Foliar nutrition of date palm: advances and applications. A review
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FOLIA OECOLOGICA – vol. 48, no. 1 (2021), doi: 10.2478/foecol-2021-0010
Foliar nutrition of date palm: advances and applications. A review
Hussein J. Shareef1*, Ibtihaj H. Al-Tememi2, Gholamreza Abdi3
Department of Date Palm Research Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
1
2
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture,
Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
3
Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
Abstract
Shareef, H.J., Al-Tememi, I.H., Abdi, G., 2021. Foliar nutrition of date palm: advances and applications.
A review. Folia Oecologica, 48 (1): 82–99.
Foliar fertilization is one of the crucial ways for continued cultivation of date palm, obtaining the best results
of growth and production, in addition to the possibility to reduce damage from abiotic stress. Although sub-
jected date palm to an annual fertilization program, it faces some challenges, including low soil availability
for nutrients, dryness of the soil surface, low root activity in the breeding period, soil alkalinity, as well as
water scarcity in areas of cultivation, and symptoms of deficiency of some elements. This review attempts to
shed light on the importance of using leaf fertilization, demonstrating the successful technique and positive
results, and proving the ability of date palm cells to absorb nutrients, similar to other trees, and interact with
chemical and biological fertilizers. Besides, the leaflet’s possibility of absorbing various nutrients, chelated
iron, biostimulants, antioxidants, and nano-fertilization, are presented.
Keywords
date palm, foliar nutrition, leaf morphology, leaf anatomy, Phoenix dactylifera L.
Introduction diminished plant quality. Nutrient deficiencies can also
reduce overall biodiversity because plants act as producers
Plant development and advancement generally rely upon that support most food webs (Morgan and Connolly,
the mix and grouping of mineral supplements accessible 2013).
in the soil. Plants frequently face critical difficulties Many factors determine how much a plant needs
in getting sufficient flexibility of these supplements to nutrients and how much the soil can provide the plant
satisfy the needs of fundamental cell measures because with nutrients. Three soil properties as most important
of their relative idleness. Inadequacy of any of them may concerning any plant response-related functions are; soil
bring about diminished plant profitability or potential pH (to regulate nutrient availability), texture (to regulate
ripeness. Indications of supplement inadequacy may water transmission properties and fixation and release of
incorporate hindered development, the demise of plant nutrients), and organic matter (to realize the cascading
tissue, or yellowing of the leaves brought about by effect on the whole range of soil physical as well chemical
a diminished chlorophyll creation, a pigment required for properties, including the biological properties), and above
photosynthesis. Supplement lack can significantly affect all, plant traits as well (nutrient efficient and nutrient
agribusiness, bringing about decreased harvest yield or responsive both) (Comerford, 2005).
*Corresponding author:
e-mail: hussein.shareef@uobasrah.edu.iq
© 2021 Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
82
Notwithstanding, the root isn’t the main organ that is procedures, for example, photosynthesis and related
associated with the absorption of nutrients. The foliage, processes. These natural compounds are then transported
including leaves, stem, inflorescence, and organic from the leaf (source) to other plant organs (sink, for
products, can likewise assimilate supplement nutrients example, roots, creating young leaves, blooms, and natural
(Oosterhuis, 2009). Foliar nutrients are an essential products (Ördög and Molnár, 2011).
indicator of field farming’s evolution, as it is one of the Foliar spraying is a new process and not essential in
modern methods of high economic efficiency (Alshaal feeding date palm because it helps solve low growth and
and El-Ramady, 2017). productivity and environmental issues such as drought,
The efficacy of nutrients is governed by spray salinity, and high temperatures. Foliar technics used to
formulation’s physicochemical properties such as reduce saltwater damage (Shareef, 2016). Expanding
pH, surface tension, polarity, additives (surfactants, the use of the foliar technic is a modern method for
humectants, spreader/stickers, etc.), molecular size, ionic improving date palm culture. Besides, it provides new
charge, and solubility in spray fluid. Characteristics opportunities for reviving date palm in areas exposed to
of the species and the environment such as humidity harsh environmental conditions that hinder date palm
(Schönherr and Schreiber, 2004), temperature (Zhang cultivation’s success. Therefore, this review attempts to
and Brown, 1999), light (Abadia, 1992; Álvarez- shed light on the importance of using leaf fertilization as
Fernández et al., 2004), and wind in which the plant is a successful technique giving positive results and proving
grown affect the rate of foliar uptake (Dordas, 2008). the ability of date palm cells to absorb nutrients, similar
Finally, the plant factors like a physical and physiological to other trees, and interact with chemical and biological
characteristics (chemical composition of the leaf such as fertilizers.
cuticle composition, source/sink status and leaf expansion
affect absorption, distribution, and penetration availability Date palm leaf morphology
of foliar-applied nutrients of a plant), phonological stage
(leaf age, leaf homogeneity) (Zhang and Brown, 1999) Date palm leaves, popularly called fronds, are pinnate,
morphological traits (leaf shape, presence of hairs, presence compound leaves spirally arranged around the stem’s top
of discontinuities (lenticels, cracks…), plant architecture (meristem). In maturity, leaves are about 4 m in length,
(canopy architecture such as new growth, presence of with a range of 3–6 m and 0.5 m wide at the focal midrib
reproductive structures, presence of floral or leaf buds that limits the two leaves closest (Lobo et al., 2014). The
that have a determinative effect on spray retention and foliage of the date palm is long and broad dark green.
penetration), epidermal systems such as stomata, cuticle The date palm leaf consists of two parts; the blade and
thickness, stomatal distribution and density, leaf surface the petiole; the leaf blade consists of three parts; pinnae,
architecture, leaf angle, and orientation, canopy surface spines, and rachis; the petiole consists of a rachis base
area, characteristics of the plant surface, leaf surface and fiber sheath (Zaid and Arias-Jiménez, 2002) (see
chemistry and mobility of nutrient within the part system Fig. 1). The pinnae (leaflet) represents the target area
also determine foliar nutrient uptake efficiency (Zhang using a foliar spray, especially their lower surfaces. The
and Brown, 1999; Bringe et al., 2006; Fernández and number of stomata is more significant on the lower body
Brown, 2013). The leaf’s physiological state at the time of (see Fig. 2). Besides, the cuticle is thinner, which makes
spraying and plant metabolic activity can alter demand and the foliar-spraying process more effective (see Fig. 3).
source: sink dynamics, availability of substrate and energy The quantity of leaves created every year differs from
for absorption and assimilation, uptake rate, mobilization 10 to 26 and a mature palm may have from 100 to 125
assimilation, and remobilizations of nutrients. leaves. Leaves stay appended to the tree following their
senescence and must be physically pruned (Al-Yahyai
and Manickavasagan, 2012). The morphology of date
Foliar nutrition of date palm palm leaves encourages foliar fertilization because it is
a large total vegetative area to the plant’s size.
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) (2n = 36) is
a dioecious perennial tree extensively cultivated in Anatomical characteristics of date palm leaflet
subtropical regions, including the Middle East and North
Africa (Ibrahim, 2018). One of the primary essential A date palm leaflet comprises the accompanying parts
tools for productive and sustainable management in cross-section and includes the cuticle, epidermis,
of crops worldwide is foliar fertilization. Target mesophyll, and vascular tissue. The cuticle covering
orientation and environmentally friendly properties are elevated leaf parts is an extra-cellular layer consisting
the most important reasons for foliar fertilization over of a biopolymer framework with wax impregnated into
soil fertilization. Foliar fertilizer is a vital device for the (intracuticular) or overlaying (epicuticular wax) the
practical and gainful administration of yields and is of surface (Fernadéz et al., 2015). On the inner side, a waxy
considerable commercial significance around the world substance called cutin is integrated with polysaccharide
(Fageria et al., 2017). Roots retain water and mineral material from the epidermal cell wall, which is primarily
supplements from the soil transported through the xylem composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and gelatin (Xu
to the leaf. In the leaf, these supplement components are et al., 2012). Subsequently, the cuticle skin itself can be
absorbed into different natural compounds by biochemical considered as a ‘cutinized’ cell wall; the heterogeneous
83
Fig. 1. The morphology of date palm leaf (a) from (Zaid and Arias-Jiménez, 2002), (b) Pinnae (leaflet), (c) cross-section
of a leaflet. Photo by authors.
Fig. 2. A lower surface of date palm leaflet (stomata). Photo by authors.
84
nature of this layer has a physiologically-vital association efficacy and reproducibility.
with the underlying cell wall (Domínguez et al., 2011). A The nutrient absorption process’s success through the
cross-section of the date palm leaflet shows no difference leaf surface depends on forming a thin layer of solution
from a cross-section of other plant leaves. The thickness of wetting the leaf surface (Wójcik, 2004). The presence of
the cuticle layer in the date palm leaflet is close to that of substances such as detergent Tween 20 or 80 (surfactant
other plants that regularly are given foliar fertilization, such chemicals) is necessary to reduce the solution droplets’
as citrus. The thickness of the cuticle in date palm ranges surface tension, which increases the adhesion area on the
from 3–7 µm in various varieties (Alnajjar and Alhamd, leaf surface (Taiz and Zeiger, 2010). Elements transfer
2016). at cell needs the passage of particles through the cuticle
In contrast, the thickness of the cuticle in other plants layer, which is usually cracked or broken due to the effect
is 2–10 µm (Lequeu et al., 2003), and the cuticle layer‘s of wind on the leaves, allowing the particles to enter the
thickness 4–5 µm in citrus (De Paula et al., 2019). The skin that has cytoplasmic channels that help the passage
epidermis consists of a single row of non-specialized of molecules as well as find spaces between the cells.
monocytes containing a living protoplast. No chloroplasts, Also, the presence of stomata, which is the pore, is an
but having other plastids with a few grana. The skin important outlet that helps penetrate nutrients into the
surrounding the top, upper epidermis, and lower epidermis leaf and the space between the cells. This phenomenon
surrounded by the cuticle is a single row of cells whose occurs with the property of diffusion (Wójcik, 2004). The
function is to protect the internal tissue. The skin also foliar absorption mechanism includes Surface absorption,
contains stomata, which consists of thick-walled cells Negative diffusion, and Active uptake by cells.
connected to the air chambers. The stomata are abundant
in the upper part of the leaf (upper or ventral surface), 182 Surface absorption
stomata per mm2 compared to the lower body (dorsal) 166
stomata per mm2 (Abbas, 2004) (see Fig. 2). The number The regression concentration is mainly responsible for
of stomata per unit area does not differ from that of other penetration nutrients from the outside into the cell wall
plants. Obiremi and Oladele (2001) found that the number in the free spaces and then reaching into the cells (the
of stomata in a plant of Citrus limon was 188 per mm2. cytosol), i.e., from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic
The mesophyll is the tissue trapped between the upper component and from the low to the high charge (Ördög
and lower bodies. It is not distinguished into a palisade and and Molná, 2011).
a spongy layer at date palm. The middle tissue contains
many green plastids (Davoodi et al., 2002). Vascular tissue Negative diffusion
consists of a group of vascular bundles spread in leaf veins
and is more extensive in the petiole and surrounds each top The movement of biochemical and other atoms and
and bottom. Sclerenchyma tissue consists of fiber cells with molecules across the cell membrane is called negative
thick walls responsible for strengthening the leaf, divided diffusion. Unlike active transport, passive transport does
into xylem and phloem (see Fig. 3). Xylem is near the not require the input of chemical energy but is driven by
top surface of the leaflet and is composed of parenchyma an increase in the system’s introspection. The negative
cells and follicles. Xylem is of two types protoxylem and transfer rate depends on cell membrane permeability, which
metaxylem. Protoxylem is found in new leaves and appears depends on the cell membrane’s regularity and properties’
in small circles in the leaflet‘s cross-section, while large rings lipids and proteins. The four main types of passive
are known as metaxylem and found in adult leaves (Zaid transport are spread, laxative, filtration, and osmotic
and Hughes, 1996). Phloem consists of small parenchyma (Taiz and Zeiger, 2010). At the time of transpiration, the
cells and mucous tubes located at the bottom of the leaflet. leaf’s central tissue cells lose some water in transpiration,
The leaflet of date palm also contains the bundle sheath increasing its absorptive strength and withdrawing water
consisting of thin-walled parenchyma cells, including green from the adjacent cells, which increases the absorption by
plastids (Doaigey et al., 2013). osmosis and removes moisture from neighboring cells.
The stream reaches the vessel’s wood absorption by the
The mechanism of foliar absorption of nutrients roots or gaps or skin cells. And then, the leaf’s surface and
absorption occur through the leaves (Lambers et al., 2008).
The cuticle is composed mainly of the epicuticular wax
layer, the cuticular proper (intracuticular waxes and cutin/ Active uptake by cells
cutan), and the cuticular layer (polysaccharide material
and cutin/cutan). The exposed aerial surface is a complex Under the cuticle layer (skin cells), as the thickness of the
of the specialized cell of different layers which help plant cuticle does not impede the absorption of nutrient ions
tolerate unfavorable condition such as herbivory, wind, because of the occurrence of cracks in the layer of cuticle
temperatures, irradiation, vapor pressure deficits, dust, and the presence of cytoplasmic channels extending from
rain, aerial pollutants, drought condition (restrict the loss skin cells to the area of the cutin, nutrients can enter into
of nutrients, metabolites, water, and passage of water vapor the cellular tissue. The process of nutrient absorption
and gases) physical damage, insect attack, and bacterial through the vegetative parts is similar to absorption across
and fungal pathogens. Understanding the physiochemical the roots. The elements move between cells and their
attributes of plant surfaces and the penetration processes outer environment based on the water potential difference
of nutrients into the plant can improve foliar fertilization’s (Taiz and Zeiger, 2010). The absorption process begins
85Fig. 3. Typical structure of cross-section to date palm leaflet. Photo by authors.
with the start of the spraying of nutrient solutions. When Stock, 1990). Surfactants have a place with the dynamic
the leaves are wet, the guard cells’ turgor pressure in surface operators having both hydrophilic and lipophilic
the leaf increases with the nutrient solutions, leading to gatherings. Such a structure can make “spans” between
the stomata’s opening. The permeability of the cuticle the fluid arrangement and lipophilic waxes (see Fig. 4)
increased for nutrients. It penetrates by the pores present (Schőnherr, 2001). In this way, surfactants decrease
inside the cuticle and through small water channels that are the leaf’s surface tension, prompting an expansion in leaf
also pathways for absorbing the nutrients (Jones and Jeff wetting. Surfactants likewise bridge the gap between the
Jacobsen, 2001). air layer and the fluid and leaf surfaces, incrementally
infiltrate solutes through the stomata, cuticular films, cell
dividers, and the point of confinement the drying of beads
Essential aspects for spraying technique (see Fig. 4, B) (Wójcik, 2004).
There are two essential aspects when using the spraying
method on date palm: surfactants and the availability of Chelates
chelating material.
Chelates are intricate mixes comprised of a focal metal
Surfactants particle connected by a couple of organizing bonds with
a ligand. Metal capacity to make chelates declines with
Surfactants are usually utilized in pesticide definitions the diminishing electric charge proportion to particle range
to improve a droplet arrangement (Holloway and (Tuteja and Singh Gill, 2013). Chelation encourages
Fig. 4. Effect of surfactant on date palm leaflet surface (A) solution drop without surfactant, (B) solution drop with surfactant.
Photo by authors.
86the versatility of molecular inside a plant. The utilization recommended using their results and conducting other
of chelated supplement frames, as a rule, does not build operations to develop the reality of date palm cultivation in
retention in connection to inorganic salts (Torabi et al., the world (Table 1). Most of the nutrients used in feeding
2012). Thus, it appears that the impact of chelates on leaf date palms are urea, phosphorus, potassium sulfate,
capacity to take up nutrients identified with a few properties potassium silicate, sodium silicate, and boric acid. As
of a chelate, for example, a sub-atomic load of the mind- well as used whether NPK (20-20-20-1% MgO) or NPK
boggling, separation consistent, and steadiness of the (20-20-20 + Fe-Mn-B-Zn-Mo-Cu) as indicated in Table 1,
complex at different arrangement pH (Keller, 2004). The studies showed positive results in leaf area, fruit weight,
chelating substances are original mixes with low atomic and dates production.
loads that can shape complex components. Citric acid is
one of the most important and widely available types of
chelate (Shareef et al., 2017). Chelates are easily absorbed Date palm responses to spray foliar of chelated iron
by the plant’s roots and veins as organic matter, removing
the positive charge of the nutrients and solves the negative Chelated iron is widely used in feeding date palms in
charge and enter through the pores of the roots and leaves various ways, including foliar spraying. Iron is essential in
(Goli et al., 2012). The pores’ charge is negative (micro- regulating many enzymes, including peroxidase, catalase,
positive charge) and will be established naturally within and cytochrome oxidase (De Paula et al., 2019). Iron in
the pores and challenging to enter the plant. Easy to move these compounds is of particular importance in oxidation
inside the plant, simple to install, and assimilation inside reactions, the transfer of electrons in oxidation and
the plant as organic matter. Under alkaline conditions, reduction reactions, confirming its role in cell metabolism
iron, zinc, magnesium, and copper are the best ways to processes. And iron is essential in maintaining green matter
supply micro-nutrients to the plant, compatible with inside the plant and the representation of nucleic acids and
a wide range of pesticides and liquid fertilizers as they chloroplasts (De Paula et al., 2019). Several experiments
do not interact with their constituents (mixed with dry and were conducted, including iron, to improve the growth and
liquid substances) (Bharathiraja et al., 2016). Chelate production of dates are provided in Table 2 (Abass et al.,
cannot be lost from the soil because it is firmly bonded 2012; Faisal et al., 2017; Faisal et al., 2018).
to soil particles’ surfaces, and the natural chelate is better
than an industrial chelate (Sekhon, 2003). One of the most
important of these chelating materials is organic acids. The Date palm responses to spray foliar of bio-stimulants
best way to use chelate to facilitate foliar fertilization is to
mix it with the substance to be sprayed on the date palm in Agricultural biostimulants (ABs) incorporate differing
a correct proportion. definitions of compounds, substances, and other products,
for example, microorganisms, trace elements, enzymes,
plant growth regulators, and macroalgal separates that
Date palm responses to foliar fertilization are applied to plants or soils to direct and upgrade the
yield’s physiological procedures, accordingly making
The first attempt to use foliar spraying on date palm was them progressively proficient. “Agricultural biostimulants
during the 1989–1990 growing season in Egypt (Ahmed act on the physiology of the plant through different
et al., 1991). The researchers used magnesium sulfate as pathways to improve yields, quality, and post-harvest
a fertilizer to overcome the shortage of magnesium in the shelf-life/conservation,” according to Sharma et al.
sandy lands of the Bint Aisha fruit-bearing variety. In the (2014). Macroalgal ABs appear to impact respiration,
growing season, 1994–1995, the same researcher Ahmed photosynthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and ion uptake (Du
and Abdel Hamid (1997) experimented to identify the Jardin, 2015). Several studies have used biostimulants to
behavior of the date palm cultivar of Bint Aisha, which either reduce environmental impacts (Attah et al., 2016;
was grown in sandy soils under the influence of boric acid Shareef et al., 2017; Taha and Abood, 2018; Shareef,
spray. The positive results obtained from both studies 2020) or to improve the growth and production of date
contributed to the launching of many experiments on the palm (Altememe and Al-Sirdah, 2012; Al-Wasfy,
extent of date palm response to foliar spraying. The earliest 2013; Attaha and Al-Mubark, 2014; Al-Haiaj et al.,
attempt in Iraq was by Abass et al. (2007), who used urea 2020). These studies showed positive results in using
and iron application on Hillawi cultivar’s productivity. biostimulants on date palms and rapid response by plants
Studies conducted during the past 30 years, either on adult (see Table 3).
date palm trees or on offshoots, especially those subjected
to environmental stresses such as salinity and drought.
Date palm responses to spray foliar of antioxidants
Date palm responses to spray foliar of mineral nutrients
Antioxidants participate in plant development flowering
Researchers have obtained many positive and clear and organic product improvement through their positive
indications that the date palm does not differ from other activity on upgrading the biosynthesis of natural hormones,
plants in response to foliar spraying. All these experiments nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, biosynthesis of plant
87Table 1. Effect of spray foliar of minerals nutrients on date palm
Table 1. Effect of spray foliar of minerals nutrients on date palm.
88
Nutrients Concentrations Treatment date Cultivar Details References
1% Two times: before the opening of Increased yield and nitrogen content in leaf ABBAS et al.
the cluster and after the fruit set Hellawi Decreasing the percentage of dropping fruits (2007)
Increased pulp weight, pulp/seed ratio, fruit length and diameter KHAYYAT et al.
0.5, 1% At the Khalal stage Shahany Increased total soluble solids (2007)
Urea (N 46%) Increased yield and quality of fruits
1% Two times first before opening Decreased of fruits drop SHAREEF (2011a)
the cluster and the second at the Khidrawi Increased the total yield
beginning of the Kimmri stage Increased nitrogen content in leaf
1% Two times: first before opening Increased total soluble solids, total sugars, and reducing sugars SHAREEF )2011b)
the cluster and the second at the Khidrawi Increased dry matter and percentage of fruit ripening
beginning of the Kimmri stage
The more significant part of pulp weight, pulp/seed ratio, fruit KHAYYAT et al.
Zinc sulfate 300, 600 ppm At the Khalal stage Shahany length and diameter, Increased Total soluble solids (2007)
Increased yield and quality of fruits
The more significant part of pulp weight, pulp/seed ratio, fruit KHAYYAT et al.
Boron 1,500, 2,500 At Khalal stage Shahany length, and diameter (2007)
H3BO3 ppm Increased Total soluble solids
Increased boron, increased yield and quality of fruits
Two times on March 15 and Zehdi and Increased boron concentration in fruits, seed weight, fruit flesh, the AL-DULAIMY and
15, 30 mg l-1
April 15 Khestawi weight of cluster, and total yield AL-KRAIDI (2017)
400, 800, 1,200, In May, June, and July Medjool Increased yield, bunch weight, fruit set, physical fruit characters, AL-HAJJAJ and
1,600 ppm and fruit quality AYAD (2018)
Ca rexon March 1 Berhi and Increased plant height, leaf area, number of new leaves, and girth JASIM et al. (2016)
1,000, 2,000
(calcium Sayer of the offshoot
ppm
chelate)
Two times first in March and the fruit length, weight, diameters, and volume FASAL et al.
Phosphorus 0,125, 250 mg l-1 second was after 45 from the first Shukar percentage of total soluble solids, total sugar, and sucrose (2014)
treatment Increased productivity
Sodium Four times at growth start, after Improved growth, nutritional status GAD EL-KAREEM
selenite 0.01, 0.02% fruit setting and at one-month Zaghloul Increased yield, bunch weight, and improved quality of the fruits et al. (2014)
intervalsTable Continued
Table1.1.Continued
Nutrients Conc. Treatment date Cultivar Details References
Before opening the cluster and at the Khidrawi Decreased of fruits drop, increased the total yield SHAREEF (2011a)
NPK 2 , 2.5% beginning of the Kammri stage Increased nitrogen content in leaf
(20-20-20- Before opening the cluster and at the Khidrawi Increased total soluble solids, total sugars, and reducing sugars SHAREEF )2011b)
1% MgO) 2 , 2.5% beginning of the Kammri stage Increased dry matter and percentage of fruit ripening
Before opening cluster, at the appearance of Barhi Improved total chlorophyll content and total soluble ATTAHA AND AL-
fluorescences and during the phase of carbohydrates MUBARK (2014)
NPK 4, 8 g Hababok and the period of Kammri Increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and total protein
(20-20- in leaf, fruit ripening percentage at Khalal stage and fruit dry
20+Fe- weight and yield
Mn-B-Zn-
9, 18 g l-1 On March 10, May 10, and April 10 Mak- Increased the chlorophyll a ALTEMEME et al.
Mo-Cu) toom (2017)
Increasing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and total protein.
March 1 Khastawi Increased weight of fruit pulp and bunch JUBEIR and
2, 1, 4 g l-1
Increase of fruit N and P content and protein content and K AHMED (2019a)
Potassium At Khalal stage Shahany Increased pulp weight, pulp/seed ratio, fruit length, and diameter, KHAYYAT et al.
sulfate 1, 2% Increased TSS, increased yield and quality of fruits (2007)
Ten days after pollination Kabkab Increased mineral nutrients ABDI and
2%
yield and quality of fruits HEDAYAT (2010)
1, 2, 3% In June The highest vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality ELSAYD et al.
K2SO4 Potassium increased (2018)
Each palm received four sprays at growth Zaghloul Enhancing the leaf area, increased total chlorophylls GAD EL-KAREEM
Potassium 0.01, 0.02% start, just after fruit setting, and at one-month Increased percentages of N, P, and K in the leaves et al. (2014)
silicate intervals Increased yield, bunch weight, improved quality of the fruits
Four times at growth start, just after fruit Sakkoti leaf content of N, P, K, and Mg, increased yield, bunch weight AL-WASFY (2013)
0.05, 0.2 %
setting and at one-month intervals Improved quality of the fruits
200, 300, Two times in March and April Barhi Increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, FASIL et al. (2019)
400 mg l-1 soluble protein, and carbohydrates
Potassium Sayer Increased the number of clusters, the number of new leaves SHAREEF (2019)
nitrate Increased the content of carbohydrates, ascorbic acid
1,500 ppm October 1 Increased indoleacetic acid, zeatin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid
Showed five and six protein bands, respectively, that differed in
the molecular mass of one polypeptide
Potassium Each palm received four sprays at growth Zaghloul Enhancing the leaf area, increased total chlorophylls GAD EL-KAREEM
silicate 0.01, 0.02% start, just after fruit setting and at one-month Increased percentages of N, P, and K in the leaves, increased et al. (2014)
intervals yield, bunch weight, improved quality of the fruits
89pigments, and sugars. Protecting the plant from biotic and
abiotic stress increases antioxidant defense systems and
References
reduces reactive oxygen species (Merwad et al., 2015).
FAISAL et al.
FAISAL et al.
ABBAS et al.
ABASS et al.
Antioxidants such as organic acids, amino acids, and
(2007)
(2012)
(2017)
(2018)
vitamins may assume a straightforward job in solving
the problem of low yield through enhancing growth,
nutritional status (Dorria et al., 2012) such as date palm
(Fasal et al., 2014; Shareef, 2016; Al-Dulaimy and Al
Increased TSS, total sugar, reducing sugar and dry material Kraidi, 2017; Shareef, 2019 ) (see Table 4).
Date palm responses to spray foliar of nano-fertilization
Increased carbohydrate and chlorophyll in the leaf
The use of nano-fertilizers in agriculture to increase crop
yield increases interest due to their unique physicochemical
properties. Nanotechnology is utilized as spray-based
Decrease the dropping fruit percentage
delivery systems in fruit crop nutrition (Nasrollahzadeh
Details
fruit volume, length, and diameter
et al., 2019). Nano-fertilizers (NFs) assume significant
roles in expanding vegetative development, improving
regenerative growth and flowering, and efficiency, item
fruit weight, flesh weight
quality, and the time frame of realistic usability (Zahedi
et al., 2020)which play very important roles in increasing
Percentage ripening
vegetative growth, improving reproductive growth and
Increase in yield
flowering, thereby increasing productivity, product quality
fruit diameters
and ultimately increasing shelf-life and decreasing fruit
fruit weight
waste. These nanomaterials, which are generally sprayed
at low concentrations on trees at different time intervals
and in frequent sessions, are also considered as growth
stimulants. Macro- and micro-scale NFs such as zinc,
boron, chitosan, and fertilizer nanocomposites such as
ZnFeMnB (zinc, iron, manganese, boron). Nanomaterials
Cultivar
generally sprayed at low concentrations at various time
Hellawi
Hellawi
intervals, are additionally considered as development
Sayer
Sayer
energizers for date palm, for example, nano-boron, (Super
Fifty) seaweed extract, Optimus-Plus (5% nitrogen, 30%
amino acids, and 3% organic nitrogen), Super-micro plus
First 14 weeks of pollination
Two times before the opening
of pollination at the end of the
After 8 and 12 weeks of
of the cluster and after the fruit
and the second after 16 weeks
(Mn 0.7%, Mg 6%, Ca 6%, Fe 4.5%, Zn 8%, K 3%, P 3%,
N 5%, Mo 0.1%, B 0.65%, and Cu 0.65%) (Refaai, 2014;
Treatment date
Jubeir and Ahmed, 2019a; Jubeir and Ahmed, 2019b;
Ressan and Al-Tememi, 2019; Shareef et al., 2020) (see
One time on 1 April
Table 5).
Kammri stage
pollination
Advantages and disadvantages of foliar fertilization to
Table 2. Spray foliar of chelated iron on date palm
date palm
Table 2. Spray foliar of chelated iron on date palm
set
Foliar fertilization has certain potential benefits; for
example, the provision of fertilizers where the use of
Concentrations
small amounts of fertilizer is appropriate compared to
25, 50 mg l-1
25, 50 mg l-1
20, 40 ppm
250 ppm
soil fertilization. Foliar fertilization can overcome the
problems of soil factors that lead to the low utilization rate
of manure, whether these factors lead to loss of fertilizer in
the form of gas, or with irrigation water such as nitrogen,
or determine the movement of sediment or fixing, such as
phosphorus and microelements. The plant’s rapid supply
needs for elements during certain stages of growth, such
Chelated Iron
Nutrients
as flowering or the beginning of the development of
Iron sulfate
seeds and fruits, where root absorption of nutrients has
often ceased. The earth’s elements’ interactions make
absorption by the roots small, and boron and manganese
90Table 3. Spray foliar of bio-stimulants on date palm
Table 3. Spray foliar of bio-stimulants on date palm
Nutrients Concentrations Treatment date Cultivar Details References
Before the opening cluster, Barhi Improved total chlorophyll content ATTAHA and AL-
at the appearance of the Increased total soluble carbohydrates MUBARK (2014)
Seaweed fluorescences, and during the Increased phosphorus and potassium in leaf
(Kelpak) 8, 16 cm3 l-1 Hababok and Kimri stages Increased fruit ripening percentage at Khalal stage, Increased
fruit dry weight, and total yield
March 1 Barhi Increased K, Mn, dry weight of fruit, amino acid TAHA and ABOOD
4 and 8 ml l-1
(2018)
On March 1 and repeated on Hillawi Increased chlorophyll content, organic solutes, SHAREEF (2020)
May 1 Increased included indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin, and gibberellin
4 ml l-1
Increased amino acids and ascorbic acid
Increased K+/Na+ ratio
On March 1 and repeated on Hillawi Increased chlorophyll content, organic solutes, SHAREEF (2020)
Dry yeast May 1 Increased included indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin, and gibberellin
(Saccharomyc 4 g l-1
Increased amino acids and ascorbic acid
es cerevisiae)
Increased K+/Na+ ratio
Increased plant height, leaf area, number of new leaves, and SHAREEF et al.
girth of the offshoot (2017)
Folrtail Berhi and Increased total chlorophyll content, total soluble carbohydrates,
(Potassium 10 ml-1 March 1 Sayer and soluble protein
chelate)
Increase peroxidase activity and reduced catalase activity
Increased endogenous IAA and decreased endogenous ABA
Table
Table
3. Continued
Table 3. Continued
3. Continued Four times at growth start, Sakkoti Enhancing growth, nutrients namely N, P, K and Mg in the AL-WASFY
Royal jelly 0.025 to 0.1 %, just after fruit setting and at leaves (2013)
Nutrients
Nutrients
Nutrients Concentrations
Concentrations
Concentrations one-month intervals
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment date
datedate Cultivar
Cultivar
Cultivar yield and fruit quality Details Details
Details References
References
References
Four
times
FourFour times
at growth
times at growth
at growth start Zaghloul
startstart Zaghloul
Zaghloul Enhanced
Enhanced
all growth
Enhanced all growth
characters,
all growth characters,
characters, plant
pigments,
plantplant pigments,
pigments, total
totaltotal R EFAAI
REFAAI
REFAAI
(2014)
(2014)
(2014)
(1st
(1st (1st week
weekweekof Mar.),
of Mar.),
of Mar.), just
just just after
afterafter carbohydrates,
carbohydrates,
nutrients,
carbohydrates, nutrients,
bunch
nutrients, bunch
weight,
bunch weight,
weight, yield
as well
yieldyield as well
as both
as well as both
as both
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat seed
seedseed
0.5 to
0.52.0
0.5 to %
to 2.0
2.0 %% setting
fruit
fruitfruit setting
setting week
(last
(last(last week
week
of ofof physical
physical
physical and
and and chemical
chemical
chemical characteristics
characteristics of the
characteristics of the fruits
of fruits
the fruits
sprout
sprout
sprout
Apr.),
Apr.),
Apr.), and
at three-week
and and at three-week
at three-week
intervals
intervals
intervals
Two
TwoTwo days
daysdaysbeforebefore
pollination
before pollinationHallawi
pollination Hallawi
Hallawi Increase
Increase
in ripening
Increase in ripening
percentage
in ripening percentage
percentageand andand
TotalTotal
Total yield
yieldyield and
increase
and and A LTEMEME
ALTEMEME
increaseALTEMEME
increase and andand
0.025,
0.025,
0.050,
0.025, 0.050,
0.075,
0.050, four
0.075, and and
0.075, four
weeks
and four weeks
weeks after
afterafter in water
in water
content
in water content
content AIRDAH
AL-SA LL-S IRDAH
-SIRDAH
(2012) (2012)
(2012)
Fetrilon
Fetrilon
Combi
Fetrilon Combi
Combi
2 22 pollination
pollination
0.1000.100
0.100
% % % pollination Invertase activity,
Invertase
Invertase activity,
activity, the ionic
and
and and the concentration
ionic
the ionic concentration
concentration of the
offruit
of the fruit
the fruit
sucrose
and and sucrose
and sucrose
Two
times
TwoTwo times
on March
times on March
15 and
on March 15 andHillawi
15 and Hillawi
Hillawi Increased
Increased
the dry
Increased the fruit
the dry fruit
matter,
dry fruit matter,
matter, total
soluble
totaltotal soluble
solids,
soluble solids,
solids, free
freefree ATTAHA
A TTAHA
ATTAHAet al.et al.
et al.
June
JuneJune 13
13 13 aminoamino
amino acids,
acids,
acids, soluble
soluble
soluble protein
protein of fruit,
protein of fruit,
of fruit, carbohydrates
carbohydrates
carbohydrates (2016)
(2016)
(2016)
Drin
DrinDrin (2 and
(2 4)
andml
(2 and 4)l-1
4) ml
ml ll-1-1
Increased
Increased
Increased total
totaltotal chlorophyll
chlorophyll
chlorophyll concentration
concentration
concentration of fruit,
of fruit,
of fruit, catalase
catalase
catalase
91
activity
activity
of foliage
activity of foliage
of foliage and
and and fruit
fruitfruit
Two
times
TwoTwo times
on March
times on March
15 and
on March 15 andHillawi
15 and Hillawi
Hillawi Increased
Increased
Increased seed
weight
seedseed weight
weight ATTAHA
A TTAHA
ATTAHAet al.et al.
et al.
Vegeamino
Vegeamino
Vegeamino (2 and
(2 4)
andml
(2 and 4)l-1
4) ml
ml ll-1-1 June
JuneJune 13
13 13 Increased
Increased
auxins
Increased auxins
auxins and
abscisic
and and abscisic
abscisic acid
concentration
acidacid concentration
concentration (2016)
(2016)
(2016)
Increased
Increased
vitamin
Increased vitamin
vitamin
C ofC Cfruit
of fruit
of fruit
March
March
10, May
March 10, May
10, and
10, May 10, and
10, and Maktoom
Maktoom
Maktoom Increased
Increased
the chlorophyll
Increased the chlorophyll
the chlorophylla aa A LTEMEME
ALTEMEME
ALTEMEME et al.et al.
et al.
Humic
Humic
Humic acid
acidacid 4 and 8and
44 andml88l-1
ml
ml ll-1-1 April
April
April 10
10 10 Increasing
Increasing
nitrogen,
Increasing nitrogen,
phosphorus,
nitrogen, phosphorus,
phosphorus, potassium,
potassium,
potassium, and
and and total
totaltotal (2017)
(2017)
(2017)
protein
protein
in the
protein in leaves.
in the leaves.
the leaves.Apr.), and at three-week
intervals
Two days before pollination Hallawi Increase in ripening percentage and Total yield and increase ALTEMEME and
0.025, 0.050, 0.075, and four weeks after in water content AL-SIRDAH (2012)
Fetrilon Combi 2 pollination
0.100% Invertase activity, and the ionic concentration of the fruit
and sucrose
Continued Two times on March 15 and Hillawi Increased the dry fruit matter, total soluble solids, free ATTAHA et al.
Table
Table3.3.Continued
92
June 13 amino acids, soluble protein of fruit, carbohydrates (2016)
Drin (2 and 4) ml l-1
Nutrients Concentrations Treatment date Cultivar Increased total chlorophyll concentration of fruit, catalase
Details References
activity of foliage and fruit
Four times
Two timesatongrowth
Marchstart
15 and Zaghloul
Hillawi Enhanced
Increasedall growth
seed characters, plant pigments, total
weight RAEFAAI (2014)
TTAHA et al.
(1st week
June 13 of Mar.), just after carbohydrates, nutrients, weight, yield as well as both (2016)
Vegeamino
Wheat seed (2 and 4) ml l-1 Increased auxins and abscisic bunchacid concentration
0.5 to 2.0 % fruit setting (last week of physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits
sprout Increased vitamin C of fruit
Apr.), and at three-week
March 10, May 10, and Maktoom Increased the chlorophyll a ALTEMEME et al.
intervals
Humic acid 4 and 8 ml l-1 April 10 Increasing phosphorus, and total (2017)
Two days before pollination Hallawi Increase in ripening
nitrogen,percentage andpotassium,
Total yield and ALTEMEME and
increase
0.025, 0.050, -10.075, and four weeks after inprotein
water in the leaves.
content AL-SIRDAH (2012)
Fetrilon Combi 2 March 1
pollination Barhi weight fruit, and amino acid TAHA and ABOOD
Chitosan 0.100
5 ml%l
Invertase
Increasedactivity,
K, Mn, and
dry the ionicofconcentration of the fruit
and 10 ml l-1 (2018)
and sucrose
Four times from Feb to Abril Sayer ESSAN and AL-
Two times on March 15 and Hillawi Increased the fruit weight, the percentage of the fruit set, the ARTTAHA
Increased the dry fruit matter, total soluble solids, free et al.
Biocont - T 1.5 g l-1 percentage fruit ripening, the bunch weight, and the total TEMEMI (2019)
June 13 amino acids, soluble protein of fruit, carbohydrates (2016)
Drin (2 and 4) ml l-1 yield of fruits
Increased total chlorophyll concentration of fruit, catalase
Alqawafel 800, 1,600, 3,200 and Three times on May 20, June Medjool Increased total yield, fruit size, fresh weight, total reduced AL-HAJAJ et al.
activity of foliage and fruit
K-fertilizer 4,000 mg l-1 20, and July 20 sugar, fructose content, and glucose content (2020)
Two times on March 15 and Hillawi Increased seed weight ATTAHA et al.
Vegeamino (2 and 4) ml l-1 June 13 Increased auxins and abscisic acid concentration (2016)
Increased vitamin C of fruit
March 10, May 10, and Maktoom Increased the chlorophyll a ALTEMEME et al.
Humic acid 4 and 8 ml l-1 April 10 Increasing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and total (2017)
protein in the leaves.
5 ml l-1 March 1 Barhi Increased K, Mn, dry weight of fruit, and amino acid TAHA and ABOOD
Chitosan
and 10 ml l-1 (2018)
Four times from Feb to Abril Sayer Increased the fruit weight, the percentage of the fruit set, the RESSAN and AL-
Biocont - T 1.5 g l-1 TEMEMI (2019)
Conclusions
percentage fruit ripening, the bunch weight, and the total
yield of fruits
Alqawafel 800, 1,600, 3,200 and Three times on May 20, June Medjool Increased total yield, fruit size, fresh weight, total reduced AL-HAJAJ et al.
K-fertilizer 4,000 mg l-1 20, and July 20 sugar, fructose content, and glucose content (2020)
modern date palm management.
of the plant for ease (Mikkelsen, 2007)
effort and time (Salvagiotti et al., 2008).
considerations of relative costs versus supply and demand
it may be the opposite because yellowing also occurs to
cannot get rid of excess metabolism by the roots, which
of fertilizers during the different growth stages, thus
ground fertilization, especially in the delivery of micro-
fill deficiencies in some elements but to improve plant
technique has proven suitable for date palms not only to
of applying foliar nutrients to date palms, this nutritional
a critical potential practice factor. Currently, after 30 years
economics, the application of foliar fertilization can be
required nutrients through the soil. In terms of efficacy and
environmental factor is a severe obstacle to providing the
Ultimately, the decision to use foliar fertilizers requires
total, foliar fertilization has great adaptive potential in
infection with a slight insect like a palm stalk borer. In
Foliar fertilization is 8–20 times more efficient than
compensates for the shortage of these elements. Ground
factors. In general, when the farming system, soil type, or
increase the concentration of ammonia in the plant or
symptoms of chlorosis leaves are due to a lack of nitrogen;
the phenomena required for foliar fertilization. Not all
may be malicious or harmful to the plant, and so on for
disrupts the plant’s metabolism, and therefore the response
the plant’s needs for foliar fertilization. High temperature
(offshoots), especially in the first two years of cultivation,
interested in date palm should not spray young palm trees
leads to the toxicity of the plant. Researchers and those
than recommended. Seedlings or offshoots whose root
fertilizer formulation, etc., are available. The use of
in addition to conducting soil and plant tests to determine
levels of the elements because the plant metabolism cycle
group did not develop are still more at risk of higher
fertilizer, especially urea, with higher concentrations
them depend on farmers through the use of chemicals
foliar feeding is not without problems, and most of
information about plant physiology, uptake mechanisms,
knowledge gaps for developing and improving foliar
fertilization strategies are apparent. However, valuable
principles, foliar fertilization technology’s full potential
for mixing nutrients with growth regulators, saving much
Due to an inadequate understanding of the involved
consumption. The foliar technique increases the potential
addition of nutrients to plants through spray-application
growth periods (Fernández and Brown, 2013). The
meeting the plant’s nutrient requirements during different
the other organs, while foliar fertilization can get all parts
is not realized completely. According to the literature,
and enhances plant tissue metabolism, reducing energy
ensures the nutrient is inputted directly into the plant
nutrients. This nutrition has a high elasticity in the addition
fertilization is limited to roots only and needs time to reach
will be apparent. While the use of foliar spray quickly
deficiency symptoms, iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenumTable 4. Spray foliar of antioxidants on date palm
Table 4. Spray foliar of antioxidants on date palm
Nutrients Concentrations Treatment date Cultivar Details References
March 1 Berhi and Increased plant height, leaf area, number of new leaves and girth SHAREEF et al.
Sayer of the offshoot (2017)
Increased total chlorophyll content, total soluble carbohydrates,
500 and 1,000 ppm
proline concentration, and soluble protein, increase peroxidase
activity and reduced in catalase activity, increased endogenous
Citric acid IAA and decreased endogenous ABA
In the first week of Kabkab and Decreasing leaf Na+ and Cl- and increasing leaf K+ and K+/Na+ SHAREEF (2016)
800 ppm March Ghannami ratio
Ahmer
March 1 Berhi and Increased plant height, leaf area SHAREEF et al. (2017)
Sayer Increased total chlorophyll content, total soluble carbohydrates,
500, 1,000 ppm proline concentration, and soluble protein
Increase peroxidase activity and reduced catalase activity
Increased endogenous IAA and decreased ABA
One time on April 1 Sayer Increased fruit weight and fruit diameters FAISAL et al. (2017)
Increased TSS, Total sugar, reducing sugar
50, 100 mg l-1
Increased and dry matter
Decreased sucrose and acidity percentage
Salicylic acid
Two times on March Zehdi and Increased fruit length AL-DULAIMY and AL-
15 and April 15 Khestawi Increased seed weight, fruit flesh, the weight of cluster, and total KRAIDI (2017)
100, 150 mg l-1 yield
October 1 Sayer Increased the number of clusters, the number of new leaves, SHAREEF (2019)
the content of carbohydrates, ascorbic acid,
500 ppm indoleacetic acid, zeatin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid
Showed five and six protein bands, respectively, that differed in
the molecular mass of one polypeptide
93Table 4. Continued
Table 4. Continued
94
Nutrients Concentrations Treatment date Cultivar Details References
Two times (at March and Shukar Fruit length, weight, diameters, and volume FASAL et al. (2014)
Proline 125, 250 mg l-1 the second was after 45 Percentage of total soluble solids, total sugar, and sucrose
from the first treatment) Increased productivity
Every ten days date palm The increased diameter of bundle sheath cells, fibrous bundles, the ALNAJJAR et al.
seedling length and width of the vascular bundles, the distance between the (2020)
50, 75 and 100 mg l-1 vascular bundles
Increased the epidermis and cortex, the vascular cylinder's
diameter, primary and secondary xylem, and the root's phloem
Twice times (after fruit El- Saidy Increased all nutrients AHMED et al. (2014a)
setting), thrice (at the Increased plant pigments
Amino acids 0.05 % same previous two dates Increased total carbohydrates
and one month later) Increased yield and fruit quality
March 1 Barhi N content, P content leaves, Fe content, and dry weight of fruit TAHA and ABOOD
3, 6 ml l-1
(2018)
During the first week Kabkab Decreasing leaf Na+ and Cl- and increasing leaf K+ and K+/Na+ SHAREEF (2016)
of March and ratio
600 ppm
Ghannami
Ahmer
Two times in March Barhi chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble protein, and FASIL et al. (2019)
150, 300, 400 mg l-1
and April Total soluble carbohydrates
Ascorbic Increased total chlorophyll and carotene pigments concentration ATTAHA et al. (2016)
Acid Two times on March 15 Hillawi of leaf
and June 13 Increased proline of leaf
Table
Table
Table
4. Continued
4.4.Continued
Continued500, 1,000 mg l-1 Increased peroxidase activity
Increased bunch weight and total yield
Nutrients
Nutrients
Nutrients Concentrations
Concentrations
Concentrations Treatment
Treatment
Treatment datedatedate Cultivar
Cultivar
Cultivar Details
Details
Details References
References
References
Glutathione
Glutathione
Glutathione FourFour
Four
timestimes
times
at growth
atatgrowth
growth Zaghloul
Zaghloul
Zaghloul
Promotion
Promotion
Promotion
on the
ononthe
leaf
theleaf
area
leafarea
area AHMED
AAHMED
HMED
et al.
etetal.al.
startstart
(last
start(last
week
(lastweekweek
of ofof
Total
Total
Total
chlorophylls,
chlorophylls,
chlorophylls, (2014b)
(2014b)
(2014b)
April),April),
April),
justjustafter after
justafter fruit
fruitfruit
Leaf
Leaf
content
Leafcontent
of N,
content P,
ofof
N,N,
KP,P,KK
0.2,0.2,
0.05
0.2,0.05
0.05
% %% setting setting
setting week
(last(last week
(lastweekof ofof
Yield,
Yield,
bunch
Yield,bunch
bunch
March),March),
March), andand atand
one- one-
atatone-
Weight
Weight
andand
Weight fruit quality
andfruit
fruitquality
quality
month month
month intervals
intervals
intervals (last
(last(last
week week
week of April April
ofofAprilandandMay) May)
andMay)
Vitamin
Vitamin
Vitamin
B BB Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitamins
B (B1 BB(B1at(B1atatFourFour
Four
timestimes
times
at growth
atatgrowth
growth Sakkoti
Sakkoti
Sakkoti Enhanced
Enhanced
Enhanced
growth,
growth,
growth,
nutrients
nutrients
nutrients
namely
namely
namely
N, P,N,N,
KP,P,
and
KKand
Mg
andMg
inMg
the
ininthe
leaves
theleaves
leaves AL-W
AALASFY
-W ASFY
L-W ASFY
250250
ppm
250ppm
ppm
+ B6 ++B6atB6atatstart,
start,
start,
justjust
after
justafter
after
fruitfruit
fruit Enhanced
Enhanced
Enhanced
yield
yield
yield
andand
fruit
andfruit
quality
fruitquality
quality (2013)
(2013)
(2013)
ppm
100100 ppm
100ppm
andandB12
andB12 at setting
B12atat setting
setting
andand atandone- one-
atatone-
250250
ppm)
250ppm)
ppm) month month
month
intervals
intervals
intervals
Tocopherol
Tocopherol
Tocopherol 150,150,
150,
300,300,
300,
andand400
and400 400TwoTwo Two
timestimes
times
in March
ininMarch
March Barhi Barhi
Barhi Reduction
Reduction
Reduction
in the
ininthe
concentration
theconcentration
concentration
of the
ofofthe
amino
theamino
amino
acidacid
proline
acidproline
proline
in theininthe
leaves
theleaves
leaves FASIL ASIL
FASIL
Fet al.
etet
(2019)
al.al.(2019)
(2019)
mg mgl-1mgl-1l-1 andandApril
andApril
AprilTable 5. Spray foliar of nano-fertilization on date palm
Table 5. Spray foliar of nano-fertilization on date palm
Nutrients Concentrations Treatment date Cultivar Details References
Four times at growth start (1st Zaghloul Enhanced all growth characters, plant pigments, REFAAI (2014)
week of Mar.), just after fruit total carbohydrates, nutrients, bunch weight, yield
Nano- boron 0.25 to 0.1%
setting (last week of Apr.), and at as well as both physical and chemical
three weeks intervals characteristics of the fruits
March 1 Khastawi Increased weight of fruit pulp and bunch JUBEIR and AHMED (2019a)
2, 1, 4 ml l-1 Increase of fruit nitrogen and phosphor content and
(Super Fifty)
protein content and potassium
seaweed extract
March 1 Khastawi Increased dry matter in leaves, chlorophyll content, JUBEIR and AHMED (2019b)
2, 1, 4 ml l-1
and yield of fruit
March 1 Khastawi Increased weight of fruit pulp and bunch JUBEIR and AHMED (2019a)
1, 2 ml l-1 Increase of fruit nitrogen and phosphor content and
protein content and potassium
March 1 Khastawi Increased dry matter in leaves, chlorophyll content, JUBEIR and AHMED (2019b)
Optimus-Plus 1, 2 ml l-1
and yield of fruit
Four times from Feb. to April Sayer Increased the fruit weight, the percentage of the RESSAN and AL-TEMEMI
1.5 ml l-1 fruit set, the percentage fruit ripening, the bunch (2019)
weight, and the total yield of fruits
Super micro plus April 1 and May Hillawi Increased in fruit ripening rate, dry mass, and total SHAREEF et al. (2020)
soluble solids
1, 2 g l-1
Increased the enzymes peroxidase, and superoxide
dismutase activity, and abscisic acid content
95growth and increase production. Foliar nutrients do not Al-Hajaj, H.S., Ayad, J.Y., Othman, Y.A., Abu-Rayyan,
mean relying primarily on foliar nutrition rather than A., 2020. Foliar potassium application improves fruits
soil fertilizing. Earth compost is essential for basic plant yield and quality of ‘Medjool’ date palm. Fresenius
nutrition and an irreplaceable option in improving soil Environmental Bulletin, 29 (3): 1436–1442.
fertility and plant supply on the planet. Al-Hajjaj, H.S., Ayad, J.Y., 2018. Effect of foliar boron
applications on yield and quality of Medjool date palm.
Journal of Applied Horticulture, 20 (3): 181–188.
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foliar application of royal jelly, silicon and vitamins b.
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