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Elenco delle pubblicazioni del Think Tank del PE
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank
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Ordina Mostra per data
Parole chiave "guerra civile"
55 Risultati(i)
Data di creazione : 07-08-2022Libya: Political situation ahead of elections
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 17-12-2021
Autore STANICEK BRANISLAV
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave Capo di Stato | composizione delle controversie | costituzione | elezioni politiche | elezioni presidenziali | guerra civile |
Libia | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | terrorismo | verifica dello scrutinio
Riassunto Since the overthrow of Muammar al-Qaddafi in a 2011 uprising, Libya has been mired in a civil war that has divided the
international community and set several internal factions against one another. The ceasefire proclaimed on 23 October
2020 opened a path for a political process wherein an interim government led by Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibah
was able to lead the country to agreed presidential and parliamentary elections, to be held on 24 December 2021.
These elections will be the first since the civil war between the forces of the Government of National Accord and the
Libyan National Army began in 2015. The challenge is the growing risks linked to legal processes, security, and the
legitimacy of some leading candidates, among them Dbeibah, Khalifa Haftar and Saif al Islam Muammar al-Qaddafi.
In sintesi EN
Amending Budget No 5/2020: Continuation of support to refugees in response to the Syria crisis
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 07-07-2020
Autore LILYANOVA Velina
Settore di intervento Bilanci
Parole chiave accordo (UE) | aiuto ai rifugiati | Giordania | guerra civile | Libano | modifica di bilancio | proposta (UE) | quadro
finanziario pluriennale | Siria | Turchia
Riassunto Draft Amending Budget No 5/2020 (DAB 5/2020) accompanies the proposed decision of the European Parliament and
of the Council to mobilise the Contingency Margin in order to continue support to refugees and host communities in
response to the Syria crisis. Under the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) heading 4, 'Global Europe', €100
million in commitment and payment appropriations is proposed as resilience support to refugees and host communities
in Jordan and Lebanon, whereas €485 million in commitment appropriations and €68 million in payment appropriations
is proposed as urgent humanitarian support to refugees in Turkey under the Contingency Margin. The European
Parliament is expected to vote on the Council position on DAB 5/2020 and the proposal to mobilise the Contingency
Margin during its July plenary session.
In sintesi EN
EU-Turkey relations in light of the Syrian conflict and refugee crisis
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data 09-03-2020
Autore STANICEK BRANISLAV
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave aiuto ai rifugiati | guerra civile | profugo | relazioni dell'Unione europea | Siria | Turchia
Riassunto Approximately 3.6 million refugees have entered Turkey since the beginning of the civil war in Syria in 2011, the
highest number in the region. Despite on-going international and European Union financial and humanitarian support,
this ever-increasing refugee presence has resulted in heightened social tensions in Turkey. In the 2019 local elections,
the loss of the Istanbul mayoralty by the governing Justice and Development (AK) party was perceived as a major
setback for the 'imperial presidency' of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Istanbul's new mayor, Ekrem
İmamoğlu (Republican People's Party, CHP), played a leading role in nurturing aversion for Syrian refugees, stating
that Turkey was managing the refugees badly and that 'people are unhappy'. Some Turkish politicians also regard
refugees as a security threat – a trend that has grown since September 2019 when the Turkish military began
Operation Peace Spring in north-east Syria, with the aim of containing the Kurds and creating a 'safe zone' to which
Syrian refugees could return. The Turkish military operation in Syria, as well as the Turkish incursion into Libya, and
other geostrategic issues, such as gas drilling disputes with Cyprus, have led relations between the EU and Turkey,
already tainted by the drop in democratic standards since the failed military coup in 2016, to deteriorate further.
Repeated threats by Erdoğan that Turkey would 'open the gates' and let the refugees enter the EU materialised on 28
February 2020, when Turkey opened its borders with Greece, setting the scene for a new refugee crisis. A swift
European response, with the presence of the presidents of the main EU institutions in Greece on 3 March 2020,
demonstrated the unity and will to face this critical situation together. Past experience, in particular the 2015 refugee
crisis, has however highlighted the weaknesses in the internal and external dimensions of the EU's migration policy.
The current crisis is both a stress-test and an opportunity for the EU to clarify its own strategic position in order to
develop a new consolidated geopolitical blueprint for the whole Mediterranean and Middle East that would not only
tackle the ambition and behaviour of regional powers such as Turkey, but also place the EU on an equal footing with
other global powers active in the region.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 1Outcome of the special European Council, 20-21 February 2020
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data 24-02-2020
Autore DRACHENBERG Ralf
Settore di intervento Bilanci | Pianificazione preventiva
Parole chiave coesione economica e sociale | Consiglio europeo | finanziamento del bilancio dell'UE | guerra civile | politica agricola
comune | quadro finanziario pluriennale | recesso dall'UE | Regno Unito | ripartizione del finanziamento dell'UE | Siria
Riassunto On 20-21 February 2020, EU Heads of State or Government held their first meeting specially dedicated to the 2021-27
Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) since the publication of the European Commission’s proposal in May 2018.
Despite intense preparations and discussions, lasting over two days, EU leaders failed to overcome their differences
and to find an agreement. At the end of the meeting, the President of the European Council, Charles Michel, declared
that ‘we need more time’. When, and under which conditions, the European Council will reconvene for another attempt
to finding an agreement has not decided thus far.
Briefing EN
Plenary round-up – Strasbourg, April 2018
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 20-04-2018
Autore FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA
Settore di intervento Affari esteri | Agricoltura e sviluppo rurale | Ambiente | Controllo dei bilanci | Democrazia UE, diritto istituzionale e
parlamentare | Energia | Pesca | Problemi economici e monetari | Questioni di genere, uguaglianza e diversità |
Trasporti
Parole chiave accordo bilaterale | agricoltura biologica | arma chimica | bilancio dell'UE | gestione dei rifiuti | guerra civile | industria
automobilistica | istituzione dell'Unione europea | Maurizio | politica comune della pesca | proposta (UE) | riciclaggio di
denaro | riduzione delle emissioni gassose | scarico del bilancio | Siria
Riassunto The April plenary session's highlight was the debate on the future of Europe with the President of the French Republic,
Emmanuel Macron, detailing his ambitions for a reinvigorated Europe, ready to face existing and emerging challenges.
Members also heard from the European Council and Commission Presidents on the outcome of the March European
Council meeting. High Representative Federica Mogherini made statements on the UN global compacts for migration
and refugees, Syria, Russia, the situation in the Korean peninsula and of Greek soldiers arrested in Turkey. Parliament
adopted, inter alia, legislative resolutions on greenhouse gas emissions, the circular economy, European political
parties and foundations, anti-money-laundering, market surveillance of motor vehicles, and organic production and
labelling. Members granted discharge for the execution of the 2016 budget to the European Commission and all EU
institutions and agencies, except the Council/European Council and European Asylum Support Office.
In sintesi EN
Renewed chemical attack in Syria
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 12-04-2018
Autore IMMENKAMP Beatrix
Settore di intervento Affari esteri | Sicurezza e difesa
Parole chiave arma chimica | diritti umani | guerra civile | intervento militare | ONU | relazione multilaterale | Siria | Stati Uniti | Turchia
| vittima civile
Riassunto As the conflict in Syria enters its eighth year, Parliament is due to debate the situation, following a recent escalation.
The Assad regime is suspected of having carried out a toxic gas attack on the besieged town of Douma near
Damascus on 7 April 2018, killing around 80 people and injuring hundreds. The United Nations Security Council
debated the attack during an emergency meeting on 9 April 2018, during which Russia denied Syrian regime
responsibility for the attack. The EU has strongly condemned the latest use of chemical weapons in the Syrian conflict,
and the United States, France and the United Kingdom have signalled their willingness to respond with air-strikes in
order to uphold the global ban on the use of chemical weapons.
In sintesi EN
Plenary round-up – Brussels, February II 2018
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 02-03-2018
Autore FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA
Settore di intervento Affari esteri | Commercio internazionale | Fiscalità | Problemi economici e monetari | Questioni finanziarie e bancarie |
Sicurezza alimentare
Parole chiave accordo bilaterale | bevanda alcolica | diritti umani | guerra civile | Polonia | Siria | Stati Uniti | Stato di diritto | Unione
bancaria dell'UE
Riassunto The session's highlights included debates on the humanitarian situation in Syria, the outcome of the informal European
Council, and activation of Article 7 (1) with regard to Poland. The European Commission also made statements on UN
Human Rights Council sessions in 2018, the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia, its former President
Barroso's lobbying activities, and removal of third countries from the EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax
purposes. Among the votes held, Parliament agreed to set up a new special committee on tax questions (TAXE 3) and
elected a new vice-president.
In sintesi EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 2Plenary round-up – Brussels, November II 2017
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 01-12-2017
Autore FERGUSON CLARE | SOCHACKA KATARZYNA
Settore di intervento Democrazia UE, diritto istituzionale e parlamentare
Parole chiave formazione del bilancio dell'UE | garanzia degli investimenti | guerra civile | integrazione dei disabili | politica energetica
dell'UE | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | sistema normalizzato di contabilità | vigilanza finanziaria | Yemen
Riassunto The adoption of the 2018 budget was one of the main points of the November II plenary session. It also included
debates on the State of Energy Union 2017 and the situation in Yemen, with a resolution adopted on the latter.
Members addressed an oral question to the European Commission regarding negotiations for a Convention
establishing a multilateral court for the settlement of investment disputes (MIC). Members also adopted, inter alia,
reports on transnational arrangements for mitigating the impact of the introduction of IFRS 9, on the instrument
contributing to stability and peace, on the ranking of unsecured debt instruments in insolvency hierarchy as well as on
the implementation of the European Disability Strategy.
In sintesi EN
Iraqi Kurdistan's independence referendum
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data11-10-2017
AutorePICHON Eric
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Democrazia UE
Parole chiave estrazione petrolifera | guerra civile | Iraq | paesi terzi | parlamento regionale | protezione delle minoranze | questione
curda | referendum | reinsediamento di persone | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | Siria | Turchia | Vicino e Medio Oriente
Riassunto On 25 September 2017, the government of the autonomous Region of Kurdistan in Iraq, under its president, Masoud
Barzani, organised a referendum on independence, disregarding calls by the Iraqi central government and the
international community to postpone it. The referendum was held in the Kurdistan Region's constituencies and also in
the neighbouring 'disputed' territories, in particular the oil-rich area of Kirkuk, which have de facto if not legally been
governed by the Kurdish authorities since the moment they were recaptured from ISIL/Da'esh. Even though the 'yes'
side has won, it is by no means certain that a Kurdish state will emerge in the near future. Such a state would be
weakened by internal divisions and poor economic conditions. In addition, Syria, Turkey and Iran strongly condemned
the referendum and have taken retaliatory action. Among other considerations, they are worried that an independent
Kurdish state would encourage their own Kurdish populations to seek greater autonomy. However, the prospect of a
Greater Kurdistan is remote, since the regional Kurdish landscape is dominated by the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party)
and its affiliate parties, which do not share the Iraqi Kurdish leaders' ideology or strategic alliances. Concerned by the
fragmentation of the Middle East, the EU, the USA, Russia, and most of the region's powers other than Israel,
disapproved of the referendum, which took place in the context of the ongoing fight against ISIL/Da'esh, and called for
negotiations within the existing Iraqi borders. This briefing updates Regional implications of Iraqi Kurdistan's quest for
independence, EPRS, December 2016.
Briefing EN
The EU, Middle East and North Africa [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data06-10-2017
AutoreCESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Governance globale
Parole chiave Afghanistan | Africa del Nord | arma nucleare | conflitto internazionale | gruppo di riflessione | guerra civile |
instaurazione della pace | politica europea di vicinato | regione mediterranea (UE) | relazione multilaterale | ruolo
internazionale dell'UE | Siria | terrorismo | Vicino e Medio Oriente
Riassunto Developments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) pose a growing challenge for the European Union. Many
countries in the region face war, political turmoil and popular anger, due to the impact of poverty in generating
instability, migration and, in some cases, terrorism. The EU wants to contribute to stability in MENA through
instruments such as the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Union for the Mediterranean, but there are calls for
the EU to play an even more active role in the region. This note offers links to recent commentaries and reports by
major international think tanks on EU-MENA relations and the general problems found within the region and some
specific countries.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 3Workshop: Sectarianism in the Middle East
Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita
Data 14-07-2017
Autore esterno Dr Toby MATTHIESEN, St Antony's College, Oxford University, Dr Simon MABON, Lancaster University ; Dr Renad
MANSOUR, Chatham House, Dr Raphael LEFÈVRE, Oxford University
Settore di intervento Affari esteri | Diritti dell''uomo | Sicurezza e difesa
Parole chiave Arabia Saudita | composizione delle controversie | conflitto religioso | consolidamento dello Stato | discriminazione
religiosa | geopolitica | governance | guerra civile | Iran | Iraq | mondo arabo | politica estera e di sicurezza comune |
ruolo internazionale dell'UE | sicurezza regionale | Siria | situazione politica | Stato di diritto | storia contemporanea
Riassunto Sectarian conflict and polarisation has become a key feature of Middle East politics in the aftermath of the Arab
uprisings of 2011. This workshop looked at some of the key drivers of this, such as the troubled legacy of foreign
intervention, state failure, regional rivalries between Saudi Arabia, Iran and others, ruling strategies of authoritarian
regimes as well as the spread of identity and sect-based political movements. With in-depth analysis of the two key
arenas of sectarian conflict in the contemporary Middle East, Syria and Iraq, and a paper on the consequences of state
collapse, this publication looks also tries to make recommendations how the EU could help reduce sectarian tensions.
Analisi approfondita EN
ISIL/Da'esh: From Mosul to Mosul
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 13-07-2017
Autore PICHON Eric
Settore di intervento Sicurezza e difesa | Spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia
Parole chiave armamento | conflitto religioso | crimine di guerra | guerra civile | integralismo religioso | Iraq | islam | Islam politico |
politica estera e di sicurezza comune | propaganda politica | questione curda | Siria | sistema di finanziamento |
terrorismo | traffico illecito
Riassunto In June 2014, ISIL/Da'esh took over the city of Mosul in Iraq, and from there declared the advent of an Islamic State.
Three years later, in July 2017, after nine months of battle involving Iraqi security forces, popular militias and Kurdish
troops, ISIL/Da'esh has been expelled from its Iraqi stronghold, adding to the past two years' severe territorial losses.
This is an important victory; however, it does not yet represent the eradication of a terrorist group that still has many
supporters.
In sintesi EN
Syrian crisis: Impact on Turkey - From mediation to crisis management
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data03-04-2017
AutorePERCHOC Philippe
Settore di interventoAffari esteri
Parole chiave conflitto internazionale | guerra civile | integralismo religioso | migrante | politica dell'UE in materia di visti | profugo |
relazioni bilaterali | Russia | Siria | terrorismo | Turchia
Riassunto After decades of mistrust between Ankara and Damascus, a solid partnership emerged in the 2000s. Turkey
considered Syria to be the key to its influence in the Middle East. However, when protests started in 2011, the Turkish
authorities launched repeated attempts at mediation, without success, leading to clear hostility on the part of the
Turkish leadership towards the Syrian president. The Turkish objectives for Syria are several: settling the conflict,
ensuring that the future arrangement excludes President Assad, creating a safe zone along the Turkish border and
avoiding autonomy for Kurds in Syria. This led to military intervention to secure the borders in 2015, and a recent
partnership with Russia and Iran in order to find a peace settlement, even if the three patrons of the recent Astana
talks have diverging views about the future. For Turkey, Syria is an international problem but also an internal one, as it
has been hit by deadly terrorist attacks by the Kurdish PKK and ISIL/Da'esh in the past two years. Another dimension
of the Syrian issue for Ankara is the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey: with more than 3 million people making
Turkey the country with the largest refugee population in the world. In December 2015, the EU signed a deal with
Turkey to stem the flow of refugees heading to Europe, and the EU began to deliver a major €6 billion package to help
Turkey cope with the crisis.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 4Syrian crisis: Impact on Iraq
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data03-04-2017
AutoreIMMENKAMP Beatrix
Settore di interventoAffari esteri
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | aiuto dell'UE | conflitto internazionale | guerra civile | instaurazione della pace | integralismo religioso |
Iraq | islam | migrante | profugo | Siria | terrorismo
Riassunto The Syrian crisis, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into full-scale civil war, has had a huge
impact on neighbouring Iraq. From its stronghold in the Syrian town of Raqqa, the 'Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant'
(ISIL/Da'esh), which originated in Iraq, was able to over-run a third of Iraq's territory in 2014, sowing death and
destruction in its path and leading to the internal displacement of over 3 million Iraqis today. It is estimated that as
many as 11 million Iraqis ─ almost a third of the population ─ may need humanitarian assistance this year to deal with
the effects of continuous conflict and economic stagnation. Moreover, a quarter of a million Syrians have sought refuge
in Iraq from the war raging in their country. Most have settled in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), increasing the
population of this autonomous region by nearly 30 % over the past few years. The ─ mostly Kurdish ─ Syrian refugees
were well received by the government of the Kurdish Region, which gave Syrians the right to work in the region and to
enrol in public schools and universities. Nevertheless, the large influx of refugees has placed strains on the local
economy and host communities, and on public services. Prices and unemployment have increased while wages have
tumbled. Economic growth in the KRI has slowed, while the poverty rate has more than doubled. The international
community has stepped in to assist Iraq in its fight against ISIL/Da'esh and to help the country deal with the
humanitarian crisis caused by the unprecedented displacement of Iraqis, and Syrian refugees. As a result of concerted
military efforts, ISIL/Da'esh now occupies less than 10 % of Iraqi territory. At the same time, funds and substantial
amounts of humanitarian aid have been poured into the country, to support the displaced and facilitate their return to
areas over which the Iraqi State has re-established control. The EU is a leading partner in the effort to mitigate the
impact of the Syrian crisis on its Iraqi neighbours.
Briefing EN
Mapping the future of Syria: State of play and options
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data23-03-2017
AutorePAWLAK Patryk
Settore di interventoAffari esteri
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | commercio di armi | conflitto internazionale | Consiglio di sicurezza dell'ONU | guerra civile |
instaurazione della pace | musulmano | ONU | profugo | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | Russia | Siria | Stati Uniti | vittima
civile
Riassunto Despite the humanitarian and security crisis, progress towards a United Nations (UN) negotiated political settlement of
the conflict has been slow, mostly on account of disagreement over President Bashar al-Assad's future. The adoption
of UN Security Council Resolution 2254 on 18 December 2015 – setting out a roadmap for a peace process in Syria
with a clear transition timeline – offered new hope but failed to produce results. After several failed attempts at a
cessation of hostilities, the ceasefire brokered by Russia and Turkey in December 2016, including a monitoring
mechanism for violations, opened the way for a new UN Security Council Resolution 2336 which was adopted
unanimously on 31 December 2016. The resolution provided an impulse for re-booting the political process during the
talks in Astana at the beginning of 2017. At the same time, the discussion about the future of Syria revolves around
questions linked to the future of the Assad regime, territorial integrity of Syria, political accountability, the creation of
safe zones, and the reconstruction work that will follow a potential peace agreement. In March 2017, the European
Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini,
presented a joint communication providing elements of an EU strategy for Syria. For its part, the European Parliament
has focused on addressing the implications of the refugee crisis, strengthening EU humanitarian assistance in Iraq and
Syria and aid to vulnerable communities, and improving the EU response to the terrorist threat posed by ISIL/Da'esh.
Briefing EN
Syria: Stalled Peace Process and Blocked Humanitarian Access
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data24-11-2016
AutoreJONGBERG Kirsten | LERCH Marika | TROSZCZYNSKA VAN GENDEREN Wanda
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Governance globale | Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | composizione delle controversie | Consiglio di sicurezza dell'ONU | danni di guerra | diritto
internazionale dei diritti umani | esercito | guerra civile | integralismo religioso | islam | politica estera e di sicurezza
comune | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | Siria | vittima di guerra
Riassunto Amid stalled peace talks and a worsening humanitarian situation, the EU is working alongside the UN Special Envoy
for Syria to engage key regional and international players and broker a return to the negotiating table. In parallel, an
EU emergency humanitarian initiative for Aleppo has been launched to attempt to break the deadlock over
humanitarian access and deliver aid to some of the 275 000 people in Aleppo and 13.5 million people across the
country who are in desperate need of assistance.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 5The Conflict in Yemen: Latest Developments
Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita
Data24-10-2016
AutoreJONGBERG Kirsten
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Sicurezza e difesa | Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | Arabia Saudita | commercio di armi | composizione delle controversie | conflitto religioso | guerra civile
| Iran | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | restrizione all'esportazione | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | sicurezza
regionale | Yemen
Riassunto The Yemen conflict has deteriorated since 2015 despite repeated rounds of peace negotiations. The most recent
round of UN-led Talks ended in August 2016 with no agreement. The conflict is in danger of escalating beyond
Yemen’s borders with frequent Houthi incursions into Saudi Arabia, foreign ships being targeted by missiles from
Houthi-controlled areas near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait – a major international trade route – and Saudi Arabia and Iran
siding with opposite sides in the conflict. The latest 72-hour cease-fire starting 20 October was not renewed when it
ended on 22 October. The cease-fire did, however, allow humanitarian aid agencies to step in to start to provide
assistance to some of the 21.2 million people across the country who are in need of humanitarian aid. UN OCHA has
estimated it needs USD 1.63 billion for its Yemen humanitarian response plan, but it has only received pledges for 47
% of that amount so far. The EU has recently announced a further EUR 40 million for the fund, taking the total EU
pledge to EUR 120 million. The European Parliament has called for an EU arms embargo on Saudi Arabia, which is
responsible for the majority of the destruction of civilian infrastructure.
Analisi approfondita EN
The Colombian people say no to the peace agreement - But hopes for a solution remain
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data 07-10-2016
Autore GOMEZ RAMIREZ Enrique
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave Colombia | esercito | forze paramilitari | guerra civile | instaurazione della pace | negoziato di accordi (UE) | negoziato
internazionale | ONU | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | sequestro politico | territorio occupato | terrorismo
Riassunto The signature of the Final Peace Agreement in Colombia on 26 September 2016 was thought to have brought a
successful end to the negotiations between the Colombian government and the FARC guerrilla group. Negotiations
between the two sides had started in Havana four years ago, and agreement had been announced on 24 August,
followed by the declaration of a definitive ceasefire from 29 August 2016. This had raised expectations for a rapid end
to the longest-running conflict in modern Latin America. Nevertheless, the whole process has stalled after the
Colombian people said no to the agreement in the plebiscite held on 2 October 2016. The most unpopular part of the
deal, the transitional justice system, as well as the low turnout, seem to have been decisive for the outcome. But there
are still hopes for re-opening the negotiations, as both the 'yes' and 'no' camps have expressed their will to end the
conflict; moreover the efforts have been recognised in the award of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize to President Santos.
International actors have played a major role since the beginning of the process, and are ready to continue to do so in
the future. In particular, the United Nations and some of its agencies, UNASUR, the Organisation of American States,
and the European Union (which has appointed a special envoy), are involved. This updates a briefing published in
advance of the referendum, 'Decisive step for Colombian peace agreement'.
Briefing EN
Decisive step for Colombian peace agreement
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data 29-09-2016
Autore GOMEZ RAMIREZ Enrique
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave Colombia | delegazione PE | ECHO | esercito | fondo (UE) | forze paramilitari | guerra civile | instaurazione della pace |
negoziato di accordi (UE) | ONU | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | sequestro politico | territorio occupato | terrorismo |
traffico illecito
Riassunto The signature of the Final Peace Agreement in Colombia on 26 September 2016 brings a successful end to the
negotiations between the Colombian government and the FARC guerrilla group. Negotiations between the two sides
started in Havana four years ago, and they announced a final peace agreement on 24 August, and the declaration of a
definitive ceasefire from 29 August 2016. This has thus raised expectations for a rapid end to the longest-running
conflict in modern Latin America. Nevertheless, the peace process is far from completed: Sunday 2 October 2016 will
be a decisive date in the process, when the agreement is submitted to a popular referendum. The most unpopular part
of the deal, the transitional justice system, could prove decisive for the outcome. If the agreement is approved by the
Colombian people, the third and most difficult phase – the implementation of the agreement – will begin, and this
poses numerous uncertainties about the future. International actors have played a major role since the beginning of the
process, and will continue to do so during the peace-building phase. In particular, the United Nations and some of its
agencies, UNASUR, the Organisation of American States, and the European Union (which has appointed a special
envoy), are involved.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 6Libya after Gaddafi: A challenging transition
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 13-06-2016
Autore APAP Joanna
Settore di intervento Affari esteri | Democrazia UE
Parole chiave aiuto dell'UE | guerra civile | ingerenza | integralismo religioso | intervento militare | Libia | situazione politica |
terrorismo
Riassunto Five years after the uprising against Muammar Gaddafi, Libya has finally made a breakthrough towards ending the
two-year conflict that has seen the country divided between two rival governments and parliaments, each allied with
loose coalitions of armed militias fighting each other. The resulting power vacuum has led, not least, to the rise of
ISIL/Da'esh in Libya and, to the country's increasing role as a departure point for migrants hoping to reach Europe. A
political solution to reduce the instability in Libya is critical, both for Libya and for its neighbours.
In sintesi EN
Syria: Turning commitments into action
Tipo di pubblicazioneIn sintesi
Data
13-06-2016
Autore
PAWLAK Patryk
Settore di intervento
Affari esteri | Democrazia UE | Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari
Parole chiaveaiuto ai rifugiati | composizione delle controversie | crimine di guerra | guerra civile | integralismo religioso | intervento
militare | migrazione forzata | risoluzione ONU | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | Siria | terrorismo | vittima civile
Riassunto What started as local anti-government protests in the city of Daraa in 2011 quickly evolved into a popular uprising. The
conflict has since cost the lives of 470 000 people and resulted in the displacement of almost 11 million. This is no
longer a revolution but an internationalised conflict hijacked by big-power politics, and Syrians and their neighbouring
countries are paying the price.
In sintesi EN
Turkish humanitarian policy: An emerging donor
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 17-05-2016
Autore PERCHOC Philippe
Settore di intervento Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | aiuto ai rifugiati | aiuto alle vittime | guerra civile | lotta contro la discriminazione | OCSE | paese
donatore | politica di aiuto | politica di cooperazione | Siria | Turchia
Riassunto Over the last 10 years, Turkey has become a leading emerging donor. Most of Turkey's official development
assistance goes to humanitarian aid, above all in support of Syrian refugees.
In sintesi EN
Humanitarian policy of the Gulf States
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 17-05-2016
Autore LATEK Marta
Settore di intervento Sviluppo e aiuti umanitari
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | Consiglio di cooperazione del Golfo | finanziamento dell'aiuto | guerra civile | paesi del Golfo | politica
estera | rifugiato politico | ripartizione dell'aiuto | Siria | terrorismo
Riassunto At a times of rising global terrorist threats and humanitarian crises affecting the region, the prosperous oil-producing
monarchies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United
Arab Emirates (UAE) – have come under sustained criticism for their policy towards asylum-seekers, their support to
Syrian rebels, including jihadists, and their alleged laxity towards private financing of terrorism. Although the huge
increase in their humanitarian spending has been interpreted by a number of commentators as a means to counter
those criticisms, it seems also to be part of a longer-term foreign policy strategy.
In sintesi EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 7Tajikistan: New challenges to security
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 08-02-2016
Autore KOCAK Konur Alp
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave colpo di Stato | elezioni politiche | guerra civile | integralismo religioso | intervento militare | islam | regime autoritario |
Russia | sicurezza regionale | situazione politica | Stati Uniti | Tagikistan | terrorismo
Riassunto Tajikistan is facing both internal and external security challenges mostly related to the rise of religious extremism and
terrorist groups, in particular the Taliban. Terrorist attacks in September 2015, followed by a military response and
closure of the Islamic Renaissance Party raised concerns about instability. The Taliban seizure of Kunduz on
Tajikistan's borders further alarmed the country. Russia, the country's main security provider, is likely to increase its
military presence and influence
In sintesi EN
Peace agreement in South Sudan: Ambitious but hard to deliver
Tipo di pubblicazioneBriefing
Data
02-02-2016
Autore
PICHON Eric
Settore di intervento
Affari esteri
Parole chiavecommercio di armi | composizione delle controversie | diritti umani | Etiopia | guerra civile | indipendenza della giustizia
| instaurazione della pace | Kenya | politica estera | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | prigioniero politico |
Repubblica centrafricana | Repubblica democratica del Congo | Sudan | Sudan del Sud | Uganda | violenza di Stato |
violenza politica
Riassunto In August 2015, under considerable international pressure, a peace agreement was signed in South Sudan: it aimed to
end the violent civil war that had broken out two years earlier. The conflict was caused by a number of entangled
factors that can be boiled down to a struggle for power and oil in a devastated country. Soon after gaining
independence in 2011, the rivalry between the two main leaders, Salva Kiir and Riek Machar, that had been subdued,
erupted again.
In July 2013, President Kiir dismissed Vice-President Machar. The following December, ethnic conflict erupted within
the army, tragically spreading to the civilian population and leading to a humanitarian catastrophe. The 2015 peace
agreement is an important benchmark towards peace and reconciliation, as it addresses the main issues:
establishment of an inclusive government; demilitarisation and reinsertion in civilian life of a large number of well-
equipped militias; proper mechanisms for transitional justice and reparation; immediate measures to facilitate
humanitarian access; and a consistent programme to redress the economy. Nevertheless, progress towards
implementation of the peace deal is slow: key structures such as the transitional government and the 'hybrid' court
have not yet been put in place. Building confidence between the current head of state and his main opponent is a
challenging task for international mediators.
Briefing EN
Ukraine and the Minsk II agreement: On a frozen path to peace?
Tipo di pubblicazioneBriefing
Data
27-01-2016
Autore
BENTZEN Naja
Settore di intervento
Affari esteri
Parole chiaveaiuti umanitari | composizione delle controversie | decentramento | guerra civile | guerra di frontiera | movimento
autonomo | politica estera | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | prigioniero di guerra | revisione della costituzione |
Russia | territorio occupato | Ucraina
Riassunto While Kyiv took an important step towards Europe with the entry into force of the Deep and Comprehensive Free
Trade Area on 1 January 2016, Ukraine's path to peace with neighbouring Russia remains complicated. The
implementation of the fragile Minsk II ceasefire agreement — negotiated by the leaders of France, Germany, Ukraine
and Russia in February 2015 — has been extended into 2016.
Several unresolved issues will continue to pose challenges to the fulfilment of Minsk II in 2016. The death toll has now
surpassed 9 000, and Russia continues to supply the rebels with ammunition, weaponry and fighters. In addition,
Ukrainian pilot Nadiya Savchenko is still imprisoned in Russia over murder charges. At the same time, the practical
consequences of the conflict are tangible in the rebel-held areas, where a humanitarian crisis is unfolding.
While the self-proclaimed republics in Donetsk and Luhansk had agreed to postpone local elections until February
2016 — a move that was welcomed by Kyiv, Moscow and Brussels — the next developments hinge on a political
settlement. However, some analysts hope that recent Russian high-level appointments could give new impetus to
negotiations.
This briefing brings up to date that of 16 July 2015, 'Ukraine: Follow-up of Minsk II – A fragile ceasefire'.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 8Conflict in Syria: Trigger factors and the EU response
Tipo di pubblicazioneBriefing
Data
15-01-2016
Autore
PAWLAK Patryk
Settore di intervento
Affari esteri
Parole chiaveaiuti umanitari | aiuto ai rifugiati | dittatura | guerra civile | instaurazione della pace | integralismo religioso | politica
estera e di sicurezza comune | profugo | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | Russia | sicurezza regionale | Siria | Stato
islamico | terrorismo | vittima di guerra
Riassunto Since its beginnings in 2011, the conflict in Syria has cost more than 250 000 lives, and over 4 million Syrians have
been forced to seek security in neighbouring countries – primarily in Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon – and
Europe. A further 7.6 million people are displaced within Syria. The rise of ISIL/Da'esh and other jihadist groups has
aggravated the situation. However, despite the humanitarian and security crisis, progress towards a United Nations
(UN) negotiated political settlement of the conflict has been slow, mostly due to disagreement over President Bashar
al-Assad's future. The adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2254 on 18 December 2015 – setting out a roadmap
for a peace process in Syria with a clear transition timeline – offers new hope, but the real test will be in the
implementation.
The European Union laid down its approach to the crisis in Syria, as well as responding to the ISIL/Da'esh threat, in its
Regional Strategy for Syria and Iraq, which is based on three main pillars: humanitarian assistance, prevention of
regional spill-overs and fighting terrorism. While certain Member States have decided to join the US-led military
operations in Syria, the EU has abstained from direct military involvement. Instead, it has proven to be a valued partner
in the delivery of humanitarian assistance and support for the activities of the Organisation for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons (OPCW). For its part, the European Parliament has focused on addressing the implications of the
refugee crisis inside the European Union, strengthening EU humanitarian assistance in Iraq and Syria and aid to
vulnerable communities, and improving the EU response to the terrorist threat posed by ISIL/Da'esh.
Briefing EN
Multimedia The situation in Syria
The Colombian peace process
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 11-01-2016
Autore GOMEZ RAMIREZ Enrique
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave Colombia | composizione delle controversie | finanziamento dell'UE | guerra civile | instaurazione della pace | relazioni
dell'Unione europea | situazione politica
Riassunto After several failed attempts, the current peace negotiations with the FARC, initiated in 2012 by Colombian President
Juan Manuel Santos are expected to put an end to the conflict, as an agreement was reached in late 2015 on the most
difficult issue – victims reparation and justice. The final agreement is planned to be signed on 23 March 2016, however
the implementation phase after that could prove difficult, with significant challenges to be overcome.
In sintesi EN
Russia's disinformation on Ukraine and the EU's response
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data17-11-2015
AutoreBENTZEN Naja | RUSSELL Martin
Settore di interventoAffari esteri
Parole chiave comunicazione di massa | comunità virtuale | controllo della comunicazione | guerra civile | guerra di frontiera |
pluralismo dei media | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | propaganda politica | Russia | Ucraina
Riassunto Manipulation of information is central to the Ukraine crisis, with some observers even referring to an 'information war'.
Coverage in Russia's largely state-controlled domestic media bears the hallmarks of a sophisticated disinformation
campaign. Internationally, multilingual news channel RT is Russia's main media tool, projecting the Kremlin's narrative
to a global audience. In Russia itself, the vast majority of people subscribe uncritically to the version of events
presented in the country's media. The Russian media are also highly effective in neighbouring countries with large
ethnic Russian populations such as the Baltic States. However, the global impact is more mitigated; while RT has
garnered a huge international audience, Russia's image has deteriorated substantially in many countries since the start
of the Ukraine crisis. Proposals to counter Russian disinformation include increased funding for existing Western
media broadcasting in Russian, such as the BBC World Service, and the creation of new ones, such as a jointly
operated Russian-language TV channel offering not only news but also entertainment in order to compete with pro-
Kremlin media. For its part, the EU has set up a strategic communication task force to develop a response; one of the
first initiatives of the new team is a weekly review exposing Russian disinformation. This briefing updates an earlier
edition of May 2015.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 9Syria [What Think Tanks are thinking]
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 16-10-2015
Autore CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI Marcin
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave conflitto internazionale | diffusione delle informazioni | guerra civile | integralismo religioso | politica estera e di
sicurezza comune | profugo | repertorio | Siria | terrorismo
Riassunto The civil war in Syria has developed into the world's worst ongoing humanitarian and security disaster. An estimated
250,000 people have been killed during four and a half years of hostilities, and over 11 million people have been forced
out of their homes. The war has contributed to the expansion of the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS) controlled by a jihadi, extremist militant group. With an estimated 4 million Syrians having left the country, the
conflict has also fuelled a refugee crisis in neighbouring countries including Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Egypt, as
well as Europe. The ongoing fighting has exposed the inability of the international community to resolve the conflict.
According to many analysts, the civil war has now turned into a full-blown proxy war involving regional and global
powers, as highlighted most recently by Russia's open military intervention. The European Union is a staunch
supporter of a political solution to the conflict. This note provides links to recent commentaries, studies and reports
from major international think tanks on the Syrian conflict. Please click here for the full publication in PDF format
In sintesi EN
Conflict in Syria
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 02-10-2015
Autore PAWLAK Patryk
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave aiuto ai rifugiati | arma chimica | composizione delle controversie | dittatura | finanziamento dell'UE | guerra civile |
intervento militare | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | risoluzione ONU | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | Siria |
terrorismo
Riassunto Since its beginnings in 2011, the conflict in Syria has cost more than 250 000 lives and over 4 million Syrians have
been forced to seek security in neighbouring countries – primarily in Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon. A
further 7.6 million people are displaced within Syria. The rise of ISIL/Da'esh and other jihadist groups has aggravated
the situation. Despite this humanitarian and security crisis, however, progress towards a political settlement to the
conflict has been slow.
In sintesi EN
Ukraine: Follow-up of Minsk II
Tipo di pubblicazioneBriefing
Data
16-07-2015
Autore
BENTZEN Naja
Settore di intervento
Affari esteri
Parole chiavecomposizione delle controversie | disinformazione | guerra civile | guerra di frontiera | Moldova | movimento autonomo |
NATO | politica di difesa | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | prigioniero politico | revisione della costituzione |
Russia | sanzione internazionale | sicurezza regionale | Ucraina
Riassunto Four months after leaders from France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia reached a 13-point 'Package of measures for
the implementation of the Minsk agreements' ('Minsk II') on 12 February 2015, the ceasefire is crumbling. The pressure
on Kyiv to contribute to a de-escalation and comply with Minsk II continues to grow.
While Moscow still denies accusations that there are Russian soldiers in eastern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir
Putin publicly admitted in March 2015 to having invaded Crimea. There is mounting evidence that Moscow continues
to play an active military role in eastern Ukraine. The multidimensional conflict is eroding the country's stability on all
fronts.
While the situation on both the military and the economic front is acute, the country is under pressure to conduct wide-
reaching reforms to meet its international obligations. In addition, Russia is challenging Ukraine's identity as a
sovereign nation state with a wide range of disinformation tools.
Against this backdrop, the international community and the EU are under increasing pressure to react. In the following
pages, the current status of the Minsk II agreement is assessed and other recent key developments in Ukraine and
beyond examined.
This briefing brings up to date that of 16 March 2015, 'Ukraine after Minsk II: the next level – Hybrid responses to
hybrid threats?'.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 10Burundi: Human rights situation
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 02-07-2015
Autore ZAMFIR Ionel
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave Burundi | convenzione internazionale | diritti politici | diritti sociali | diritti umani | diritto alla giustizia | discriminazione
basata sulle tendenze sessuali | discriminazione sessuale | FES | guerra civile | libertà di stampa | ratifica di accordo |
situazione politica | terrorismo | violenza
Riassunto Since the end of the civil war in 2005, Burundi has made major efforts towards inter-ethnic reconciliation and
establishing a legal and institutional framework for the protection of human rights, albeit with limited effect in practice.
The run-up to the general elections scheduled initially for May-June 2015 has sparked political violence and seen
space for dissent shrinking rapidly.
In sintesi EN
Security challenges in the MENA region
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 29-06-2015
Autore CIRLIG Carmen-Cristina
Settore di intervento Affari esteri | Sicurezza e difesa
Parole chiave Africa del Nord | guerra civile | integralismo religioso | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | sicurezza regionale |
situazione economica | situazione politica | terrorismo | Vicino e Medio Oriente
Riassunto The wave of violence and political turbulence engulfing the entire Middle East and North Africa (MENA) poses
significant security challenges not only for the countries of the region, but also beyond, including for the European
Union (EU).
In sintesi EN
Understanding hybrid threats
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 22-06-2015
Autore PAWLAK Patryk
Settore di intervento Sicurezza e difesa
Parole chiave Cina | Corea del Nord | criminalità informatica | diritto bellico | guerra civile | guerra di frontiera | NATO | politica estera
e di sicurezza comune | Russia | terrorismo | Ucraina
Riassunto 'Hybrid threats' are often invoked in reference to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the ISIL/Da'esh campaign in Iraq.
As policy-makers struggle to grasp what hybrid threats mean for national security, it is pertinent to recall the origins,
the meaning, and legal challenges associated with this concept.
In sintesi EN
Yemen: at a political crossroads
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 13-04-2015
Autore PAWLAK Patryk
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave Arabia Saudita | conflitto religioso | Consiglio di cooperazione del Golfo | geopolitica | guerra civile | intervento militare |
Iran | riforma politica | sicurezza regionale | situazione politica | terrorismo | Yemen
Riassunto The instability in Yemen may seem to be just another sectarian conflict; however, the reality is much more complex.
Yemen's pluralistic political environment is shaped by an explosive mixture of tribal, sectarian and national ambitions,
which underpin the implementation of the national dialogue that concluded in January 2015.
In sintesi EN
Yemen: in a security vacuum
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 13-04-2015
Autore PAWLAK Patryk
Settore di intervento Affari esteri
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | Arabia Saudita | conflitto religioso | Consiglio di cooperazione del Golfo | esercito | guerra civile |
intervento militare | Iran | ordine pubblico | sicurezza regionale | terrorismo | Yemen
Riassunto The absence of functioning state institutions and weak security forces in Yemen provide a fertile ground for anti-
government insurgency and terrorism. To date, the ongoing military conflict between the central government and
Houthi rebels affects half of Yemen's 22 governorates. With 'Operation Decisive Storm' underway, many fear that we
are witnessing a proxy war between regional powerhouses, with potential spillover effects across the region.
In sintesi EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 11Ukraine after Minsk II: the next level
Tipo di pubblicazioneBriefing
Data
16-03-2015
Autore
BENTZEN Naja | SABBATI Giulio
Settore di intervento
Affari esteri
Parole chiavecomposizione delle controversie | guerra civile | guerra di frontiera | instaurazione della pace | intervento militare |
movimento autonomo | NATO | occupazione militare | politica della comunicazione | politica estera | politica estera e di
sicurezza comune | Russia | situazione economica | Stati Uniti | Ucraina
Riassunto One month after leaders from France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia reached a 13-point peace agreement in Minsk on
12 February 2015 – Minsk II, a follow-up to the September 2014 Minsk Protocol – the ceasefire is shaky, although it
has at least reduced the number of deaths in combat, and the pressure on the international community to act
continues.
While Russia denies accusations that it has been sending troops and weapons to support separatists in Ukraine's east,
the undeclared 'hybrid war' is developing on all fronts. In the face of a shaky ceasefire and Ukraine's crumbling
economy, the EU, the US and major international actors are discussing possible political, military, and economic
responses to the deteriorating crisis. At the same time, EU Member States and NATO are stepping up efforts to
counter Russia's 'information warfare'.
The on-going crisis in Ukraine erupted after former President Viktor Yanukovych refused to sign an Association
Agreement with the EU in November 2013 and sought closer ties to Russia. Russia's active role in the eastern Ukraine
crisis has exposed divides in the EU and the international community on how to react to hybrid threats. It comes at a
time when the effectiveness of the EU's Neighbourhood Policy, including the Eastern Partnership, is being questioned.
This briefing is a follow-up to the 12 February 2015 briefing 'Minsk peace agreement: still to be consolidated on the
ground'.
Briefing EN
The Russian Embargo: Impact on the Economic and Employment Situation in the EU
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data14-11-2014
AutoreKRAATZ Susanne
Settore di interventoOccupazione | Valutazione del diritto e delle politiche nella pratica
Parole chiave conseguenza economica | esportazione (UE) | Fondo europeo di adeguamento alla globalizzazione | guerra civile |
politica estera e di sicurezza comune | premio di magazzinaggio | prodotto interno lordo | Russia | sanzione economica
| sanzione internazionale | scambio agricolo | soppressione di posti di lavoro | sostegno del mercato | Ucraina
Riassunto This documents provides an overview of the EU sanctions and Russia's retaliatory measures. It analyzes the impact
on economy and employment, compensation measures taken by the European Commission as well as initiatives by
the European Parliament.
Briefing EN
The Russian-Ukrainian Gas Deal: Taking the Bite out of Winter?
Tipo di pubblicazione Briefing
Data11-11-2014
AutoreDE MICCO Pasquale
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Energia
Parole chiave aiuto finanziario | approvvigionamento d'energia | contratto commerciale | corruzione | finanziamento dell'UE | garanzia
di credito | gasdotto | geopolitica | guerra civile | prezzo dell'energia | rendimento energetico | Russia | sicurezza
d'approvvigionamento | Ucraina
Riassunto A recent agreement between Moscow and Kyiv, triumphantly heralded by the European Commission, is unlikely to
prove everything promised by an outgoing Commission President José Manuel Barroso. Brokered by the EU, the deal
should preclude a repeat of the winter gas crisis that hit Ukraine and the EU in 2006 and 2009. Already, Russia –
which cut supplies to Ukraine in June 2014, when pro-Russian separatists were waging war in eastern Ukraine – has
agreed to restore the supply in the cold months ahead. Prices and conditions have also been settled. But the plan’s
short-term solutions leave a number of problems unresolved. Ukraine’s national reserves and the IMF will pay for some
of Ukraine’s gas, although a contribution from EU taxpayers cannot be ruled out. Not all of the agreement has been
made public, and its sustainability is questionable: even if the deal has taken the bite out of winter, the ramifications for
the following seasons are uncertain. The EU’s energy security is likely to remain hostage to tensions between Kyiv and
Moscow until Ukraine’s structural weaknesses are repaired and the country’s role as guardian of the pipelines reduced.
Briefing EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 12Insecurity in Context: The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria
Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita
Data24-07-2014
AutoreBARNA Judit
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Diritti dell''uomo | Sicurezza e difesa
Parole chiave conflitto religioso | diritto musulmano | distribuzione delle ricchezze | elezioni presidenziali | guerra civile | integralismo
religioso | islam | Nigeria | politica estera e di sicurezza comune | relazioni dell'Unione europea | repressione |
sequestro politico | sicurezza regionale | situazione economica | situazione politica | terrorismo
Riassunto As the Boko Haram terrorist group wages war on a widening range of targets in Nigeria, the inefficiency of the
country’s government has been starkly revealed – along with the urgent need for deep-cutting political and socio-
economic reforms to counter a growing sense of insecurity. The north has been particularly hard-hit, with poor
governance, omnipresent corruption and worsening social indicators compounding the security problem.
Boko Haram, originally a peaceful Islamist movement, has moved progressively towards militant extremism since
2009, regularly attacking Nigerians and foreigners, Christians and Muslims, northerners and even residents of the
capital, troops and civilians, in an effort to destabilise the state. For a number of years the group was treated as an
internal Nigerian problem. However, Boko Haram’s illicit and armed activities increasingly take place across the
country’s borders. When more than 200 girls were kidnapped in the town of Chibok in April 2014, it was clear that
neighbouring countries and the international community would need to coordinate their efforts.
In addition to launching a direct response to the security threat, the Nigerian government must address a wide range of
grievances to eliminate the root causes of the insurgency in the long term. This has proved a daunting task in the past,
and the issue is currently politically delicate: the country is readying itself for the 2015 presidential elections, which are
expected to be fiercely contested.
Analisi approfondita EN
Crisis in Central African Republic: the EU response
Tipo di pubblicazione In sintesi
Data 30-01-2014
Autore CIRLIG Carmen-Cristina
Settore di intervento Affari esteri | Sicurezza e difesa
Parole chiave aiuti umanitari | conflitto religioso | crimine di guerra | forza multinazionale | guerra civile | mantenimento della pace |
migrazione forzata | missione militare dell'UE | Repubblica centrafricana | vittima civile
Riassunto Long viewed as a fragile state, the Central African Republic (CAR) is now confronted with a deep political, security and
humanitarian crisis, which reached a peak in December 2013. The EU is the main donor to CAR and has stepped up
its humanitarian and development aid in response to the crisis.
In sintesi EN
Iraq's Deadly Spiral toward a Civil War
Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita
Data09-10-2013
AutoreHAKALA Pekka
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Democrazia UE
Parole chiave conflitto religioso | cooperazione internazionale | guerra civile | Iraq | politica di aiuto | prevenzione dei conflitti | status
politico | terrorismo | Vicino e Medio Oriente | vittima civile
Riassunto In recent months sectarian violence in Iraq has escalated worryingly. More than 6 400 people have been killed across
the country this year, half of them in the last three months. The Shia-dominated central government has failed to
address the grievances of the Sunni minority and has responded to public protests with a heavy hand, leading militant
Sunni groups such as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant to gain ground. The situation is compounded by the
dangerous spill-over from the civil war in neighbouring Syria.
Iraq matters for the entire Middle East. While the only real solutions to Iraq's problems are domestic, international
actors can contribute to the process. The role of the European Union can be significant in consolidating the country's
judicial and law enforcement authorities and in organising the forthcoming parliamentary elections.
Analisi approfondita EN
Syria: Weighing the Risks
Tipo di pubblicazione Analisi approfondita
Data09-09-2013
AutoreDIAB CACERES Nadia | HAKALA Pekka | KETTIS Andreas
Settore di interventoAffari esteri | Democrazia UE | Diritti dell''uomo
Parole chiave aiuto ai rifugiati | arma chimica | Consiglio di sicurezza dell'ONU | crimine contro l'umanità | forza multinazionale |
guerra civile | intervento militare | Libano | ruolo internazionale dell'UE | Siria
Riassunto Following two and a half years of bloody civil war in Syria, world leaders remain uncertain how to staunch a
humanitarian calamity that has left more than 100 000 Syrians dead, 6 million displaced and immeasurable material
damage and human suffering. China and Russia have incapacitated the United Nations, and the military conflict in
Syria is escalating dangerously. The chemical attack on civilian targets near Damascus on 21 August has refocused
the attention of the international community on the crisis, and the United States and France – supported by the Gulf
states, Turkey and Israel – are calling for a targeted and limited military intervention to punish the Assad regime. Such
action would have unpredictable consequences for the country, the region and world politics. It is unlikely that it would
improve the dire situation of the Syrian people or foster a peaceful and democratic future for the country.
Analisi approfondita EN
07-08-2022 Fonte : © Unione europea, 2022 - PE 13You can also read
