Effect of the inclusion of Musa sp. on the conservation of silages of Trichanthera gigantea (Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees - 44-1 Pastos y Forrajes ...
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Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 44, 2021
Effect of the inclusion of Musa sp. on the conservation of T. gigantea silages 1
Effect of the inclusion of Musa sp. on the conservation of silages of Trichanthera gigantea
Scientific Paper
(Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees
Daniel Rojas-Cordero1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5295-1487, Andrés Alpízar-Naranjo1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9612-4918, Miguel Castillo-
Umaña1 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8114-744X, Michael López-Herrera2 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-9900
1
Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias Heredia, Costa Rica. 2Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Zootecnia,
Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal, San José, Costa Rica. Correo electrónico: danielreds24@gmail.com
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of Musa sp. on the nutritional and fermentative
quality of Trichanthera gigantea (Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees.
Materials and Methods: A complete unrestricted design was used, with four treatments: T1) 100 % T. gigantea, T2)
85 % T. gigantea: 25 % Musa sp., T3) 70 % T. gigantea: 30 % Musa sp. and T4) 55 % T. gigantea: 45 % Musa sp. The
silages were made in 5-kg plastic bags during 40 days. At the moment of opening their bromatological characteristics,
as well as the fermentation indicators, were measured. A variance analysis was applied and the possible correlations
among all the bromatological variables, as well as fermentation indicators, were measured. A variance analysis
was applied and the possible correlations among all the bromatological variables and fermentative indicators, were
analyzed.
Results: Improvement was found in the fermentative indicators of the silages due to increase in the concentration of
lactic acid and pH decrease, proportional to the quantity of Musa sp. used. The dry matter concentration increased, at
a rate of a 0,9 percentage points for each increase of Musa sp. in the silages. Likewise, increase was generated in the
content of non-fibrous carbohydrates and starch, which improved the energy contribution of the silages. There was
decrease in the quantity of crude protein and fiber, at a rate of 1,8 and 5,7 percentage points for each increase in the
quantity of Musa sp., respectively, without negative effect on the digestibility of the silages.
Conclusions: The mixtures with 30 % Musa sp. showed adequate fermentative and nutritional characteristics for their
conservation and use as supplement for ruminants; nevertheless, levels 0 and 5 % showed the highest protein and fiber
values, but low in energy. In turn, the mixtures of 0 and 45 % achieved the best fermentative indicators.
Keywords: nutritional quality, ruminant nutrition, forage shrubs
Introduction content between 18 and 30 % and dry matter
In tropical production systems, pastures are digestibility of 69 %, stand out (Riascos-Vallejo et al.,
used as main feed source. Yet, this resource is af- 2020), which turn it into a choice for ruminant
fected due to the environmental conditions, which feeding, fresh as well as in silage (Daniel, 2015).
can compromise the adequate intake of nutrients Square banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana,
and animal productivity (Poppi et al., 2018). Grupo ABB) (SB) has proven to be an energy source,
The use of shrubs as complement of pastures due to its high starch content (80,1 % DM). In addition,
and forage source can help mitigate the effects it is suitable for rumen supplementation, because it
caused by the climate change (Alayon-Gamboa can be preserved as silage, especially when it is used
et al., 2016), because it is considered a profitable in immature state (López, 2017; López-Herrera et al.,
alternative that allows to provide the animals with 2019). This characteristic makes it a viable alternative
nutrients, mainly with protein (Franzel et al., 2014). for its mixture with plants such as T. gigantea, in
Nevertheless, for utilizing better these feedstuffs, order to favor the fermentation process in the silage
they should be complemented with energy sources and enhance the use of nutrients at rumen level (López-
that optimize the use of nutrients in the rumen Herrera et al., 2019).
(Jiménez-Ferrer et al., 2015). Silage is the result of a process of spontaneous
Trichanthera gigantea (Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees lactic fermentation, which occurs under anaerobic
is a tropical plant from humid climate zones. It has conditions. It is induced by the bacteria that are
nutritional characteristics, among which a protein part of the epiphytic microflora in plants, particu-
Received: September 22, 2020
Accepted: March 09, 2021
How to cite a paper: Rojas-Cordero, D.; Alpízar-Naranjo, A.; Castillo-Umaña, M. & López-Herrera, M. Effect of the inclusion of Musa sp. on the conservation of Trichanthera
gigantea (Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees as silage. Pastos y Forrajes. 44:eI04, 2021.
This is an open access article distributed in Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The use, distribution or reproduction is allowed citing the original source and authors.Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 44, 2021
2 Daniel Rojas-Cordero
larly those that produce lactic acid (Borreani et al., The fruits from SB (Musa acuminata x Musa
2018). Through the ensiling techniques diverse type balbisiana, Group ABB) were harvested in the
of materials that can be used in ruminant feeding Agroecological Farm Vocaré, located in Upala,
have been preserved (Grant and Ferraretto, 2018). Costa Rica, a zone situated at 120-180 m.a.s.l., with
The objective of this research was to evalu- average rainfall of 2 500 mm per year, average tem-
ate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of perature of 26 ºC and relative humidity of 80-90 %
Musa sp. on some indicators of the nutritional and (IMN, 2020). The nutritional composition before
fermentative quality of T. gigantea silages. the silage of the materials used is shown in table 1.
Materials and Methods Table 1. Nutritional value of the materials used in the
preparation of the mixtures to be ensiled (% DM).
Location. The research was carried out in the
Experimental Farm Santa Lucía (FESL, for its ini- Nutrient Musa sp. Pre-dried T. gigantea
tials in Spanish), of the National University of Cos- DM 28,3 16,9
ta Rica. This facility is located between coordinates CP 5,1 19,9
10° 01’ 20’’ N and 84° 06’ 45’’ W, at an altitude of NDF 8,7 30,6
1 250 m.a.s.l., in Barva, Heredia, Costa Rica. The Lignin 5,1 9,0
laboratory analyses were carried out at the Animal
NFC 86,3 18,7
Nutrition Research Center of the University of Cos-
ta Rica, located in Montes de Oca, Costa Rica. Total starch 84,3 ND
Experimental design and treatments. A complete TDN 89,2 53,4
randomized unrestricted design was used, in which DM: dry matter, CP: crude protein, NDF: neutral detergent
four levels of substitution of T. gigantea forage by fiber, NFC: non-fibrous carbohydrates and TDN: total digestible
nutrients; ND: not detected.
Musa sp. fruits (SB) were combined, according to the
following treatments: T1) 100 % T. gigantea, T2) 85 % Experimental procedure. The materials were
T. gigantea: 25 % SB, T3) 70 % T. gigantea: 30 % SB chopped separately with an electrical-engine chopper
and T4) 55 % T. gigantea: 45 % SB. All the treatments until obtaining an average particle size of 2,5 cm.
were subject to conservation through the technique of They were manually mixed with the immature SB
silage in microsilos. To all of them 6 % weight/weight fruits. To store the microsilos polyethylene bags
of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) molasses for vacuum packing were used, with capacity for
without being diluted and artisanal bacterial inoculant 5 kg and diameter of 0,063 mm. The material was
(elaborated by the fermentation of milk serum, manually deposited and compacted. The air was well
skimmed milk and molasses, during 30 days) with extracted through an aspirator. After the elimination
a Lactobacillus concentration of 1,0 x 109, at doses of oxygen, the bags were sealed with plastic duct tape
of 1 L/ton in fresh, were added. Likewise, each and were placed inside a bag for silage in a room,
treatment was repeated four times for a total of 16 protected from the attack of birds or routine works,
experimental units (microsilos). which could affect the ensiling process.
Sampling and experimental variables. After 40
Experimental procedure
days of fermentation, from each microsilo a 0,6-kg
Materials used. The T. gigantea forage was ob- sample was taken to determine the silage quality.
tained from a plantation located in the FESL. This For such purpose the following fermentative
zone shows annual rainfall of 2 403 mm, relative indicators were analyzed: pH with a potentiometer
humidity of 80,5 % and mean annual temperature with hydrogen electrode through the methodology
of 20,3 ºC, with minimum of 15,4 ºC and maximum proposed by the WHO (2003) and lactic acid
of 25,2 ºC (IMN, 2020). The material was harvested according to the method indicated in Ball et al.
from a plantation established in 2004, with asexu- (2011) by high production liquid chromatography
al seed, at a density of 20 000 plants per hectare. (HPLC). A sample from each repetition was taken to
During the experimental period it only received perform the nutritional composition analyses, in which
weed control. It was harvested at 75 days of age of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP = N x 6,25), ethereal
the regrowth and at 1 m of height. Once collected, extract and ash, were determined, according to the
before the elaboration of the silages, it was sub- methods indicated in AOAC (1998). Non-fibrous
ject to a dehydration process during 48 hours in a carbohydrates (NFC) were estimated according to
greenhouse to reduce the moisture content. Detmann and Valadares-Filho (2010).Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 44, 2021
Effect of the inclusion of Musa sp. on the conservation of T. gigantea silages 3
For the determination of the starch content the The DM content in the silages could have been
method described by Salazar-Murillo and Grana- defined by the DM concentration present in both
dos-Chinchilla (2018) was used, with the utilization materials that make up the silage and by the con-
of HPLC and an Agilent 1260 Infinity chromato- servation method used during the experiment. All
graph, with an Agilent Hi-Plex H column. The the silages showed lower contents than 35 % DM,
concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and which is to be expected if it is considered that the
lignin were determined through the methodology DM content of the materials used to elaborate the
proposed by Van Soest et al. (1991). The digestible silages was lower (table 1). According to Borreani
neutral detergent fiber (dNDF) and total digestible et al. (2018) and Grant and Ferraretto (2018), any
nutrients were estimated according to the technique material with DM content lower than 35 % can
described by Detmann et al. (2008). The energy frac- show lower losses due to effluents, which can be
tions were calculated by the equations referred in the leached and reduce the availability of soluble car-
requirement tables of NRC (2001) for dairy cattle. bohydrates, necessary for the fermentation of lac-
Statistical analysis. The data were tabulated tic acid bacteria. This can affect pH reduction and
and analyzed through general linear mixed models predispose the development of secondary fermenta-
(GLMM) by the statistical program INFOSTAT® tions produced by other bacteria, which can affect
the synthesis and final quantity of lactic acid.
Professional (Di-Rienzo et al., 2019). In addition,
The pH showed significant differences (p < 0,001)
regression analysis was carried out to determine
among treatments. The means were lower as the
the change rate in the nutritional variables, if the
SB quantity increased. Thus, the treatment with
treatment effect was significant. From the regres-
higher pH was 0 % SB; while the one with the
sion equations the significant slope was used for
lowest pH was 45 % SB (table 2). The regression
the estimation of the change rate in each variable.
calculated for this variable [pH=-0,06(x)+6,6]
The analysis by Pearson coefficient was also used
indicated that for each 15 % increase of SB the
to find the correlation among all the bromatological
pH of the silages decreases by 0,9 points. The
variables and the fermentation indicators. In all the
production of organic acids, mainly lactic acid,
conducted analyses significance was declared when
causes pH reduction during ensiling (Kung et al.,
p < 0,05. Although they were considered trend of
2001). Nevertheless, it can be affected by the
the treatment when p > 0,05 was obtained; butPastos y Forrajes, Vol. 44, 2021
4 Daniel Rojas-Cordero
Table 2. Dry matter, pH and lactic acid means of the ensiled treatments.
Musa sp. DM, % pH Lactic acid, % DM
0 19,3ª 6,6d 0,3ª
15 20,2 ab
5,6 c
0,7ª
30 21,1b 5,2b 2,6b
45 22,0c 4,1 ª 7,3c
SE ± 0,259 0,048 0,135
P - valuePastos y Forrajes, Vol. 44, 2021
Effect of the inclusion of Musa sp. on the conservation of T. gigantea silages 5
exposed to an intense proteolysis process, product SB, according to the regression equation [Total
from clostridial fermentation. This originates high- starch=0,51(x)-0,49]. The treatment with 45 % SB
er concentrations of soluble nitrogen and ammoni- was the one with the highest content of total starch
acal nitrogen, which generates in the silages lower (table 3). Starch is the main compound in the SB
values of final CP. fruits, when immature, according to López-Herre-
The silages showed CP levels comparable to the ra (2019). Thus, by increasing the quantity of SB,
silages of Cratylia argentea (Desv.) O. Kuntze and starch increases in silages.
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook with SB, The starch preserved during ensiling can be
reported in the study by Montero (2016), and were transformed into propionate in the rumen, for which
higher than the ones referred by Alpízar et al. (2014) its increase could influence positively ruminant
in silages of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Morus productivity Owens and Basalan, 2016). It should
alba L. These differences are due to the characteristics be considered that there are starch losses during
of each species, as well as to the moisture present ensiling, because bacterial amylase can remain
in the forage at the moment of ensiling (Grant and active, even until day 56 of silage (Ning et al., 2017).
Ferraretto, 2018). Nevertheless, it is important to guarantee adequate
The CP showed significant differences (p < 0,001), balance of starch in the diet to prevent rumen
due to the quantity of SB fruit (table 3). The content acidosis (Humer et al., 2018). In this study, all the
of this fraction was reduced as the quantity of SB in- treatments with SB have less than 34 % starch, value
creased. In this case, the regression equation [CP=- that is lower than the one reported by Ferraretto et al.
0,12(x)+14,2] states that the reduction in the protein (2018) for Zea mays L. silages. Nevertheless, it is
concentration occurs at a rate of 1,8 percentage points higher than that referred by Serbester et al. (2015),
for each 15 % increase in the quantity of SB. who worked with silages of Z. mays and Glycine
The NFC concentration presented significant max (L.) Merr. However, the silages studied here
differences (p < 0,001) due to SB. Thus, at higher have higher protein content, which turns them
quantity of SB the concentration of NFC in the silage into a quality nutritional complement for its use in
was higher, the treatment with 45 % SB being the feeding programs aimed at dairy cattle. The silages
one that showed higher concentration of this fraction must be balanced to prevent the fermentation of
(table 3). The NFC increase occurs, as average, at a rate large quantities of starch in the rumen, which could
of 12,2 points for every 15 % increase of SB, when predispose to rumen acidosis (Zebeli et al., 2010).
considering that the regression [NFC=0,81(x)+19,7] The mineral content (ash) showed significant dif-
was significant for the estimation of NFCs (table 3). ferences among treatments (p < 0,001) when SB was
This increase in the NFC concentration is due to used. The ash content was reduced as the SB quantity
two main reasons: higher production of organic increased. The regression equation [Ash=-0,32(x)+28,4]
acids in the silo and higher quantity of starch from indicates that the reduction in the ash concentration oc-
the SB. curs at a rate of 4,8 percentage points for every 15 %
According to Detmann and Valadares-Filho increase in the SB quantity. Thus, the treatment with
(2010), NFCs include simple sugars, starch and 45 % SB was the one that showed lower concentra-
organic acids, the last ones being characteristic of tion, for 13,8 % DM (table 3).
the silage biochemistry and necessary for pH de- The reduction found in the ash content coincides
crease (Kung et al., 2001). It was determined that with the results obtained by Rojas-Cordero et al.
there is correlation between the pH value and NFCs (2020), who reported reduction in the ash when
(ρ= -0,97 p=Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 44, 2021
6 Daniel Rojas-Cordero
first one is related to the improvement in the energy affect rumination, if the intake of physically
contribution of the silages, because ash lacks such effective fiber is not balanced (Banakar et al., 2018).
contribution (Carvalho et al., 2016). According to Lignin also showed significant differences
Owens and Basalan (2016), ash reduction increases (p < 0,001) among treatments. This compound
the quantity of organic matter that is fermented in decreased as the quantity of SB increased, so
the rumen, and which contributes energy for animal that the treatment with 45 % SB was the one that
production (table 4). The second effect is related to showed the lowest concentration of lignin. The
the reduction in the buffering capacity of forage, regression calculated to estimate the reduction of
which favors a better conservation of materials in lignin was significant (p < 0,001). Through the
the silo (Borreani et al., 2018). In this last case, it equation [Lignin=-0,13(x)+9,9] it could be detected
was possible to calculate a correlation between pH that this compound decreases, as average, at a
and ash (ρ=0,97 p=Pastos y Forrajes, Vol. 44, 2021
Effect of the inclusion of Musa sp. on the conservation of T. gigantea silages 7
to decrease the dNDF as the quantity of SB in Acknowledgements
the silage increases, it was not possible to find The authors thank the Animal Nutrition Re-
significant differences or trends in the dNDF search Center (CINA, for its initials in Spanish) of
[(dNDF/NDF) x 100)]. This means that the quality the University of Costa Rica for its support to the
of NDF in the treatments is similar. However, as research project «Evaluation of pasture and forage
has been previously indicated, when using these silages with different levels of Musa sp. for rumi-
materials they should be balanced with other nant feeding under organic regulations» and to the
feeding resources that promote the intake of development of this research.
physically effective fiber and prevent the affectation
Conflicts of interests
of rumination.
The energy content in the form of TDN or The authors declare that there is no conflict of
net lactation energy (NEL) showed significant interests among them.
differences (p < 0,001) among the treatments. It was Authors’ contribution
determined that the energy content was influenced • Daniel Rojas-Cordero. Conducted the experi-
directly by the quantity of SB in the silages, so that ments in the field, design and setting up of the
the treatment with 45 % SB was the most energetic experiments, data collection and processing, as
one. The calculated regressions [TDN=-0,5(x)+45,2] well as manuscript writing and revision.
and [NEL=-0,01(x)+0,99] were significant (p < 0,001)
and allowed to estimate that the increase in the • Andrés Alpízar-Naranjo. Conducted the experi-
energy content occurs at a rate of 7,5 points of TDN ments in the field, design and setting up of the
and 0,15 Mcal of NEL, for every 15 % increase of SB. experiments, data collection and processing, as
The increase in the energy content of the silages well as manuscript writing and revision.
is due to the increase in the SB quantity that was • Miguel Ángel Castillo-Umaña. Conducted the
used. The fruits have higher energy concentration experiments in the field, design and setting up of
compared with T. gigantea (table 1). This performance the experiments, data collection and processing,
is similar to the one determined in other studies, in as well as manuscript writing and revision.
which SB was used as additive for silage (Montero-
Durán, 2016; López et al., 2019). And this is due • Michael López-Herrera. Conducted the experi-
to the fact that that substitution is made of forage ments in the field, design and setting up of the
resources by SB with higher energy (89,2 % TDN). experiments, data collection and processing, as
In spite of the energy increase of the treatments well as manuscript writing and revision.
with 15 % and 0 % SB showed lower value than the Bibliographic references
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