High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Comprehensive Characterization of Plant-Pigment-Based Tattoos and Dyes Formulations
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cosmetics
Article
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Comprehensive
Characterization of Plant-Pigment-Based Tattoos and
Dyes Formulations
Laura Rubio * , Carmen Garcia-Jares and Marta Lores
CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de
Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; carmen.garcia.jares@usc.es (C.G.-J.);
marta.lores@usc.es (M.L.)
* Correspondence: laura.rubio.lareu@usc.es; Tel.: +34-881-814-379
Abstract: There has been little research on emerging natural-pigment-based temporary tattoos and
their constituents so far. This study focused on the characterization of natural henna and jagua
tattoos and dyes in commercial samples. Sample manipulation and treatment were minimal to
analyze natural pigments as they are marketed. The characterization of active compounds was
performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-
flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). A novel untargeted characterization was also applied
for these types of samples, searching for compounds ranging from the original ingredients to other
additives of interest they may contain. The fact that these products may also be a source of unlabelled
allergens was considered. This work showed that not all of the 34 samples analyzed contained their
characteristic active ingredients, and in addition, 70 substances of a different nature were found.
Therefore, a rapid and high-throughput methodology has been developed for the identification of
Citation: Rubio, L.; Garcia-Jares, C.;
the components of these dyes, providing a necessary approach for quality control or identification of
Lores, M. High-Resolution Mass
Spectrometry for the Comprehensive
suspicious substances.
Characterization of
Plant-Pigment-Based Tattoos and Keywords: henna; jagua; temporary tattoos; natural tattoo ingredients; dyes; high-performance
Dyes Formulations. Cosmetics 2021, 8, liquid chromatography; quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
55. https://doi.org/10.3390/
cosmetics8020055
Academic Editor: Enzo Berardesca 1. Introduction
Temporary tattoos have been widely used since ancient times for body decoration,
Received: 25 May 2021
but in recent years, they have become more popularized and fashionable substitutes for
Accepted: 16 June 2021
permanent ones. Some temporary tattoos use natural pigments, but little is known about
Published: 21 June 2021
them. This is the case of traditional henna tattoos, which have long been seen at festivals,
holiday locations, street fairs and even medieval marketplaces. More recently, an interesting
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
option has been placed on the market, an alternative dye for temporary tattoos called jagua,
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
often sold on the Internet.
published maps and institutional affil-
Natural henna (Lawsonia inermis) has a reddish-brown coloring [1] due to its active
iations.
ingredient lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). Different formulations of black
henna or even other more striking colors are now available in the market to be used as
temporary dyes for henna tattoos. The components of henna tattoos are discussed in a
recent article [2]. Regulations of natural-pigment-based temporary tattoos have not yet
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
been formulated, and most of these commercial products of plant origin are not correctly
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
or fully labeled. The safety of henna in products containing its extracts, such as temporary
This article is an open access article
tattoos, has not been assessed. The methodology used for the determination of lawsone
distributed under the terms and
is high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD),
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
both in commercial henna products and in the tattooists’ own preparations [3,4]. In these
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
works, sample preparation is based on simple dilution, followed by sonication and final
4.0/). filtration before analysis. For centuries, henna has also been used as the most common
Cosmetics 2021, 8, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8020055 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cosmetics
Cosmetics 2021, 8, 55 2 of 19
natural hair dyeing and tattooing agent in many civilizations and cultures. On this point,
the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) has evaluated the safety of henna
and its main active ingredient lawsone in hair dye products [5]. It concludes that the
available information is sufficient to assess the safe use of henna as a hair dye, although in
specific formulations.
Jagua has been used by indigenous tribes to stain the skin, but nowadays, it is becom-
ing increasingly popular as a newer temporary tattoo. This natural pigment is obtained
from a tropical fruit known as Genipa americana L. Jagua contains genipin and geniposide
as its main active ingredients. There are already studies pointing to the fact that the jagua
constituents in temporary tattoos may become potential new allergens [6,7]. In fact, a
case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by a temporary jagua tattoo purchased over the
Internet has already been reported [8]. Reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled with
ultraviolet (UV) detection identified genipin as the allergen involved in the reactions, and
the presence of geniposide was also confirmed. However, there are no other studies on the
determination of these two ingredients in real jagua samples; that is, there is no systematic
methodology for their analysis. Jagua tattoos have not even been regulatorily considered
yet, although their allergenic potential has already been documented, as mentioned above.
Because of their recent emergence and lack of regulation, the safety of these new ingredients
is highly questionable because of possible unknown reactions.
Both permanent and temporary tattoos can be included in the group of new-format
cosmetics or considered as borderline products in the European regulation [9]. In particular,
temporary tattoos have a diverse chemical composition and unclear legislation. According
to the guidelines of the Manual of Borderline Products, they should be correctly labeled
under the Cosmetics Regulation [10] and the Toys Directive [11]. However, for borderline
products, the reality is far from complying with these requirements. Based on a recent
study [12], the labeling of tattoo sticker samples is either non-existent or incorrect according
to their ingredient content. Most of the commercial plant-origin products are not labeled.
This work was prompted by the lack of analytical methodology, regulation, labeling
and general information on these natural, temporary henna and jagua tattoos. In a previous
investigation, the simultaneous quantification by HPLC-DAD of their active ingredients
was reported [13]. However, it already pointed to the need for a more in-depth study to
try to provide a broader view of the composition of these beauty products. Regarding
the labeling of the samples studied, although some products are formulated, the list of
ingredients may not be complete, or extra ingredients (extracts, allergens, preservatives)
may be present. Frauds and other problems in the composition of these types of samples
have already been described [13]. It is important to note the non-existence of bibliographical
data on the characterization of these types of samples.
Therefore, the present work is aimed towards the characterization of natural henna
and jagua tattoos and dyes in a wide broad range of samples available on the market,
both by a targeted and by a non-targeted approach. In addition to focusing on mea-
surements of target compounds or characteristic features, recent advances in combining
liquid chromatography (LC) with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allow the
simultaneous determination of many compounds in parallel and without prior knowl-
edge of the sample constituents. The high analytical power provided by these HRMS
instruments allows the screening of compounds of interest in complex natural matrices
of diverse origin [14–16]. Then, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled
with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) will be used as a
rapid and powerful methodology for the identification of the ingredients of natural tattoos
and dyes, providing a necessary approach for quality control or identification of suspect
substances. As far as we know, this is the first time that high-resolution analysis has been
proposed for these types of samples.
Cosmetics
Cosmetics 2021,
2021, 8,
8, xxxFOR PEER REVIEW 333 of 19
Cosmetics
Cosmetics 2021,
2021, 8,
2021,
Cosmetics
Cosmetics 8, xx FOR
2021,
8, FOR
FOR PEER
PEER
PEER
8, 55
FOR
REVIEW
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW
REVIEW 33 of
of
of 19
of 19
19
193 of 19
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19
2.
2. Materials
Materials and
and Methods
Methods
2. Materials
2. Materials
Materials
2. Materials and Methods
and Methods
Methods
and Methods
2.
2.1.
2. Chemical
Materials and
and
and Reagents
Methods
2.1.
2.1.
2. Chemical
Chemical
Materials
2.1. Chemical
and
and
and Reagents
Reagents
Methods
and Reagents
2.1. Chemical
2. Materials and
2.1. and Reagents
andReagents
Methods
2.1. Chemical
All
Chemical
All
All
reagents
reagents
reagents and and
Reagents
and
and
solvents
solvents
solvents
were
were
were
of
of
of
analytical
analytical
analytical
grade.
grade.
grade.
Genipin
Genipin
Genipin
(≥98%,
(≥98%,
(≥98%,
C
CC
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14 O5555))C was
was
2.1. Chemical
Chemical and Reagents (C≥ 14O O5))) was was
11
2.1. All reagents
All
All and
reagents reagents
Reagents
and
and solvents
and solvents
solvents were of
were
were
of analyticalof analytical
analytical grade.grade.
grade. GenipinGenipin
Genipin (≥98%, C
(≥98%,
11 H14
1198%, 14
11H14O5(98%,
H14 O5 )
was
11
obtained
obtained All from
from
reagents Biosynth
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and Carbosynth
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(Berkshire,
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Genipin (≥98%, geniposide
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C H 14O5)(98%, (98%,
was
obtained
obtained was
All from
obtained
from Biosynth
reagents Biosynth
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(Berkshire,
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were
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Aldrich
(Steinheim,
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and
and lawsone
lawsone
Kingdom),lawsone (>98%,
(>98%, (>98%, C
geniposide
10
C1010H
10 H C
H66O OO 33H)
103)(98%, was
O3 ) was
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acquired
obtained
acquired
C 17H24 O ))by from
from
from Sigma
AlfaAesar
Biosynth
AlfaAesar
Sigma Aldrich
(Karlsruhe,
(Karlsruhe,
Aldrich (Steinheim,
Carbosynth Germany).
Germany).
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(Berkshire, For
For
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United
mobile and
and phase
Kingdom),
phase
lawsone (>98%,
preparation,
preparation,
(>98%, geniposideC
C MS-grade
HMS-grade
O 3)(98%,
) was
was
acquired
acquired
C17 acquired
17H24O10by
10 by AlfaAesar
bySigma
AlfaAesar
)provided
from AlfaAesar (Karlsruhe,
(Karlsruhe,
(Karlsruhe,
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(Steinheim, Germany). For mobile
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Germany), Forand
mobile mobilephase
phase
lawsone preparation,
phase preparation,
preparation,
(>98%, C10
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acquired 24O10by
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provided Sigma
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GmbH,
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For mobile and phase
ultrapure
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ultrapure
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(>98%,
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by Sigma-Aldrich
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AlfaAesar
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provided by Sigma-Aldrich
(Barcelona,
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and
Germany).
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Chemie formic
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For
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obtained
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obtained
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preparation,
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provided (Barcelona,
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(Barcelona, Spain)
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obtained
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obtained
ultrapure by Merck by
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(Darmstadt,
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provided
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Scharlab used.
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(Barcelona, Spain)
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stored in in glass
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2.2.
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2.2.
2.2. Samples
Samples
2.2. Samples
2.2. Samples
Tattoo
2.2. Samples
Tattoo samples
Tattoo
samples samplescomprised
comprised comprised 17
17 henna
17 henna
henna tattoos
tattoos (HT)
tattoos
(HT) and
(HT)
and 66 jagua
and 6 jagua
jagua tattoos
tattoostattoos (JT).
(JT). (JT).Addition-
Additionally,
Addition-
Tattoo
2.2. Samples
Samples
Tattoo samples samples
samples comprised comprised
comprised 17 17 henna
17 henna
henna tattoos tattoos
tattoos (HT) (HT)
(HT) and and
and 666 jaguajagua tattoos
jagua tattoos
tattoos (JT). (JT). Addition-
(JT). Addition-
Addition-
2.2.
ally,
ally, Tattoo
10
10
10 samples
samples
samples ofof
of henna
henna
henna hair
hair
hair dyeing
dyeing
dyeing were
were
were included
included
included in
inin the
the
the study.
study.
study. Three
Three
Three ofof
of the
the
the latter
latter
latter were
were also
were
ally,
ally, 10 Tattoo
10
10 samples
samples samples of
of henna comprised
henna
henna hair
hair dyeing17 henna
dyeing
dyeing weretattoos
were included
included (HT) inand
in the 6 jaguaThree
study.
the study.
study. tattoos
Three of (JT).
of the
the Addition-
latter
latter were
were
ally,
also Tattoo
samples
claimed
Tattoo
claimed samples
for
samples of use
use comprised
asas
comprisedhair
temporary
temporary 17 henna
17 henna
were
body
body tattoos
included
decoration
tattoos
decoration (HT)
(HT) in and
the
(HTD).
and
(HTD). 6 jagua
6 jagua tattoos
Three
Samples
Samples tattoos wereof (JT).
the
were
(JT).
acquiredAddition-
latter
acquired
Addition- werethrough
also
ally, 10 samples for use as temporary body decoration (HTD).study.Samples Three ofwere acquired
also
also
ally,
also
claimed
claimed
10 samples
claimed forof
for
for of
henna
use
use
henna
use as hair
as
as hair
dyeing were
temporary
temporary
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temporary bodyincluded
body
were
body
decoration
decoration
included
decoration
in the
in (HTD).
(HTD).
the
(HTD). study. Samples
Samples
Three
Samples of
the latter
were
were
the
were
acquired
acquired
latter
acquired
were
were
through
ally, 10
through
also a a
well-known
samples
claimed well-known
aa well-known forofuse site
henna site
site
as available
available
hair to
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available to
anyone
wereanyone
anyone on
includedon
the
on the
the Internet.
Internet.
in the They They
study.Samples
Internet. were
Threewere
They wereprovided
ofweretheprovided
latter
provided by wereby
different
by
through
through
also
through claimeda
well-known
a well-known
well-known
for use sitetemporary
site
as
site
available
available to
temporary
available
body
to
tobody anyone
anyone
anyone
decoration
on
on the
decoration
on
the (HTD).
Internet.
the Internet.
Internet.
(HTD). They
They were
Samples
They
were
were were provided
provided
provided
acquired
acquired by
by
by
different
also
different
through sellers,
claimedsellers,
asellers, andfor
well-known andsome
and use some
some were
as
site were
were sorted
sorted
temporary
availablesorted into
to into
body
intosets.
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decoration
sets. Two
on the hennas
hennas (HTD).
hennas
Internet. labeled
labeled Samples
labeled
They asas
as
werePakistani
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were
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origin
acquired
origin bywere
different
different
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a well-known
well-known and
and some
some were
were
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available into
into
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sets. onTwo
Two hennas
hennas
thehennas
Internet. labeled
labeled
They as
as werePakistani
Pakistaniprovided origin
origin by at
different
were
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collected sellers, from
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andaaaasomelocal
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were sorted
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ininMorocco.
sorted Morocco.
to anyone
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into sets.
sets.In
In Two
In
on total,
total,
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total,
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Internet.
27
hennas hennas labeled
hennas
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They
labeledand and as
6were
as Pakistani
6Pakistani
66 jaguas
jaguasjaguas
provided origin
available
available
available origin by
were
were
different collected
collected sellers, from
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local
some source
source
were in
in
sorted Morocco.
Morocco.
into sets.In
In total,
total,
Two 27
27
hennas hennas
hennas labeledand
and as6 jaguas
jaguas
Pakistani available
available origin
were
at the
different
at
were the collected
the
time
time time
collected of
sellers,
of from
of
acquisition
fromand
acquisition aasome
acquisitionlocal
local source
were were
were
weresource in
in Morocco.
included.
included.
sorted
included. In
into
Morocco. In InIn
sets.
addition, total,
Inaddition,
addition, Two
total, the 27
hennas
the hennas
the
27plant
plant
hennas plant
labeledand
origin
origin
and origin66 jaguas
sample
as
sample sample
Pakistani
jaguas available
labeled
labeled
available labeled
originas
as as
at
at
werethe time
theherbaceous
time of
collected of acquisition
of acquisition
acquisition
from a local
local were
were
source included.
included.
in Morocco. In addition,
In addition,
addition,
In online,
total, the
the plant
plant
27for hennas origin
origin
and sample
sample
6composition
jaguas labeled
labeled
available as
as and
at the
herbaceous
were
herbaceous
at time
collected
the time of plant
plant fromplant
tattoo
tattoo
acquisition a tattoo
(HPT)were
(HPT) source
werewas included.
(HPT)
was was
also
in
also
included. Morocco.In
also
purchased
purchased purchased
In
In addition, total,
online,the 27
the for plant
online,hennas
plant origin
for
which
which which
and
origin the
the sample
6 the
jaguas
composition labeled
composition
available and
andas
herbaceous
herbaceous
at the
thesource
herbaceous time plant plant
plant
of tattoo
tattoo
acquisition
species
(HPT)
(HPT)
are unknown.
tattoo (HPT)were was
was
was
also
alsototal
included.
The
also
purchased
purchased
Innumber
purchased addition, online,
online,
ofthe
online, the for
for
samplesplant
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TableTable
Table 1. 1. Characteristics
1. Characteristics
Characteristics of
of the
theuntil
of the analysis.
analyzed
analyzed analyzed
until analysis. samples.
samples. samples.
HT:
HT: Henna HT: Henna
Henna Tattoo;
Tattoo; Tattoo;
HD:
HD: Henna HD: Henna
Henna Dye,
Dye, HTD: Dye, HTD:
HTD: HennaHenna
Henna Tattoo-Dye;
Tattoo-Dye; Tattoo-Dye; JT:
JT: Jagua
Jagua JT: Jagua
Table 1.
1. Characteristics
Tabletattoo;Characteristics of
of the analyzed
the Plant
analyzed samples.
samples. HT:
HT: Henna
Henna Tattoo;
Tattoo; HD:
HD: Henna
Henna Dye,
Dye, HTD:
HTD: Henna
Henna Tattoo-Dye;
Tattoo-Dye; JT:
JT: Jagua
Jagua
tattoo;
Table
tattoo;
tattoo; HPT:
1.
HPT:
HPT: HPT: Herbaceous
Herbaceous
Characteristics
Herbaceous
Herbaceous Plant
of the
Plant
Plant Tattoo.
Tattoo.
analyzed
Tattoo.
Tattoo. samples. HT: Henna Tattoo; HD: Henna Dye, HTD: Henna Tattoo-Dye; JT: Jagua
Table
tattoo; 1. Characteristics
HPT: Herbaceousof of the
Plant analyzed
Tattoo. samples. HT: Henna Tattoo; HD: Henna Dye, HTD: Henna Tattoo-Dye; JT: Jagua
samples. HT: Henna Tattoo; HD: Henna Dye, HTD: Henna Tattoo-Dye; JT:
Table
tattoo; 1. Characteristics the analyzed Jagua
Table HPT:
tattoo;
Sample 1.
HPT: Herbaceous
Characteristics
Herbaceousof Plant
Plant Tattoo.
the analyzed
Tattoo. samples. HT: Henna Tattoo;Labeled
HD: Henna Dye, HTD: Henna Tattoo-Dye;
Additional InformationJT: Jagua
Availa-
Sample
Sample
tattoo;
Sample HPT: Herbaceous PlantSample
Tattoo. Labeled Labeled
Labeled Additional
Additional Information
Information Availa-
Availa-
tattoo; HPT:Color/Aspect
Sample Herbaceous PlantSample
Color/Aspect
Color/Aspect Tattoo. Type
Sample Set
Type Set
Set Labeled Additional
Additional Information Information
Available Availa-
in Label/Internet
Sample
Code
Code
Sample Code Color/Aspect
Color/Aspect Sample
Type
Sample Type
Type Set
Ingredients
Set Labeled
Ingredients
Ingredients
Labeled Additional
Additional Information Availa-
ble
ble in
in Information
Label/Internet
Label/Internet Availa-
Code Color/Aspect Sample Ingredients ble
ble in
in Label/Internet
Code
Sample
Code Color/Aspect Sample Type
Type Set
Set Ingredients
Labeled
Ingredients Additional
ble Label/Internet
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Availa-
Sample
Code Color/Aspect
Color/Aspect Sample Type
Sample Type Set
Set
Labeled
Ingredients ble in
in Label/Internet
Additional Information
Label/Internet
Code
HT-1HT-1
HT-1
Code Ingredients
Ingredients ble in Label/Internet
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HT-1
HT-1
HT-1
HT-1
HT-1
HT-1
HT-2
HT-2
HT-2
HT-2
HT-2
HT-2
HT-2
HT-2
HT-3
HT-2
HT-3
HT-3
HT-3
HT-3
HT-3
HT-3
HT-3
HT-3
HT-4
HT-4
HT-4
HT-4
HT-4
HT-4
HT-4
HT-4 100%
100% VEG,
VEG, Indian
Indian origin,
origin, does
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HT-5
HT-5 Paste
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100% VEG, Indian
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origin, does not
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HT-5 Paste
Paste 1 None 100%
contain PPD, clinically tested.
111 None None
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origin, clinically
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Paste
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clinically
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HT-6
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HT-6
HT-6
HT-6
HT-7
HT-7
HT-7
HT-7
HT-7
HT-7
HT-7
HT-7
HT-7
HT-8
HT-8
HT-8
HT-8
HT-8
HT-8
HT-8
HT-9HT-8
HT-8
HT-9
HT-9
HT-9
HT-9
HT-9
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HT-10
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HT-10
HT-9
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Paste 2 None
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origin.
HT-10
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origin.
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HT-10
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None 100% VEG, Indian origin.
100% VEG, Indian origin.HT-4
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HT-5 Paste 1 None
contain PPD, clinically tested.
HT-6
Cosmetics 2021, 8, 55 4 of 19
HT-7
Table 1. Cont.
HT-8
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 19
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 19
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEWSample
Sample Labeled 4 of 19
Cosmetics
HT-9 2021, 8, x FORColor/Aspect
PEER REVIEW Type Set Additional Information Available in Label/Internet
4 of 19
Code
Cosmetics 2021,
2021, 8,
8, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW
Ingredients
Cosmetics 44 of
of 19
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Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 19
HT-11
Cosmetics
HT-10
Cosmetics
Cosmetics 2021, 8,
HT-10
2021,
2021, 8, xxx FOR
8, FOR PEER
FOR PEER REVIEW
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW Paste 2 None 100% VEG, Indian origin. 4 of
44 of
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19
Cosmetics
HT-11
Cosmetics 2021,8,
2021, 8,xxFOR
FORPEER
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REVIEW 44 of
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Cosmetics
HT-11 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 19
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HT-11
HT-12
HT-11
HT-12
HT-13
HT-11
HT-11
HT-12
HT-11
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HT-12
HT-11
HT-12
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HT-13
HT-12 Paste 3 None Pakistani origin.
HT-13
HT-14
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HT-12
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HT-14
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HD-1 Indigofera(Lawsonia
regia, Cassia
(Lawsonia
Henna
Indigofera
Henna
regia,
tinctoria,
inermis),
plant
inermis),
tinctoria,
plant
Cassia
obovata
powder
powder
obovata
Juglans
Juglans
Law- ics. Best
Best before:
before: March March 2022. 2022.
HD-1
HD-2HD-2 (Lawsonia
Henna
Henna
Indigoferasonia inermis),
plant
plantinermis powder
powder
tinctoria, Juglans
Law-
HD-1
HD-1 Lawsonia(Lawsonia regia,
(Lawsonia
Henna
regia,
inermis soniaCassia
inermis),
plant
Cassia inermis
inermis), obovata
powder
obovata Juglans
Juglans
HD-2
HD-1
HD-1 Indigofera
Indigofera
(Lawsoniaregia,
(Lawsonia tinctoria,
Cassia
inermis),
tinctoria,
inermis), obovata Law-
Juglans
ferrous
Juglans
HD-2
HD-1 Indigofera
regia,
(Lawsonia
Indigofera sonia inermis
tinctoria,
Cassia
inermis),
tinctoria,obovata Law-
Juglans
Law-
HD-2 Indigofera
regia,
Indigoferasonia
regia,
sulfate, tinctoria,
Cassia inermisobovata
tinctoria,
Cassia
Haematoxylon obovataferrous
Law-
HD-2
HD-2 regia,
Indigofera Indigofera
tinctoria,
Indigofera
regia, Cassia
sonia tinctoria,
Cassia obovata
inermis
tinctoria,
obovata ferrous
Law- Green product. Vegan. Free of
HD-3
HD-2 sulfate,
Indigofera
ferrous Indigofera
sulfate, sonia
sonia inermis
Haematoxylon
tinctoria,
tinctoria,
inermis Law-
ferrous
HD-3
HD-2 Powder 6 Indigofera
campechianum,
Indigofera
sulfate, tinctoria,
Cassia
tinctoria,
Haematoxylon Law-
obo- Green product. Vegan. Free of
Law-
HD-2
HD-2 Indigofera
Indigofera
Indigofera
campechianum,sonia
sonia tinctoria,
inermis
tinctoria,
tinctoria, Cassia
inermis ferrous
Law-
ferrous
obo- Vegan.
HD-3
HD-2HD-3 Powder 6
Powder 6Haematoxylon sulfate,
Indigofera
campechianum,sonia
sonia
Green
Haematoxylon
tinctoria,
vatainermis
inermisCassia
product.
ferrous ammonia,
Green
obo- ammonia,
Free of
PPD
product. ammonia,
andVegan. PPD
metal andofmetal
salts.
Free
HD-3 Powder 6
campechianum, sulfate,
Indigofera
sulfate, sonia Haematoxylon
tinctoria,
inermis
Haematoxylon ferrous Green PPD and
product.
salts. Vegan. metal Free salts.
of
HD-3 Powder Indigofera
campechianum,
6Cassia obovatasulfate,
Indigofera
Cassia vata
tinctoria,
tinctoria,
obovata, Cassia
HaematoxylonLawsoniaferrous
obo- ammonia,
ferrous Green product.PPD and Vegan.metal Freesalts.
of
HD-3
HD-3 Indigofera
campechianum,
sulfate,
Indigofera tinctoria,
vata Cassia
Haematoxylon
tinctoria, ferrousobo-
ferrous Green product. Vegan. Free of
HD-4 Powder
Powder 66 6 campechianum,
Cassia
sulfate, obovata, Cassia
Haematoxylon Lawsonia
vata Cassia obo- ammonia, PPD
Green product. Vegan. Free of and metal salts.
HD-3
HD-4
HD-3 Powder campechianum,
inermis,sulfate,
sulfate,
Cassia sodiumHaematoxylon
Haematoxylon
obovata, picramate
Lawsonia obo- ammonia,
Green product.PPD and
Vegan.metal Freesalts.
of
HD-3
HD-3 Powder campechianum,
sulfate,
Cassia obovata, vataCassia
Haematoxylon
vata Cassia obo- ammonia,
Green
ammonia, PPD
PPD and
product. Vegan.
and metal
metal Freesalts.
of
salts.
HD-4
HD-3
HD-4 Powder
Powder 666 inermis,
campechianum,
Cassia
campechianum,
campechianum,
inermis,
sodium
obovata,
sodium vata picramate
Lawsonia
Cassia
Cassia
picramate
obo-
obo-
obo-
Green product.
Green
ammonia,
product.
Green product. PPD and
Vegan.
Vegan.
and
Vegan. metal
Free
Free
Free
of
of
salts.
of
HD-5 HD-4 Powder
Powder 66
Lawsonia inermis,
Cassia
campechianum,
Cassia obovata,
obovata,
Lawsonia vata Lawsonia
Cassia
Lawsonia
inermis obo- ammonia, PPD metal salts.
HD-4 inermis,
Cassia sodium
obovata,vata picramate ammonia,
vata Lawsonia ammonia, PPD and
PPD and metal salts.metal salts.
HD-4
HD-5
HD-4 sodium picramate
inermis,
CassiaLawsonia
sodiumvata
vatainermis
obovata, picramate ammonia, PPD and metal salts.
Lawsonia
HD-5
HD-4 inermis,
Cassia
inermis, sodium
obovata,
Lawsonia
sodium picramate
Lawsonia
inermis
picramate
HD-4 Cassiaobovata,
Cassia
Cassia obovata,Curcuma
obovata, Lawsonia
Lawsonia
HD-5
HD-4
HD-4 inermis,
Cassia
inermis, Lawsonia
sodium
obovata,
sodium inermis
picramate
Lawsonia
picramate
HD-6
HD-5
HD-4
HD-5HD-5 inermis,
Cassia
Lawsoniainermis,
inermis Lawsonia
sodium
obovata,
sodium
Lawsonia inermis
picramate
Curcuma
picramate
inermis
HD-6
HD-5 longa,
inermis,
Cassia Chamomilla
sodium
Lawsonia
obovata, inermis recutita
picramate
Curcuma
HD-5
HD-6
HD-5 longa,
Cassia Chamomilla
Lawsonia
obovata,
Lawsonia inermis recutita
Curcuma
inermis
HD-6
HD-5
HD-5 Lawsonia
longa,
Cassia Lawsoniainermis
Chamomilla
obovata,
Lawsonia (henna)
inermis recutita 100% natural and pure. Cruel-
Curcuma
inermis
HD-5 Cassia
Cassia obovata,
longa,
Lawsonia obovata,
Lawsonia
Chamomilla
inermis Curcuma
inermis recutita
(henna) 100% natural and pure.
HD-6
HD-6
HD-6HD-6 Curcumalonga,
Cassia
Lawsonia
Cassia
longa,
obovata,
leaf powder,
longa, Chamomilla
inermis
obovata,
Curcuma
Indianrecutita ty-Free.
(henna)
Curcuma 100% naturalNo pesticides, and pure. no Cruel-
chemi-
Cruel-
HD-6 Cassia
Lawsonia
longa, Chamomilla
obovata,
leafChamomilla
powder,
inermis recutita
Curcuma
Indian
(henna)
recutita cals,ty-Free.
100% No
natural pesticides,
and pure. nocontain
chemi-
Cruel-
HD-6 Chamomillalonga, Cassia
Cassia
recutita obovata,
obovata,
gooseberry Curcuma
Curcuma
(Amla), and dyes. Does not
HD-6
HD-6 longa,leafChamomilla
Cassia
Lawsonia
Lawsonia powder,
Chamomilla
obovata,
inermis
inermis Indian
recutita ty-Free.
Curcuma
(henna)
recutita
(henna) 100%
100% No pesticides,
natural
natural and
and pure.
pure. noCruel-
chemi-
Cruel-
HD-6
HD-7 Powder - gooseberry
leaf
longa,
Lawsonia
longa,
Soapnut powder,
Chamomilla
inermis
Chamomilla
(Ritha), (Amla),
Indian
(henna)
recutita
Acacia cals,
ty-Free.
recutita ammonia,100%andand No dyes.
natural
peroxides, Does
pesticides,
and not
pure. no
PPD, contain
chemi-
Cruel-
heavy
longa, gooseberry
leaf
Lawsonia
leaf Chamomilla
powder,
inermis
powder, (Amla),recutita
Indian
(henna)
Indian cals,
ty-Free.
100%
ty-Free. No dyes.
natural
No Does
pesticides,
and
pesticides, not
pure. no
no contain
chemi-
Cruel-
chemi-
HD-7 Powder - Soapnut
Lawsonia
concina gooseberry
leaf
Lawsonia powder,(Ritha),
inermis
inermis
(Shikakai), Acacia
(henna)
(Amla),
Indian
(henna) ammonia,
100%
cals,
ty-Free.
Bacopa ammonia, 100%
metals and No peroxides,
natural
dyes.
natural
and and
Does
pesticides,
other and PPD,
pure.
not
pure.
harmful no heavy
Cruel-
contain
chemi-
Cruel-
com-
HD-7 Powder - Lawsonia
Soapnut
gooseberry
leaf
Lawsonia inermis
powder,(Ritha),
inermis (henna)
(Amla), Acacia
Indian
(henna) 100%
cals,
ty-Free.
100% andnatural
No dyes.
natural and
peroxides, Does
pesticides,
and pure.PPD,
not
pure. Cruel-
heavy
contain
nocontain
chemi-
Cruel-
HD-7 Powder - concinagooseberry
leaf
Soapnut (Shikakai),
powder,
gooseberry (Ritha), (Amla),
Indian
(Amla), Bacopa
Acacia cals,
metals
ty-Free.
ammonia,
cals, and
and and
No dyes. other Does
pesticides,
peroxides,
dyes. Does not
harmful no
PPD,
not com-
chemi-
heavy
contain
leaf
monnieri
leaf
concina powder,
(Brahmi),
powder,
(Shikakai), Indian
Indian False ty-Free.
pounds.
ty-Free.
Bacopa ammonia,
metals No
No
andFor pesticides,
external
pesticides,
other harmful no
use
no chemi-
only,
chemi-
com-
HD-7
HD-7 Powder
Powder --- Soapnut
gooseberry
leaf
Soapnut
monnieri
gooseberry (Ritha),
powder,
(Ritha),
(Brahmi), (Amla),
(Amla), Acacia
Indian
Acacia ammonia,
cals,
ty-Free.
False ammonia,pounds.
cals, and
and No peroxides,
dyes.
peroxides,
For
dyes. Does
pesticides,
external
Does PPD,
not
not heavy
contain
nocontain
PPD,
use chemi-
heavy
only,
HD-7 Powder concina
Soapnut
daisy (Shikakai),
gooseberry
gooseberry (Ritha),
(Bhringraj)(Amla), Bacopa
Acacia
(Amla), metals
cals,
directions
cals, and
and and dyes.
for
dyes. other
peroxides,
use.Does
Does harmful
IndianPPD,
not
not com-
heavy
contain
origin.
contain
HD-7 Powder monnieri
concina (Brahmi),
(Shikakai), False
Bacopa pounds.
metals and For external
other harmfuluse only,
com-
HD-7
HD-7 Powder
Powder -- Soapnut
concinagooseberry
Soapnut
monnieri
concina daisy (Ritha),
(Shikakai),
(Ritha),
(Brahmi),
(Shikakai),
(Amla),
(Bhringraj) Acacia
Bacopa
Acacia ammonia,
cals,
metals
directions
ammonia,
False ammonia,
Bacopa pounds.
metals
and and
and
peroxides,
dyes.
for
For other Does
use.
peroxides,
external
other IndianPPD,
not
harmful
PPD,
harmful
heavy
usecontain
com-
origin.
heavy
only,
com-
HD-7
HD-7 Powder
Powder --- Soapnut
Genipa
Soapnutdaisy
monnieri
concina
Soapnut
(Ritha),
americana
(Ritha),
(Bhringraj)
(Brahmi),
(Shikakai),
(Ritha),
Acacia
fruit
Acacia
False
Bacopa
Acacia
ammonia,
directions
pounds.
metals
ammonia, and
peroxides,
peroxides,
for
For use.
external
other
peroxides,
PPD,
PPD,
Indian
harmfuluse
PPD,
heavy
heavy
origin.
only,
com-
heavy
monnieri
Genipa
concina
monnieridaisy (Brahmi),
americana
(Shikakai),
(Bhringraj)
(Brahmi), False
fruit
Bacopa
False Nonmetals tested
pounds.
directions
pounds. and on
For
for
For animals,
external
other
external harmful
use.harmful
Indian non-toxic,
use
use only,
com-
origin.
only,
JT-1 Paste - concina
juice,
concina
Genipa (Shikakai),
xanthan
(Shikakai),
americana gum, Bacopa
citric
Bacopa
fruit Non metals
metals tested and
and on other
other
animals, harmful com-
com-
non-toxic,
JT-1 Paste - concina
juice,
monnieridaisy
monnieri
daisy
xanthan (Bhringraj)
(Brahmi),
(Shikakai),
(Bhringraj)
(Brahmi), gum, False
Bacopa directions
pounds.
metals
directions
citric Non
False pounds. PPDand Forfor
For
free,
for use.
external
other
use.latex
external Indian
harmful use
free.
Indian use origin.
only,
com-
origin.
only,
Genipa
acid,
monnieridaisy
monnieri americana
potassium(Bhringraj)
(Brahmi),
(Brahmi), fruit
sorbate,False
False tested
directions
pounds.
pounds. on
for
For
For animals,
use.
external
external Indian non-toxic,
use
use origin.
only,
only,
JT-1 Paste - juice,
Genipa
monnieri xanthan
daisy americana gum,
(Bhringraj)
(Brahmi), citric
fruit
False Nondirections
pounds. PPD
tested For free,
on
for use. latex
animals,
external Indianfree.
non-toxic,
origin.
useorigin.
only,
JT-1 Paste - Genipa
acid,
juice,
Genipa americana
potassium
daisy
xanthan (Bhringraj)
americana gum, fruit
sorbate,
citric Non
fruit directions
Non PPD
tested for
free,
on use.
animals, Indian
latex free.
non-toxic,
daisy
daisy (Bhringraj)
(Bhringraj) directions for use. Indian origin.
JT-1 Paste - acid,
juice, potassium
xanthan gum, sorbate,citric directions PPDfor
tested on
free,use.
animals, Indian
latex free. origin.
non-toxic,HD-2
HD-1 (Lawsonia inermis),
sonia inermisJuglans
regia, Cassia
Indigofera obovata
tinctoria, ferrous
Indigofera tinctoria,
sulfate, Haematoxylon Law-
HD-2
HD-3 sonia inermis
campechianum, Cassia obo- Green product. Vegan. Free of
Powder 6
Cosmetics 2021, 8, 55 Indigofera tinctoria,
vata ferrous ammonia, PPD and metal salts. 5 of 19
sulfate, Haematoxylon
Cassia obovata, Lawsonia
HD-3
HD-4 Powder 6 inermis, sodiumCassia
campechianum, obo- Green product. Vegan. Free of
picramate
vata ammonia, PPD and metal salts.
Table 1. Cont.
HD-5 Lawsonia
Cassia obovata, inermis
Lawsonia
HD-4
Sample Sample inermis, sodium picramate
Labeled
Color/Aspect Set Cassia obovata, Additional
CurcumaInformation Available in Label/Internet
Code
HD-6 Type Ingredients
HD-5 Lawsonia
longa, Chamomillainermis
recutita
Lawsonia inermis
(henna)Lawsonia
leaf inermis (henna) 100% natural and pure. Cruel-
Cassia obovata, Curcuma
HD-6 leaf powder, Indian
powder, Indian ty-Free. No pesticides, no chemi-
gooseberrylonga, Chamomilla
(Amla), 100% recutitaand pure. Cruelty-Free. No pesticides, no
natural
gooseberry (Amla), cals, and dyes. Does not contain
Soapnut (Ritha),
Lawsonia
Soapnut inermis
(Ritha),(henna)
chemicals, and dyes. Doesnatural
100% not contain
andammonia,
pure.
PPD,Cruel-
peroxides,
HD-7
HD-7 Powder -
Powder - Acacia ammonia, peroxides, heavy
Acacia concina
leaf PPD,
powder, heavy metals
Indian and other
ty-Free. No harmful compounds.
pesticides, no chemi- For
concina
(Shikakai), Bacopa (Shikakai), Bacopa
external metals
use only, and other
directions harmful
for use. Indian com-
origin.
gooseberry
monnieri
monnieri (Brahmi), (Brahmi), False cals,
(Amla), and dyes.
pounds. Does not
For external usecontain
only,
HD-7 Powder - False daisy
Soapnut (Ritha), Acacia
daisy (Bhringraj) ammonia, peroxides, PPD, heavy
directions for use. Indian origin.
concina (Shikakai), Bacopa metals and other harmful com-
(Bhringraj)
Genipa americana fruit
monnieri (Brahmi), Non tested on animals, non-toxic,
JT-1 Paste Genipa
- americana
juice, xanthan gum,False
citric pounds. For external use only,
PPD free, latex free. 5 of 19
acid,daisy (Bhringraj)
sorbate, directions for use. Indian origin.
Cosmetics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW fruit juice, xanthan
Cosmetics potassium
Cosmetics2021,
Cosmetics
Cosmetics 2021,8,
2021,
2021, 8,8,xxxxFOR
8, FORPEER
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Cosmetics potassium sorbate, Non tested on animals, non-toxic,
JT-12021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW
JT-1 Paste
Paste - - juice, xanthanNon gum, citric
tested 5 of
on animals, non-toxic, PPD free, latex free.19
Lavandula PPD free, latex free.
angustifoliaacid, potassium
Lavandula
flower sorbate,
angustifolia
Lavandula
Lavandula
Lavandula
Lavandula
oil, limonene, angustifolia
angustifolia
angustifolia
angustifolia
flower oil, limonene, lin-
flower
flower
flower
linalool oil,
oil,limonene,
oil,
oil,
Lavandula
flower limonene,
limonene, lin-
lin-
lin-
angustifolia
limonene, lin-
alool
flower alool
alool
alool
Water,oil,
Water, alcohol limonene,
alool
alcohol lin-
denat,
Water,
Water,
denat, Genipa
Water,
Water, alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
alool denat,
denat,
denat,
alcohol xanthan
denat,
Genipa americana, 100% Natural, for external use
JT-2JT-2 Paste
Paste - -
americana, xanthan
Genipa
Genipa
Genipa americana,
americana,
Water,
Genipa americana,
alcohol
americana,
100% Natural,
xanthan
xanthan
xanthan
denat,
xanthan 100%
100%
100% for external
100%Natural,
Natural,
Natural,
Natural, for
for
for use only. use
forexternal
externaluse
external
external use
use
JT-2
JT-2
JT-2
JT-2 Paste
Paste
Paste
Paste gum, gum,
---- citric acid,citric acid, potassi- only.
gum,
gum,
gum,
Genipa
gum, citric
citric
citric acid,
acid,
acid,
americana,
citric acid,potassi-
potassi-
potassi-
xanthan
potassi- 100% only.
only.
only.
Natural, for
only. external use
JT-2 Paste potassium
- sorbateum sorbate
gum, um
umsorbate
um
um sorbate
sorbate
citric acid, potassi-
sorbate
Genipa americana fruit only.
Genipa americana
Genipa
Genipa
Genipa
Genipa americana
um sorbatefruit
americana
americana
americana fruit
fruit
fruit
extract,
fruit extract, xanthan gum,
extract,
extract,
extract,
Genipa
extract, xanthan
xanthan
xanthan
americana gum,
gum,
gum,
fruit
JT-3 Paste xanthan
- gum,
citric acid,xanthan
citric Lavandula gum,an- Dermatologically tested, vegan.
JT-3
JT-3
JT-3
JT-3JT-3 Paste
Paste
Paste
Paste
Paste - -acid, citric
--- Lavandula
citric
citric
citricacid,
acid,
acid,
extract,
acid, Lavandula
Lavandula
Lavandula
xanthan
Lavandula an-
an-
gum,an- Dermatologically
tested,tested,
Dermatologically
Dermatologically
Dermatologically
an- Dermatologically tested,vegan.
tested,
tested,
vegan. vegan.
vegan.
vegan.
gustifolia herb o il, potas-
JT-3 Paste angustifolia
- herb o
gustifolia
gustifolia
gustifolia herb
citric siumherb
herb
acid, ooooil,
il,
il,
Lavandula potas-
potas-
potas-
an- Dermatologically tested, vegan.
gustifolia herb
sorbate il, potas-
il, potassium sium
sium sorbate
sorbate
sium
gustifolia sorbate
herb
sium sorbate o il, potas- Safe and non-toxic, not for use by
sorbate
sium sorbate Safe
Safeand
Safe
Safe andnon-toxic,
and
and non-toxic,not
non-toxic,
non-toxic, notfor
not
not foruse
for
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use
use by
by
by
Genipa Genipa americana,
americana, sugar,
Safe and children
non-toxic, 12use
not for years and under,
by children adult
12 years and
JT-4 Powder - Genipa
Genipaamericana,
Genipa
Genipa americana,
americana,
americana,sugar,
sugar,
sugar,
sugar, children
children
children
Safe and
children 12
12
12 years
yearsand
years
years and
and
non-toxic,
12 and under,
under,
under,
not adult
adult
adult
for use
under, by
adult
JT-4
JT-4
JT-4JT-4
JT-4 Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder -
Powder -sugar,
--- xanthan
xanthan gum, citric
under, acidsupervision
adult supervision
advised, advised,
non-permanent, 100%
gum, xanthan
xanthan
xanthan
xanthan gum,
gum,citric
gum,
gum, citric
citric
Genipa americana,
citricacid
acid
acid
sugar, supervision
acid childrensupervision
supervision advised,
advised,
12 years and
supervision advised,
under,
advised, adult
JT-4 Powder - citric acid natural.
non-permanent, 100% natural.
xanthan gum, citric acid non-permanent,
Water, glycerine, Water, glycerine, supervision100%
non-permanent,
non-permanent, 100%
100% natural.
natural.
natural.
advised,
non-permanent, 100% natural.
Water,
Water,
Water, glycerine,
glycerine,
glycerine, non-permanent,
ethylhexylgycerol, Water, glycerine,
ethylhexylgycerol, genipa Function, how to 100% natural.
use and tips.
JT-5 Paste -genipaethylhexylgycerol,
ethylhexylgycerol,
ethylhexylgycerol,
juice, Water, genipa
genipa
genipa
glycerine,
ethylhexylgycerol, genipa Function,
Function,
Function,
Function, how
how
how
how to
to
toto use
use
use
useand
and
and
and tips.
tips.
tips.
tips.
JT-5
JT-5
JT-5JT-5
JT-5 Paste
Paste
Paste
Paste -
Paste ---- juice, hazelnut extract, Duration: 2 weeks.
Function, how to use and tips. Duration: 2 weeks.
hazelnut extract,
juice,
juice,
juice, hazelnut
hazelnut
hazelnut
ethylhexylgycerol,
juice, hazelnut extract,
extract,
extract,
genipa
extract, Duration:
Duration:
Duration:
Function, how
Duration: 2to
222weeks.
weeks.
weeks.
use and
weeks. tips.
JT-5 Paste pure- greenpure green plant extract
plant
pure
pure
pure green
green
green
juice,
pure plant
plant
plant
hazelnut
green plant extract
extract
extract
extract,
plant toner
extract Duration: 2 weeks.
extract Inorganic
Inorganic
greenplant
Inorganic
Inorganic
pure
Inorganic planttoner
plant
plant toner
toner
extract
toner
Inorganic (28%), natural emulsifier
plantnatural
(28%),
(28%),
(28%),
(28%), natural
natural
Inorganic
natural emulsifier
emulsifier
emulsifier
plant toner
emulsifier Magic tattoo pigment, color en-
(medical
toner (28%), propylene gly- Magic
Magictattoo
Magic
Magic tattoo
tattoo
tattoo pigment,
pigment,
pigment,
pigment, color
color
color
coloren-
en-
en-
en-
(medical
(medical
(medical
(28%),
(medical propylene
propylene
propylene
natural gly-
gly-
gly-
emulsifier
propylene hancer.
gly- hancer. Safe and natural, without
JT-6 Paste natural
- emulsifier
col, 15%), gelatin water hancer.
hancer.
Magic Safe
Safe
Safe and
and
tattooand natural,
natural,
natural,
pigment, without
without
without
color en-
hancer. Safe and natural, without
JT-6
JT-6
JT-6
JT-6 Paste
Paste
Paste
Paste ----
(medical col,
col,
col,
col,15%),
(8%),
15%),
15%),
(medical
propylene 15%), gelatin
gelatin
gelatin
propylene
gelatin
thickener
watergly- PPD or other toxic chemicals.
water
water
water
Magic(12%),
tattoo PPD
PPD
PPD
pigment,
hancer.or
or
or other
colorother
other
Safe toxic
toxic
toxic
enhancer.
PPD Duration: and
or other toxic chemicals.
chemicals.
chemicals.
Safe
natural, and natural,
without
chemicals.
JT-6JT-6 PastePaste - glycol,
- (8%),
15%),
(8%),
(8%),
col,
(8%), thickener
thickener
thickener
15%), (12%),
(12%),
gelatin
thickener (12%),
water
(12%), 2 weeks.
gelatin water
medical
(8%),
distilled
without water
PPD or other
PPDtoxic chemicals.
Duration:
Duration:
Duration:
or other toxic
Duration: Duration:
2222weeks.
weeks.
weeks. 2 weeks.
chemicals.
weeks.
medical
medical
medical
medical distilled
distilled
distilled
(8%), thickener
distilled water
water
water
(12%),
water
thickener (12%), (45%) Duration: 2 weeks.
medical(45%)
medical distilled
(45%)
(45%)
distilled
(45%) water Herbaceous plant tattoo fluid.
Herbaceous
Herbaceous
Herbaceous plant
plant tattoo
tattoofluid.
tattoo fluid.
water (45%) (45%) Herbaceous
Vegetable dye,plant
plant tattoo
skin retention fluid.
fluid.
time
Vegetable
Vegetable
Vegetable
Herbaceousdye,
dye,
dye, skin
skin
skin
plant retention
retention
retention
tattoo time
time
time
fluid.
HPT Liquid-paste - Herbaceous plantVegetable
None varies
tattoo dye,
between
fluid. skin retention
individuals
Vegetable dye, skin time
be-
retention
HPT
HPT
HPT Liquid-
Liquid-paste
Liquid-paste
Liquid-paste ---- None
None
None varies
varies
varies
Vegetable between
between
between
dye, individuals
individuals
individuals
skin retention be-
be-
be-
time is
HPT
HPT Liquid-paste
- None None
time varies between varies between
individuals becauseindividuals
skin
cause skin metabolism is slightly be-
metabolism
paste
HPT Liquid-paste - None cause
cause
cause skin
variesskin
skin metabolism
metabolism
metabolism
between
slightly different.
cause skin metabolism is
is
is
individualsslightly
slightly
slightly
be-
different. is slightly
cause skin different.
different.
different.
metabolism
different. is slightly
2.3. Sample Preparation different.
2.3.
2.3.Sample
2.3.
2.3. Sample
Sample
Sample Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
Preparation
The concept of minimal sample preparation seems increasingly attractive, since this
2.3. The
Sample Preparation
concept of
ofminimal sample
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laboriousminimal
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sample
and time-consuming preparation
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and isseems
seems
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increasingly
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often
often
The laborious
laborious
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and
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andinfluence
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This most
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