FIELD NEWS APRIL 2019 - Field News April 2019 - fgasa
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Field News April 2019
FIELD NEWS
APRIL 2019
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Field News April 2019
Postal address
FGASA
Postnet Bram Fischer
Postnet Suite 27
Private Bag X4006
Ferndale
2160
Banking details
First National Bank
Account number 6249 6791 346
Branch code 260 231
International swift code FIRNZAJJ
FGASA CONTACTS
Brian Serrao Standards Director - brian@fgasa.org.za
Michelle Du Plessis Managing Director and Marketing - managingdirector@fgasa.org.za
Joyce Mushaka General queries - enquiries@fgasa.org.za
Kgomotso Ramatlhape Training provider memberships - trainingproviders@fgasa.org.za
Pretty Ramatlhape Bookshop and annual subs - bookshop@fgasa.org.za
Bernice Kelly Examinations, Assessments and certificates - qualifications@fgasa.org.za
Richard Pearse Eastern Cape satellite office - eastcapeoffice@fgasa.org.za
Zanet Visser Hoedspruit satellite office - hoedspruit@fgasa.org.za
Preshantha Chetty Finance - finance@fgasa.org.za
Chad May Invoicing/postage - postage@fgasa.org.za / finance@fgasa.org.za
Zodwa New membership (Junior, Enthusiast and new members) - membership@fgasa.org.za
Telephone: 011 886 8245
Fax: 011 886 8084
Website: www.fgasa.co.za
Cover photo by Henk Scheepers
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Field News April 2019
SO MUCH MORE THAN I EXPECTED: THE SKS DG QUALIFICATION
Lutz Otto, Trails & Wilderness Guide, Founding Director of Spirited Adventures
Kaizen is a philosophy that focuses on striving to continuously improve – Not only for self, but within our
businesses, as an industry and so forth. The Field Guides Association of Southern Africa [FGASA] adopts this
type of philosophy in terms of setting the standards for the nature guiding industry and affords us the opportunity
to embark on a journey of professional development.
SKS DG Qualification History
In 2005, at a meeting held in the Makuleke with the
best trails guides in the industry, the original SKS DA
was renamed to SKS DG [Specialist Knowledge &
Skills: Dangerous Game]. It was agreed that the
original assessment criteria were not set high enough
and that this undermined the intention of the
qualification. A window of time was afforded to people
who held SKS DA qualification to meet, through a
process, certain criteria after which they would be
awarded SKS DG. Eleven years later, at a meeting
held in June 2016, at Senalala in the Klaserie, the SKS
DG committee proposed that new criteria [see article
end] should be set for the qualification. Standards had
substantially improved across all the trails, and nature,
guiding qualifications, and it was time for this to happen
with the SKS DG qualification. This next standards lift
was a BIG step up and many people said that it was made to be unattainable. At that time, I was already working
towards achieving the qualification and felt a little uncomfortable with how I would get to these new goal posts.
In a mentorship session with Adriaan Louw some weeks after the change, I asked him about my concern –His
answer was spot on; Give it lots of focus, over lots or time and you will get there.
Fast Forward To Mid 2018
The final stage in attaining this qualification comprises
two parts; A two day shooting assessment followed by
a three day bush phase assessment. The second
stage cannot be entered into if the first is not passed.
Getting here alone is a seriously big deal – It takes
most interested candidates, candidates who are
working towards this a goal, +/- 12 years of
commitment.
The SKS DG Shoot
For an outsider, or someone who has not been through
this shoot, I would imagine it is difficult to understand.
The pressure is very real, on many levels, as you work
through a total of 10 carefully thought through, time-
based, exercises of increasing difficulty. All are done
with a big bore rifle and in this instance nothing smaller
than a 400 calibre was used by the participants. On average between 60 - 80 rounds are fired by each person.
Skill sets, experience, knowledge and resilience whilst under time pressure are truly verified. Equipment is
solidly tested under the intensity. Besides needing to pass the assessment the learnings are HUGE – These
can only be gained when one goes through a process such as this.
The assessors, Colin Patrick and James Steyn, both FGASA Scouts*, where no-other than legendary in setting
up, and guiding us through the exercises that each need to be passed. These two gentlemen, true custodians
of our profession,
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Field News April 2019
remained firm, fair and consistent while never dropping standards - This they did whilst been hugely supportive.
As a note they also kept us laughing as we worked through the process - The laughter is VERY important to
diffuse some of the pressure felt. James shot a number of the more difficult exercises and Colin provided
guidance that can only be given after decades of time on the sharp end. Juan Pinto [FGASA Board member
and Scout] participated and joined in the process. Actions always speak louder than words.
Pressure does interesting things, and although each person was well prepared, every participant in the process
had some type of challenge that they had to overcome [equipment, physical or head space]. The comradery
amongst the group was humbling and I was blown away by how there was a supportiveness to each person’s
unique situation. After some technical issues, I frequently had to calm a full troop of chattering vervet monkeys
in my head and am extremely grateful for the support. Some of the group made it, and some will make it next
time – EVERYONE was though a winner
SKS Bush Phase Assessment
.Following an early start from Royal Malewane, with a
quick breakfast sponsored by Andre in Hoedspruit, Nik
Vounnou, Andre Fourie and I drove together to the
Klaserie within the Greater Kruger National Park.
Following an early start from Royal Malewane, with a
quick breakfast sponsored by Andre in Hoedspruit, Nik
Vounnou, Andre Fourie and I drove together to the
Klaserie within the Greater Kruger National Park
Over the next three days, Nik and I were to be
assessed. We met the rest of the group, who had
travelled from far and wide, at Senalala. A mixture of
existing guides, as well as experienced adventurers,
we could not have asked for a better group of
participants. Industry stalwarts, James Steyn and Juan
Pinto, assessed us but also graciously shared their experience and knowledge.
We were each given a specific overnight destination and the freedom to then get on with it. Following an
introduction to that planned, we shouldered our backpacks, decided on who would go first and headed into
the bush. Our prime objectives were to create an experience centred around VPDA and to show our ability
to operate in an unsupported backpacking
environment.
Through the assessment, and as with any good
process, there are always two things going on;
That which is visible and that which is internal.
On an external level we loved tracking
elephant, lion and buffalo. Almost
immediately after leaving the lodge we
climbed onto the trail of a herd of buffalo –
They eventually gave us the slip, but we
found a different herd later that evening. We
spoke about the wilderness trail process, and
in the context of that which unfolded we
discussed equipment and ideal set-ups. We
joked, shared stories, offered opinions and
shared advice. We laughed a lot.
At any given time there were a minimum of three internal, thinking and feeling, processes going on; That
of the participants, that of the assessors and that of the two lads been assessed. As is human, we in our
own unique ways went through a broad range of thoughts and feelings; We were nervous, relaxed,
uncomfortable, comfortable, learning, frustrated, happy and thankful.
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We had to work hard to find big game - Although the tracks and signs were abundant of their presence, they had
chosen to not read the script. Nik and I would often trail the animals to have them cross into a neighbouring
boundary. This though is absolutely part of trails guiding experience – some days are brilliant and some days
are quiet - a true reflection of working in a dynamic and open system.
We Achieved It
A HUGE CONGRATULATIONS to [alphabetically]
Brenden Pienaar, Nik Vounnou and Wayne Te Brake
for achieving their SKS DG qualification – WELL DONE
gentlemen. It has been an incredible journey and a
privilege to spend time, through this process, in the
company of these passionate candidates, trails guides,
trackers, assessors and Scouts. It is rare to get the
opportunity to get to know so many high calibre like-
minded people.
Thoughts On The Process
Subsequent the final assessment, I was asked by a
fellow guide what my thoughts are about the process.
My response was that if trails guiding and walking
safaris are his thing, that I cannot recommend the
journey enough. Accept though that process requires commitment, focus, discipline, hard work and minimum of
a decade plus of exposure [that is consciously
facilitated to experience].
There is no secret to fast tracking this, nor a silver bullet
- And there should not be. Three strong thoughts sat
with me throughout the three final assessment days:
Years ago, I remember thinking that if I ever
achieved this I would be some kind of “guru”. Very
contrasting, I more than ever accept that “the more
I know, the more I realize how little I know”. I
remain in complete admiration of the many people
who have experience and knowledge at a level that
is realistically going to be hard to attain in my
lifetime.
Working towards this resulted in so much more
than gaining the knowledge and experience of
guiding at a high level in potentially dangerous
game areas. Beyond the obvious curriculum and
criteria, the process has been revealing with
regards the hard inner-self-work we all need to do
– Building on our strengths and weaknesses.
We never reach any point of significance in our
journeys without the influence, support and help of
others. Although we achieve this qualification as
an individual, we in truth STAND ON THE
SHOULDERS OF MANY GIANTS. My many
thank you’s below.
The same guide asked me “so now what?”.
The achievement of the qualification allows me to
serve my clients better, to create better and safer experiences. Equally so it provides a platform to offer a
better level of mentorship when I work with guides.
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It has given me the incredible gift of learning, professional growth and a deeper insight into myself.
Without a doubt though, life goes on. The attainment of this qualification is no end, but rather the start for
the next stage of learning. Onwards and upwards.
Thoughts On The Qualification
The quality of guide a client chooses to
work with, hugely influences the quality of
their experience. For a first-time safari
client, who has had no exposure to guides
and thus no benchmark, it is difficult to
differentiate guiding standards. With time
though they realise that all guides and
guided experiences are not equal – This is
the same as any profession.
In the context of treating guiding as a
profession, and that this is the highest
qualification attainable in the specialism of
walking trails, I find that the argument that
this qualification is too difficult to attain,
confusing - Every qualification process
worth its salt, has a qualification hierarchy.
A charted accountant cannot become such without a base B.Comm and without passing the difficult board
exam. The same principles apply to medical doctors, engineers, chemists, pilots, lecturers and so the list
continues. These arguments are not raised by candidates within the aforementioned professions. Nothing
happens in isolation, and if we want the profession to be taken seriously enough for the qualification scoping
to be raised, we need to think big picture.
Is the SKS process easy? NO, it requires serious commitment over time, discipline, sacrifice and effort.
Are the assessments stressful? Any major achievement has levels of stress attached to it. Some people
seem to be fine with assessment others find it hard. I look forward to the day without unwanted assessment
nerves.
Is the qualification attainable? YES, if you are
willing to put in the hard miles over many years.
I am proud to be part of the this journey of
commitment to high standards.
Final Thought
Back in 1981, I received a signed copy of Clive
Walkers “Signs Of The Wild” for Christmas.
Books like these fuelled my passion and I
remember spending hours dreaming what it
would be like to be doing what I do. I remember
walking with Ria Milburn back in 1995, in what
is today Marakele National Park, thinking that
maybe one day I will get it together. The fact
that every so often I still pinch myself to check
that this is not a dream says a lot.
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Field News April 2019
Special Thank You’s
Within the FGASA realm I am deeply thankful to [alphabetically]:
Adriaan Louw, Alan Yeowart, Andreas Liebenberg, Colin Patrick, James Steyn and Juan Pinto for being
my mentors in the process. You have been HUGELY instrumental and influential - I have wondered how
I have been so fortunate to have shared this time with you. Six custodians of the industry, all uniquely
different, who have achieved the highest recognition possible.
Brian Serrao for pulling me into the association [having spent an entire lifetime pursuing things wild I was
a long overdue, late joiner] and then putting me on the straight and narrow 12. Grant Hine for edging me
on.
Equally a MASSIVE THANK YOU must be said to:
Leanne [my wife] and my family. Your support and understanding is HUGE. Thank you for putting up
with my hyper focus and all the time away.
The many good people who have entrusted Spirited Adventures on walking safaris, backpacking trails
and mountaineering escapades. Those who have entrusted me with access on their concessions,
properties or reserves - You know who you are and I am forever grateful. The many trackers, game
rangers, conservationists, landowners and guides, for sharing your wisdom. My bush, wilderness and
mountain friends for sharing this journey - Some have been around for a very long time, some have come
into my life in more recent times and some are now elsewhere.
Qualification Introduction & Criteria
The SKS DG qualification is the highest qualification attainable for walking guides prior been able to embark
on the journey of becoming a Scout*. Walking, or trails guides, have a separate, additional qualification path
as leading trails requires different experience, different skills and a different mindset to vehicle-based guiding.
This qualification is a quantum step up from what was known as the SKS DA qualification. To give an idea of
the focus, discipline and hard work required to allow process entry, candidates are required to have:
Full advanced trails guide
Full level three [specialist] qualification
Full level 3 tracker [trailing + track and sign]
+600 Dangerous game encounters with a minimum of 30 encounters per animal category
+1200 Hours on trail
Minimum of 100 mentored and logged hours with at least 5 SKS DG mentors of which 3 must be SKS DG
assessors
* FGASA Scout = This is the highest award possible within the association and a HUGE achievement. It
combines the SKS DG qualification with the Senior tracker qualification. The attainment of the qualification
can take decades of committed time on the ground. There are only 9 Scouts in the world.
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Field News April 2019
Social Media Post ~ Lowveld Trails Co
As you may be aware, The Field Guides Association of Southern Africa is currently in the process of
implementing an updated Trails Guide Qualification Process. However, based on the number of questions
we have received, there still seems to be a lack of clarity as far as the process is concerned. Lowveld Trails
Co. has therefore compiled a ' step-by-step' guide to your Trails Guide Journey. Additionally, we offer a range
of services that will help you along every step of the way.
Perhaps it is useful to start answering some of the most frequently asked questions associated with the
changes in the Trails Guide Qualification Process.
**Why is FGASA changing the Qualification Process?**
FGASA's primary objective is setting and maintaining the highest standard of Field Guiding in the industry.
Yet, the Trails Guide industry has experienced a substantial and progressive change over the past few years.
For example, Backpack Trails or multi-day unsupported walking safaris has become extremely popular. Kruger
National Park launched their first Backpack Trail (Olifants River) in 2006. Due to it being a seasonal activity,
they could not justify employing Trails Guides permanently and had to rely on freelance Trails Guides
(contracted to the Park) to conduct this activity. Prior to 2006, the number of Trails Guides conducting
Backpack activities could probably be counted on two hands (most of them in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi and
Wilderness Leadership School). Kruger National Park currently run three Backpack Trails and still depend
on freelance guides. This has resulted in something that can only be described as a 'gold rush' for freelance
Trails Guides. There are currently close to 100 Trails Guides contracted to do Backpack Trails in Kruger (more
than 75% of them earn a living in an alternative field of employment - hence this is their past-time). The main
difference between day walks and multi-day Backpack Trails is the increased level of exposure, not only to
potentially dangerous animals, but to the elements. Trust me when I say that it's a completely different kind
of Trails Guiding (We've conducted more than 200 KNP Backpack Trails). At the same time, the number of
Trail related insurance claims ending up on the regions largest safari insurance broker's desk has increased
steadily to more than one a week in 2018. So, in a nutshell, the industry has changed and FGASA has to
align themselves with current and future possible change if they are to fulfil their primary objective. The
standard of Trails Guides has to increase to meet the current trend in Trail related activities.
**What does FGASA do for me?**
As discussed above, FGASA sets and maintains the highest standard for Trails Guiding in Southern Africa.
It has created a framework of qualifications that assists in developing guides, whichever guiding direction
they wish to undertake. Hence, there is always room for self development and learning. Furthermore, they
strive to develop Field Guiding into a legitimate profession - something that more nature enthusiasts can make
a decent living off. Allow me to make an example of the updated Trails Guide Qualification. By increasing the
Trails Guide requirements and including a strong 'mentorship' component to the qualification, there will be a
decrease in the quantity of Trails Guides qualifying, but an increase in their quality. A current trend also reflects
increased interest in Trail-type activities. Essentially, it boils down to supply and demand. Fewer well qualified
Trails Guides in the industry should see an increase in remuneration, especially if these Trails Guides can
act as mentor and assessor. It is now, more than ever, possible to be a Trails Guide by profession. So, asking
what FGASA does for me, is very similar to standing at the base of Mount Kilimanjaro and asking the large
feature that rises above you what it can do for you. The question actually is, what can YOU do for YOURSELF.
One can climb the mountain, enjoy the spectacular views along the way, enjoy the personal benefit and sense
of achievement as one approaches the summit or remain at the foothills, stunted by the echo of a self-righteous
question. It takes hard work and preparation to climb a mountain.
**What if I'm already busy with the Trails Guide Qualification?**
Candidates currently busy with the Back-Up Trails Guide qualification, will have to comply with the new Trails
Guide criteria (to be logged in the new FGASA Dangerous Game Logbook) on successful completion of their
current qualification process. Lead Trails Guide candidates will be eligible to complete the current qualification
process, but will only have until the end of 2019 to do so. We would encourage that these candidates also
complete the FGASA Field Guide (Level 2) qualification to bridge the gap between your current Trails Guide
qualification and that of the updated qualification.
Please feel free to share this step-by-step Trails Guide Qualification Process with those embarking on their
Trails Guide Journey.
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Field News April 2019
Standards Director
Brian Serrao
The last two months have been very busy regarding the
changes and upgrades of the Apprentice Trails Guide
qualification.
These changes were made by the SKS/DG Committee
which comprises the following guides;
- Adriaan Louw
- Juan Pinto
- Colin Patrick
- James Steyn
- Bruce Lawson
- Alan Yeowart
- Brian Serrao
- Michelle du Plessis.
May I take this opportunity to thank the committee for their time
and effort to ensure that the FGASA standards are upheld.
Michelle and I started the ball rolling by presenting workshops
in the different regions.
To date we have covered the following areas;
Lowveld North and South, Madikwe and Eastern Cape. It has
been amazing to see how positive the guides have been and
supporting the changes. As always, one can never satisfy everybody. We will be visiting other areas
soon: Dinokeng 3 April 2019, JHB FGASA Office 9 April 2019. KZN 10 and 12 April 2019 and Pilansberg
and Cape to follow, dates to be confirmed.
Our hosts while on our travels have been nothing short of amazing. Thank you to the following people
and lodges that hosted us;
The Bush Pub, Gavin and his staff: Thornybush, Grant and Melanie Parker: Singita Lebombo, Grant the
GM, Chantelle Venter and all their staff: Londolozi, Tally Smith and her guiding team and staff: Singita
Ebony Lodge, Mark Broodryk and Alan Yeowart: Sabi Sabi at Earth Lodge, Stef Schoeman: Madikwe,
Johan Marais, Adam Whitfield from Royal Madikwe and their staff: Ulovane, Schalk and Candice
Pretorius:
To all the Head Guides and Guides from all the lodges in the different areas who attended these
workshops, thank you, your input was much appreciated.
No matter what business you are in, it’s inevitable that changes will take place. Once these changes are
implemented we all benefit and become more professional. My advice to all guides is, grasp this
opportunity.
FGASA is looking forward to visiting the other regions and sincerely hope that they will be just as positive
as the regions mentioned.
Take care and happy guiding.
Brian Serrao
Standards Director
FGASA
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Managing director
Michelle Du Plessis
Hello everyone,
It is unbelievable to think that we are heading into April
2019 already, it was just the other day that we were
wishing you all a happy festive season! As it is said,
“time flies when you are having fun “and here at
FGASA, it sure has been just that, despite some minor
obstacles along the way.
Firstly, my apologies for the shortage of learning
materials due to various delays, but the main
contributing factor being the re-branding exercise and
the recent name changes to the qualifications. Coupled
with some printing challenges, we have not had stock
for some weeks. The delay though will be worth it, as
the quality and new look is fantastic. We expect delivery
this week and so will despatch the backlog, thank you
to everyone for being patient in this regard.
I had the privilege of spending a long weekend with our
most qualified Guides, the Standards Committee, to
workshop, review and finalise various standards that
have been on the cards since 2016. Some 160 year’s
experience in one space was remarkable, not to
mention being taken through the final assessment of 3 up and coming SKSDG guides. This truly
was such a learning experience but most of all, the level of professionalism and accuracy
displayed was exemplary, as well as the calmness of it all as each candidate endured the
assessment path. I totally understand the absolute importance of the high standards that FGASA
has spent the last 30 years establishing. Our Tourism Industry, Lodges and Reserves really reap
the benefits of employing our highly skilled FGASA Professional Guides and thank you to each
Training Provider, Assessor and Mentor for transforming guiding into a Professional career path.
FGASA guides are professionals in their field and without our Training Providers, Assessors and
Mentors, the FGASA model would not be at such a high level, and so our strategy into the future,
is to identify the next generation of outstanding Professional guides who can follow in the
footsteps our legends, scouts and committee out in the field. With the recent changes of the
Trails Guide Qualification, it is imperative we assist and guide our Apprentice Guides and Trails
Guides to become experienced, competent and highly skilled Professionals, who will create
incredible experiences for guests. Please contact Brian if you are a FGASA Professional Guide
or Professional Trails Guide with regards to joining our Mentor circle whom we hope will also be
part of our regional management, executive board and standards committee into the future. We
need a succession plan and would love to work with and guide our new generation of FGASA
Professionals to the next level.
Now to Cathsseta which has a regular spot in my update…. There is a window period for FGASA
to submit historical problem cases which did not migrate into the system during this month. We
have sent out communication to the guides in question (many of which are NQF4 learners) and
urge you all to submit the outstanding pages, certified ID’s or Cathsseta forms by the end of next
week. Thank you for your co-operation.
14Field News April 2019
June is around the corner and nominations are open for the SAFARI GUIDE of THE YEAR
2019, so please get the word out and nominate those outstanding guides making FGASA
and the industry proud. It is going to be an excellent experience and we are super excited
to announce that our location this year is Marakele National Park, which adds a new
dimension to the lie of the land, exposing our guides to a whole new habitat. The competition
is being hoisted to new heights and our aim is to elevate it to the most prestigious accolade
any guide can strive for, whilst promoting Professional Guiding as a career choice and
validating these skilled champions of the Tourism Industry. To our sponsors, whom shall be
announced soon, thank you far for taking the leap of faith, we cannot wait to see how it all
unfolds.
To keep with the momentum of positive change, FGASA has embarked on a digital path
which will streamline many processes and best of all, provide excellent service, support and
guidance to our members. At Head Office we’ve done some shuffling and it’s so exciting to
work with a team who is fully on board, thank you! Sadly, we bid farewell to Robyn Paley and
wish her well in her future endeavours.
Lastly, a warm welcome to Stephen Beal, our new Chairman and a sincere thank you to
Vernon Cresswell who has dedicated many hours and days in his role as Chairman spanning
several years. Your guidance, support and encouragement is appreciated and we look
forward to your continued contribution on our Board.
For those celebrating the holidays and Easter, we wish you safe travels and happy times
with family and friends.
Warm regards
Michelle
Please click on the link below to download the nomination form for SGOTY and contact Brian
Serrao with your nominations.
URL: https://www.fgasa.net/downloads/SGOTYNominationForm2019.pdf
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Hedgehog spider (Pycnacantha tribulus) with egg sac
Nov/Dec. 2018
Yvonne Katrin Baeumchen
Hedgehog spider (Pycnacantha tribulus) with egg sac Nov./Dec. 2018 Yvonne Katrin Baeumchen
While working for WildEarth during late November and December last year, I was privileged to
observe a very special spider, with her egg sac and offspring. I suspected to pick up a striking
seedpod while I was on a walk through the bush around the Research Camp on DJUMA PRIVATE
GAME RESERVE within the SabiSand Wildtuin. All of a sudden, it started moving, crawling over my
hand and I concluded it is a spider as I already spotted the white eggsac in the grass. I put her back
in to the dry grass, close to her eggsac. The spider was perfectly camouflaged in the dry grass
underneath a buffalo thorn tree (Ziziphus mucronata) facing to the South (see Figure 7). It is clear
to see where the so called “hedgehog spider” got its name from. The abdomen of this 15 mm
large spider is covered with about 40 pointed spines, which are arranged in ligaments; see Figure1
to Figure 3. Two of them are very large (about 5 mm) and prominent. The abdomen is also covered
by tiny, bright colored hairs, which I was able to see by zooming into my macro shots (Figure 4). The
colors of this hedgehog spider are different shades of cream to light brown, exactly the same colors
than the dry grass and bushes around. As the legs are folded over the prosomain resting position,
it is difficult to see the front and carapax of the spider. The first two pairs of legs are much larger and
longer which is used to catch prey in flight. It constructs a trapezium web at night (possible like in
Figure 2), which it hangs down from by the back legs, while the front legs catch moths (LEROY
2012). Unfortunately I never saw the spider catching or eating prey.
Figure 1: P. tribulus female, resting position, Figure 2: P. tribulus female, side view
view from the back
Figure 3: P. tribulus bottom view Figure 4: P. tribulus close up of abdomen
17Field News April 2019
The Latin name of the hedgehog spider is Pycnacantha tribulus. Pycnacantha is the genus of
hedgehog spiders and tribulus means thistle and indicates the type of appearance of this species.
Meise 1932 suggests that the appearance might be connected to the devil thorn plants named
Tribulus spec., which is found in dry climate locations and which dried nutlets look very similar to
this hedgehog spider P.tribulus. This plants also appears around the location where I found the
described hedgehog spider, see Figure 5 and Figure 6. The specimen in the study of Dippenaar-
Schoeman 1996 were collected from other plants with similar globose, spiked seed heads. There
are assumptions that such habitat and plants are the reason why evolution possibly developed this
appearance. The spiders probably use the plants for protection when at rest during the day
(Dippenaar-Schoeman 1996).
Figure 5: Tribulus terrestris, Jan-2019 at Djuma Figure 6: Tribulus terrestris nutlet Jan-2019 at Djuma
Research Camp, © by Stefan Winterboer Research Camp, © by Stefan Winterboer
The egg sac I found close to the female is very striking in its shape (Figure 8). It is cone-shaped
(10x13 mm size), with the apex hanging downwards. Similar as described by Dippenaar-Schoeman
1996 with observations on a captive specimen. It is freely suspended, but still hidden within dry grass,
hung up about 20 cm off the ground on three arms on the top (10 mm each) and one even larger
arm (15-20 mm) underneath of the egg sac (Figure 9). When I first found the egg sac, the silk looked
very fresh and fluffy, completely white. One week after the egg sac got wet from rain there was yellow
silk visible through the outer white layer (Figure 10).
Figure 8: P. tribulus female above egg sac
Figure 7: P. tribulus habitat
I always saw the female spider during the day sitting at little branch, at the same spot, about 15 cm
above the egg sac in a resting position, which also confirms the hedgehog spiders to be nocturnal
(Filmer 1991).
18Field News April 2019 About three weeks later there was a second egg sac made (Figure 11). It has equal appearance than the first one, hung up in about 40 cm distance. The female was still sitting at her usual position by the first sac and looking clearly slimmer. Another week later in the morning the female and the new egg sac disappeared. Left behind only the little silky arms, which indicated to me that the sac was cut out intentional (Figure 12). I tried to find the new spot of the female with the second egg sac but without success. My suggestion is that the female left the first egg sac as it might be soon for the spiderlings to emerge and to bring the new egg sac to a different location. The intention might be to spread the offspring in this area, to avoid competition for food and to secure the second group of offspring to become prey for the first ones. Figure 9: P. tribulus egg sac Figure 10: P. tribulus egg sac after rain Five days later the spiderlings from the first egg sac emerged through a neat hole in the sac. I counted about 60 individuals, which were clustered together (Figure 13), and hanging in a web construction about 20 cm above the egg sac. The size of them is about 2-3 mm, smaller than a pinhead. The color is more towards orange to yellow, and the abdomen shape is smooth without any spines but the ligaments clearly visible (Figure 14). Also the large difference between the front and the hint legs is not developed yet. Figure 11: P. tribulus, second egg sac Figure 12: leftover silk from the cut out egg sac Figure 13: P. tribulus emerged spiderlings on 1st day Figure 14: P. tribulus spiderling, first moult on 1st day 19
Field News April 2019 Usually after several days and another moult, the spiderlings begin to spread out to avoid competition for food and cannibalism. Unfortunately, this was the time, my work at WildEarth ended and I had to leave. I was not able to follow the spiderlings for a few more days or weeks or for the next moult and until they disperse into the bushveld. Nevertheless, I am more than grateful to have witnessed the behavior of Pycnacantha tribulus with her special shaped egg sac, the appearance and disappearance of the second egg sac and to see the fresh emerged spiderlings. It all got round up by some great photographs and the option to publish this observation. It seems to be the first recorded P. tribulus with egg sac and spiderlings in its natural habitat. As a mechanical engineer, I am strongly attached to natural science and especially arachnids. I am a member of the German Arachnologic Society (Deutsche Arachnologische Gesellschaft e. V. – DeArGe), keeping and breeding arachnids, particularly from the tarantula family, since more than 25 years. I lived at the Djuma Private Game Reserve for two month while working for WildEarth, as a technical intern to support daily sunrise and sunset safari live broadcast into the internet (“safariLIVE” Youtube channel). If there is any interest in my observations, pictures, videos or exact location please do not hesitate to contact me (yvonne.katrin.b@gmail.com). In case to have interest in this habitat area around the Djuma Research Camp please get in touch with Stefan Winterboer from WildEarth (stefan@wildearth.tv). REFERENCES Djuma Private Game Reserve, Hluvukani, 1363, Mpumalanga, South Africa WildEarth, http://www.WildEarth.tv, P.O. Box 266, Parklands, 2121, Johannesburg, South Africa safariLIVE, YouTube channel by WildEarth on http://www.YouTube.com Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. & Leroy, A. 1996, Notes on the biology of Pycnacantha tribulus, another araneid without an orbweb (Araneae: Araneidae), Revue Suisse de Zoologie (vol. hors série): 165-171. Filmer, M. 1991. Southern African spiders. An identification guide, Struik, 128pp. Leroy, A. and J. 2012, “Spiders of Southern Africa”, pp Meise, W. 1932, Über die Stachelspinnen der Gattung Pycnacantha Blackw., Zoologischer Anzeiger 100, 73-79. Baeumchen, Y. K. 2018, Cologne Germany, yvonne.katrin.b@gmail.com Copyright of images from Figure 1-4 and 7-14 20
Field News April 2019 21
Field News April 2019
Vernon’s Goodbye
After 11 years on the FGASA board, the time has come for me to step
down. I would like to think that I have made a small difference and did
influence conventional thinking over the years, and that FGASA is well
positioned for the next decade. But the time has come for me to move
on. I initially said 5 years would be enough, but circumstances dictated
that I stay on for another 6 years. I have been asked to stay on the
board – something I will do for a short period of time.
I feel very privileged to have had the opportunity to serve this fine
Association over the years. There are a lot of people to thank, but I
wish to mention two individuals - Grant Hine and Brian Serrao. Thank
you for your confidence and trust in me so many years ago. I know
you would both agree that FGASA is not the organization it was 11
years ago. I have learned a lot, but a lot has also changed. We have
been through some tough times, but I know you will agree we are so
much better placed to face the challenges ahead. Brian, your role going
forward is critical – I know you will continue being a pillar of support to
both Michelle and Steve.
I would also like to thank all regional representatives - and of course my fellow board members - for their
support and encouragement over the years. You guys are leaders in the industry. In fact, some of you are
legends. I have so much respect for what you do and, more importantly, how you do things.
It would be remiss of me if I did not mention the backbone of FGASA – our valued staff. I always found
happy and content people at the office – such important qualities in an Association like ours. Thank you for
flying the FGASA flag all the time. Thank you all for the contribution you make.
To our new Managing Director, Michelle du Plessis, thank you for embracing everything so quickly - your
enthusiasm and energy – not to mention passion – is a breath of fresh air. I have no doubt that we have
found the right person in you to take FGASA to the next level. Don’t let the men dictate the way forward –
you go for it girl! �
I thank everyone for their friendship and the honor of serving you over the years. Yes – there were some
difficult years and some hard decisions had to be made, but I’m convinced we made the right decisions.
To all members - strive to be the best. Don’t settle for less. Strive to be the best guide you can be and
maintain standards. If you aim for middle of the road, that’s where you will remain. This industry is a
profession. Be a professional – because you are – or should be. Also, lead – don’t follow. Do this in your
guiding profession and also in your personal life. Celebrate your individuality - we learn from each other.
I believe FGASA’s brightest days are still to come. Our new chairman, Steve Beal, is a person I’ve known
for many years. A successful businessman and entrepreneur, his passion for the industry is unquestionable.
Serving as a director for almost 10 years, he is perfectly suited to assume the role as chairman. I wish him
all the success for the future. Together with Michelle and fellow Exco/Board members, I have every
confidence in them, and ask that all members give them the support they need and deserve.
In closing, let me echo Saint Paul in saying that “I have run with perseverance and have finished the race”.
Whether I have finished the race successfully or not is not for me to say – but I did try my best.
Happy guiding
Regards
Vernon
22Field News April 2019 23
Field News April 2019
NEGLIGENCE, DUTY OF CARE & BREACH THEREOF
What is this so-called, mystical 'Duty of Care'? It is inherent in the definition of negligence but
the 'duty' element merits a more detailed discussion.
So how does liability arise? Liability can be linked to a breach of contract or delict or as it is know
in English law 'tort' and more specifically negligence. There are many definitions of the latter so let's
look at a few:
- 'Basic negligence is based on the rule that everyone must take reasonable care to avoid injury
to others' (www.nolo.com)
- 'It is conduct that falls below the standards of behaviour established by law' (Legal Dictionary)
- It can be described as a 'moral and legal obligation' (Knowledge.ATPI.com)
- 'Failure to behave with of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under
the same circumstances' (Legal Information Institute - Cornell Law School)
- It is when a person or entity acts 'incompetently or below the recognized standard of care ...'
(Brent Adams)
The different legal systems apply different 'tests' to ascertain whether someone has been negligent
but there's a material overlap and generally the tests address the following questions:
- Did the defendant (i.e. alleged perpetrator) ('D') owe the party claiming damages/restitution
(i.e. the plaintiff/alleged victim/aggrieved party) ('P') a duty of care ('DOC')(See discussion
below)?
- Was there a relationship of 'proximity' between the D and P (e.g. teacher/pupil - see discussion
below)(This links with the earlier mentioned requirement of 'nexus')
- Did D breach such DOC?
- Did P suffer damages and/or injury (i.e. harm)?
- Did the act or omission of D result in such harm, in other words was there a causal link (nexus)
between the act/omission and the harm?
- Was the harm foreseeable? (The courts will look at not only the foreseeablity but also chances
of it happening and the degree of damage/injury were it to occur)
- Is it 'fair, just and reasonable' to impose liability on D (Wikipedia)?
24Field News April 2019
While we are at it let's clarify what is meant by 'gross negligence': It is a more serious form of
('ordinary') negligence and has been described as 'a complete failure to show care that in fact
implies recklessness or willful disregard for safety and human life' (Brent Adams).
It should be noted that there are effectively two types of duty of care: first there is the omnipresent
one described in the definitions above and then there is the one that arises from circumstances
resulting in the so-called 'proximity'. So the first one is the 'basic ..moral obligation' to act
'competently' and with 'reasonable care'. The second one is over and above the first and here are
some examples:
- An omission e.g. dropping a cigarette butt and failing to ensure it is 'dead'/no longer glowing
- Arising from the relationship with/between the parties e.g. doctor/patient; teacher/pupil;
caregiver/recipient of care; bank/client
- Control: e.g. a driver of a heavy duty truck on the highway ( and ANY road users for that
matter) - such a duty of care could even be extended by helpers who stop to assist a party
(B) injured due the negligence of the driver of the other vehicle (A) e.g. if a party stops to
assist B and is run over, such helper(s) or his/her/their estate could have a claim against A
(Haynes v Harwood - see Slideshare.net)
- Assumed responsibility: e.g. picking up a hitchhiker
- Creation/adoption of/introducing a risk: e.g. mopping a floor in a supermarket or driving a
forklift in a parking lot
- Playing (a dangerous) sport BUT you have to bear in mind the concept of voluntary
acceptance of risk i.e. knowing/being aware of the risk involved and participating
nevertheless (volenti non fit injuria)
It is extremely important to note that despite most of the definitions emphasize or 'harp on' acts,
liability can also arise from an omission i.e. a failure to act.
(c) ADV LOUIS NEL
AKA LOUIS-THE-LAWYER
MARCH 06 2019
25Field News April 2019 26
Field News April 2019
Trails Guide Updates
A note from the Standards Committee
It is with great enthusiasm that we would like to update you regarding the changes made to the
apprentice/ trails guide qualification within FGASA.
The aim of these changes is not to shift the goal posts or make it more difficult for a candidate to achieve.
Our objectives with the changes are the following:
1. To promote and maintain a high standard of qualification within the guiding industry
2. To promote guiding as a recognised profession.
We believe that all FGASA members have the same objective and therefore ask that you embrace and
promote the changes to achieve this objective.
The changes made to the qualification look at achieving the following:
- To ensure recognition of guiding as a profession,
- To ensure good quality and appropriate time allocation for guides being trained /mentored and
assessed upon entering our profession,
- To ensure appropriate workplace experience and mentorship for guides entering the guiding
profession.
How this will affect you
- Guides who already have the qualifications will maintain their qualifications (under the old name
structure) and will not be required to go through the new process
- New candidates entering the system with immediate effect, will automatically start under the new
criteria
- Instructors/trainers and training providers will be allocated a phasing in time to ensure minimum
disruption to these organisations and their students
- Any current guide that has a “back-up” qualification currently, continues to qualify through the
current Trails Guide path (old system and hours)and has until the end of 2019 to achieve such.
Should anyone be waiting to be “assessed” for back-up, please contact Brian Serrao to assist.
The old system applies here too.
We have made these changes after numerous workshops and input from various experienced experts
from all over South Africa actively working within in the guiding profession.
We ask all guides to help us promote guiding as a recognised profession. To all aspiring guides we ask,
step up to the challenge, let the system (training/mentors/assessors) help and
support you to become guides of the future.
In general, the feedback has been overwhelming positive from our members, guides, Training Providers
and Assessors out in the field. Thank you to everyone who has sent us
communication thus far. Please see below, the summary of concerns raised.
FGASA Standards Committee
Juan Pinto, Colin Patrick, Adriaan Louw, James Steyn, Bruce Lawson, Alan Yeowart
Observers:
Brian Serrao, Michelle du Plessis
Please follow the below link to the Trails Guide presentation for your information.
URL: https://www.fgasa.net/downloads/TrailsGuideQualification2019.pdf
27Field News April 2019 28
Field News April 2019
“When nature has work to be done, she creates a genius to do it.” - Ralph
Waldo Emerson
As humans seek ever more urgently for ways to go faster, operate more efficiently and work with greater
resourcefulness we are slowly coming to realize that many of the problems we are grappling with have
already been solved. Nature has billions of years of research and development invested in her designs
so it seems only logical that we (Homo sapiens), with a mere 200,000 years of knowledge and skill to
our name, should look to her for direction. The discipline of biomimicry (from Greek bios meaning life
and mimesis meaning imitation) seeks to create solutions to human challenges by emulating ideas
and designs found in the natural world. I have chosen only two rather disparate examples to share
here; my choice inspired by the fact that these are not futuristic possibilities but working examples of
how nature has ‘created a genius to do a job’ and given
us a blueprint to follow.
Speed, the essence of the modern age, is embodied in
Japan’s Shinkansen trains which whisk their passengers
from one place to another at 322km/hr. Along the track
however there are numerous tunnels which, when a train
passes through at high speed, causes the air in front of
the engine to be compressed. Upon leaving the tunnel
this air rushes outward creating a window-rattling sonic
boom. In a country with strict noise pollution laws
something clearly had to be done to stop this intrusion.
Where to start looking? At a Kingfisher’s bill of course!
These small, beautifully hued birds – many of which,
The Malachite Kingfisher (Alcedo cristata) part of the
family that inspired the design of the 500 series
although not all, eat fish - have a bill which is ideally
Shinkansen trains shaped for a smooth, streamlined transition from air into
water. The drastic change in pressure experienced
between the two mediums when the Kingfisher dives for its’ prey is similar to the change a high-speed
train experiences when emerging from a tunnel into the open air. Large-scale wind tunnel tests and
analysis by state-of-the-art computers concluded that a shape almost identical to that of a Kingfisher’s
bill would ameliorate the problem. More-over the design resulted in a 15% improvement in overall
energy efficiency, 10% increase in speed, and a more comfortable ride due to smaller changes in
pressure when the train entered a tunnel.
Whilst a Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is not something you will encounter on safari,
unless of course diving is on the agenda, these denizens of the deep are perfectly adapted to their
environment. Renowned for their stealth, studies of their skin have shown it to be covered with tiny
V-shaped scales, called dermal denticles, that are more like teeth than fish scales. These denticles
decrease drag and turbulence, allowing the shark to swim faster and more quietly. Working with an 11
million-year-old prototype, scientists have been able to replicate dermal denticles for use in swimsuits,
on the bottom of ships and in wind turbines, to decrease drag and increase efficiency. Moreover, while
many marine animals are known to host other species on their bodies (such as barnacles) sharks
remain comparatively ‘clean’. It seems these microscopic dermal denticles also help sharks fend-off
micro-organisms. Anthony Brennan, a materials scientist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, saw
the potential for a sharkskin-inspired coating to be applied to the hulls of ships to prevent algal growth.
Having previously had no success with multiple other designs he tried the sharkskin model and ‘eureka’
his test plates came back 85% clear of algae! A subsequent, apparently totally unexpected, benefit of
sharkskin-like surfaces is that they collect and hold 94% fewer bacteria than do smooth surfaces
outperforming even copper, a widely used germ-fighter. Additionally, because the surface works
without killing microbes there is no selection for resistance thus limiting the
development of ‘superbugs’.
Innovations continue. Spider silk derivatives could be the future of directional
microphone technology in hearing aids. Shock-absorbing compounds mimicking
the fourfold arrangement used by woodpeckers to protect them from the 1200
Gs’ they experience 22 times/second whilst they drum on a tree may help better
protect flight-recorders. The list is infinite, natures’ patterns “…endless forms most
beautiful…” (Charles Darwin)
29Field News April 2019 30
Field News April 2019 31
Field News April 2019
Strangers in the wild?
‘Charging elephant shot dead’.
Every year, thousands of wildlife enthusiasts go on wilderness walks in game parks across southern Africa.
On any day, around a dozen trails are running in the Kruger National Park alone. Up to a maximum of eight
guests, led by two trail guides, have the opportunity to enjoy an intensely intimate encounter with nature in
some of the more remote tracts of the Park. Far from the clustering cars, close to the creatures.
The experience can be exceptional; some even describe it as life-altering. Walking the wilds is quite different
to driving the roads. All the senses come into play. Here we are, humans, back on the African savanna, in a
primal way.
But with the heightened appreciation comes heightened vulnerability. Occasionally, very occasionally, stuff
happens. A lioness with cubs is flushed, an elephant bull in musth storms in. Lives are endangered and shots
fired in defence. An animal is killed. Sometimes, a trail guide is taken down or a trail-goer injured.
Is it all really worth it? The wild earth belongs to the animals, and we are intruding in their space. We should
not be putting ourselves at risk and inviting situations where majestic creatures merely minding their natural
ways must be killed. Either steer clear of their wildscapes altogether or watch from your wheeled cage.
That is one perspective. There are others, and a larger context, a longer time-line, as well.
Around many a campfire, trail guides will often assert a standard line: we are indeed strangers in the land of
the animals; there by grace and under sufferance. Tread lightly and unobtrusively. Best not seen, heard or
smelt by the true locals.
32Field News April 2019
They are right in their pleas, wrong in their assumptions.
There is a good case for mingling, and it is all about origins, meaning and destiny.
Origins: The grasses and grazers co-evolved on the plains of Africa (and elsewhere) during,
especially, the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs (23 – 2 ½ mya). Those savanna-creating interactions
were the making of us. They gave us the space to get down from the trees, and to stand up.
One of our probable forebears, Homo erectus, walked much of Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere
throughout much of the next epoch, the Pleistocene. The archaeology shows that they hunted,
scavenged and butchered animals with stone age weapons and implements throughout their span,
as did their later hominin kith and kin. Across many millennia now, to be an antelope meant to be
exposed to predation not only by sabre-toothed cats but by various species of humans.
No African animal over the last several hundred thousand years has enjoyed a hominin-free
environment. And quite a few of the carnivores, on the other hand, have enjoyed a hominin.
Homo sapiens, specifically, have been stalking the plains of Africa for at least two hundred thousand
years, perhaps three hundred. Since a few million years ago and up until the waning of the last Ice
Age some thirteen thousand years ago, most of the then prevalent terrestrial animals and probably
all of the marine ones were able to co-survive the guerrilla predations of an assortment of bipedal
apes, including us.
Interaction with us was their natural condition. Interaction with them was our natural condition. No
one had choices to make.
Only when we mastered technology, multiplied profusely and began to engineer the environment
did the evolutionary fight become unfair and the consequences dire for much of the rest of the web
of life. Now we have questions to answer.
What are the costs and the benefits of walking in the big game wilds? For animals, and for humans?
Clive Thompson
33Field News April 2019 Best to start with the most stark and hard-to-fudge stats: fatalities. The record shows that from the first official trail walk in Kruger back in July 1978 till around the beginning of 2012, around 70 animals have been shot in self-defence by trail guides. The casualties have been made up of mainly elephant, some 26, split evenly between bulls and cows, then (somewhat surprisingly) white rhino (17, mainly bulls), hippo (11), buffalo (ten, leopards (three male, one female) and but three lionesses. (More recent figures have not been provided by Kruger.) The animal fatality rate across the whole of Kruger over the monitored period is in the order of just over two per year; one death per 1,800 trail outings (robustly, but conservatively estimated), with a morning or afternoon walk each counted as an outing. Many, perhaps most trail guides will not experience a shooting incident across their entire trail-guiding careers. About 150,000 guests have walked on a trail since 1978 and up to 2012. Assuming an average of six guests on any trail, about 420 of them in total would have experienced a shooting incident over thirty plus years, about a dozen a year out of 5 000 per year. Do these 70 large-animal fatalities over more than thirty years represent an ecological tragedy or an intolerable insult to nature? Over just the last decade in Kruger more than six thousand rhino have been poached out, and the onslaught continues. Elephant poaching is now on the up as well, with around two hundred elephants having been deliberately poached and scores others killed through (often inadvertent) snaring in the last decade. To have an idea of what an ecological assault by humans looks like, consider the case of Tanzania, which lost some seventy thousand elephant – 60 percent of its national herd –between just 2009 and 2014. Wire is to terrestrial animals what plastic is to marine creatures – a deadly scourge, a pernicious human invention. Fence lines and, especially, snares in Kruger kill or otherwise maim, conservatively, some ten thousand animals per year. The target species – and the casualties – are mainly antelope, but zebra, lions, buffalo, hyena, wild dog, leopard, elephant, giraffe and anything else with legs and necks feature heavily as by-catch. For those who decry or at minimum look askance at trail-walking because of the possibility of an adverse encounter with animals, consider the road toll: modestly estimated, some fifty large animals, mainly antelope but a range of other species as well, are killed by motor vehicles in Kruger each year. Many more limp away injured. The toll on smaller animals such as snakes, tortoises, hares, mongooses and birds runs into the thousands. Dung beetles, armoured crickets, butterflies and moths have much more to complain about. Given the sheer amount of traffic on Kruger’s roads, the fatality rate in respect of mammals may be no more than that of walking trails, but the absolute number of casualties is far higher. If avoidance of animal casualties in the Park at the hands of humans is the goal, road traffic in Kruger should be banned. Given the objectives of the Park, that assertion cannot stand. What about the manner of death for animals in a trail encounter situation? There is a reason, Sir David Attenborough tells us, that he cuts away in his documentaries as the lion pride devours from the rear of the still-heaving buffalo bull – it is truly awful to watch, and a horrible way for any sentient victim to go. Death by snare is often equally excruciating and may play out over days or even weeks. A trail encounter is sudden and close-quartered. If shots are fired, death comes quickly. Suffering is brief, and not in the league of the dying experience even of any one of the millions of farm animals slaughtered in abattoirs across the world every day. By exception, there may be a wounded animal – ten between 1978 and 2012, according to the Kruger stats. 34
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