive collective term The term Indigenous is generally An Elder is an identified and Mob is a term identifying a group Nation refers to a culturally
widely used to describe ‘Aboriginal for First Nations Australians used when referring to both First respected member of an Aboriginal of Aboriginal or Torres Strait distinct group of people associated
people’. ‘Aboriginal Peoples’ is a is ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Peoples of Australia - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Islander people associated with with a particular culturally defined
collective name for the original Islander Peoples’. This term should Peoples and Torres Strait Islander community. They are someone a particular place or country. The area of land or country. Each
people of Australia and their always be written in its entirety, Peoples. ‘Indigenous ’is commonly who has gained recognition as a term ‘Mob’ is more generally used nation has boundaries that cannot
descendants and is preferable. This and should not be abbreviated, i.e. used as shorthand to include Custodian of knowledge and lore, by Aboriginal and Torres Strait be changed, and language is tied
term emphasises the diversity of ATSI. Both Aboriginal and Torres both, mostly in government and and who has permission to disclose Islander Peoples and between to that nation and its country.
languages, communities, cultural Strait Islander Peoples, use terms academic writing. However, knowledge and beliefs. Elders Aboriginal and Torres Strait Nation should be used to refer
practices and spiritual beliefs. such as ‘First Nations Australians’, because ‘Indigenous’ is not generally hold key community Islander Peoples. Therefore, it to a culturally distinct Aboriginal
Do not use the words Aboriginals, ‘First Australians’ or ‘Aboriginal specific, some Aboriginal and knowledge and are expected to may not be appropriate for non group and its associated country,
Aborigine, or Aborigines, as people and/or Torres Strait Islander Torres Strait Islander Peoples provide advice and support to Aboriginal and Torres Strait noting that the boundaries of some
may associate this terminology Peoples’. prefer the use of Aboriginal and community members. Age alone Islander people to use this nations cross over state borders.
to periods of colonisation and Torres Strait Islander Peoples does not necessarily distinguish term unless this is known to be
assimilation. Instead, use instead. This is because the an Elder. Many Aboriginal and acceptable to Aboriginal and Torres
Aboriginal or Aboriginal and Torres word ‘Indigenous’ lumps these Torres Strait Islander Peoples Strait Islander Peoples.
Strait Islander.
S T PEO PLE(S)/ communities together and fails acknowledge Elders as ‘aunty’ D
MEN’S AN INESS
FIR TR ALIANS to recognise their individuality, or ‘uncle’ as a sign of respect,
BUS
S
FIRST AU WOMEN’S
differences and uniqueness. even if they are not biologically
It is preferable to use the term related. It is not only about kinship
TORR ES S TRAIT ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait connections, but the position of
COUNTRY
E R PE OPLE(S) Islander’, rather than ‘Indigenous’, the Elder in the community. It is
ISLAND
First Peoples and First Australians as an adjective, as the former term important to be respectful and not In Aboriginal and Torres Strait
are collective names for the more accurately reflects cultural to be overly familiar in addressing Islander culture there are customs
original people of Australia and heritage. or referring to Aboriginal and Torres and practices that are performed
their descendants, and are used Strait Islander Elders. Country is a term used to by men and women separately.
A Torres Strait Islander person is a to emphasise that Aboriginal and describe a culturally defined This gender-specific practice
descendant from the Torres Strait Torres Strait Islander Peoples lived area of land associated with a is often referred to as Men’s
Islands, which are located to the on this continent prior to European particular culturally distinct group and Women’s Business. These
north of mainland Australia in invasion and colonisation.
NAL OWNER/ of Aboriginal and Torres Strait practices have very strict rules.
Queensland. The term ‘Aboriginal’ O
TRADITI TODIAN Islander Peoples. Men’s and Women’s Business
is not inclusive of Torres Strait
Islander people, and reference to
CUS includes matters relating to health,
well-being, religious ceremony,
both ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait and maintenance of significant
Islander people’ should therefore geographic sites and differs
be made where necessary. A Traditional Owner/s is an from community to community.
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Topics discussed during Men
Islander person or people directly and Women’s Business can differ
descended from the original between communities and are not
inhabitants of a culturally defined usually shared outside of these
area of country. They have a communities.
cultural and spiritual association
with their country deriving from the
traditions, observances, customs,
beliefs or history of the original
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander
inhabitants of the area.
20 21do not apply for all Aboriginal and People who were assigned female
Torres Strait Islander communities. at birth but have a male spirit.42
In other tribes they will use other
RY BUSINESS names or no names. Families may
BLAK
The terms sistergirls and
General of ‘Aboriginal people
have been living here for
SOR also deem an alternative name for brotherboys may also be used by
a particular period or permanently. other Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Peoples – for example,
Guidelines thousands of years’.
• Use plurals when speaking
In addition, during bereavement both lesbian and heterosexual The guidelines below are about collectives (peoples,
‘Sorry Business’ is the period of times, it may not be appropriate Blak is a term used by some Aboriginal and Torres Strait recommendations for using nations, cultures,
mourning or ceremony following to share or use images of the Aboriginal people to reclaim Islander women may refer to respectful and inclusive languages).
the death of an Aboriginal or deceased person. You should historical, representational, themselves as 'sistagirls', 'sistas' or language and terminology.
Torres Strait Islander person. This always check with the family and 'tiddas', which has the meaning of Please consider these • Use empowering, strengths-
symbolic, stereotypical and
is usually a solemn time with that community. the word 'sisters'. Gay Aboriginal guidelines, alongside guidance based language.
romanticised notions of Black or
little spoken conversation and men may also refer to themselves from your local Aboriginal
Blackness. The term Blak is an
as sistas.43 and Torres Strait Islander • When referring to language,
usual daily community activities expression of taking back power
community, when preparing be mindful that there is
may be stopped or postponed. In and control within a society In broader Aboriginal and Torres
D
BLACK AN LA
some communities the name of a written messages as well as in no such thing as “the
that does not always encourage Strait Islander communities, the
everyday communication. Aboriginal language”, it
L
BLACKFE
deceased person, and even others Aboriginal and Torres Strait terms ‘sistagirl’ and ‘brothaboy’
who share the same name, is not would be like saying “the
Islander Peoples an opportunity for may be used as terms of • When writing about a
to be spoken for a certain period European language”.
self-determination as individuals endearment, for women and men specific group, use their
of time. It is important to ask for and communities.40 For some, the There are hundreds of
respectively, with no reference to nation, island or community
guidance on engagement protocols spelling of “Blak” signifies the First Nations Australian
The term ‘black’ has both positive gender diversity.44 name, instead of using
from the community during this taking back of the word “Black” languages that exist today.
and negative connotations. While generic terms. For example
time. - which was historically used in a It is worth noting that not all
it signifies solidarity, unity and ‘The Bundjalung people • Always acknowledge
derogatory manner - by removing First Nations people who are
political activism against racism to have been living in this area sovereignty in your
the letter “c” signifying “coloniser transgender use these terms and
various groups around the world, it we now call Byron Bay for communication. Currently,
or colonisation” out of the spelling. it should not be assumed that a
has also been used to devalue and thousands of years’ instead no treaty exists between
D
DECEASE
trans person who is First Nations
victimise people on the basis of
can automatically be called a
PEOPLE
their skin colour. The terms ‘Black’
brotherboy or sistergirl.
and ‘Blackfella’ should only be
BOY
BROTHER GIRL
used by Aboriginal or Torres Strait
Islander people.
R
It is also important to understand OR SISTE
that some communities do not
allow the use of the name of
a family member after their The terms sistergirl and brotherboy
death. You should always are general terms used in
check on the correct protocol Aboriginal and Torres Strait
from the community when this Islander communities to describe
situation occurs. For example, transgender people and their
for a period of time, families may relationships as a way of validating
use a substitute name such as and strengthening their gender
‘Kumantjayi’, ‘Kwementyaye’ or identities and relationships.41
‘Kunmanara’, which are known as
a ‘bereavement term’, instead of a Sistergirls and Brotherboys have
deceased person’s first name. The distinct cultural identities and
bereavement terms will remain roles. Sistergirls are First Nations
in place until the grieving family People who were assigned male at
deems it appropriate to use the birth but live their lives as women,
deceased person’s name again. The including taking on traditional
bereavement terms mentioned are cultural female practices.
specific to some communities and Brotherboys are First Nations
42
Ibid, Australian Institute of Family Studies, LGBTQIA+ Communities: Glossary of Terms, accessed 19 May 2021
40
ustralian Blak History Month https://www.google.com/url?q=https://sites.google.com/site/australianblakhistorymonth/extra-credit&sa=D&source=editors&ust=16242340899
A 43
Ibid, Victorian Government Inclusive Language Guide, accessed 19 May 2021
79000&usg=AOvVaw2nP6qgFK8lEcUOW7DiD9Wp, accessed 22 June 2021 44
Ibid, Transhub , see also Junkee, Brotherboys and Sistergirls: We need to decolonise our attitude towards gender in this country: https://junkee.com/brotherboy-sistergirl-
41
Ibid, Victorian Government Inclusive Language Guide, accessed 19 May 2021 decolonise-gender/262222, accessed 21 July 2021
22 2327% of Australia’s
CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY 25 million people
Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Peoples/communities
what are, in reality, highly
diverse identities.45 The term
and Ngarigo Peoples of the Introduction were born
wider Canberra area,” or “the
and the government of Indigenous can be used when diversity of Aboriginal and
Australia is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the
world. It is important that our language reflects and is respectful overseas
Australia. The unceded referring to a business entity of our communities' diversity.
Torres Strait Islander Peoples
sovereignty should be or business function. The term
and cultures connected to
acknowledged by describing
the arrival of the British and
Indigenous should always be
capitalised. Lands across Australia”. Terminology
Europeans as an invasion, and
• ‘People’ (singular) can be • Always use capitals for the
the continued occupation of
the land as colonisation. used where reference is being following terms: AUSTRALIANS All Australian citizens and permanent residents, no matter what their religion,
skin colour or country of birth, are Australians. You should avoid describing
made to a single geo-cultural ➔ Indigenous
people by their country of origin or religion, for example 'Chinese Australian' or
• Using the term Indigenous community, for example, “the ➔ First Peoples/First 'Muslim Australian', unless it's relevant, as it implies they are somehow different.
Australians is not always Gadigal people of the Eora In general, avoid referring to the ethnic and racial background of a person or
Nations/First Australians
preferred by many First Nation,” or “Aboriginal and group unless there is a transparently valid or legal reason for doing so. Australians
➔ Elders
Australians and can be Torres Strait Islander people include people born in Australia or with Australian citizenship, regardless of their
➔ Traditional Owners/
considered offensive. This within our school community.” cultural heritage. If you need to specify a person’s ethnicity, it is best to ask them
is because it has scientific Custodians
how they choose to be identified.
connotations which have been • ‘Peoples’ (plural) can be ➔ Country
used historically to describe used where reference is ➔ Acknowledgement of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait being made to the diversity Country
of Aboriginal and Torres
Islander Peoples as part of
the ‘flora/fauna’ rather than Strait Islander identities/geo-
➔ Welcome to Country BE SPECIFIC Where it is appropriate or necessary to speak about a person’s cultural
background, try to be as specific as possible. Avoid describing and referring
the human population of cultural community groups ABOUT COUNTRY to people in generic terms such as Asian or African as it overlooks the unique
Australia, and can be seen across Australia, for example, OF ORIGIN languages and cultures of many countries. Instead be specific as these terms
as a homogenising label for “the Ngunnawal, Ngambri incorporate many countries with entirely different cultures. Grouping all these
cultures under one title is ambiguous and fails to recognise vast ethnic, cultural
and religious differences.
MULTICULTURAL The term ‘multicultural communities’ should be used to write about people from
Language that can be inappropriate, different cultural backgrounds.
discriminatory or offensive
• Avoid using shorthand terms like ‘Aborigines', referring to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
‘Islanders’ or acronyms like ATSI, TI, TSI. Using Peoples. CULTURALLY The term ‘culturally and linguistically diverse’ is a useful inclusive description
for communities with diverse language, ethnic background, nationality, dress,
acronyms such as ‘ATSI’ to abbreviate ‘Aboriginal AND traditions, food, societal structures, art and religion. It is generally used to refer to
• Avoid exclusionary and generic language that
and Torres Strait Islander’ reduces the diverse
members of ancient cultures and to lump them excludes the lived experiences of Aboriginal LINGUISTICALLY people for whom English is not their principal language or who have a background
together under one cultural identity. and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. For example, DIVERSE that is not Anglo-Saxon. Culturally and linguistically diversity is the preferred term
for many government and community agencies as a contemporary description for
stating that ‘all Australians have access to
• Avoid using terms like ‘myth’, ‘legend’ or quality medical care’ excludes the lived ethnic communities. Avoid using the acronym CALD unless you’re speaking to a
‘folklore’ when referring to the beliefs of First experience of many Aboriginal and Torres Strait specialist audience.
Nations Peoples. Islander Peoples.
• Avoid using deficit language, for example • Avoid trivialising or misrepresenting important
disadvantaged First Nations Peoples, use cultural beliefs and practices such as referring to
strengths based language instead. the Dreamtime as myths or legends.
• Avoid using assimilationist terms such as ‘full- • Don’t make assumptions about someone’s
blood,’ ‘half-caste’ and ‘quarter-caste’ when ancestry based on their physical features.
45
Reconciliation Australia, https://www.reconciliation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/language-guide.pdf, accessed 19 May 2021
24 25You can also read
