Harvard Referencing Guide - Compiled by Learning Resources

Harvard Referencing
             Guide

Compiled by Learning Resources

Blackpool and The Fylde College uses the Harvard
 referencing system that originated from Harvard University,
 Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Please Note There are many variations to this system. The
following pages detail the preferred way for this School.

Why Reference?
 It reminds you where you found the information

 It demonstrates the range of sources used to compile your
  submission

 It allows your module tutor to locate these sources easily for
  verification

 It acknowledges the work of others

If you do not reference
     If you reference poorly or do not reference at all, your marks
      will be seriously affected

     You could be accused of plagiarism, the ultimate consequence
      being expulsion from the course

“Plagiarise- To take and use the thoughts, writings, inventions
of another person as one’s own for gain or advantage.”
Thompson, D. (ed.) (1995) Concise Oxford Dictionary, 9th ed, Oxford: Clarendon Press

What sources of evidence must
            be referenced?
Books              Music Recordings/ Scores
Journals           Software Programmes
Newspapers         Designs
Photographs        Assignments / Dissertations
Graphs             Web Site Material
Diagrams           Personal Contact
Radio              Works of Art
TV Programmes      Maps
Films/ DVD/Video

When to Reference
             Always reference when:-
             You are directly quoting from another source
             You are paraphrasing another source
             You are referring directly to another source
             Your own writing draws heavily on another source
             You wish to draw attention to a source

Remember by incorporating sources you are demonstrating the effort
undertaken to inform your writing and the careful consideration you have
given to different perspectives.

The Three Elements of
                            Harvard Referencing

In your submission you will be expected to provide:-
Citations in your writing
a) In-text citations give brief details of the work you are quoting
from or referring to in your text. These act as signposts
back to the full reference in your bibliography.
b) A Reference List
This provides full details of all the sources you have referred to directly in your
writing and should be arranged alphabetically by author surname.
c) A bibliography*
Uses the same format as the Reference List but includes all the material you’ve
used in the preparation of your work.
*Some subject areas only require a bibliography. Check with your tutor.

What is
              ‘common knowledge’?
• Common knowledge is generally defined as information
  someone studying or working in a particular subject area would
  already know.

• If you are not sure, ask yourself two questions:
    – Did I know this information before I started this course?
    – Is this idea totally my own?

• If the answer is ‘no’ to either of these, you need to reference the
  information

What is common knowledge?
•   The UK has an ageing population which will place increasing demands on the NHS.
    (Common knowledge)

     –   As opposed to:

•   Current statistical projections estimate that between 2008 and 2033 the number of people
    aged over 65 will have risen to 23% of the total population. (Office for National Statistics,
    2009)

     –   Which needs an in-text citation and a bibliographic reference

•   Office for National Statistics (2009) Population: national projections. [Online] Available at:
    http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget_print.asp?ID=1352 (Accessed: 23 April 2010)

Paraphrasing
    Original Text
• “In common with other European countries, the UK has an
  ageing population. The proportion of people aged 65 and over is
  projected to increase from 16% to 23% by 2033. This is an
  inevitable consequence of the age structure of the population
  alive today, in particular, the ageing of the large numbers of
  people born after the Second World War and during the 1960s
  baby boom.”
•    Office for National Statistics (2009) Population: national projections.
     [Online] Available at:
     http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget_print.asp?ID=1352 (Accessed:
     23 April 2010)

• When paraphrasing you need to express the idea in your own
  words to show that you have understood it

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing
•   Poor paraphrasing
     – The UK, in common with other European countries, has an ageing
       population due to the large numbers of people born between the
       Second World War and the 1960s baby boom with the proportion of
       over 65’s projected to increase to 23% by 2033.

•   Good paraphrasing
     – High birth rate levels in the two decades following the Second
       World War have resulted in the legacy of an ageing population
       across Europe. In the UK alone, the Office of National Statistics(
       2009) estimates that the number of those aged 65 and over will
       increase by a further 7% in the next 20 years.

Book-Reference List
                and Bibliography

• Take the title from the inside page of the
  book, as the cover and spine may not include
  the full title. Information regarding the date of
  publication, edition and place of
  publication/publisher are normally found on
  the back of this page.

Book-Reference List and
                    Bibliography
Citation Order
• Author(s)/editor(s)
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Edition e.g 4th edn (only include if not the first edition). Ignore
   reprints.
• Place of publication: publisher

Example:
  Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2010) How to research.
  (4th ed.) Maidenhead: Open University Press.

E-Book –Reference List
                and Bibliography
Citation Order:
• Author
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of book (in italics)
• Edition
• Name of e-book collection (in italics)
• [Online]
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date)
Example:
   Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006) (3rd ed.) MyiLibrary.
   [Online] Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=112905
   (Accessed on: 12 December 2012)

Journal
Citation order
• Author(s)
• (Year of Publication)
• Article title (in quotation marks)
• Journal title (in italics)
• Volume, part no., month or season
• Page reference

• Example:
•   Hall, E. (2009) ‘Mixed messages: the role and value of drawing in
    early education’, International Journal of Early Years Education, 17
    (3), October pp.179-190.

E-Journal
E-journal in an online collection
Add the following information to the journal citation order:
• Name of collection (in italics)
• [Online]
• Available
• (Accessed)

• Example:
•   Hall, E. (2009) ‘Mixed messages: the role and value of drawing in early
    education’, International Journal of Early Years Education, 17 (3),
    October pp.179-190. Ebscohost [Online]. Available from
    http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/d etail?vid=7&hid=113&sid=7c139fa2-
    897f-4501-ac61-96a878cca067%40sessionmgr110
    (Accessed: 18 April 2010)

In-text citation
• Original Text
• “Another important group of staff organise, monitor the use of
    and make available the learning resources of the organisation
    for students and staff. This normally includes information
    professionals in the library or learning resource centre, who
    provide training and support in the use of learning resources,
    information and study skills in addition to library lending
    services.” (Crawley, 2005, p.107)
In the reference list or bibliography:
• Crawley, J. (2005) In at the deep end: a survival guide for
    teachers in post compulsory education. London: David Fulton
    Publishers.

In-text citation
• “Another important group of staff organise, monitor the use of
   and make available the learning resources of the organisation
   for students and staff.” (Crawley, 2005, p.107)
or
• Crawley (2003, p.107) recognises the importance of library staff
   in providing “training and support in the use of learning
   resources, information and study skills.”
or
• Crawley states that
    “training and support in the use of learning resources…” (2003,
p.107)
or
• Crawley (2003) highlights the key role learning resources staff
   play in supporting student study skills.

Secondary Referencing
• There are almost bound to be references to the work of other
  authors in the work you are reading. So, keeping with In the
  deep end by Crawley, J., the following appears:
•    One of the key problems created is the way in which
  inspection ‘forces all practitioners to make explicit whatever may
  have been implicit before i.e. if it cannot be seen it cannot be
  inspected.’ (Lea, 2003, p.77)
• If you use this material, it is known as ‘secondary referencing’
  and you need to indicate that you have not read the original , so
  your in-text citation needs to refer to both sets of authors.

Secondary Referencing
• Lea suggests that the inspection process ‘forces all
  practitioners to make explicit whatever may have been
  implicit before i.e. if it cannot be seen it cannot be inspected.’
  (Cited in Crawley, 2005, p.142)
• Because you have not read the original work, you cannot
  include it as a reference in your bibliography. Instead, the
  reference is to the book in which you have found the
  material:
• Crawley, J. (2005) In at the deep end: a survival guide for
  teachers in post compulsory education. London: David
  Fulton Publishers.

Referencing chapters
         Citation Order
         • Author(s) of chapter
         • Date of publication
         • Chapter title (in single quotes)
         • In Authors or editors of book
         • Title (in italics)
         • (Edition)
         • Place of publication: publisher
         • Page nos. of chapter
•   Thompson, N. (2007) ‘Sociological contexts for practice’ in Adams, R. (ed.)
    Foundations of health and social care. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan pp.42-49
     – In the text (Thompson, 2007, p.42)

Web site with author
     Citation Order
•    Author
•    Year that the site was published or last updated (in round brackets)
•    Title of the web site section (in italics)
•    Available at: URL
•    (Accessed: date)

    Waites, R. (2011) Blackpool: why isn’t it marketed to foreign
    tourists? Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-
    15173788 (Accessed 14 October 2011)
    In-text citation: (Waites, 2011)

Acts of Parliament
• Citation Order:
• Great Britain
• Name of Act: Name of sovereign. Chapter number (in italics)
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Place of publication: Publisher
Example:
•   Great Britain: Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984: Elizabeth II.
    Chapter 60. (1984) London: The Stationary Office
     – Or
• Great Britain: Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984: Elizabeth II.
    Chapter 60. (1984)[Online]. Available at:
    http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1984/pdf/ukpga_19840060_en.pdf
• (Accessed: 10 Feb 2010)
In text citation: This legislation (Great Britain. Police and Criminal Evidence
    Act 1984) creates a coherent framework …

Television
                            Programmes
Television programme
• Citation Order
• Title of programme (in italics)
• Year of transmission (in round brackets)
• Name of channel
• Date of transmission (day/month)
Example
• Mind your languages (2006) BBC 2 Television, 28 April.

• In text citation
   – At the Little Owls Children’s Centre, manager Joan
      Smith talked about ... (Mind your languages, 2006)
  NB Programme title in in-text citation is also in italics.

Youtube
Citation Order
• Name of person posting video
• Year video was posted (in round brackets)
• Title of film or programme (in italics)
• Original date of transmission (day/month)
• Available at URL
• (Accessed: date)
Example:
UCBerkeley (2010) History 5 – Lecture 13: The French Revolution
   (1789-1792). Available at : http://youtu.be/NGwrwJwjzXo
   (Accessed on: 4 June 2011)

E-readers
•   Citation Order
•   Author/editor
•   Year of publication (in round brackets)
•   Title (in italics)
•   Title of download website (in italics)
•   [e-book reader]
•   Available at: URL
•   (Accessed on: date)

• Example
     –   Yar, M. (2009) Criminology: the key concepts. Kindle edition. [e-book reader].
         Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Criminology-Concepts-Routledge-Guides-
         ebook/dp/B001PNYK20/ref=sr_1_4?s=digitaltext&ie=UTF8&qid=1318585297&sr=1-4
         (Accessed on: 20 September 2011)

• There are a number of variations of the Harvard style of
  referencing. This booklet follows the variation used in Cite them
  right, copies of which can be found in all our Learning Resource
  Centres. Cite them right* provides comprehensive coverage of
  the majority of formats you will encounter in your research.

• If you need 1-2-1 support with your referencing, book a session
  with a Learning Resource Adviser in your local LRC.

• *Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential
  referencing guide. (8th ed.) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.