General Lighting Service Lamp Metrics and Potential Levels for RECREEE and meetMED to Consider
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Mitigation Enabling Energy Transition in the MEDiterranean region
General Lighting Service Lamp Metrics and
Potential Levels for RECREEE
and meetMED to Consider
Michael Scholand, CLASP
meetMED Workshop on Energy Efficiency in Appliances
5 December 2019 – Barcelona, Spain
www.meetmed.org
.2
An Initial Draft of a Specification for General Lighting
• A proposal based on the Regional Market
Assessment in EAC and SADC, economic
analysis and market trends around the world
• Specification of quality and performance for
general lighting
• Called “Technology Neutral” because all lamp
types are in scope – the four general types
shown here
• Inefficient technologies are phased out of the
market
• Based on U4E’s Model Regulation for General
Lamps (May 2018), but updated and modified in
efficacy, lifetime test and some key metrics
.3
Scope of Coverage
3 Colour of light
produced
• Four parameters define 2 Lumens of
a General Service Lamp: light output
1. Voltage input
2. Lumens* of light output
3. Colour of light output
4 Lamp
4. Lamp base types
base
• List of exclusions to avoid types
unintentional coverage of
special purpose products 1 Voltage input
*Lumens are the metric used to measure the amount of light – SI unit for luminous flux
.4
Scope of Coverage – Voltage Input and Light Output
1. Capable of operating on a voltage up to 300V of either direct current
or alternating current with a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz;
• Includes low voltage and mains voltage lamps
• Includes AC and DC lamps
2. Emitting light with a total luminous flux of 60 to 3300 lumens;
• Broad range of light output – from low to high
• For comparison, a 60W incandescent lamp is about 800 lumens
.5
Scope of Coverage – colour of light within certain area
3. Light emission with the chromaticity coordinates (x, y) that are within the
range defined by the following:
(0.250
.6
Scope of Coverage – only certain base types
4. Lamp Base Types: E10, E11, E12, E14, E17, E26, E27, B15, B22,
R7, G4, GX5.3/GU5.3, G6.35, GX53, GU9, G9, GU10 or GZ10 base,
or alternative base type that can be connected to these sockets by
using commercially available passive adaptors
Lamp
bases
Passive
Adapters
.7
Scope of Coverage – Exclusions Summary List
⎻ Products are excluded on the basis of their application or
special features
⎻ Focusing on lamps whose primary purpose is NOT general
illumination, and packaging must declare that prominently
⎻ Examples of excluded lamp types:
⎻ Chemical or biological processing lamps
⎻ Railway-signalling, marine-signalling, etc.
⎻ Studio / Theatre lighting
⎻ Photosensitive lamps such as those used in museums or sensitive
patients
⎻ Oven lamps
⎻ Lamps used for national metrology
.8
Key Metrics to Discuss in regards to General Lamps
• Efficacy – a measure of efficiency
• Colour Metrics
• Colour Rendering Index, Colour Consistency
• Electrical Performance
• Displacement factor
• Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
• Harmonics
• Lifetime and Operation
• Lumen maintenance
• Survival Factor
• Health and Safety
• Photobiological safety
• Flicker and stroboscopic effect
.9
Efficacy – measurement of efficiency
• Efficacy is the measure of efficiency of a light
source
• It is a measure of the light output (measured
in lumens) divided by the power input
(measured in watts) => lumen/watt (lm/W)
• The higher the efficacy, the higher the
efficiency of the lamp
• Incandescent: 8 to 15 lm/W
• Compact Fluorescent: 55 to 65 lm/W
Running cost for the same light output
• LED: 60 to 200 lm/W (and increasing)
. 10 Efficacy – higher value => more light for less power
. 11
LED Lamp Performance has Improved over time
LED performance improvement over time…..non-directional LED lamps
(n=1551 models); efficacy gain: 7.2 lm/W per year (about 7% annually)
Time. 12
LED Performance Forecast – US Dept. of Energy
• US DOE SSL R&D Report (January 2019) forecast, between 2017 and 2025
• Phosphor-converting cool-white LEDs go from 167 to 241 lm/W – CAGR 4.7%
• Phosphor-converting warm-white LEDs go from 153 to 237 lm/W – CAGR 5.6%. 13
Given the above information, some considerations…
• Economic and technical case indicate that the efficacy can
be set at an LED level, no need to keep incandescent,
halogen or CFL
• CFL lamps are problematic because used lamps are
not recovered and mercury (Hg) is released
• Efficacy levels adopted should consider on-going efficacy
improvements
• Consider two MEPS levels (e.g., 2021 and 2023) to enable
the policy measure to last longer and give industry more
notification upcoming changes
• Correction Factors (power allowances) are needed to
protect lamps with new features – smart lighting – and for
directional lamps. 14
Proposal for Tier 1 (2021)
LED GLS Lamps in 2021 … Projected Performance
If MEPS set at 90 lm/W….
Pass in 2021: 83% of models
LED lamps from 2017-2019; n=4748 models, projected to 2021 @ +5% efficacy
annually. 15
Proposal for Tier 2 (2023)
LED GLS Lamps in 2023 … Projected Performance
If MEPS set at 105 lm/W….
Pass in 2023: 94% of
models
Data points: Tier 1 removed lamps below blue line in 2021; efficacy
continued to increase projected to 2023 @ +5% efficacy annually. 16
Proposal for efficacy levels in EAC
Tier Type Efficacy
General Lamp
Tier 1: 2021 90 lm/W
(non-directional)
General Lamp
Tier 2: 2023 105 lm/W
(non-directional)
• With LED lamp efficacy projection of 5% annually, Tier 1 removes 17% of
products on the market and Tier 2 removes a further 6% of models
• Add Power Allowances for:
• Directional Lamps: 15% reduction
• Colour-tuneable Lamps: 10% reduction
• Connected (Smart) Lamps: 2.5% to 15% depending on light output
• Consider – allowance for battery back-up lamps (circuit for charging). 17
Savenda LED lamp factory visit 26 Nov. 2019, Lusaka, Zambia
Ehab Abdou
General Manager
Savenda Electric
www.savenda.com
20 employees; 10,000 lamps per day; 105 lm/W COB design; 25,000h life. 18
Colour Metrics for General Lighting Lamps (1 of 3)
1) Colour Rendering Index – accurate colour
• White light must contain the colours in order to reproduce those
colours
• CRI Ra is the average score of the eight tiles TCS 01 to TCS 08.
• TCS R9 offers a saturated red metric. 19
Colour Metrics for General Lighting Lamps (2 of 3)
2) Correlated Colour Temperature – type of white light
Warm Neutral Cool
white white white
2000K 4000K 6000K 8000K
Planckian Locus – blackbody
radiator, from deep red at low
temperatures through orange,
yellowish white, white, and
finally bluish white at very high
temperatures. 20
Colour Metrics for General Lighting Lamps (3 of 3)
• Colour Consistency – similar appearance, one lamp to the
next – MacAdam/SDCM (Standard Deviation Colour
Matching)
• IEC 60081 (2002) - Performance Standard for Fluorescent
Lamps defines 5-step MacAdam ellipses for six nominal CCTs
• Apply these to determine
if lamp matches the
declared value
• Number of steps => more
tolerance of deviation. 21
Proposed Requirements – Colour Quality
Metric Requirement
Colour Rendering Index
Ra ≥ 80; R9>0
(CRI)
Colour consistency Variation of chromaticity coordinates
IEC 60081 within a five-step MacAdam ellipse or less. 22
Electrical Performance metrics
• Displacement factor
• Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC)
• Harmonics. 23
Displacement Factor
• Displacement Factor (DF) – the
component of power factor caused
by the phase shift between voltage
and current at the fundamental line
frequency (50Hz for North Africa).
• IEC 62612: 2018 “Self-ballasted
LED lamps for general lighting
services with supply voltages
> 50 V - Performance
requirements” Webstore link
• Annex C: Measurement of
Displacement Factor. 24 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – (1 of 2) • EMC emissions – makes sure the LED lamp or luminaire doesn’t interfere with other products using the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., TV, radio) • EMC immunity – makes sure the LED lamp or luminaire continues to function when exposed to other electromagnetic emitters
. 25 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – (2 of 2) • EMC Harmonic Emissions: IEC 61000-3-2: 2018 “Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-2: Limits - Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current ≤16 A per phase)” Webstore link
. 26
Harmonics - IEC 61000-3-2: 2018
For LED lighting products ≤25W, IEC offers three ways for a
lamp to qualify products setting harmonic limits:
1. the harmonic currents shall not exceed the power-related
limits of Table 3, column or:
2. Limits on the 3rd and 5th harmonic and on the waveform input
current
3. Total Harmonic Distortion does not exceed 70% and limits on
individual harmonics. 27
Suggested Requirements – EMC and Harmonics
Metric Requirement
EMC emissions Compliance with IEC CISPR15
EMC immunity Compliance with IEC 61547
Harmonics Compliance with IEC 61000-3-2. 28
Lifetime Testing of LED Lamps
• Consumers need an indication of product lifetime
– the median time to failure – 15k hours, 20k
hours…etc.
• Lifetime is a critical factor in a purchasing
decision, along with price and running cost (i.e.,
energy savings)
• Two failure modes for LED lamps:
1) Parametric failure (reduced light output)
• Lack of a useful level of light output –
lumen maintenance
2) Catastrophic failure (failure to produce light)
• Lamp no longer produces light. 29
IEC Lifetime Test: IEC 62612 and IEC 62717
1. Accelerated life test (extreme conditions)
• 10°C above max rated temperature
• ON continuously
• 1000 hours
2. Ambient temperature cycling (maximum rated)
• -10°C (1h hold) transition for 1h to 40°C (1h hold)
• ON (34 min): OFF (34 min)
Problems:
• 250 cycles (1000 hours) Requires thermal chamber –
3. Supply switching expensive, limited capacity in
• 25°C ambient temperature oven, few laboratories offer;
will become market constraint
• ON (30s): OFF (30s)
• # cycle equals half the hours of rated life. 30
New Test Method:
Combines Endurance and Lumen Maintenance
• New European test method
• Smaller sample size: 10 units
• Combines switching cycle and lumen maintenance – lower burden on
technician (cheaper for market surveillance)
• Normal ambient laboratory conditions – no special temp chambers
• Switching cycle of 2.5h on / 0.5h off (more like real life)
• Stresses electronics: line-voltage capacitor can saturate and fully
discharge each cycle; circuit board heats and cools each cycle
• 1200 switching cycles – 3600 hour test, 5 months (vs. current test
method which is 6000 hours – 8 months)
• Use equation to calculate the minimum rated lumen maintenance
based on the lifetime declaration. 31
Effects of Switching Cycles (Slide 1 of 2: IEC)
Temperature measurements of the LED chips, 1min on / 1min off. 32 Effects of Switching Cycles (Slide 2 of 2: New Test) Temperature measurements of the LED chips, 2.5h on / 0.5h off
. 33
Health Metric – Temporal Light Modulation
• Temporal variation in light output from a light source known
as Temporal Light Modulation (TLM)
• TLM can have visual and non-visual effects on a person
• Non-visual effects have been reported as physiological and
psychological manifestations including:
❑ Migraine ❑ Anxiety
❑ Eyestrain ❑ Autistic behaviour
❑ Seizures ❑ Vertigo
❑ Reduction in task
performance
• The term for these effects, as defined by CIE, is Temporal
Light Artefacts (TLA). 34
Metrics for Health and Safety
• Flicker and stroboscopic effect
Concern about health impacts including
eye strain, migraine, seizures, anxiety and
fatigue. LEDs are responsive to the driver,
thus flicker (PstLM1 – IEC TR 61547) and
stroboscopic effect (SVM2 – IEC TR 63158)
are issues
1. Short term flicker indicator (PstLM) ≤ 1.0 at full load and a sinusoidal input voltage using
Test method: IEC TR 61547-1:2017 Equipment for general lighting purposes - EMC
immunity requirements - Part 1: An objective light flicker meter and voltage fluctuation
immunity test method
2. Stroboscopic effect visibility measure (SVM) ≤ 1.6 at full load and a sinusoidal input voltage
using Test method: IEC TR 63158:2018 Equipment for general lighting purposes - Objective
test method for stroboscopic effects of lighting equipment. 35
Requirements – Suggested Limits for Flicker and SVM
Metric Requirement
Short term flicker indicator ≤ 1.0 at full load and a sinusoidal input voltage.
(PstLM) Use IEC TR 61547-1
Stroboscopic effect visibility ≤ 0.4 at full load and a sinusoidal input voltage.
measure (SVM) Use IEC TR 63158
• Harmonised with EU
levels
• 22 Kenyan LED
Lamps: 100% pass
both requirements
• 60 European LED
Lamps: 80% pass
both requirements. 36
Requirements – Information Printed on the Lamp
1) Rated power in Watts (mandatory)
2) Rated operating voltage (mandatory)
3) Trade name or brand name (mandatory)
4) Rated initial luminous flux in lumens (mandatory)
5) Rated correlated colour temperature (CCT) in Kelvin (K) (mandatory)
6) Beam angle (only for directional lamps) (optional). 37
Requirements – Information on the Box
Information provided on the box, enabling consumers to make
comparisons and informed purchasing decisions:
• Same as lamp, plus:
• Rated operating voltage (mandatory)
• Rated efficacy in lumens per watt (lm/W) (mandatory)
• Rated lifetime in hours and L70B50 if longer (mandatory)
• Rated CCT with a sliding scale (mandatory)
• Statement on dimmability (mandatory)
• If applicable, packaging must clearly state on the front: Lamp is NOT
Intended for General Illumination Purposes (mandatory)
• Base type (mandatory)
• Power factor (optional)
• Incandescent lamp equivalency – light output (optional)
• Voltage surge and dip immunity claim (optional)Thank You . 38 Thank you – any questions? Michael Scholand www.clasp.ngo Senior Advisor Policy & Analysis Team, CLASP @CLASPappliances Tel: +44-7931-701-568 Skype: mscholand 38 Email: mscholand@clasp.ngo
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