Getting to Zero: Solving for the 11% embodied carbon in buildings
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
7/22/2021
Center for Sustainable Landscapes | Pittsburgh, PA Photo: Paul G. Wiegman
Getting to Zero: Solving for the 11%
embodied carbon in buildings
July 22, 2021 1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
1
Thank you to our Getting to Zero sponsors who make these educational
opportunities possible:
© New Buildings Institute 2021
2
1
7/22/2021
Efficiency delivered. Our Program Areas
NBI is responding to increasing urgency to
reduce carbon emissions and (1) Building &
increased demand for improved energy Program
performance of new and existing buildings. Innovation
(2) Zero Energy
NBI’s
Leadership &
Theory of
Market
Market
Development
Change:
(3) Advancing
Codes &
Policy
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
3
Today’s panel:
• Frick Environmental Center |
Pittsburgh, PA Photo: Ed Massey
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
4
2
7/22/2021
Total Carbon for Buildings: an Introduction
NBI Webinar
David Kaneda, PE, FAIA, LEED Fellow, NBI Senior Fellow
July 24, 2021
IDeAs Consulting
5
‘05
‘10
‘00
‘20
2005 IDEAS Z SQUARED OFFICE ‐ FIRST NZE COMMERCIAL OFFICE IN THE US ‐ REMODEL
6
3
7/22/2021
PACKARD FOUNDATION HEADQUARTERS ‐ NZE COMMERCIAL OFFICE
7
WATSONVILLE WATER RESOURCE CENTER ‐ NZE WASTEWATER WATER TREATMENT OFFICES
8
4
7/22/2021
LEYVA MIDDLE SCHOOL ADMINSTRATION BUILDING ‐ NZE EDUCATION
9
SAN JOSE ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION CENTER ‐ NZE CITY FACILITY
10
5
7/22/2021
HAYWARD LIBRARY ‐ NZE PUBLIC LIBRARY
11
J. CRAIG VENTER INSTITUTE ‐ NZE DNA RESEARCH LAB
12
6
7/22/2021
PV COSTS HAVE FALLEN
13
1400 PAGE MILL ROAD – NZE FOR PROFIT COMMERCIAL
14
7
7/22/2021
BOULDER COMMONS – NZE FOR PROFIT COMMERCIAL
15
435 INDIO WAY ‐ FOR PROFIT NZE REMODEL
16
8
7/22/2021
380 N. PASTORIA ‐ FOR PROFIT NZE REMODEL
17
415 N. MATHILDA ‐ FOR PROFIT NZE REMODEL
18
9
7/22/2021
$ /kWh
LITHIUM ION BATTERY COSTS HAVE FALLEN 88% IN THE LAST DECADE
19
EL CAMINO HOSPTIAL ‐ USED BATTERIES FOR PEAK DEMAND SHAVING
20
107/22/2021
Utility
Solar
PV Inverter Building
Modules
Loads
Switchboard Storage Batteries
USING BATTERIES TO STORE CARBON FREE ENERGY – DAYTIME OPERATION
21
Utility
Solar
PV Inverter Building
Modules
Loads
Switchboard Storage Batteries
USING BATTERIES TO STORE CARBON FREE ENERGY – NIGHTTIME OPERATION
22
117/22/2021
Utility
Solar
PV Inverter Building
Modules
Loads
Switchboard Storage Batteries
USING BATTERIES TO STORE CARBON FREE ENERGY – DAYTIME OPERATION
23
HAWAII DEPT OF EDUCATION – CLASSROOM MICROGRIDS
24
127/22/2021
CONFIDENTIAL TECH CLIENT – 2.5 MW/5.0 MWH PV/BATTERY MICROGRID
25
OPERATIONAL VS. EMBODIED CARBON
26
137/22/2021
REPLACING CEMENT WITH POZZOLANS IN CONCRETE
27
2008 ‐ PORTOLA VALLEY TOWN CENTER – EMBODIED CARBON
28
147/22/2021
2008 ‐ PORTOLA VALLEY TOWN CENTER – EMBODIED CARBON
29
USING RECYCLED STEEL IN STRUCTURES
30
157/22/2021
HARRISON RESIDENCE ‐ LOW CARBON, RAPIDLY RENEWABLE MATERIALS
31
MICROSOFT SVC – MASS TIMBER
32
167/22/2021
VanDusen Botanical Gardens Visitor Centre | Vancouver, BC Photo: Nic Lehoux
Material-Focused Low Embodied Carbon
Code Language
Embodied Carbon Emissions Reduction Through Code| July 2021
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
33
Aldo Leopold Legacy Center | Baraboo, WI Credit: The Kubala Washatko Architects, Inc.
Mission To achieve better buildings that are zero energy, zero carbon, and
beyond – through research, policy, guidance and market transformation – to protect
people and the planet.
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
34
177/22/2021
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
35
Voluntary Embodied Carbon Standards
www.newbuildings.org
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
36
187/22/2021
Embodied Carbon in Rating Systems
Source: The Embodied Carbon Review, Bionova Ltd 2018
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
37
Voluntarily Reporting Embodied Carbon
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
38
197/22/2021
Embodied Carbon Policies
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
39
CLF Embodied Carbon Policies
https://carbonleadershipforum.org/clf-policy-toolkit/ 1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
40
207/22/2021
Embodied Carbon in Code
A new frontier
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
41
Regulatory Opportunities
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
42
217/22/2021
Codes and Materials
Code IBC IRC IMC IPC
Primary Systems
Air supply, distribution, Water supply, disposal, hot
Structural, envelope All
conditioning water
Material
§R301.2 Climatic and geographic
design criteria
§1903 Specifications for tests §R402.2 Concrete
§702 Materials
Concrete and materials §R402.3 Precast concrete §603.8 Underground ducts
§1102 Materials
§1908 Shotcrete §R505 Concrete floors (on ground)
§R608 Exterior concrete wall
construction
§2201 General
§R505 Cold‐formed steel floor
framing §605 Materials, Joints and
OR by type: §603.4 Metallic Ducts
§R603 Cold‐formed steel wall connections
Steel §2207 Steel Joists §1107.4 Piping materials
framing §702 Materials
§2210 Cold‐formed steel standards
§R804 Cold‐formed steel roof §1102 Materials
§2211 Cold‐formed steel light‐
framing
frame construction
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
43
Addressing Embodied Carbon in Codes
Materials Whole Building
EPD Reporting Approach LCA
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
44
227/22/2021
EPD Reporting
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
45
Materials Approach
Concrete GWP (kg-CO2e per m3) Limits
600
543
503
500 492
483 478
473 467
443 449 443
431 438 432 433 428 422
75% Percentile of National EPDs
420418
410 412412414
402 402 395 392
400 391
375 377 377 379
368
360365356355 359
350
339 339
kg-CO2e per m3
332 331
323 324 322
318 312 NRMCA Average 312
303310 308 300 299
300 282
200
100
0
90% Percentile 80% Percentile 75% Percentile 50% Percentile 25% Percentile 20% Percentile
National 1- Eastern 2 - Great Lakes 3 - North Central 4 - Pacific Northwest 5 - Pacific Southwest 6- Rocky Mountain 7 - South Central 8 - Southeastern
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
46
237/22/2021
Whole Building Lifecycle Analysis
Credit:Browning
1HZ%XLO
GLQJV
Day ,QVWLWXW
Mullins H
Dierdorf.
47
Medium-sized EC Code City Example
Material Whole Building
EPD Reporting Approach LCA
Product-specific Type III GWP limits for: • Optional
EPDs for: • Concrete kg-CO2e/m3
• 100% of concrete and based on compressive
structural steel strength
products • Structural steel kg-
• 75% of products: CO2e/pound
• Flat glass • Structural steel
• Insulation recycled content
• Masonry unit
• Wood products 1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
48
247/22/2021
Concrete GWP in Code
Specified compressive CO2e limits, CO2e limits, CO2e limits,
• Scope: All structural concrete.
strength Maximum high-early lightweight
• Reporting: EPDs shall be submitted for f'c , psi CO2e, (SI) kg strength concrete
CO2e /m3 Maximum Maximum CO2e,
100% of concrete mixes.
CO2e, (SI) kg (SI) kg CO2e /m3
CO2e /m3
a) A minimum of 80% of cement or up to 2499
concrete, based on cost, were produced 302 393 578
in an ENERGY STAR certified facility. 2500-3499
382 497 578
b) A minimum of 80% of the energy used to
produce the cement or concrete is 3500-4499
432 562 626
documented to come from renewable
4500-5499
energy sources. 481 625 675
c) A minimum of 80% of material, based on 5500-6499
cost, shall not exceed the total CO2e 505 657 N/A
values in Table based on strength. 6500 and greater
504 655 N/A
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
49
Steel GWP in Code
Steel Performance Requirements
Steel Type CO2e limits Recycled
• Scope: All structural steel elements, including primary Maximum CO2e, Content
structural frame and secondary structural members, and (SI) kg CO2e /
steel joists used in the building. pound
Hot Rolled
• Reporting: EPDs shall be submitted for 100% of steel 1,242 80%
Steel
products. Rebar 967 90%
• Performance. Hot rolled steel and rebar products shall comply with one of
the following:
a) A minimum of 80% of products, based on cost, were produced in an
ENERGY STAR certified facility.
b) Contain a minimum of pre and/or post-consumer recycled content,
based on cost.
c) A minimum of 80% of the energy used to produce the products is
documented to come from renewable energy sources.
d) A minimum of 80% of material, based on cost, shall not exceed the
total CO2e values in Table based on product type. 1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
50
257/22/2021
Questions?
Webly Bowles
Project Manager
Webly@newbuildings.org
www.newbuildings.org
1HZ%XLOGLQJV,QVWLWXWH
51
The importance of a whole‐life carbon
approach to decarbonizing the built
environment
NBI webinar, 22 July 2021
52
267/22/2021
WBCSD – Business leadership for a sustainable future
200 global companies united around a common vision creating a world in which
over 9 billion people are all living well and within planetary boundaries by 2050
53
Built environment decarbonization: Our vision
Accelerating the achievement of net‐zero emissions across the entire built
environment lifecycle no later than 2050 through system‐wide collaboration.
The building sector
represents approx. GOAL
40% global
HALVE by 2030 and achieve NET‐ZERO by 2050
energy‐related
CO2 emissions of the BUILT ENVIRONMENT LIFECYCLE emissions
Operation ‐ Net Zero : Embodied carbon:
• 2030: all new buildings • 2030: ‐40% CO2 emissions
• 2050: all buildings • 2050: Net Zero
Every 5 days
a surface of the size
of Paris is built
Source: Global Status Report 2018, Global Alliance for Building and Construction
54
54
277/22/2021
The Building System Carbon Framework • Involve all actors with “influence”
• Address all emissions in the building
system
• Focus on getting to “net zero” across the
whole life‐cycle
• Performance‐based approach to allow
for innovation across building stages
www.wbcsd.org/building‐system‐carbon‐framework
55
New report: “Net zero buildings – where do we stand?” (8 July)
Key messages
1. Measure whole life carbon in all building projects
2. Share data openly
3. Start setting clear targets
4. Align on “net zero”, including a valid approach to residual
emissions
5. Achieve wider collaboration as individual organizations acting
is not enough
6. With focus and collaboration we can set this sector on track to
halve emissions by 2030.
Download report
56
56
287/22/2021
New report: “Decarbonizing Construction ‐ Guidance for investors and
developers to reduce embodied carbon” (9 July)
Who is this for? What does it do?
How investors and developers can set It condenses over 50 requirements ‐ leading embodied
requirements to reduce embodied carbon reduction practices across all project life‐cycle
carbon in projects they finance. phases into a single report.
Measures are grouped into:
Used by different stakeholders: Five categories:
Investors 1. Create a carbon policy
Developers 2. Targets and transparency requirements
Tenants 3. Prioritize circularity,
Consultants and designers 4. Design optimization
Design‐build contractors 5. Low‐carbon procurement
Download report Read the Insight by WBCSD’s Roland Hunziker & Yi Sun: Decarbonizing the 40% ‐
How the finance sector can drive the transformation to a net‐zero built environment
57
57
COP26: Built Environment, Cities & Regions Day, 11 Nov
Success factors Key events
1. Critical sector: 40% of energy‐related GHG • Ministerial / Mayoral roundtable
emissions
• Frontrunner CEO roundtable
2. One voice, one ambition: reduce by > 50%
• Radical collaboration for market
by 2030, net zero by 2050
transformation roundtable
3. All engaged and committed: Race to Zero
• Marrakesh Partnership Action Day
4. Action, solutions, pathways: set targets
• GlobalABC Construction & Real Estate
5. Radical collaboration: full value chain & Pavilion (both weeks)
demand side
58
58
297/22/2021
Sustainable Development
is everything
Apri1 2021
59
59
Net-zero building | Where do we stand?
• Six case studies
• WLCA = whole life and whole building
• Methodology and transparency
To meet ambitions of Paris agreement and limit global
heating by 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, we need Past and future global annual carbon emissions (Mt)
to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
This starts by properly measuring and reporting WLCA Construction industry – responsible for 38% of these
which will enable us to set up meaningful targets emissions - should be targeting global reduction of close to
aligned with the Paris agreement ambitions. 50% by 2030.
60
60
307/22/2021
“Net Zero Buildings – where do we stand?”
Why the report is important: Key messages:
Using real projects show the 1. Move rapidly to WLCA of everything at all stages
importance of: 2. Develop and share carbon intensity data openly
• Measurement & data 3. Develop and set clear global targets including
• Consistent methodology valid approach to residual emissions (offsetting)
• Transparent reporting 4. Define net zero buildings accounting for WLC
• Explicit targets 5. Achieve wider collaboration as individual
• Collaboration organizations acting is not enough
Download here: https://bit.ly/3AOicU7
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 61
61
Structure of the report
1. Introduction
Whole life cycle assessment methodology
Net-zero buildings, benchmarks and targets
2. Case studies summary
3. Results and discussion
Whole life carbon analysis
The role of offsetting
Challenges and opportunities
Where do we stand? – Conclusion
4. Additional data on case studies
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 62
62
317/22/2021
Methodology matters
A recognized reporting method Which life cycle stages and modules? Which building elements?
WBCSD - Building System Carbon Framework Whole life cycle stages, EN15978 WBCSD and RICS
Stating the scope and adopting a standardised methodology allows for data comparison and creation of benchmarks.
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 63
63
Assumptions matter
General Best guesses are made on build-ups, thicknesses and material
selection where unknown
Allowances are made for categories where material quantities
are unknown
Transportation 50km – Locally manufactured
scenarios 300km – Nationally manufactured
1,500km – European manufactured
Element lifespan Structural frame and foundations – 60 years
Roof coverings – 30 years
Partitions – 30 years
Finishes – 30/20/10 years
Façade elements – 35/30 years
FF&E – 10 years
Services – 20 years
Building life 60 years
Services Factor assumed of 120 kgCO e/m2 for office buildings; and 70
2
kgCO e/m2 for residential buildings. CIBSE (2013) unless
known2 explicitly
Construction site OneClick LCA Europe factor of 30.34 kgCO e/m2GIA
impacts (A5w + A5a) 2
Material carbon factors Material carbon factors assumed constant throughout the WLCA
General assumptions Grid decarbonisation profile adopted
WLCA is a field in development. There are many residual unknows. Stating assumption insure validity of data.
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 64
64
327/22/2021
Emerging benchmarks and targets
Upfront embodied carbon targets Energy use intensity targets
Adopting targets will drive the industry carbon impact down.
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 65
65
Case studies
1. Office building – London, UK
2. All electric office building – London, UK
3. Complete transformation, office building – London, UK
4. Refurbishment, office building – London, UK
5. Mixed-use building – Copenhagen, DK
6. Residential timber tower – Amsterdam, NL
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 66
66
337/22/2021
Typical current projects with a focus on sustainability
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 67
67
Case study 01 example – project data
TYPE
Office, New build
LOCATION
London, UK
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
Manufacturing and construction
GIA
29,819 m2
RATING SCHEME
LEED V4 Gold
BREEAM 2014 Outstanding
TOOL
OneClick LCA
PROJECT DATA
Late design stage information: cost plan, drawings and specifications.
Structural material quantities issued directly by contractor. Allowance
made for services embodied carbon.
Description of the building systems
Each building is described to allow for comparison with other projects.
Key information include the location, the GIA and a description of the building systems:
structure, façade, building services and architecture.
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 68
68
347/22/2021
Case study 01 example – key input
Material Quantities Carbon factor assumed Energy and water consumption
Ready-mix concrete Ready-mix concrete, RC 35/45, 50% average cement replacement with GGBS
(16,710m3) Carbon factor: 0.095 kgCO e/kg (ICE database V3)
2
• TM54 assessment
• Annual energy consumption:
222kWh/m2(GIA)
Structural steel Structural steel profiles, 20% recycled content, I, H, U, L, and T sections
sections and plates Carbon factor: 2.51 kgCO e/kg (OneClick LCA database)
• 84% electricity / 16% natural
gas
(890 t) 2
Aluminium sheets and Aluminium sheet, 2700.0 kg/m3 and Aluminium linear profiles for ceiling Grid carbon factor (SAP 10)
profiles decoration/ cladding • Electricity: 0.233
(247 t) Carbon factor: 10.62 kgCO e/kg (OKOBAUDAT 2017) and 8.46 kgCO e/kg kgCO e/kWh (SAP10) and
2 2 2
decarbonization progressions
(EPD SAS System 740)
based on FES “steady
Steel reinforcement Reinforcement steel (rebar), generic – 97% recycled content progression” scenario
(1,700 t) Carbon factor: 0.5 kgCO e/kg (OneClick LCA database) • Natural gas: 0.21
2 kgCO e/kWh
2
Raised access floors Raised access flooring system, 60 – 380mm variable height, 26 kg/m2
(15,350m2) Carbon factor: 43.4 kgCO e/m2 (EPD Kingspan RG3 Europe) • Annual water consumption
2 0.35m3/m2
• Carbon factor: Tap water, clean
– Thames Water Utilities Ltd:
Services: Heating, Average impact per m2 GIA of the different systems based on past studies
0.001 kgCO e/m3
cooling, ventilation, etc. Carbon factor: 10 – 30 kgCO e/m2/system (OneClick LCA database) 2
2
Total services: 120 kgCO e/m2
2
Key operational
Key embodied CO2e input
CO2e input
This key input justify 80% of the results and allows the reader to interpret properly the results.
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 69
69
Case study 01 example – key output
Break down of carbon emissions Provide the number breakdown
Per building element and per life cycle stage Per building element and per life cycle stage
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 70
70
357/22/2021
Results and discussion
Whole life carbon analysis
The role of offsetting
Challenges and opportunities
Where do we stand? – conclusion
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 71
71
Upfront embodied carbon (A1-A5)
A1-A5 in numbers
• Case study results range 310-880 kgCO e/m2
2
• 54% substructure and superstucture (average)
• Business as usual assumed benchmark (2020) 1,000 kgCO e/m2
2 Challenge: could a 2030 target of7/22/2021
In-use and end-of-life embodied carbon (B-C)
Embodied B and C in numbers Embodied A-C in numbers
• Case study results range 220-510 • Case study results range 530 – 1390
kgCO e/m2 kgCO e/m2
2 2 as usual assumed
• 56% building services • Business
• Business as usual assumed benchmark (2020)
benchmark (2020): 300 kgCO e/m2 1300 kgCO e/m2 Challenge: could a 2030 target of 0 kgCO2e/m2 (B1-C4) be set for
2 2
• Case studies average: 347 • Case studies average all projects to drive innovation, better practice and circular
kgCO e/m2 - (12% higher) 910 kgCO e/m2 principles?
2 2
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 73
73
Operational carbon (B6-B7)
• Are we measuring total demand consistently?
• Are maximum EUI targets being established
regionally?
• Are targets aligned with national grid
decarbonization trajectories?
• Do targets represent sufficient demand reduction to
match clean supply potential?
Operational B in numbers
• Case study results range
110-220 kWh/m2 for offices 75kWh/m2 for residential
• 220kWh/m2
Business as usual benchmark (offices)
• Target 2030
75 kWh/m2
• Case studies average
140kWh/m2 (offices only): +87%
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 74
74
377/22/2021
Whole life carbon (A-C)
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 75
75
WLCA over timeframe
Whole life carbon emissions through time – average distribution Net zero?
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 76
76
387/22/2021
Discussion
Biggest contributing materials
Direct offsetting
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 77
77
Key messages
Commit to WLCA on all projects
Measure everything, at all stages, on all projects.
Consistent methodology and approach.
Process of open source sharing of data.
Develop consistent and transparent carbon intensity and benchmark data
All components, systems and materials to have a carbon intensity certification.
Collect and share in-use energy consumption data.
Better understanding of supply chain and national energy grid decarbonization trajectories.
Define explicit targets
Clear, simple global targets adopted across the buildings industry.
A valid approach to residual carbon emissions.
Supportive international and country-specific policy and legislation.
Define net-zero buildings
Clear and precise definition of net-zero buildings aligned with overall global
decarbonization, emerging net-zero definition and the Paris Agreement.
Establish wider collaboration
Individual organizations taking action is not enough.
Rapid industry-wide systems change is required.
All stakeholders across the value chain must play their part.
Net-zero buildings | Where do we stand? 78
78
397/22/2021
Questions?
79
80
40Pathway to Decarbonization
Embodied and Operational Carbon
Design for Low-EUI:
• Engage climate analysis and passive design
strategies
• Electrify mechanical system
• Eliminate on-site combustion
• Reduce occupant plug loads
Offset operational carbon*:
• Add on-site or off-site renewables
Design for Low Embodied carbon:
• Track and target major impact elements in
structure and enclosure
• Identify alternative materials and revise material
specs
Offset embodied carbon:
• Under 500 kgCO2e/ft2
• Purchase offsets (RECs)
*ILFI NZC Certification based on 12 mo. performance period
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
We will build the equivalent of
one New York City every month
for the next 40 years.
BATTERY STORAGE STUDY
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDWattTime
Electricity Grid Data
Annual hourly carbon
intensity profiles based on
historical data for total
energy generation mix
Select your balancing
authority
Normalized for typical
behavior with 2017 as
reference year
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO
BU
URO
UR
R HAPPOLD.
HAPPOLD.
OLL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
O 3
median
WattTime
Hourly Carbon Intensity Profile
PJM South
Carbon Peak
Carbon Off-Peak
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4WattTime
On-Peak Utility w/ Borders
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 5
Operational Carbon
Battery Storage System
Annual Operational Carbon (kgCO2)
w/battery w/battery
Key Assumptions: w/o battery
cost optimized
savings
carbon optimized
savings
Sys 1 20,960,906 20,972,686 -0.06% 20,952,351 0.04%
• Battery efficiency: 90% Sys 2a 20,845,579 20,855,719 -0.05% 20,836,742 0.04%
• Hourly carbon intensity profile Sys 3 21,691,341 21,704,061 -0.06% 21,683,893 0.03%
22,155,320 22,167,893 22,147,458
for PJM South Sys 4 -0.06% 0.04%
Sys 5 22,714,388 22,725,587 -0.05% 22,705,794 0.04%
• Charging/discharging periods Sys 6 22,103,122 22,115,416 -0.06% 22,094,904 0.04%
and duration
1. Cost Optimized Difference in Operational Carbon over 60 years (tonCO2e)
1000
• charge 22:00 – 07:00 800
tonCO2e Difference
• discharge 10:30 - 16:30 600
400
2. Carbon Optimized 200
• charge varies 0
-200
• discharge 10:30 - 16:30 -400
-600
6\V 6\VD 6\V 6\V 6\V 6\V
Cost Optimized Carbon Optimized
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 6Embodied Carbon
Battery Storage System
Key Assumptions:
• Capacity: 8 MWh
• Service life: 15 years
• Building life: 60 years
• LiFePO4: 151 kgCO2e/kWh*
Lifetime Embodied Carbon of
8MWh Battery Storage System:
4,832,000 kgCO2e
or 4,832 tons CO2e
~ Equivalent to carbon stored in
6,310 acres of US forests in one
year
~ Equivalent to running 1 wind
turbine for a year
*doesn’t include transformers, inverters or protective devices
1. US EPA, Dfe/ORD., Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology:
Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles. Design for Environment Program. (2014).
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 7
Carbon Conclusions
Battery Storage System
Total Carbon Penalty from Battery Storage over 60 years
The battery does not offer a lower carbon 6000
solution, but yields substantial cost
5000
savings.
NET
4000
Operational Carbon:
tonCO2e
3000
• Battery efficiency at 90%, and modest
swings in carbon intensity profile aren’t 2000
enough to overcome efficiency
1000
• Not nearly as significant over lifetime
0
as embodied carbon
-1000
Embodied Carbon:
• the battery yields a carbon penalty of
4,832,000 kgCO2 over a 60 year
lifetime
Operational Embodied
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8Embodied Carbon
Battery Storage System
Opportunities for Reduction: 160
LiFePO4 Most likely Tesla battery chemistry
Alternative Battery Chemistries:
140
• *LiFePO4: 151 kgCO2e/kWh1
• Li NCM: 121 kgCO2e/kWh 120 Li-NCM
• LiMnO2: 63 kgCO2e/kWh
100
kgCO2e/kWh
Battery Service Life:
• *15 years (standard warranty) 80
• 20 years (special agreement) LiMnO2
60
Purchasing batteries with recycled metals:
40
• *Rowan Sustainability Strategy
Passive Strategies Active Strategies Renewable Energy Strategies
Optimized Orientation High Performing Mechanical System Geothermal
• Efficient Equipment • Bore Holes On Site
Low Window to Wall Ratio • Reduced Air Supply • More Space within Building
• Energy Recovery • Longer Lasting Equipment
High Performing Envelope • Relaxed Setpoints
High Mass Construction Optimized Lighting System Solar Photovoltaic Panels
• 20-30% Reduction in LPD • Roof Coverage
Optimized Shading • Parking Coverage
Optimized Equipment Loads • Provides >100% Building Energy
Low-Carbon Materials Optimized Usage Schedules Consumption
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Passive Strategies
Envelope Parameters
3.00% Glazing U-Value Glazing SHGC Skylight U-Value Skylight SHGC Mass Wall R-Value Panel Wall R-Value Roof R-Value
2.50% 2.37%
2.00%
1.63% 1.66%
1.50%
1.26%
1.00% 0.92%
Savings from Baseline
0.62%
0.47%
0.50% 0.32%
0.26%
0.12% 0.13%
0.08% 0.07%
0.00%
-0.05%
-0.11%
-0.50%
-1.00%
-1.14% -1.14%
-1.50%
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDActive Strategies
Schematic Comparison
Air-Source Heat Pump
Geothermal Water-Source Heat Pump
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Active Strategies
GSHP Comparison
4% 3%
900
10%
800
700
600
Energy (mBtu)
Pumps
500
Exhaust Fans
400 Interior Local Fans
4 Pipe Heating Only & Bank of cooling only modules modulates to meet building cooling demand while a separate
A 4-Pipe Cooling Only bank of heating only modules modulates to meet the building heating demand
Interior Central Fans
300
Heat Rejection
6 Pipe Heating
6-pipe heat pump recovers energy produced while creating chilled water to produce heating hot
Recovery Cooling and 4
water. The 4-pipe heating only heat pump produces the remainder of the hot water required to 200 Space Cooling
B Pipe Heating Only
meet the building demand
Modules
100 DHW
6 Pipe Simultaneous All modules within the heat pump bank can operate in either heating or cooling allowing the
C Heating and Cooling building's heating and cooling demands to be met by a single bank of module Space Heating
0
Configuration A Configuration B Configuration C Configuration D
6 Pipe Simultaneous All modules within the heat pump bank can operate in either heating, cooling, or heat recovery
D Heating and Cooling mode allowing the building's heating and cooling demands to be met by a single bank of
with Heat Recovery modules while also achieving high energy efficiencies
>>convert to Carbon using local grid
carbon intensity (kgCO2/MBtu)
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 14COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Passive Survivability
Thermal Mass Effects
Source: The Concrete Centre
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDPassive Survivability
hypothermy Zone of homeothermy hyperthermy
Zone of thermonuetrality
Core temperature
Zone of
thermal
comfort
67°F 83°F
LEED Resilience Credit
“livable conditions” (SET) 54°F 86°F
Figure Adapted from Holmes, S, et al.
Overheating and passive habitability:
indoor health and heat indices.
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Passive Survivability
Thermal Mass Effects
86°F max
59°F min
Source: The Concrete Centre
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED19
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Embodied Carbon
Breakdown of Structure and Enclosure
Breakdown by Material Breakdown by Element
20
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDEmbodied Carbon
Pathway to 20% Reduction
LBC Full Baseline Min 40% 16” Wall to 50% Wood Min 40% Spec Low-
Building Building SCMs in 10” FSC SCM in Carbon
Cap Structural Arch Rebar
Concrete Concrete
COPYRIGHT
COPY
COP
CO
COPY
OPYRI
OPYR
OP
O PYRI
PYR
PY
PYR
Y RIIG
R GHT
GHHT
H T©1
1976
197
1976-2020
976-20
97 2020
2 020
02
0 20
2 0 BURO
BU
URO
UR
RO
R O HAPPOLD.
HA
HA P
PP
POLD.
POLD
PO
POLD
OL
O LLD
D ALL
ALL
AL
LL RIGHTS
RIG
IGHT
HT
TS
S RESERVED
RESERV
RESER
RESE
RE
R ESERV
ESER
ESE
ES
ESE
SERV
E RV
R VE
EDD
Life Cycle Carbon
Embodied and Operational
Embodied Carbon of Structure, Foundation,
Enclosure, Interiors based on Life Cycle
Assessment
Operational Carbon of Heating, Cooling,
Lighting, Equipment, DHW, Fans, Pumps, etc.
based on Whole Building Energy Model using
annual carbon intensity of the grid
Take it farther!
- Missing MEP systems
- Missing solar array
- Missing refrigerant leakage
- Missing electricity projections of the grid
COPYRIGHT © 1976-2020 BURO HAPPOLD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED7/22/2021
Q and A
© New Buildings Institute 2021
81
© New Buildings Institute 2021
82
417/22/2021
Access case studies, research,
guidance, models and more
The Getting to Zero Resource Hub is an open-source collection of
over 300 zero energy and zero carbon resources across six different topic areas:
gettingtozeroforum.org/resource-hub
The Getting to Zero Resource Hub was developed and delivered by
New Buildings Institute with ongoing support from our sponsors and partners.
© New Buildings Institute 2021
83
Find out first!
Follow NBI on your favorite social media platform,
including our new Instagram account
ZeroEnergyBuildings @newbldgsinst New Buildings Institute NewBuildingsInstitute
Find us online at:
www.newbuildings.org
© New Buildings Institute 2021
84
427/22/2021
Thank you!
You will receive an email tomorrow
with links to the on-demand recording
and a PDF of the slides.
© New Buildings Institute 2021
85
43You can also read
