Emission legislation trend - Emission Test Systems, 2018 Engeljehringer, Kurt - AVL
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AVL List GmbH (Headquarters)
Emission legislation trend
Emission Test Systems, 2018
Engeljehringer, Kurt
Public
Emission Legislation
Market & Technologies
Content
Legislation Trends
Legislation Challenges
FTIR in Technical Regulations
FTIR in Test Applications
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 3
Worldwide Market: Passenger car statistics
Europe
North Americas Motorization 57%
Motorization 66% In-Use 42%
In-Use 24% Production 25%
Production 23%
Japan, South Korea
Motorization 55%
In-Use 11%
Production 16%
China
Motorization 10%
In-Use 16%
Production 26%
India
Motorization 2%
South Americas In-Use 3%
Motorization 18% Production 5%
In-Use 5%
Production 4% Australia, New Zealand
Motorization 71%
In-Use
Production 11%
Legend: Motorization: % of inhabitants who have a car In-Use: car population as % of world population % of annual world production
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 4
Technology: 2025 (AVL Prediction 3/2018 Scenario ”Medium”)
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Fuel Cells: limited to specific markets
Battery Electric Vehicle BEV: Dependent on infrastructure, incentives and city access
Plug-In Hybrid: CAFE and city access as major driver
Full Hybrid: 60 up to 650V Technology
ICE / Electric Motor
Mild Hybrid:
• 48 V in various configurations P0 – P4
• Power Increase 15 20 30 kW
• ICE utilizes synergies
ICE:
• Significantly higher effort for emission compliance (RDE,
China6, SULEV xx, …),
Internal Combustion Engine • “Zero Impact Emission Concepts” starting
• Increasing share turbocharging + Rightsizing,
• Advanced boosting, exhaust energy recuperation, full map
stoichiometric, EGR
• E-fuels and E-gas increasing
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 5
Emission Legislation
Market & Technologies
Content
Legislation Trends
Legislation Challenges
FTIR in Technical Regulations
FTIR in Test Applications
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 6
Europe
§
• Lost trust in industry. EU Commission doesn't trust member states,
member states don‘t trust technical services and no one trusts automotive
industry much more testing and air pollution screening
USA
• Following its long term plan
Worldwide • Convinced in its legislation, since „Dieselgate“ was found in US
unharmonized
globalization
China
• China is the world largest automotive market.
• 2020 China 6a will be comparable to EU legislation
• 2023 China 6b even more stringent compared to EU
• 2025+ China 7 most likely a China unique legislation
Japan
• Japan is following now the UN-ECE regulations (WLTP, …)
• Limits will be still defined by Japan itself
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 7
Legislation: Passenger cars 2018 – 2025 (expected)
North America Europe Russia and Eurasia
EPA Tier 3 Euro-6d Euro-5 or equivalent
CARB LEV III
South Korea
EPA Tier-3 / Euro-6
Japan
PPNLT
China
Morocco
Algeria
Egypt
China 6b
Mexico India
EPA Tier 2 / CARB LEV II Bharat VI
Euro-4 or equivalent Nigeria
ASEA
Brazil Euro-4 or prior
or equivalent
PROCONVE L6
Chile
EPA Tier 2 / Euro-5 S-Africa
Argentina
Iraq, Oman Australia
Euro-5 or equivalent Africa Saudi Arabia New Zealand
Euro-4, prior Euro-4, prior Euro-6 or equivalent
or equivalent or equivalent
Legend: US based US / UN-ECE UN-ECE based UN-ECE based UN-ECE based Laboratory Real Driving RDE Monitoring or
legislation legislation EU-0 …4 EU-5 … 6c EU-6d tests Emissions defeat device chasing
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 8
Elements of Emission Legislations
Legislation
Modern emission legislations have 6 main elements:
1 Pollutant Emission Limits Important for:
• Environment
2 Real Driving Emission requirements protection
• Powertrain
LIMITS RDE
CO2 Test-Cycle Procedures Equations
3 CO2, Fuel or Energy Consumption development
4 Test Cycle
1 2 3 4 5 6
Important for:
5 Test procedures and specifications
• Testing operation
and configuration
6 Equations to calculate the results
Typically defined at a local Typically based on world
or regional level. harmonized regulations.
EU, China, Japan, … UN-Regulations, UN-GTR’s
AVL Emission Legislation Overview Table
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 9
Emission legislation – passenger cars
Country Topic 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Notes
01/2019: Euro 6d-TEMP-ISC,
Limits Euro 5b Euro 6b Euro 6d-TEMP Euro 6d ? ? Euro 7
09/2019 Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP
Eu-6d-TEMP:
RDE Monitor RDE NOx + PN RDE CF NOx 1.43, CF PN 1.5 CF NOx 2.1, PN 1.5
CO2 /FC 130 g/km CO2 95 g/km CO2 (NEDC based) -15%
Tech. Reg. UNR 83 (NEDC) EU 2017/1151 (WLTP)
EPA US-EPA – Tier 2 US-EPA – Tier 3 Fuel neutral limits
CARB US-CARB – LEV II US-CARB – LEV III, phase in of 1 mg/mi PM standard 2025-2028 Fuel neutral limits
PEMS used for detection of
RDE defeat devices
GHG (2012-2016) 263 -> 225 g CO2/mi GHG (2017-2025) 212 -> 143 g CO2/mi GHG limits in addition to
CO2 /FC CAFE, under review
Tech. Reg. 40 CFR PART 86 40 CFR PART 1066
Limits K-LEV II, 2014: Euro 6 (Diesel) K-LEV III (gasoline), Euro 6 (Diesel)
RDE RDE CF NOx 2.1 RDE CF NOx 1.5 Diesel only
CO2 /FC 17 km/l or 140 g CO2 /km 24.3 km/l or 97 g CO2 /km
Tech. Reg. 40 CFR PART 86 (Gasoline) +UNR 83 (Diesel) 40 CFR PART 1066 (Gasoline) and WLTP (Diesel)
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 10
Emission legislation – passenger cars
Country Topic 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Notes
Limits Post New Long Term Post Post New Long Term
RDE RDE CF NOx 2 Diesel only
CO2 /FC Fuel Economy Targets Fuel Economy Targets 2015 Fuel Economy Targets 2020
Tech. Reg. TRIAS (JC08) TRIAS (WLTP)
National China 4 China 5 China 6a China 6b China 6: Fuel neutral limits
Cities Beijing 5 China 6b China 6: Fuel neutral limits
RDE Monitor RDE CF NOx and PN 2.1 Altitude 0-700-1300-2400m
CO2 /FC Fuel Consumption Stage 2 6.9 l/100km (161 g CO2/km) 5 l/100km (117 g CO2/km) , NEDC 4l/100km
Tech. Reg.
GB 18352.3-2005 (NEDC) GB18352.5-2013 (NEDC) GB 18352.6-2016 (WLTP)
National Bharat III Bharat IV Bharat VI
Cities Bharat IV Bharat VI
RDE Monitor RDE (CF tbd)
CO2 /FC 5.5 l/100km (130 g CO2/km) 4.7 l/100km (113 g CO2/km)
Tech. Reg. UNR-83 with 90km/h NEDC (MoRTH / CMVR / TAP-115/116 AIS137) WLTP expected in 2028
Limits Euro 2 ... 4 … 6 ?
ASEAN
Public
Tech. Reg. UNR 83 in future (?) WLTP
Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 11That is already on the way in EU
New laboratory test requirements
• WLTP
RDE Conformity factors
• CF’s are approaching 1, higher CF’s only for PEMS uncertainty
European
New Evaporative emissions (2020 Euro 6d-TEMP-EVAP)
Unit • Changed procedures including issues for plug-in hybrids
In-Service conformity (2019 Euro 6d-TEMP-ISC)
• by TA authority, OEM or 3rd parties (ISO-17025 required)
• In-Lab WLTP, -7°C, EVAP and optional RDE in-vehicle
Member states market surveillance tests
• Monitoring of fleet conformity via Remote sensing and/or
Simplified Emissions Measurement Systems (SEMS).
• Up to € 30.000 fines for OEM per non-compliant vehicle sold.
Improvement of EU type approval process
• Oversight of type-approval process by European commission
• EC audits of national type-approval authorities
• Regularly and independently audit of Technical services
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 12Euro-7 Assumptions (AVL, Aug. 2018)
• Euro-7 not before 2023
• Fuel and engine technology independent limits
• NOx limit reduced (35mg/km), maybe accommodated with a
EU-7 NO2 requirement, like a NO2 limit or a % ration of NO2 in NOx.
• PN limit unchanged, but including PM10 (23 10nm)
• RDE: CF’s approaching 1 and including CO2 reporting
• Maybe N2O and CH4 for Green House Gas Emissions
• -7°C low temperature tests also for Diesel and limits for all
criteria emissions.
• Some changes in test procedures, depending on WLTP process
do further replace UNR-83 test types.
• More specific requirements for e-mobility in the view of “realistic
electric drive range” and “durability of batteries”. That is highly
important for European Commission, since it will become a
customer buying criteria.
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 13Emission Legislation
Market & Technologies
Content
Legislation Trends
Legislation Challenges
FTIR in Technical Regulations
FTIR in Test Applications
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 14Challenge
RDE
§ EVAP
WLTP
?
CFR1066
EMISSION CO2
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 15Emission Legislation
New laboratory test requirements
Light duty vehicle worldwide harmonized regulation
• Improvement and partly replacing UN-ECE Reg. 83
• to be more representative of real worldwide driving conditions
• “globally Harmonized” versus “locally Representative”
Main topics:
• New drive cycle WLTC
GTR-15 •
•
Gear shifting individually calculated for each vehicle
Road load determination – much more realistic
(WLTP) • Temperature condition 23°C +/-3°C (+/-5°C during tests)
CO2 and Fuel consumption focus:
• 2 vehicles tested: CO2 low and CO2 high
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 16other Emissions
Break wear particles
• After most vehicle have an DPF, app. 50% of traffic related particles come from abrasion.
• Development of braking test cycle, Brake dust sampling and measurement
Particles from tire and road wear
• ???
Vehicle Internal Air Quality (VIAQ)
• Test modes
• Ambient mode simulating parking in the garage over night
• Parking mode simulates car parking outside in the sunlight
• Driving mode simulate air-condition right after parking mode (idling)
• Measurement of
• Formaldehydes
• Acetaldehyde
• Benzene
• Toulene
• Xylene
• Ethylbenzene
• Acrolen
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 17Emission Legislation
CO2 scenarios for global transportation - tank to wheel (ttw) emissions.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
CO2 Target
2
1 5 20 40 60
% % % %
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 % share of
E-vehicles
Some % reduction will not be sufficiency
Sectors which can do more, will need to do more
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 18Renewable Energy / Fuels
*): Conversion
* * * efficiency isn’t
important in case of
Electricity H2 PtG: e-gas PtL: e-fuel renewable energy
Renewable Energy Power to Gas Power to Liquid (depending on politic
and business models)
ICE
ICE ICE
FC ICE ICE
+ -
FC ICE ICE
Only solution which can
make the existing fleet CO2
neutral
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 19Renewable Energy / Fuels
* *
Electricity H2 PtG
Renewable Energy Power to Gas
e-Gas, Power to Gas
• Vehicle runs on CH4 Methane, like
CNC.
• Vehicles burning Gas and Gasoline
(Flex fuel) can not take full
advantages of CH4, like higher
compression ratios.
• A pure gas vehicle would improve
even further.
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 20Renewable Energy / Fuels
* * *
Electricity H2 PtG PtL
Renewable Energy Power to Gas Power to Liquid
e-Fuel, Power to Liquid
• Synthetic gasoline or Diesel produced
from CH4 by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
or Methanol- & Ether synthesis.
• CO2 neutral and clean, which enables
simpler exhaust aftertreatment.
• Existing Fleet: already existing vehicle
fleet could be come CO2 neutral.
• Other Transportation sectors: likely the
most realistic scenario to make big
ships and airplanes CO2 neutral.
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 21Alternative Fuels and Emissions
Compressed Natural Gas
Fossil Source:
• Shale gas (fracking)
Storage as CNG or LNG
• CNG engine exhaust emissions
difficulties
high CH4 slip (GHG)
Formaldehyde
VOCs
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 2240 CFR § 1065 Engine Testing Procedure
§ 1065.715 Test Fuel Specifications for Natural Gas.
Release 20th Dec. 2017
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 23CNG Engine Exhaust Emissions
EPA CFR 40 Subpart JJJJ
Source: Certification Method Error in the Analysis
NMHC and VOCs in CNG based Engine Emissions
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 24CNG Engine Exhaust Emissions
Method Improvements Compared - Related to high CH4
CH4 C2H6 [100ppm]
C2H2 C3H8
HCHO
• IR Spectra between 2700 – 3400cm-1 with HC specific absorption bands
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 25Measurement Results CNG
Comparison CNG Exhaust Emissions
DATA
Methane (parallel)
• CH4 FID vs. SESAM i60
• CH4 up to 1 Vol.%
Good correlation
Ethane
• SESAM i60 results
• C2H6 up to 1000ppm
High peaks during tests
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 26Emission Legislation
Market & Technologies
Content
Legislation Trends
Legislation Challenges
FTIR in Technical Regulations
FTIR in Test Applications
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 27FTIR in technical regulations
• UN-ECE Global Technical Regulation No. 15 (GTR-15)
• NH3 (Ammonia)
• N2O (Laughing gas)
• C2H5OH (Ethanol)
• HCHO (Formaldehyde)
• CH3CHO (Acetaldehyde)
• US Code of Federal Regulation 1065 (CFR-1065 CFR 1066)
• For engines that run only on natural gas, you may use a Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer to measure
• Nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and
• Nonmethanenonethane hydrocarbon (NMNEHC)
• You may use an FTIR analyzer with any gaseous-fueled engine,
including dual-fuel engines, to measure either batch or
continuous sampling and for subtraction from THC
• CH4 and
• C2H6
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 28ENGINE- Vehicles-Testing Procedures
EPA - CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (Environmental Protection Agency)
Section Emission Analyzer
https://www.ecfr.gov/
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 29FTIR in technical regulations §1065
§ 1065.266 Fourier transform infrared analyzer. Release 20th Dec. 2017
(a)Application. For engines that run only on natural gas, you may use a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer to
measure non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and non-methane-non-ethane hydrocarbon (NMNEHC) for
continuous
sampling.
You may use an FTIR analyzer with any gaseous-fueled engine, including dual-fuel engines, to measure CH4 and
C2H6, for either batch or continuous sampling (for subtraction from THC).
(b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use an FTIR analyzer that meets the specifications in Table 1
§ 1065.205. Note that your FTIR-based system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307.
Use appropriate analytical procedures for interpretation of infrared spectra. For example, EPA Test Method 320
(see https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate/m-320.pdf ) and ASTM D6348 (incorporated by reference in
§1065.1010) are considered valid methods for spectral interpretation. You must use heated FTIR analyzers that
maintain all surfaces that are exposed to emissions at a temperature of 110 to 202°C.
(c) Hydrocarbon species for NMHC and NMNEHC determination. To determine NMNEHC, measure ethene, ethyne,
propane, propene, butane, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formic acid, and methanol. To determine NMHC, measure
ethane in addition to those same hydrocarbon species.
Determine NMHC and NMNEHC as described in § 1065.660(b)(4) and § 1065.660(c)(3).
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 30FTIR Calculations § 1065 regulation SESAM CNG Exhaust Sum Calculations according to § 1065.266 SESAM HCNG (ppmC1) (§1065.266) = CH4 + C2H6 + C2H2 + C2H4 + C3H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + CH2O + CH3CHO + HCOOH + CH3OH SESAM NMHC (§1065.266)= C2H6 + C2H2 + C2H4 + C3H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + CH2O + CH3CHO + HCOOH + CH3OH SESAM NMNEHC (§1065.266) = C2H2 + C2H4 + C3H6 + C3H8 + C4H10 + CH2O + CH3CHO + HCOOH + CH3OH Correlation measurements of CNG exhaust emission between AMA FID THC and SESAM HCNG calculated as §1065.266 sum value show good results! Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 31
Emission Legislation
Market & Technologies
Content
Legislation Trends
Legislation Challenges
FTIR in Technical Regulations
FTIR in Test Applications
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 32Emission component Sample location Analyzer Type Notes
CO2 GTR 15 / WLTP: Pollutions
Carbon dioxide CVS Bag and CO2
NDIR
CO Carbon monoxide CVS Bag NDIR
NOx Nitrogen oxides CVS Bag CLD, NDUV
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide Calc. / CVS cont. NDUV, QCL, CLD (NOx-NO) (NOx,Bag – NO,cont.) or NO2,cont.
N2O Nitrous oxide CVS Bag GC–ECD, IR-Spectr, FTIR, NDIR FTIR, NDIR withGTR 15 / WLTP: Pollutions and CO2
… however there are currently no Limits for additional pollutants foreseen in
Europe.
and there is no relevant discussion about it before 2020.
GTR-15 prepares the measurement procedures only in case that once limits
would be implemented. Also a GTR must also cover measurement
requirements for the US, even US most likely will not implement a GTR.
Could become relevant for China, may influence US and Brazil to accept
additional measurement methods …
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 34Development: Gasoline Exh.-Aftertreatment
Eu4, Eu5, Eu6b, EU6c Low EO PN / LEV, ULEV
EU6d-temp w Low EO PN, ULEV, SULEV(staged pref.) (Ch6a)
Eu6d with Lam=1 & Act. Reg./ LEV, (ULEV), Ch6a
Eu6d with Lam=1 & Act. Reg., Ch6a Difference:
• no PN Limit for SI,
so no GPF is needed
Eu6d with Lam=1 & Act. Reg., Ch6a
• no RDE in USA and
no RDE for SI in S-
Eu6d w. very large Volume/Capacity and Lam=1, Ch6a Korea
Eu6d w. large 4WC Volume/Capacity and Lam=1, Ch6a
Eu6d w. large 4WC Volume and with Lam=1, (ULEV), Ch6a
Eu6d 2020+ with Lam=1 + EGR, (SULEV), Ch6a/b
Eu6d 2020+ with Lam=1 + EGR, (SULEV), Ch6a/b
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 35Development: Gasoline Measurement
EU6d-temp w Low EO PN, ULEV, SULEV(staged pref.) (Ch6a)
Lambda, Pressure, Temperature
Gaseous Emission: AMA i60, SESAM i60 FT (for NMOG)
Particulate Emission: MSS
Eu6d 2020+ with Lam=1 + EGR, (SULEV), Ch6a/b
Eu6d 2020+ with Lam=1 + EGR, (SULEV), Ch6a/b
Lambda, Pressure, Temperature
Gaseous Emission: AMA i60 + EGR, SESAM i60 FT (for N2O)
Particulate Emission: MSS, APC, GPF Scale
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 36Development: Diesel Measurement
Urea
Injection
Oxi-Cat DPF SCR Oxi-Cat, DPF, SCR (larger vehicles SCR + LNT)
Lambda, Pressure, Temperature
Gaseous Emission: AMA i60 + EGR
Particulate Emission: MSS, APC, Scale for DPF loading
Gaseous Emission: SESAM i60 FT (FTIR) for SCR
!!! Never ever put any other device on this sample point except the SESAM
Public Engeljehringer, Kurt | 3. FTIR Anwendertreffen | 20 September 2018 | 37Thank you! www.avl.com
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