Ecological Stewardship - Practical Herbicide - Forest Preserves of Cook County
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Ecological Stewardship
Practical Herbicide
PRACTICAL HERBICIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHY HERBICIDE 4
MANAGEMENT SCHEDULES & PLANS 5
PLANT ID AND PHENOLOGY 6
INVASIVE SPECIES & IPM 7
STATE LICENSING 8
• Renewal
• Testing
• Categories of Licenses
LABELS & SAFETY DATA SHEETS 10
SAFETY 11
• Personal
• Environmental
ORDERING TOOLS/SUPPLIES AND HERBICIDES 13
HERBICIDE OPTIONS 14
• Types
• Additives
• Used by FPCC
APPLICATION METHODS 19
• Foliar spraying
• Hand wicking
• Cut stump
• Basal Bark
• Methods used Elsewhere
APPLICATION TOOLS 22
• Pump sprayers
• Sponge and Wick Applicators
o Paint roller
o Weed Wand
o Handwicking gloves
2022 edition 1PRACTICAL HERBICDE MIXING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION 24 • Mixing • Storage • Transportation • Rinsing and Disposal of Containers PUBLIC SAFETY 26 • Weather Issues • Managing group safety • Signage • Interacting with the Public RECORDKEEPING 29 SPECIES SPECIFIC INFORMATION 30 OTHER RESOURCES AND WEBSITES 31 APPENDIX Appendix Appendices • Practical Herbicide Checklist • FPCC Species Treatment List • FPCC Herbicide Guidelines • Herbicide Application Log Form • Sample Herbicide Labels 2 2022 edition
PRACTICAL HERBICIDE
WHY HERBICIDE?
Herbicides are one of the primary methods treatment options include biological,
used to manage invasive plants. They are incendiary (fire), mechanical methods
part of a broader group of chemicals called (cutting, mowing). Which control methods
pesticides which are also used to manage are utilized will vary depending upon the
insects and diseases. Herbicides can site’s habitat type and level of threat.
efficiently and effectively suppress or kill
unwanted plants and should be used Eradication or control of invasive species may
judiciously, safely, and in a way that take several years and multiple herbicide
minimizes adverse effects on non-target treatments or control methods. Monitoring
resources. of treated areas is important and dictates
how many follow-up treatments are needed.
Herbicides are potentially damaging to the Guidance of which areas merit herbicide
environment and should be used only when treatment is provided through the land
less potentially damaging methods are not management schedules and plans.
available, effective, or feasible. Other
2022 edition 3PRACTICAL HERBICDE
MANAGEMENT SCHEDULES & PLANS
Forest Preserves of Cook County has a include detailed history and ecological
guiding document that defines all approved importance of the site, long-term site
restoration activities that may be conducted management goals, and a management
by staff, interns, contractors, and volunteers schedule.
at all restoration sites. These are either
management schedules or plans. These are All restoration activities conducted at a site
living documents and are updated as needed. should be reflected on the management
schedule or plan. If a new activity or area is
Management schedules lay out the site identified for possible restoration efforts, the
management priorities and restoration Site Steward(s) should discuss the proposed
practices for the short-term future (1-2 changes with the Regional Ecologist so that
years). Schedules may contain a long-term the schedule can be updated.
vision for the site as part of the site
description. Management schedules are Although the Site Steward(s) is the primary
prepared collaboratively with the Regional volunteer contact for the FPCC in the
Ecologist and the Site Steward(s). The Site development and update of the management
Steward’s level of involvement depends on schedules, input from other volunteer
their interest, knowledge, and time. The leaders at the site is strongly encouraged,
schedule defines the overall management of depending on their knowledge, time, and
the site and which restoration activities are interest. Minimally, all site leaders (such as
to be completed by volunteers, contractors, workday leaders, herbiciders, Chainsawyers
interns and/or Resource Management crews. and BPB bosses), should be familiar with the
management schedule. They are responsible
Management plans are primarily prepared for knowing what activities are approved
for dedicated Nature Preserves and Land & within the schedule and should plan their
Water Reserves. Plans are developed by the workdays accordingly.
Regional Ecologist in collaboration with the
Illinois Nature Preserves Commission and
with input from the Site Steward(s). Plans
4 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
PLANT ID AND PHENOLOGY
Herbiciders need to be skilled in plant species found in the Forest Preserves and/or visit the
identification (ID), to distinguish between resources listed at the end of the text.
native and invasive species. At the very least,
the herbicider should be able to identify the Phenology is the study of periodic plant and
main invasive species targets outlined in the animal life cycle events and how these are
site’s management schedule and have an influenced by seasonal and inter-annual
awareness of potential new plant invaders at variations in climate, as well as habitat
their site. factors (such as elevation). Knowledge of
phenology is essential to be able to
Some of the invasive species are difficult to determine the best time to herbicide target
ID and have native species look alikes that species and with what treatment method.
should be protected. If the herbicider is For instance, the best time to treat some
unsure about ID of a species, they should invasives is when the plant is in the seedling
consult a fellow volunteer or someone else or rosette stage.
who is knowledgeable in the plant’s
identification. Limiting your work based on A phenology calendar created by Northeast
your ID expertise is important. For instance, Illinois Invasive Plant Partnership (NIIP) is
an herbicider may be comfortable at available in the appendix to guide you in your
Buckthorn ID when it is in leaf but not when treatment approach by species. Please note
it is dormant. that this is only a guide and that time of
treatment may need to be adjusted, due to
We recommend taking the FPCC Managing the annual and geographic variation in
Invasives class, which tackles identification of weather patterns.
16 of the most common invasive species
2022 edition 5PRACTICAL HERBICDE
INVASIVE SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
Native vs Non-Native vs Invasives IPM
The terms non-native and invasive are often Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is defined
used interchangeably but they are not the as an effective and environmentally sensitive
same. approach to pest management that
incorporates the life cycles of pests and their
Natives are plants and animals that interaction with the environment and
historically evolved and adapted to the available pest control methods, including
ecosystem at that site. Native communities pesticides. IPM is used mostly in the
developed under the specific conditions that agricultural and horticulture industry and to a
shaped the surrounding landscape. lesser degree in natural resource
management. (For more information on IPM,
Non-natives are species that have been review your IDAG Pesticide General
introduced from other areas. They can be Standards Manual.)
from other parts of the world, other parts of
IPM uses strategies that keep pest
the US, other parts of the state or just from
populations below threshold damaging levels
another region or ecosystem nearby.
and help prevent unnecessary pest
Another term that is often used for
management risks to natural resources and
introduced species is “exotic.”
humans.
Invasives are species that are able to take In the eradication of invasive species, the
advantage of degraded ecosystems or altered acceptable pest threshold may be zero if an
conditions to displace or eliminate native area is not infested. When limited resources
species, upsetting the balance of the local or the degree of infestation preclude
ecosystem. The term is used to describe the eradication, a more realistic management
behavior of the species to occupy an area goal is to control the unwanted species by
rather than the origins of the species. reducing their density and abundance to a
Invasive behavior can be exhibited by native level which does not compromise the
or non-native species. integrity of the ecosystem and allows native
species to thrive (refer to Figure 1 on pg. 8.)
When interacting with the public or new The IPM Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring,
volunteers, explaining what non-native and and Suppression (PAMS) techniques may be
invasive species are is often a good starting utilized to accomplish management goals.
point for discussion. Then you can explain They include:
that we are actively managing against
invasives because of the invasive behavior of 1) Prevention – Clean equipment and gear
that species in that particular environment or (boots) when leaving an infested area and
area. before working in another area. When
seeding or planting use pest-free seeds
and transplants or plugs.
2) Avoidance – Maintain/steward for
healthy and diverse plant communities.
6 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
3) Monitoring – Coordinate workday 4) Suppression – Use cultural, mechanical,
activities or target suppression strategies biological, and chemical control methods
using pest scouting/monitoring (looking to reduce or eliminate a pest population
for new invaders and treating outliers), or its impacts while minimizing risks to
and weather forecasts. non-target species.
Figure 1
2022 edition 7PRACTICAL HERBICDE
STATE LICENSING
To become licensed to apply herbicides and If a volunteer cannot test on the day selected
to retain your license, volunteers must: for the Forest Preserves, they can also test
• be at least 18 years of age and provide year-round in DeKalb or Springfield and at a
social security number (not work visa) few selected sites in Cook County in winter
• re-test to renew your license every three and spring. Additionally, the Department of
years. Agriculture conducts a limited number of
• carry license, pesticide label(s), and weekday sessions each year within the
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) whenever using county.
pesticides
• follow all state and federal laws and Categories of Licenses
safety standards All volunteers using herbicides at FPCC
stewardship sites must possess a valid Public
Renewal Process Category Pesticide License issued by the
Licenses are valid for 3 years. Notices for Illinois Department of Agriculture and must
retesting will be sent by Volunteer Resources, have their license with them whenever they
typically in early November. The Preserves are applying herbicide.
pays for the licenses but not any late fees or
duplicate license fees. All paperwork must go Three levels of licenses are offered:
through the Preserves for processing. The Applicator, Operator, and Alternative.
license application forms must be completed
and returned to Volunteer Resources. The Applicator is a person who is responsible for
Forest Preserves will issue a check for herbicide ordering, storage, handling, mixing,
renewal and send it to the state. The state transportation, and providing guidance to
then issues the license, returns it to Operators working under their license. Each
Volunteer Resources and they will send it to stewardship site should have at least one
the volunteer. The process has many steps person licensed as an Applicator. They must
and often takes several weeks to accomplish. be available for supervision of the Operator
and Alternative License holder while
herbicide is being applied. That means that
To check on the status of your license, please the Applicator cannot be on vacation, in the
visit: hospital, etc. while an Operator is applying
https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/agr/Pesticides/ herbicide. In some cases, an Applicator may
Pages/Pesticide-Licensee-Results.aspx be willing to oversee operators at multiple
stewardship sites.
Testing Process
Pesticide license exam sessions are typically
The Forest Preserves strongly encourages all
offered yearly at a Preserve location. Review
volunteers interested in herbicide application
materials, including a recorded prep class,
to earn the Applicator license, even if they
are available from Volunteer Resources to
plan to work primarily as an Operator and
help aspiring license holders prepare for the
exam.
8 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
continue to receive guidance from a more Alternative License is obtained by
seasoned, experienced Applicator. completing the Practical Herbicide class
offered by the Preserves yearly. The license is
Operator is a person who uses herbicides at a good for one calendar year (January 1-
stewardship site under the guidance of the December 31). Alternative License holders
stewardship site’s pesticide Applicator. can apply certain herbicides under the direct
Operators cannot be licensed without an supervision of an Applicator. They may not
Applicator being properly licensed. Operators transport, mix, or pour herbicide. Alternative
are expected to be in contact with their License holders must renew yearly by
supervising Applicator the day of herbicide retaking the Practical Herbicide class.
application.
2022 edition 9PRACTICAL HERBICDE
LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEETS
Labels are legal documents. The herbiciders of their content in particular as it addresses
are legally responsible for following the label safety.
directions on the product container. All
Stewards and Workday Leaders running the Detailed information about labels and SDS is
workday should also read the label before given in the herbicide license prep training
herbicide is applied at a workday that they class but a few key points to look for are:
are leading. Sample labels are in the
appendix. • Product Information – Ingredients, EPA
registration number, Emergency Contact
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) communicate the information and Danger rating
dangers of using hazardous chemical • Precautionary Statements - Human and
products. They were formerly known as animal hazards, Personal Protective
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Every Equipment (PPE) needed, First Aid and
chemical manufacturer, distributor, or Hazard Statements
importer is required to make these available • Directions for use - Agricultural or
to general public. They contain more Forestry Use Requirements, Worker
information about chemical composition, Protection Standard (WPS), Reentry
toxicity, exposure control, first aid, disposal, information/notification (for unprotected
and other topics. Safety Data Sheets should people) and PPE required for workers;
be read in conjunction with the label; but it is Directions for application; Storage/
not a substitute for reading and disposal directions; Use Restrictions
understanding a pesticide label. Stewards
and Workday Leaders should also be aware
10 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
SAFETY
Personal Safety Environmental Safety
PPE – Personal Protection Equipment Both wind and precipitation impact safety.
There are different safety requirements and Labels will provide some guidance on those
guidelines to follow with various tasks in the impacts. Knowing what weather conditions
herbicide application process and follow are predicted before, during and soon after
through. The label will inform the herbicider the workday is important. Check
of the minimum safety requirements for each www.NOAA.gov for current weather
step – mixing, transport, application, cleanup, conditions and forecast. Consider canceling
and disposal. The common items within PPE or delaying any herbicide application on days
are: with rain predicted or high winds.
• Drift Some herbicides will volatilize in hot
• Eye protection – glasses or goggles weather and drift even on windless days.
• Skin protection/general – long sleeves, Improper spray pressures or techniques
long pants, closed toe shoes can cause droplets or clouds of herbicide
• Hand protection – chemical resistant to drift and land on non-target
gloves vegetation. Strong winds will also cause
these droplets to drift. The herbicide
Labels outline the minimum safety label will usually provide information
requirements set by OSHA. Being dressed about potential off-target risks.
properly and avoiding spills and splashes are • Runoff Hypothesize potential runoff
keys to safety. Some additional safety issues scenarios and take appropriate measures
to note are: to prevent environmental damage to
existing water resources. By looking at
the precipitation forecast, the herbicider
Laundry- Items of clothing that have had
may decide to postpone application to
herbicide contact should be washed
prevent runoff that day.
separately, and in some cases (like a glove
• Spills Specific instructions on how to
used for wicking) should be discarded
manage spills are provided on the label.
The action is to contain the spill rather
First Aid than to spread it by diluting it with water.
• Instructions on what first aid to provide
are included on each herbicide label
Minor spills (already mixed solutions)
• Be prepared to have potable rinse water
• Control access to the area
available for first aid
• Stay in the area and warn others of
danger
• Confine spills with absorbent
materials
• Do not hose down area
• Dispose of contaminated material per
instructions on label
2022 edition 11PRACTICAL HERBICDE
• Reporting – All major spills must be
Major Spills (concentrate) reported to the EPA. Notify VR as
• Call the Forest Preserve Police soon as possible to assist in process.
708.771.1001 immediately if the spill
is beyond your ability to handle.
12 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
ORDERING TOOLS/SUPPLIES AND HERBICIDES
Herbicide orders can only be requested by a Order forms are available electronically in the
licensed Applicator. Resources section of the website:
www.fpdcc.com/volunteer/resources
2022 edition 13PRACTICAL HERBICDE
HERBICIDE OPTIONS
The choice of herbicide and concentration What they act on:
level depends on the target species, stage of • Broad Spectrum herbicides: kill or
growth, time of year, the presence of suppress all vegetation because they
desirable species that may be affected, and affect physiological processes common to
the proximity of water resources and all plants. Examples include: Round-Up
weather conditions (high winds and Pro, Element 4 and Aquaneat
temperatures). Herbicides must always be (glyphosate)
applied in accordance with the label. • Grass Specific herbicides: formulated to
kill or suppress only grasses without
In general, it is best to select herbicides that harming forbs or sedges. Examples
are effective against the weed and not likely include: Intensity
to drift, leach to groundwater or wash into • Broadleaf herbicides: formulated to kill
streams, are nontoxic to people and other forbs and other broadleaf plants without
organisms, are not persistent in the harming grasses or sedges. Examples
environment, and are easy to apply. Always include: Vastlan, Milestone and Transline
use the lowest concentration of herbicide
that is effective and preferentially use more
selective herbicides that degrade and break
Herbicide Additives
down quickly. Strive to do the job with the Surfactants are compounds that lower the
smallest total negative impact to the surface tension of a liquid. Surfactants are
environment. chemicals that increase the effectiveness of
herbicides; however, follow the label as the
use of too much or too little surfactant can
Types of Herbicides decrease the effectiveness of an herbicide.
Herbicides can be classified by either how Surfactants are used to help herbicides
they act or what they act on. adhere to plants and penetrate into the
vasculature of the plant which allows for
How they act: quicker absorption and less runoff of
• Contact herbicides injure only the portion chemical. Surfactants can also make the
of the plant contacted by the herbicide; herbicide rain-safe faster.
plant death is typically more immediate
and visible; these types of herbicides are Colorant is added to herbicide mixtures to
not used by FPCC allow the applicator to verify that the
• Systemic herbicides are translocated herbicide formulation was applied to the
from the leaves to the roots causing plant intended target and to provide notice to
mortality; plant death is typically more others who may be using the site. Colorants
gradual; these herbicides are preferred by are required by FPCC. However, follow the
FPCC label as the use of too much colorant can
decrease the effectiveness of an herbicide.
Application equipment usually requires more
maintenance and regular cleaning when
14 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
colorants are used, and they can have a slight The selection considers the following
effect on the potency of the herbicide. Also, properties:
colorants help the applicator to see if their • Effectiveness for the target species
equipment is leaking or dripping, and if they • Dissipation – persistence, degradation,
are getting herbicide on themselves. and likelihood of movement via air or
water
Oils are used as a carrier for the herbicide (as • Behavior in soil or water.
opposed to water). Example: Premier (basal
bark oil) Water bodies can be contaminated when
directly sprayed upon, or when herbicides
Herbicides Available at FPCC drift, volatilize (vaporize), leach into
groundwater, or are carried in surface or
Different brands of the herbicides we use are
subsurface runoff. Amounts of leaching and
supplied depending on availability from the
runoff largely depend on total rainfall the
State of Illinois, which is the supplier of
first few days after an application. To prevent
herbicides to FPCC. The chemical
water contamination, carefully consider the
formulations will remain consistent across
hydrology of the system that is being treated
these brands.
and the predicted rainfall.
FPCC staff has already done the “homework”
on what herbicides are acceptable to be used The behavior of an herbicide in water is
on FPCC property. No other herbicides may dictated by its solubility in water. Salts and
be used in the Preserves without the prior acids tend to remain dissolved in water until
approval of your Regional Ecologist. If you degraded through photolysis or hydrolysis.
become aware of an herbicide that you think Esters will often adsorb (stick or cling) to the
may have some practical use at your site, suspended matter in water and precipitate
please present it to your Regional Ecologist. to the sediments. Once in the sediments,
esters can remain adsorbed to soil particles
or be degraded by microbial metabolism.
The choice of available herbicides has been
made by FPCC but within those offerings, the
Site Steward and herbicider can decide which Transline (active ingredient is Clopyralid)
one is appropriate for the species and time of Note: Available only to approved sites.
year. They also decide which method and Use
which tool is appropriate for the particular • Systemic herbicide for use in upland
workday. areas only, not aquatic approved
• Selective control of annual and
This course offers the suggested herbicide perennial broadleaf herbaceous
that FPCC and others have found to be the plants; works best on legumes,
most appropriate for the life cycle stage. The thistles, and teasel
product label is the final governing rule. Technique
• Best for foliar application, spot spray
applied to leaves
Advantages
2022 edition 15PRACTICAL HERBICDE
• Passes rapidly into leaves and roots of • Restricted entry interval is stated on
plants the label. FPCC re-entry is 12 hours.
• Non-toxic to birds, mammals
• Rainfast 1 hour after application with Intensity (active ingredient is clethodim)
surfactant Use
Cautions: • Systemic herbicide for use in upland
• Does not bind with soils and is areas only, not aquatic approved, do
relatively persistent in soil, water, and not apply directly to water or to areas
vegetation where surface water is present
• Has the potential to be highly mobile • Selective control of grasses
and a contamination threat to water Technique
resources and non-target plants • Best for hand wicking or foliar
• Restricted entry interval is stated on application, (applied to leaves) in
the label. FPCC re-entry is 12 hours. early spring when grasses arePRACTICAL HERBICIDE
application and hand wicking • Restricted entry interval is stated on
application the label. FPCC re-entry is 12 hours.
Advantages
• Passes rapidly into leaves and roots of Element 4 (active ingredient is Triclopyr) or
plants, effective in 14 days Garlon 4, Tahoe 4
• Relatively non-toxic to birds, Use
mammals, fish, and amphibians • Systemic herbicide for use in upland
• Rainfast 1 hour after application with areas only, do not apply directly to
surfactant water or to areas where surface water
Cautions: is present
• Use with care near desirable plants as • Selective control of annual and
this herbicide will kill anything green perennial broadleaf plants and woody
• Restricted entry interval is stated on brush and trees
the label. FPCC re-entry is 12 hours. Technique
• Best for cut stump applications and
Vastlan (active ingredient is Triclopyr basal bark applications
choline) • This is an ester formulation that is
Use diluted with basal oil (Premier)
• Systemic herbicide, can be used near designed to penetrate the bark into
aquatic ecosystems but not over open the cambium layer
water Advantages
• Selective control of annual and • Grasses are not affected
perennial broadleaf plants and woody • Does not freeze, can be applied
brush and trees during dormant season
Technique • Rainfast 1 hour after application with
• Best for foliar spray application surfactant
(applied to leaves) and spot spray Cautions:
applications of brush re-sprouts • Do not apply to cut stumps in
• This is an amine formulation that is standing water, highly toxic to aquatic
diluted with water organisms
Advantages • Slightly toxic to birds and mammals
• Grasses are not typically affected; can • Volatilizes at high temperatures and
show signs of burn on young grasses should not be applied over 85F
or sedges at high application rates • Restricted entry interval is stated on
• Rainfast 1 hour after application with the label. FPCC re-entry is 12 hours.
surfactant
Cautions:
• Can spray near water, but not in or
over open water
• Toxicity-WARNING
• Slightly toxic to birds and mammals
2022 edition 17PRACTICAL HERBICDE
Herbicide Additives Available at • Premier (Ax- it) – basal bark oil, used
as a carrier oil for Garlon 4
FPCC • Methylated seed oil - used as a
• Colorant - used to dye all herbicides surfactant with Intensity ONLY (grass
used on FPCC property specific herbicide)
• Surfactant – used to increase the
effectiveness of herbicides
18 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
APPLICATION METHODS
The method used to apply herbicide is • Disadvantages
dependent on the point in the annual growth -spray only when wind speeds are low;
cycle, weather conditions, species, site high wind speeds can cause drift and
conditions, etc. All necessary tools are damage to non-target species
available from FPCC.
Hand Wicking
Foliar Spraying The application of herbicide to leaves and
The application of herbicide to intact green stems of herbaceous plants.
leaves.
• How - Wear long sleeves tucked into long
Spot Spraying – the focused application of chemical-resistant gloves. Cuff the ends
herbicide to one plant of the gloves to catch drips or runs. Place
• How - Typically a backpack sprayer or a a cotton glove over a chemical resistant
handheld sprayer is used in this sort of gloved hand or hold a sponge in a gloved
application hand. Dip hand/sponge into the
appropriate herbicide and limit the
• Advantages saturation so that herbicide does not drip
-highly effective method, minimal or run. Wipe both sides of the leaf blades
damage to surrounding vegetation from base to tip. Be sure to get complete
-small amount of herbicide used coverage and to treat each leaf and all
stems. Cotton gloves will become
• Disadvantages saturated with herbicide; keep used
-labor intensive cotton gloves separate from other
-spray only when wind speeds are low; protective equipment and dispose of
high wind speeds can cause drift and properly.
damage to non-target species
• Advantages
Broadcast Spraying – the application of -effective for individual scattered plants
herbicide to numerous plants in close or small populations in high quality areas
proximity -highly effective method, minimal
• How - Typically a backpack sprayer is damage to surrounding vegetation
used in this sort of application
• Disadvantages
• Advantages -very labor intensive
-effective for heavier infestations of small -may be difficult to get enough herbicide
brush, larger monocultures of herbaceous onto leaves for complete control
plants -follow up treatment may be needed
-can treat non-native invasives in early
spring/late fall when natives are dormant
2022 edition 19PRACTICAL HERBICDE
Cut Stump/Stem -water-based herbicide should be
applied to the cut surface
The application of herbicide to the cut stump
immediately, and only used when
or stems of a woody plant
temperature is above freezing
• How - Herbicide can be applied to a cut-
surface with compression sprayer, spray Basal Bark
bottle, wick-type applicator, small paint The application of herbicide directly to all
roller or sponge brush. sides of the bark of the trunk or stems of
woody plants from the root crown up to 12”
1) Element 4 mixed with Premier ( basal high
bark oil) is applied to the top of the cut
stump and down the sides of the bark to • How - Herbicide can be applied to the
the root crown, but not onto the ground. bark with a compression sprayer, spray
The bark must be dry; otherwise, the oil bottle, wick-type applicator, small paint
won’t make it into the cambium layer. roller or sponge brush. Extra care must be
Make sure the bark, cambium, and taken with brush application because an
sapwood are treated. open container is necessary.
2) Round-Up Pro diluted with water is Use Element 4 with Premier (basal bark
applied to the outer edge of the top of oil) and apply the mixture to the base of
the cut stump, so it can be absorbed by the tree or shrub stems from the root
the freshly exposed cambium tissue. crown up to about 12”. Avoid herbicide
Round-Up does not penetrate bark, so do application to the soil. The bark must be
not apply down the sides of the cut dry otherwise the oil won’t make it into
stump. the cambium layer. Old or rough bark
requires more herbicide (rolled or
• Advantages sprayed) than does young or smooth
-more effective than basal-bark bark. Thorough coverage all around the
applications on woody stems greater than stem is important, but it is recommended
5” in diameter or on thick-barked species to stop just short of noticeable runoff.
-oil-based herbicides do not need to be
applied immediately after cutting • Advantages
-can be used in temperatures below -can apply herbicide without the
freezing necessity of cutting down the plant
-this method does use somewhat more
• Disadvantages herbicide than cut stump but can be a
-extra care must be taken with less time-consuming technique
roller/brush application if an open
container is used to dip into herbicide • Disadvantages
-time consuming to refill wick -for multi-stemmed shrubs, all of the
applicators stems need to be treated
-spray when winds are low
20 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
-water-based herbicide mixtures are not
effective using this method • Frilling FPCC currently does not use this
-follow up treatment may be needed technique. Similar to girdling, hacks into
-will leave dead standing material bark around the trunk to allow herbicide
to get into the vasculature. Again,
because we cannot control when the
Other Application Methods: treated specimen will actually fall, this
• Girdling is the complete removal of a method may be a safety hazard in public
strip of bark (consisting of cork cambium, areas.
phloem, cambium and sometimes going
into the xylem) from around the entire
• Injection In this method the herbicide is
circumference of the trunk of a tree.
injected directly into the tree or plant.
FPCC does not prefer this technique
FPCC currently does not use this
because we cannot control when the
technique.
treated specimen will fall, this method
may be a safety hazard in public areas.
Permission from the FPCC is needed for
any use of girdling.
2022 edition 21PRACTICAL HERBICDE
APPLICATION TOOLS
Pump Sprayers • Advantages
One of the most common types of herbicide o effective, efficient tool for various
application tool is a pump sprayer. These can herbicide treatment options
be simple spray bottles or more complex o can transport larger quantities of
backpack sprayers. herbicide into the field
• Disadvantages
Options available from FPCC
o a full backpack sprayer can be heavy
• Backpack sprayer - 4-gallon manual pump o can adjust pressurization depending
backpack unit for large herbicide spraying on type of target being sprayed
jobs. Optional Shoulder Saver Harness – o need to estimate how much you will
Connects to backpack sprayer to help need for workday to avoid having
spread the weight of the sprayer across leftover to store
upper torso and not just shoulders. o cleanup is more difficult
• Medium Handheld Sprayer - Holds 1.5
gallons
Sponge and Wick Applicators
Proper use Sponge and wick applicators change style and
Handheld sprayers are good for spot spraying type quite often. FPCC welcomes suggestions
or small cut stump treatment. Backpack on new commercially available applicators to
sprayers are good for foliar spraying small test. While not recommended, it is okay to
shrubs or for spraying large areas of forbs use homegrown versions as long as leaking
such as garlic mustard, reed canary grass or and dripping are managed.
purple loosestrife. Always relieve all
pressure in the tank before taking off the Options available from FPCC
tank’s lid so that any remaining herbicide is • Small paint roller & replacement sponge
not quickly released onto the herbicider or rollers - Handle with 2” small foam roller
the environment. used to apply herbicide directly to stump
or foliage to limit collateral damage.
Care and cleaning Handle Extensions to eliminate/reduce
Because pump sprayers are made entirely of bending and stooping are also available.
plastic and rubber, it is important to clean • Weed Wand & replacement sponge tips–
them out often with water. Many adjuvants “Cane” type tool that holds several ounces
added to herbicides are acidic, so do not of herbicide that is applied with a sponge
store herbicides in sprayers as this will applicator tip on the end of the cane.
corrode plastic and metal parts. Intended to be used on resprouts of 1” or
less diameter, not larger stems.
• Homemade wicking tools are acceptable
but leaking and dripping can be issues
• Handwicking gloves – chemical resistant
gloves and cotton gloves worn over them
22 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
• Additional application tools Care and cleaning
o 1-gallon pitchers to serve as open Buy applicators that are sturdy, have few
container used when wicking or a parts, and have a very durable sponge or
roller wand is being used. wick. Store used sponges and wicks in a
o 5-gallon buckets for transport of closed container or dispose of properly
equipment to the field and after use.
stabilization in the field. Large 5-
gallon bucket used to transport • Advantages
herbicide supplies to the work site. o effective, efficient tools for
Also used on ground to hold herbicide various herbicide treatment
pitcher to prevent spilling. options
o Funnels - Used when filling herbicide o lightweight equipment, less strain
bottles/containers on back
o Measuring cups – used to measure
chemicals, surfactants, and other
• Disadvantages
additives
o Sponge and wick applicators tend
to leak or drip, this may lead to
excess herbicide dripping off the
Proper Use sponge or wick and causing
Sponge and wick applicators are good for damage to non-target species
cut stump treatments, hand wicking and o Wick applicators are hard to fill in
basal bark treatments. Sponge the field and may result in spillage
applicators and hand wicking can be used o Sponges, rollers, and tips are
to target single stems or entire plants. easily worn and must be replaced
often.
2022 edition 23PRACTICAL HERBICDE
MIXING, STORING, TRANSPORTING, DISPOSAL
Mixing • All measuring cups, funnels, containers,
The Applicator is responsible for mixing etc. must be triple rinsed after usage.
herbicides for themselves and all • If possible, mix herbicides out of public
Operators/Alternative License holders that view.
work under their license. They must assure • Dye is extremely concentrated and will
that they are mixed properly so that they persist long after many rains.
retain their properties and toxicity. It is
illegal to mix pesticides with other products Tools
that are prohibited on the label. • Measure Mate – Used when measuring
herbicide and other liquids to be poured
Herbicide concentrates need to be carefully into bottles/containers. Must be tripled
handled, measured, and transferred. When rinse after every use.
mixing herbicides, wear an apron or coveralls • Funnel Set – Used when pouring
over regular clothing, eye protection (we herbicide into tool in storage area or out
suggest goggles rather than glasses), long in the field. Must be tripled rinsed after
sleeves, and chemical resistant gloves. The every use.
herbicide label may have additional PPE
requirements. Always mix herbicide on a Herbicide Storage
flat, level surface and in an area that is well The Applicator is responsible for setting up
ventilated. the proper storage methods for each
chemical and instructing
• Have access to water for mixing and Operators/Alternative License holders on
cleaning equipment proper methods. Product labels must be on
• Have potable water available for first aid all containers. In addition, concentration
if needed levels of any herbicides that have already
• Herbicide packs, sprayers, and storage been mixed must be indicated on the
containers should be flushed after each container. Herbicides cannot be stored in
use with rinse water sprayed on target any container that does not have both its
species or use the rinsate with the next contents and concentration level clearly
herbicide application. If unsure about identified; this includes rinse water.
prior rinsing, then rinse again.
• All containers must be clearly labeled and Temperature Extremes – Special
should include the name of the chemical, considerations
the percent solution and what date the • Low (below 50° F) – May need to be re-
herbicide was mixed. Duplicate labels are mixed
available from VRC. • High (above 80° F)
• When switching from one herbicide to
another herbicide, all packs/applicators Storage containers – Re-using original
must be thoroughly flushed, or herbicide containers is acceptable. Re-using
unintended plant mortality may occur
after application. If unsure, rinse again.
24 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
other containers such as milk bottles, soda crate that cannot be tipped to stabilize. Extra
bottles, etc. is illegal. copies of labels are available and should be
Volunteer Resources has the following on all containers.
chemical resistant storage containers
available: Container Disposal
• 14oz bottles with screw-on lid Herbicide containers can be placed with
• 32oz with flip-up spout garbage to be landfilled, but careful handling
• 64oz with screw-on lid is required. Containers should be triple
rinsed and punctured so no accidental re-use
Transportation can occur. The rinse water can be stored in
Never transport herbicide within a closed cab marked containers and used in the next
vehicle. Herbicide should be stowed in an batch of that herbicide or can be applied to a
open-air bed or in a closed trunk patch of invasives near your worksite.
compartment. Double check all lids, fittings,
nozzles, and containers before placing Pesticide containers are not recyclable.
herbicide sprayers/containers in vehicles to
reduce the chance of spillage. Use a box or
2022 edition 25PRACTICAL HERBICDE
PUBLIC SAFETY
Weather indicates the time when re-entry is safe.
This reusable sign should be posted in a
Knowing what weather conditions are
highly visible location before herbicide
predicted before, during and soon after the
application begins. It is commonly taped
workday is important. Check
or tied near the work site. The re-entry
www.NOAA.gov for current weather
time and date are required. If specific
conditions and forecast. Cancel or delay any
requirement is not noted (or indicates
herbicide application on days with rain
“when dry”) on the chemical label, use 12
predicted or high winds. Wind speed,
hours for re-entry from time of
direction, etc. are critical for public safety.
application.
Managing Group Safety • Herbicide Notice Flags: Wire or plastic
Depending on the volunteer group, the staked flags that indicate the use of
herbicider and Site Steward or Workday pesticides at a restoration site are placed
Leader should decide when and where to around the perimeter of the area where
start herbiciding. The herbicide application herbicide was applied. Reasonable flag
should be confined to areas where the intervals are recommended as dictated
cutting is complete and there is no chance of by the site.
entry. With a youth group, the herbicide
application cannot be made until after the Although the immediate removal is not
youth group is gone from the site. Delaying required, the less time the signs and flags are
application until much later or next day could displayed, the better. Leaving them out
impact your decision on techniques or there for weeks at a time gives the
chemical used. impression that we are continually
herbiciding. It is desirable for a volunteer to
return to the site the next day to remove the
Signage sign and the flags. This does not need to be
The Stewardship Workday Leader and the the herbicider, Steward or Workday Leader,
Site Stewards are responsible for the safety but any volunteer who has the time to
of the other volunteers during the workday retrieve them.
as well as the general public who may be
using the area after the workday. In addition
to requiring that colorant be used in mixing Hansen Ordinance and Signage
herbicide, FPCC requires the following signs Policy
be used to inform the public that herbicides You may hear reference to a document called
were used at the site. the Hansen Ordinance which dealt with
signage in the past. It required that the
• Herbicide/Management Notice: This Herbicide notice sign be posted 24 hours in
alerts volunteers and other Forest advance. The ordinance is not in effect any
Preserve patrons that herbicide has been longer. It was replaced in 2014 by the
applied to a restoration site. The sign following:
26 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
will be successful. In a few cases, however,
HERBICIDE SIGNAGE POLICY adopted the situation is a no-win one. In those cases,
effective February 2014 removing yourself from the confrontation is
the best action. The Site Steward or
Forest Preserve management and all Workday Leader should manage the situation
related personnel are required to operate and if necessary, call the FPCC Police. Here
under the following guidelines for are a few frequently asked questions to help
herbicide use in land management prepare you.
activities:
Why are you removing and destroying
The notice period prior to and following plants?
the workday will be informed by the Many of the invasive shrubs and herbaceous
herbicide label. If no requirement plants that are common on our public lands
specifically for forestry is shown on the are not native to the United States. Many of
label, a minimum of before the these plants were introduced purposefully or
application work begins at the work site accidently to this country, and their natural
and re-entry of 12 hours after the work is predators, pests and diseases are absent,
completed will be followed. Notice shall giving these plants more opportunity to
be posted in a manner to identify the area become invasive. Shrubs like buckthorn and
to be treated by signage and/or flags. weeds like garlic mustard crowd out other
The signage will contain specific and desirable, native plant species by reducing
pertinent information of the date of re- light levels to the ground and competing for
entry and time, after the herbicide resources in the soil. Where a dense thicket
application. of buckthorn grows, nothing grows
underneath it. One of the most significant
Herbicide will only be applied by state threats to our native plant species is loss of
licensed personnel with approval from habitat due to competition with invasive
Forest Preserve District Staff and within species.
rules and guidelines set by Illinois
Department of Agriculture. Why use herbicides?
We would avoid all herbicide use if we could.
But like it or not, cutting most shrubs and
perennials doesn't stop them from growing
back. All of our herbicide volunteers are
Interacting with the Public licensed by the State of Illinois Department of
When out in the field applying herbicides, Agriculture. Also, to let people know where
you become a frontline representative of herbicide is in use, we put up signs, place
FPCC restoration efforts. On occasion, you notification flags in the ground, and mix
may encounter people who will ask questions brightly colored dye into the herbicide.
about what you are doing. People may also
be skeptical and challenge you to explain the Can't we just let nature take its course?
benefits of your work. In most cases, Humans are a part of nature and we need to
providing information in an educational way make sure we act in such a way that the rest
of nature thrives even in the presence of
2022 edition 27PRACTICAL HERBICDE abundant human activity. If we do nothing, Who can we give our complaints and we will continue to let the land deteriorate, concerns to? and whole native plant and animal The contact information for Volunteer communities could disappear—which means Resources is volunteer.fpd@cookcountyil.gov a loss of biodiversity and ecosystems that and for Resource Management is support us. resourcemanagement.FPCC@cookcountyil.gov 28 2022 edition
PRACTICAL HERBICIDE
RECORDKEEPING
FPCC requires that records are kept of all the Site Steward will know what combination
herbicide usage. (See Appendix for sample of factors was effective or ineffective.
form). These forms can be kept by the
Applicator or the Site Steward and are turned The records are also needed to answer any
into the Forest Preserves periodically. The complaints made by other agencies or the
records are useful to provide historical public to the Department of Agriculture.
information of what methods, chemicals and Data must be kept for three years to prove
concentrations were used to inform future that the herbicides were applied properly
practices. By looking back at those records, and within the law.
2022 edition 29PRACTICAL HERBICDE
SPECIES SPECIFIC INFORMATION
The most important issue in developing an them and choose the timing and methods of
invasive species control strategy is correct control wisely. As much as we want to
identification of the target plant and its stage remove the invasive species, it shouldn’t be
in its lifecycle. It’s very important to pay at the expense of other desirable specimens.
attention to the details of identification.
Many different plant species share common The appendix has a chart which contains the
physical traits, so we rely upon a unique set herbicide options, technique options, timing
of identifying characteristics for each species. options, and other considerations for both
Herbiciders should always be working within invasive species and native species that
their plant ID skill level. behave in an invasive way. The appendix also
provides a phenology calendar for the
Most of the time, the plants we wish to invasive species to help plan timing of the
eliminate are growing among plants we wish various treatment options.
to preserve, so we must walk lightly among
30 2022 editionPRACTICAL HERBICIDE
OTHER RESOURCES AND WEBSITES
Illinois Nature Preserves Commission – Vegetation Management Manual
http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/INPC/Pages/INPCManagementGuidelines.aspx
Illinois Invasive Species Awareness Month
www.illinoisinvasives.org
Northeastern Illinois Invasive Plant Partnership - A cooperative Weed Management Area
http://www.niipp.net/
2022 edition 31Practical Herbicide Checklist
Do I have my herbicide license?
• While herbiciding you must have your license on you.
• Is my herbicide license up to date?
▪ Applicator and Operator Herbicide Licenses expire every two years on December 31 and must be
renewed
▪ Every three years you must re-test and pass the State exams for Herbicide Applicator and Operator
licensing
▪ The Alternative Herbicide License is valid through the calendar year that the Practical Herbicide
training was completed, expires December 31
What is the target?
• Indicated in Land Management Schedule
• Recognized by FPCC as invasive species & priority to remove
• Target determines what FPCC approved herbicide to use
How familiar am I with this target?
• Identification – bring pictures/field guides with if unsure; Familiarize yourself with common desirable look-
a-likes to avoid during treatment
• Is it a perennial or biennial? (If it’s an annual you probably wouldn’t treat it)
• Where is it in its life cycle? (Flowering? Dormant? Rosette? Seedling?)
▪ Can I identify it accurately at this point in its life cycle?
▪ Will an herbicide application be effective at this time?
How dense is the target population?
• Influences herbicide method & amounts needed
▪ Spot spray vs. Broadcast
▪ Backpack sprayer vs. handheld
• Does patch size/density require additional applicators for effective coverage?
▪ Alert other crew members of treatment area
▪ Strategize treatment direction/areas with other applicators to ensure safety (no blue on shoes!)
• Start in scattered populations and progress to denser regions (prevent seed spread – try not to walk
through high quality areas when leaving degraded areas at end of work day)
• Is the species rhizomatous?
Are there surrounding desirable native plants?
• Dictates application method
▪ Handwick in very high quality areas
▪ Broadcast applications may be necessary in degraded areas
• Determines what type of chemical to use
▪ Use grass specific (Poast/Intensity) if sedges/forbs surround target
▪ Use broadleaf specific if desirable grasses are presentWhat physical conditions are present at the site?
• Soil considerations?
• Upland vs. Wetland vs. Aquatic?
• Slopes?
What part of the site am I working?
• Must be included as an approved area in Mgmt Schedule
• Will I be close to other volunteer workers? Youth? Public?
What is the weather like?
• Temperature?
▪ High temperatures pose risk for volatization
▪ Use oil based solutions to treat stumps if below freezing
• Precipitation?
▪ All FPCC chemicals with surfactant are rainfast in 1hr
▪ If major rainfall is forecasted—consider postponing applications
• Cloud cover?
▪ Some chemicals progress through plant faster in the presence of sunlight
▪ Poast can only be used on cloudy days as it degrades in direct sunlight
• Must consider past, current and future conditions (i.e. drought, wind gusts, & rainfall)
Do I have the necessary supplies to carry out the work?
• Did I coordinate with the Site Steward to order the necessary supplies/herbicides from Volunteer Resource
Center (VRC)?
• If I am an Applicator did I prepare enough herbicide for the Operators/Alternative Licensee to use?
• If I am an Operator/Alternative Licensee, did my Applicator prepare the necessary herbicide for me to use?
Do I have all my PPE?
• Minimum requirements listed on specimen label
• Strongly recommend additional precautions (googles/mask/rubber boots etc.) depending on chemical
being used or site/weather conditions
• Remove clothing worn during treatment immediately & launder separately
• Always a good idea to bring a change of clothes to workdays
Do I have my Herbicide Application Log to fill out immediately after treatment?
• Did I return it to the Site Steward? (If Operator)
• Did I return it to VRC? (If Applicator)
Did I display the appropriate signage & flagging to the public?
• Appropriate amount & placed at reasonable intervals
• Can they be arranged to be removed the next day?
Is follow up required?
• Monitor treated populations to make sure application was effective
• After appropriate time has elapsed return to address any missed patches/individuals
• Return visit necessary if stumps were left highForest Preserves of Cook County
Herbicide Guidelines
Target Species Herbicide Name % Solution Oz. per G Additional Information
Foliar Application of Woody Plants*
Autumn Olive Vastlan (Triclopyr) 4-8% 5-10 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Buckthorns Vastlan (Triclopyr) 4-8% 5-10 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Barberry Vastlan (Triclopyr) 4% 5-10 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Black Locust Transline (Clopyralid) 0.50% 0.64 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Callery Pear Vastlan (Triclopyr) 4-8% 5-10 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Dogwoods Vastlan (Triclopyr) 4% 5 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Multiflora Rose Vastlan (Triclopyr) 3-5% 4-6.5 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Oriental Bittersweet Vastlan (Triclopyr) 4-8% 5-10 Mix w/ water & surfactant for all foliar treatments.
Roundup Custom/
Honeysuckles 5-10% 6.5-13 Triclopyr is less effective on honeysuckle.
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
*All woody species above can also be treated with 5-10% Glyphosate (mix w/ water), but this is a non-selective herbicide so great care is needed
in sensitive areas.
Foliar Application of Herbaceous Species**
Milestone (preferred) 0.25% 0.32
Birdsfoot Trefoil
Transline 0.50% 0.64 Upland only. More selective.
Vastlan 1.25% 1.6
Burdock Roundup Custom/
2.50% 3.2
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Milestone (preferred) 0.25% 0.32
Bull Thistle
Transline 0.50% 0.64 Upland only. More selective.
Milestone (preferred) 0.25% 0.32
Canada Thistle
Transline 0.50% 0.64 Upland only. More selective.
Roundup Custom/
Cattails 3% 4 Aquatic approved.
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Milestone (preferred) 0.25% 0.32
Crown Vetch
Transline 0.50% 0.64 Upland only. More selective.
Roundup Custom/
Day Lily 2-3% 3-4
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Roundup Custom/
2% 3 Apply @ rosette stage or hand pull & bag.
Garlic Mustard Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Vastlan 1.25% 1.6 Apply @ rosette stage or hand pull & bag.
Roundup Custom/
Lesser Celandine 4% 5 Apply when 50% of population is flowering.
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Roundup Custom/
Lily-of-the-Valley 4% 5
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Roundup Custom/
Leafy Spurge 10% 13
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Wild Parsnip Vastlan (Triclopyr) 1.25% 1.6
Roundup Custom/
Phragmites 3% 4
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Purple Loosestrife Vastlan (Triclopyr) 1.25% 1.6 Aquatic approved.Target Species Herbicide Name % Solution Oz. per G Additional Information
Foliar Application of Herbaceous Species** (continued)
Roundup Custom/
3% 4
Reed Canary Grass Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Poast Plus w/MSO 2% 3 First mix with 1% oil (MSO) then add water. Upland only.
Milestone (preferred) 0.25% 0.32
Spotted Knapweed
Transline 0.50% 0.64 Upland only. More selective.
Sweet Clover Not applicable Hand pull & bag or brush cut in flower.
Milestone 0.25% 0.32 Apply @ flowering, bolting, or rosette stage.
Transline 0.50% 0.64 Apply @ flowering, bolting, or rosette stage. Upland only.
Teasels
Roundup Custom/
2% 3 Apply only @ rosette stage.
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Roundup Custom/
Yellow Iris 5% 6.5
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Handwicking
Roundup Custom/
Cattails 20-33% 26-42 Mix w/ surfactant 1 oz per gallon.
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Roundup Custom/
Phragmites 20-33% 26-42 Mix w/ surfactant 1 oz per gallon.
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Roundup Custom/
Reed Canary Grass 10-20% 13-26 Mix w/ surfactant 1 oz per gallon.
Aquaneat (Glyphosate)
Tall Goldenrod Vastlan 5% 6.5 Mix w/ surfactant 1 oz per gallon.
**Always use a non-ionic surfactant for foliar applications, except with Poast Plus use MSO oil.
Cut Woody Stumps or Chemical Basal Bark Treatments
Includes but is not limited to Honeysuckle, Black Cherry, Maples, Basswood, Tree-of-Heaven, White Poplar, Green Ash, Boxelder, Buckthorns,
Barberry, Locusts, Dogwoods, Poison Ivy, Callery Pear, and Autumn Olive.
Must be mixed with basal oil, NO WATER IS ADDED. Do not mix
Cut Stump/Basal bark Garlon 4 (Triclopyr) 25% 32
with MSO. Not aquatic approved.
Roundup Custom/ For use in wetlands or close to streams, lakes. Mix w/water.
Cut Stump Aquaneat (Glyphosate) or 50% 64 Don't use when temps are below 32 degrees. Must be applied
Vastlan within 1-2 hours of cutting to be effective.
Commonly Used Herbicides & Adjuvants
Brand Name Generic Names Notes
Aquaneat, Glypro,
Rodeo Accord, Roundup Add a non-ionic surfactant labeled for aquatic use.
Custom
Vastlan Vastlan Replaced Garlon 3A - use a slightly lower rate. Aquatic approved.
Mix with basal oil for stump treatment. NOT recommended for foliar
Garlon 4 Tahoe 4, Element 4
treatment - use Vastlan instead.
Poast Plus Vantage Grass Already includes surfactant. First mix w/ MSO oil, then water.
Stinger Transline Milestone For foliar treatment, mix w/ water & surfactant. Upland only.
Adjuvants
Site/Delux/Bond Surfactant, use 2-4 oz. per gallon.
Chem-Stick / Penetrate Surfactant, use 1 oz. per gallon.
Liberate Surfactant, penetrant, & drift reduction. Use 1 oz per gallon.
Activator 90 Surfactant, use 0.5 oz per gallon.
Clean Cut Surfactant, use 0.5 oz per gallon.
Signal Dye, use ~1 oz per 3 gallons.
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