EARTH SCIENCE WJCC School Closure Extended Learning - WJCC Public Schools
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WJCC School Closure Extended Learning
EARTH SCIENCE
Dear WJCC Families,
This packet contains activities, resources and information to extend learning for your child during this
extended school closure.
Additional resources may be posted on Student VUE for this course and other classes on your child’s
schedule. Students are encouraged to check Student VUE during this time.
Thank you for your partnership and support of WJCC Schools.
Sincerely,
WJCC Staff
Suggested Sequence to Complete the Earth Science Review Packet - Complete the learning activities listed below
which review content covered in your course.
Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Activity 5
Review Notes and Answer Practice Review Notes and Answer Practice Review Notes and Answer Practice Review Notes and Answer Review Notes and
Problems: Problems: Problems: Practice Problems: Answer Practice
1) Pg. 1 - 2 1) Pg. 3-4 1) Pg. 5-6 1) Pg. 7-8 Problems:
1) Pg. 9-10
Activity 6 Activity 7 Activity 8 Activity 9 Activity 10
Review Notes and Answer Practice Review Notes and Answer Practice Review Notes and Answer Practice Review Notes and Answer Review Notes and
Problems: Problems: Problems: Practice Problems: Answer Practice
1) Pg. 11-12 1) Pg. 13-14 1) Pg. 15-16 1) Pg. 17-18 Problems:
1) Pg. 19-20
Online Activity 1 (optional) Online Activity 2 (optional) Online Activity 3
Complete online Jefferson Lab Review Digital Flash Cards on Quizlet to (optional)
activities or assessments to prepare prepare for SOL key terms Complete any Explore Learning Gizmo
for SOL https://quizlet.com/23469466/earth- Labs to review Scientific Investigation
https://education.jlab.org/solquiz/ science-sol-review-flash-cards/ https://www.explorelearning.com/
Secondary Online Programs Available at Home
• Discovery Education - CONNECT VIA OFFICE 365
Content by standard/subject. Includes virtual experiences and instructional strategies We fully license
Essentials and K-8 Science plus Streaming for K-8
• Office 365 - https://www.office.com/
Online tools for WORD, EXCEL, POWERPOINT, ONENOTE with heavy emphasis on TEAMS. We
are fully licensed
• EMediaVA - https://www.emediava.org/
Online educational service offering media resources appropriate for PreK-14 All students and
teachers. Students use computer login for username and last five digits of student ID for password
curriculum, for use in classrooms, home schools, and informal educational environments, such as after-
school, community facilities, and museums (the "Service").
• Imagine Learning - https://www.imaginelearning.com/login
This program is designed to support the language, literacy, and early reading skills of certain English
Learners. Cannot use on a cell phone. Recommendation is 20 minutes a day Licensed for our ELL
students
• VUE - https://www.office.com/
Student access: https://va-wjccp-psv.edupoint.com/PXP2_Login.aspx Primary communication and
grading tool
• Culture Grams - http://online.culturegrams.com/
• Explora - Online Database that students should access from school webpage
• World Book Online
- https://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/products?ed=all&gr=Welcome+WJCC+Public+Schools
Activity 1:
SOL Skill: Compare the characteristics of Earth’s atmosphere to the atmospheres of
SOL Skill: Identify the independent variable in an experiment
other planets
Important Facts.
Important Facts.
➢ A Variable is what changes in an experiment.
➢ The Earth is the only planet with Oxygen in its atmosphere
➢ The independent variable is what the researcher (or you) changes
➢ The oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere was put there by photosynthesis
➢ Independent = I change
➢ The Inner Planets have varied atmospheres (different gases)
➢ A constant is something in an experiment that is kept the same
➢ CO2 is the most common gas on Venus
➢ CO2 on Venus causes the planet to very hot (greenhouse effect)
➢ Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) are the most common gases in the Outer Planets
Practice Question
1. In order to investigate the effect of surface area on the rate of chemical weathering,
students in an Earth Science tested whether medicine tablets dissolved faster when they
were crushed or whole. In the experiment, students used the same kind of tablet and
the same amount of water to dissolve the table.
Identify the parts of the of the experiment with the correct descriptor
Brand of tablet dissolved
Constant Practice Questions
Surface area (size) of tablet
Dependent 1. Which planet is most likely to have an 2. Which gas is responsible for trapping
Amount of water the tablet Variable atmosphere of H and He heat in the atmospheres and causing
Is dissolved in A. Venus global climate change?
Time it took tablet to dissolve Independent B. Earth A. Carbon Dioxide
Variable C. Jupiter B. Sulfur Dioxide
D. Mars C. Oxygen
1. Match the terms with the correct description of the planets atmospheres
SOL Skill: Understand that volcanic activity can be predicted
Mercury Thick Atmosphere of CO2
Important Facts
➢ Volcanoes are somewhat predictable because they go through a recognizable pattern Venus Thin Atmosphere of CO2
of events before they erupt
➢ Some things that happen before a volcano erupts Earth No Atmosphere because of little gravity
include: Smoke releasing (CO2 and SO2)
Small earthquakes Mars Atmosphere of mostly Nitrogen (78%) and O2 (21%)
Small eruptions of ash
Increase in gases like CO2 and SO2 coming out of the volcano 7. Label the graph of Venus with correct missing element.
Bulging landform that increases in temperature
Practice Questions Oxygen
1. Why are volcanoes more predictable than other geologic events
like earthquakes or landslides?
Nitrogen
A. Volcanoes take millions of years to form and erupt
B. Volcanoes depend on lava which flows slowly
C. Volcanoes usually have a recognizable pattern of events before they erupt
D. Volcanoes are deep inside and the blast takes a long time to reach the surface Carbon Dioxide
before it erupts.
1
SOL Skill: Interpret a topographic map SOL Skill: Determine latitude and longitude of a location on a map
Important Facts. Important Facts.
➢ Topographic maps show land height, shape, and tell the elevation of land ➢ Latitude lines are horizontal, parallel and measure N and S of the Equator
➢ The land is steeper when the contour lines are close together. This means rivers ➢ Longitude lines are vertical, intersect at the poles and measure E or W of the
flow faster where the lines are close together Prime Meridian
➢ LAT is FLAT
➢ Hachure lines indicate a depression
Practice Questions
Practice Question
1. Label the contour map with the correct elevations
520 ft
540 ft
560 ft
540
580 ft
600 ft
520
2. How many depressions are shown the above contour map?
A. Zero B. One C. Two D. 537
3. Use the graphic scale and measure the distance between the two highest points on the
topographic map below.
Distance between 1. What is the latitude of point B?
two peaks: 120o W 120o E 60o N 60o S
miles 2. What is the longitude of point B?
120o W 120o E 60o N 60o S
3. What is the latitude of Point G?
0o 30o E 30o N 30o S
4. What is the longitude of Point G?
0o 30o E 30o N 30o S
O mi 1 2 3 4 5 mi 5. Which point in latitude to the North Pole?
Point A Point B Point D Point G
6. What is wrong with the longitude lines on this map
A. They are not parallel
B. They do not intersect at the poles
2
Activity 2: SOL Skill: Compare the layers of the Earth’s interior
SOL Skill: Associate an instrument with the data it will collect Important Facts.
➢ The Crust is thin, brittle and varies in density
Important Facts. ➢ The Mantle is thicker, can bend like plastic and has convection currents
➢ Balances measure mass ➢ The Outer Core is liquid iron
➢ Graduated cylinders measure volume ➢ The Inner Core is solid iron, it is the hottest, but solid from pressure
➢ Seismographs measure earthquake magnitude and can be used to determine ➢ Iron in the core is proved by the existence of the magnetic field surrounding Earth.
the epicenter of an earthquake ➢ The crust is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the Mantle
➢ Barometers measure air pressure ➢ Scientists know that there are layers by analyzing how earthquake waves travel
➢ Psychrometers measure humidity
Practice Questions
Practice Question
Picture Name Purpose 1. What does the presence of the magnetic field prove about the Earth’s core?
A. It has convection currents
B. It is solid iron
Measure volume C. It is very hot
Pyschrometer D. It is made of liquid
Graduated Measure Air 2. Which layer of the Earth has convection currents that are responsible for plate
cylinder Pressure motion?
Measure A. Crust
Earthquakes
B. Mantle
Seismograph C. Inner Core
Measure Mass D. Outer Core
Balance 3. Label the layers of the Earth
Measure Humidity
Barometer Inner Core Outer Core
Mantle Crust
4. Which of the following causes the Earth’s magnetic field?
A. Convection in the mantle
B. Plate motion
C. Iron in the core & Earth’s rotation
D. Deposition of sediments
3
SOL Skill: Label the features of the ocean floor
SOL Skill: Describe changes in the Earth’s Atmosphere Over Time
Important Facts. Important Facts.
➢ The Earth’s atmosphere has changed significantly over time
➢ The Earth used to have mostly Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
➢ The Earth NOW has mostly Nitrogen (N 2) and Oxygen (02)
➢ Cyanobacteria, also known as Blue Green Algae, changed the atmosphere and made
it possible for life to develop on Earth, Stromatolites also added O2
➢ The Blue Green algae removed CO2 by the process of photosynthesis
➢ Photosynthetic organisms produce oxygen for the atmosphere
➢ The Ozone (O3) formed from chemical reactions, it helps life by blocking UV light
➢ Life on Earth began to fully develop after the atmosphere was changed
➢ Many climate changes have occurred throughout Geologic time
Practice Questions
Practice Question
1. Which of the following is responsible 2. Which is responsible for the increased
1. Label the features of the ocean floor
for changing the atmosphere on Earth? development in life after the Precambrian
A. Continental Collisions Era?
B. Photosynthetic organisms A. Increase volcanic activity
C. Carbonate rocks B. No more meteor impacts
D. Erosion of mountains C. Changes to the atmosphere
D. Continental collisions
3. The graph shows a picture of the 4. The graph shows the Earth’s
components of the Earth’s atmosphere. atmosphere. Which gas would be more
Which piece was created by abundant on Venus?
photosynthesis?
A. Argon
B B. Carbon Dioxide
Continental Slope Continental Rise Mid Ocean Ridge C. Oxygen
A (trace)
D. Nitrogen
Abyssal Plain Volcanic Island Seamount
C-
2. Identify the main
process occurring at each
ocean feature
Divergent boundary D
Volcanic activity
Deposition
4
SOL Skill: Identify system interactions that effect weather and climate
Activity 3: Important Facts.
SOL Skill: Correlate Changing Air Pressure with weather conditions ➢ Weather is the daily change in atmospheric conditions
➢ Bad weather (like tornadoes and hurricanes) is usually caused when air is
Important Facts. warmed up rapidly or when air masses collide at fronts.
➢ Air pressure gradients (changes) are shown by isobars on a map. Typical numbers ➢ Climate is the long-term typical weather pattern for a region over many years
representing air pressure are 998 mb, 1002 mb, 1006 mb, 1012 mb, 1016 mb, 1020, ➢ Weather is affected by unequal heating of the atmosphere from the Sun
& 1024 mb. (mb= millibars) (also air pressure = barometric pressure) ➢ Climate is affected mostly by position on Earth (how close the location is to the
➢ Low pressure is usually less than 1000 mb and results in cloudy skies and equator (latitude), oceans, mountains, elevation, and prevailing wind
high chance of all-day rain. directions)
➢ Low Pressure = Lousy weather=most often associated with warm fronts ➢ Changes to weather and climate can be influenced by the ocean currents.
➢ High Pressure= Clear, sunny weather (can be warm or cold) ➢ Areas near the ocean are often warmer because the ocean releases heat to the land.
➢ Low pressure causes cloudy skies because the air can rise easily and form clouds Practice Question
➢ The Eye of a hurricane is very low-pressure air (this is why it is such a bad storm).
Hurricanes and low-pressure systems have counter-clockwise motion (Coriolis effect) 1. How is weather different than 2. Why do thunderstorms and tornados
climate? typically occur in the late afternoon?
Practice Questions A. Climate is the average weather A. By the afternoon there is more
over a period of many years humidity from evaporation
B. Weather defined by the average B. By afternoon the air has been
1. Which locations would likely have 2. High pressure usually means clear skies amount of precipitation cooled by the ocean
very low air pressure? due to the fact that: C. Climate never changes, weather C. By afternoon the air has been
A. Eye of hurricane A. high pressure air rises easily does. heated the most.
B. Eyewall of hurricane B. high pressure air causes storms D. Both A and C
C. Tornado C. high pressure air sinks and does
D. Tropical Storm not rise to create clouds 3. Is the picture to the left
E. Clear mountain top D. high pressure air is less dense showing changes that affect
weather or climate?
WEATHER
3. Label the pressure areas.
CLIMATE
4. Highlight two states that would get bad weather based on the pressure system
4. According the picture,
what is happening to the
number of Glaciers?
INCEASING
DECREASING
5
SOL Skill: Apply an understanding of Earth‐Moon‐Sun Relationships
4. In this picture, which statement best describes the amount of daylight received in the
Arctic Circle
Important Facts.
A. 12 hours daylight
➢ The moon revolves around the Earth which causes
B. 24 hours daylight
the moon phases and Spring/neap tides.
C. 24 hours darkness
➢ Half of the moon is always lit by the sun, we just can’t
see all of the lit side
5. Label the diagram with the correct names
of the seasons.
Practice Questions
1. Which phase is visible when the Sun, Earth, 2. How much of the moon is lit by the
Moon system is forming a 900 angle? sun at any given time?
A. New moon A. 100%
B. Quarter moon B. 75%
C. Crescent moon C. 50%
D. Gibbous moon D. 25%
3. Label the phases of the moon with the choices below.
1st Quarter
New Moon
Winter Solstice Autumnal
Vernal Summer
Equinox Equinox Solstice
Full Moon
SOL Skill: Identify cause of temperature variations
3rd Quarter
Important Facts.
➢ Seasons are caused by the Tilt of the Earth and Revolution
➢ At the poles, the temperature is colder because the sunlight strikes at lower angle
➢ At the equator, the temperature is warmer because sunlight is more direct
➢ If a hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, it will be summer. Which phase occurs between the new andfirst quarter
➢ If a hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, it will be winter
➢ Areas near the poles can receive 24 hrs. of daylight if tilted toward the sun, OR 24hrs of darkness if tilted
away from the sun. This happens during Solstices
➢ Equinoxes happen when the Sun’s light shined directly on the Equator
6
SOL Skill: Identify layers of the atmosphere
Important Facts.
Activity 4: ➢ Telescope= To See More, Things in Space (Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere,
Ionosphere (maybe included, usually not), Thermosphere, and Exosphere
SOL Skill: Apply an understanding of soil and rock strata ➢ The layers end with a “pause”.
➢ Pressure always decreases as you go higher in atmosphere.
Important Facts. ➢ Temperature varies (increases or decreases) as you go higher in each atmosphere layer.
➢ Weathering of rock material and decomposing organic ➢ The Ozone layer is in the stratosphere and blocks out Ultraviolet radiation
matter causes soil to develop ➢ Satellites travel in the Thermosphere, Meteorites burn up in the Mesosphere, and all
➢ Organic matter in soil is called humus of the weather happens in the Troposphere
➢ Organic matter is found in the top of the soil profile
➢ Bedrock is located below all soil Practice Question
➢ Runoff from rivers may erode soil and deposit it elsewhere (layer)
mb
Practice Question
1. Which layer of the soil profile contains the 2. Which of the following is found below
most organic matter? all soil layers? mb
A. A horizon A. Bedrock (layer)
B. B horizon B. Caves
C. C horizon C. Igneous intrusions
D. organic material
mb
3. Label the Soil profile (layer)
mb
Organic Bedrock Broken down Clay and some
matter rock organic matter
A
B
1. Label the missing layers of the atmosphere using the choices below.
C
Mesosphere Thermosphere Stratosphere Troposphere
2. Label the missing pressures of the atmosphere using the pressure below.
1 mb 10 mb 100 mb 1000 mb
5. Which process moves soil from 4. Which process adds sediment
farmland and takes it to the Coastal and soil to the continental
Plain of Virginia? shelf?
A. Abrasion by glaciers A. Deposition 3. How is the ozone layer helpful to the life 4. What happens to air pressure as you
B. Erosion by rivers B. Abrasion on Earth? rise higher in the atmosphere?
C. Folding by continental collisions C. Mechanical Weathering A. It blocks traps heat A. it stays the same
D. Dissolving by carbonic acid D. Chemical weathering A. B. It releases heat B. it decreases
C. It blocks UV rays C. it increases
D. It transmits radio waves
7
SOL Skill: Analyze Geologic Structures to determine their origin SOL Skill: Describe features of global ocean currents
Important Facts. Important Facts.
➢ Most rocks that form in horizontal layers are ➢ Ocean currents occur at all levels including cold, dense water at the bottom.
sedimentary rocks (stratification) ➢ Upwelling currents bring nutrients and cold water to the surface
➢ Cracks or splits in rock layers are called faults ➢ Upwelling is blocked when winds get weak, surface water is warmer= El Niño.
➢ Rock formations that cut through other rock ➢ Surface currents from the equator are usually carrying warm water.
layers are usually igneous intrusions that have ➢ Surface currents from the poles are usually carrying cold water.
formed from magma or other volcanic activity. ➢ Ocean currents go clockwise in the Northern hemisphere and Counter-clockwise
➢ Igneous intrusions have names such as sill, in the southern hemisphere because of the Coriolis effect (caused by Earth’s
dike, batholith, and laccolith. rotation)
➢ Ocean currents often affect the climates and temperatures of the adjacent
Practice Questions
lands Practice Questions
1. In the rock layer picture below, label the following features.
Fault
1. How can you tell that the Gulf Stream current is a Warm Water current?
A
A. The Gulf Stream
B comes from the
Youngest layer equator
C
B. The Gulf Stream
Folded rock
D comes from the
North Pole
C. The Gulf Stream
2. Which rock formation in the picture below is most likely indicates ancient flows clockwise
volcanic activity?
2. What is the
reason why
the cold and
salty water is
at the bottom
of the ocean?
A. It is more
dense
B. It is less
dense
Formation Letter indicates ancient volcanic activity.
3. What causes the clockwise direction of ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere?
A. Density B. Temperature C. Mass D. Coriolis Effect
8SOL Skill: Distinguish between processes of the water cycle
Activity 5: Important Facts.
SOL Skill: Compare and Contrast weather and climate ➢ Height of the water table (groundwater) is maintained by precipitation
➢ Most water that evaporates is returned to the Earth by precipitation
Important Facts. ➢ Evaporation is initiated by the Sun’s heat
➢ Weather is the daily change in atmospheric conditions ➢ Condensation happens when water vapor cools, it creates clouds.
➢ Climate is the average long-term pattern of temperature and precipitation ➢ The temperature must be equal to the dew point in order for condensation to
over many years
➢ Climate change can result in sea level change, (Hot= rise in sea levels, Cold= drop) occur Practice Questions
➢ Rising global temperatures cause ice caps to melt and sea level to rise
➢ Declining global temperatures causes ice caps to grow and sea level to fall 2. Which process fills aquifers and is essential 2. Which process of the water cycle is most
➢ Climate can be affected by the burning of fossils which releases CO2 and traps heat in maintaining the height of the water table? directly related to bringing nutrients from
in the atmosphere a. Precipitation fertilizers into the Chesapeake Bay?
➢ Volcanic eruptions may cause short term climate changes, increased CO2 will raise b. Evaporation a. Precipitation
temperatures, while ash particles may block sunlight and lower temperatures c. Condensation b. Evaporation
d. Runoff c. Condensation
Practice Question d. Runoff
1. Which statement correctly describes the 2. Which is the correct relationship
relationship between sea level and climate? between weather and climate 3. Label the processes of the water cycle
A. Ice caps grow when sea level rises A. Climate changes daily, weather
B. Sea level rises when ice caps melt doesn’t
C. Sea level falls when ice caps melt B. Climate is defined by weather over a
D. Ice caps grow when climate warms up period of many years
3. Highlight the boxes that describe CLIMATE
CLIMATE
Changes daily
Atmospheric conditions on any given day
Transpiration
Changes because of greenhouse effect
Changes because of high- and low-pressure
systems
Affected by elevation and proximity to Oceans
(Going into the ground)
Causes hurricanes and tornados
4. Which activity is most directly related to
global climate change? Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Infiltration
A. Increased runoff of fertilizers
B. Increased usage of fossil fuels
C. Increased recycling of plastics
D. Increased land reclamation from mining Runoff
9SOL Skill: Identify the processes of sedimentary rock formation SOL Skill: Understand Tectonic Plate Motion
Important Facts.
➢ Sedimentary rocks can form out of broken down (weathered) rock material called Important Facts.
sediment, minerals, or organic matter ➢ Plates move because of convection currents in the mantle
➢ Before sedimentary rocks can be created, deposition must occur ➢ Plate boundaries can be:
➢ After deposition, compaction and cementation of sediments can occur. Convergent
➢ Cementation is the last step of sedimentary rock formation. It occurs when minerals
bind/hold the rock fragments/pieces together. Divergent
➢ Clastic Sedimentary are made out of broken rock fragments like sand, mud, or
gravel
➢ Sandstone, Shale, and Conglomerate are all examples of clastic sedimentary rocks Transform
➢ Non-Clastic rocks can be either organic or chemical
➢ Chemical (non-Clastic) sedimentary rocks form when water evaporates
➢ Chemical non-clastic rocks form when minerals (once dissolved in water or Practice Question
acid) form rocks. Chemical rocks usually form when bodies of water evaporate. 1. What is the cause of the Mid Ocean Ridge shown below?
➢ Organic non-clastic rocks form when plant or animal material hardens into rock. a. Divergent Boundary
➢ Much of the sedimentary rock, coal formed during the Carboniferous period b. Convergent Boundary
approximately 250 million years ago. Coal is made of the element carbon. c. Transform Boundary
d. Convection Currents
Practice Questions
1. Which of the following must happen 2. Which group of rocks below can be
before sedimentary can be created? classified as clastic sedimentary rocks
A. Melting A. Limestone and Dolomite
B. Cooling B. Schist and Gniess
C. Recrystallization C. Sandstone and Shale 2. What is process that occurs is the mantle is being modeled by the moving water in the
D. Deposition D. Granite and Basalt diagram below?
a. Divergent Boundary
3. For each description of rock formation, determine whether the rock would be b. Convergent Boundary
classified as Clastic, Organic, or Chemical c. Transform Boundary
Cl-Clastic sed rock Or-Organic sed Rock Ch-Chemical sed. Rock. d. Convection Currents
Classification Description of how rock was created
(Cl, Or, Ch
Ocean water evaporates leaving behind minerals
Plankton and Shells sink to the bottom and harden
Deposited sand hardens into rock
Mud from the bottom of a lake is pressed into rock 3. Match up the plate boundaries with the arrow sets provided.
4. Place the geological processes in the correct order. Divergent
Sedimentary Boundary
Rock
Convergent
Cementation Boundary
Compaction
Transform
Boundary
Deposition
10Activity 6: SOL Skill: Identify a common rock formation in a diagram
SOL Skill: Associate Geologic Structures with tectonic plate movement Important Facts.
➢ Sedimentary rock layers are usually horizontal and are formed by deposition of
Important Facts. sediments
➢ Mountains are created by convergent plate boundaries ➢ Igneous intrusions are made from magma seeping into a rock layer
➢ The Blue Ridge and Appalachian Mountains in Virginia were created by the collision ➢ Igneous intrusions are also called sill, dikes, laccoliths and batholiths.
with Africa. ➢ Igneous intrusions are created by volcanic activity
➢ Mid Ocean Ridges (spreading centers) are created by divergent boundaries ➢ The oldest layers in a rock formation are at the bottom.
➢ Magnetic Reversals (stripes) on the ocean prove seafloor spreading
➢ Rift Valleys, like in Iceland, and found in the Mid Ocean Ridge, are created by Practice Questions
divergent boundaries
➢ Ocean Trenches are created by subduction (convergent boundaries) 1. How was the sill created?
➢ Volcanic mountains are created by subduction (convergent boundaries) A. Volcanic activity
B. Earthquake activity
Practice Question C. Erosion of rocks
D. Deposition of sediments
1. What is responsible for the creation of the 2. Which major feature of the Earth was
Blue Ridge Mountains? created by a divergent boundary?
A. Erosion by rivers A. Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2. Which rock formation below is an igneous intrusion?
B. Deposition on the Continental shelf B. San Andreas Fault A. Formation A
C. Volcanic activity C. Appalachian Mountain chain B. Formation B
D. Continental collision with Africa D. Marianas Trench C. Formation C
D. Formation D
E. Formation E
3. What does the pattern of magnetic reversals on the ocean floor prove?
A. Mantle Convection
B. Seafloor spreading
C. Expansion of the universe For questions 3, 4, and 5, use the picture below
D. Age of the planet
3. Layers R, M, F, B and I are all horizontal
4. Highlight the landforms that are created as a result of plate tectonics rock layers. What type of rocks are these
Landforms created by Plate Tectonics layers likely composed of?
Volcanoes A. Igneous
Canyons B. Sedimentary
Ocean Trenches C. Metamorphic
Mid Ocean Ridges
Ice Caps
Rift Valleys
5. Which type of landform will result from the process shown below? 4. Which formation was likely deposited 5. Which feature is likely the result of
A. Volcano last? volcanic activity?
B. Mountain chain A. Formation R A. Formation R
C. Rift Valley B. Formation H B. Formation H
D. Canyon C. Formation B C. Formation B
D. Formation I D. Formation I
11SOL Skill: Identify uses of common minerals and rocks SOL Skill: Recognize common properties of mineral groups
Important Facts. Important Facts.
➢ Limestone is crushed into gravel and is used in road construction, as well as ➢ Minerals show properties of cleavage if they break in smooth flat surfaces or
concrete have sides that are even
➢ Silica is uses for advanced electronics (like computer microchips) ➢ Silicate minerals have Silicon in them
➢ Silica contains the mineral quartz (this is what makes it useful) ➢ Silica can be used in electronics and technology.
➢ Quartz is found in sand and can also be used for glass ➢ Carbonate minerals like Calcite have CO3 in them and fizz with acid
➢ The rock Granite is also a source of quartz ➢ Common rock forming minerals are Quartz, Calcite, Feldspar, and Mica
➢ Titanium in Virginia is used for advanced metallurgy ➢ Ore minerals contain useful materials
➢ Coal is used for energy ➢ Common ore minerals are pyrite, magnetite, hematite, galena, graphite, and sulfur
➢ Galena is a source of lead and is used for batteries
➢ Graphite is used in pencils because of its streak Practice Questions
Practice Questions 1. Which statement about minerals is
2. Which mineral is likely to fizz in the
correct?
presence of acid?
1. What is the primary use of gravel and 2. What property of graphite makes it A. Minerals are rare
A. Mica (silicate mineral)
crushed stone that is found in Virginia? good for use in pencils? B. Minerals are important to human
B. Hematite (ore mineral)
A. electricity generation A. Streak health and can be used to make
C. Quartz (found in sand)
B. road construction B. Luster things
D. Calcite (carbonate mineral)
C. metal works C. Hardness C. All minerals contain silicon
D. pencils D. Cleavage
4. Which property of a mineral is being shown below?
A. Cleavage
3. What is the primary use of coal that is 4. Which mineral is found in granite and B. Luster
mined in the Appalachian Plateau? can be used for glass? C. Streak
A. electricity generation A. Quartz D. Hardness
B. road construction B. Coal
C. metal works C. Titanium
D. technology D. Uranium
5. Match the Natural Resources found in Virginia with their correct use.
5. Select the minerals in the chart below.
Titanium Limestone-Calcite Silica Quartz (sand) Uranium Coal Minerals
Calcite
Natural Resource Found in Use for the Natural Resource
Virginia Concrete Granite
Electronics and Technology Mica
Electricity generation Schist
Nuclear Power Quartz
Glass
Advanced metal works Hematite
12Activity 7: SOL Skill: Identify Parts of an Earthquake
SOL Skill: Relate Rock formation processes Important Facts.
➢ The focus is the earthquake
Important Facts. source in the ground
➢ Intrusive Igneous rocks form inside a volcano and have big minerals ➢ The epicenter is directly above
➢ Extrusive Igneous rocks form inside a volcano and have small minerals the focus
➢ Metamorphic rocks form by heat and pressure ➢ Seismic waves are the energy
➢ Sedimentary rocks form by sediment being compacted and cemented together coming from the focus
➢ Chemical non-clastic rocks form when oceans evaporated ➢ P and S waves travel
➢ Organic non-clastic rocks form when plant or animal material hardens into rock. underground
➢ Surface waves only travel on
Practice Questions the surface
1. Which process of the rock cycle is represented by the blank box below?
Practice Question
A. Compaction and Cementation
B. Heat and Pressure 1. Label the diagram of the earthquake
C. Weathering and Erosion
D. Melting Fault
Focus
Seismic Waves
Epicenter
2. Match up the description of rock formation to the type of rock that would result.
Intrusive Extrusive Chemical Organic
Igneous Igneous Sedimentary Sedimentary
2. Label the parts of the earthquake
Process Picture Resulting rock type
Ocean dries up due to
evaporation Fault
Focus
Magma cools inside
the Earth P & S waves
Epicenter
Plankton and shells sink
to the bottom of the ocean Surface Waves
Lava cools outside the Earth
13SOL Skill: Identify Geologic Provinces in Virginia SOL Skill: Identify evidence of different geological periods in Virginia
Important Facts.
➢ Virginia provinces are based on the topography (shape & elevation of the land) and Important Facts.
the rock types and ages found there ➢ Index Fossils can be used to determine the approximate age of the rocks they
➢ The Fall Line creates waterfalls and rapids along rivers because the land are found in Trilobite
transitions from the harder rocks of the Piedmont to the softer rocks of the Coastal ➢ Lots of Rocks in Virginia are very old, for example, rocks in Harrisonburg fossil
Plain have trilobite fossils in them, meaning the rocks formed nearly 500 MYA.
➢ Many cities are located along the fall line because ships could not sail past the fall line ➢ The Triassic Basins (rocks) of the Piedmont province contain dinosaur fossils
when the country was settled. ➢ The Coastal Plain province has fossils of marine animals like sharks and
clams.
➢ Fossils found in Virginia represent many different time periods of Earth’s history
➢ Fossils prove that Virginia has a long geologic history and has had many
changes Practice Questions
1. Which area of Virginia is most likely to 2. Dinosaur fossils have been found in
contain fossilized shark teeth and shells? the Triassic basins of which Virginia
A. Coastal Plain province?
B. Piedmont A. Coastal Plain
C. Valley and Ridge B. Piedmont
D. Blue Ridge C. Valley and Ridge
Practice Questions
3. Fossils in Virginia include trilobites, dinosaurs, as well as sharks and mammals.
1. Which of following best explains why lots of cities were settled along the Fall Line? Which conclusion can be drawn from this information?
A. The waterfalls along the fall line are very nice places to live A. All fossils in Virginia are from the Precambrian era
B. The fall line protects rivers from flooding B. Many different geological time periods are represented by the Virginia fossils
C. Ships couldn’t sail past the fall line so major ports were located there C. There is no evidence of dinosaur fossils in Virginia
D. All fossils in Virginia are from very recent times.
D. The fall line provides excellent locations for hydroelectric power
2. What determines the boundaries of the provinces in Virginia?
A. The movement of the plates
4. How can the geologist conclude this rock is about 500 MY old?
B. The amount of earthquakes
C. The type of rock and shape of the land
D. The amount of people that live there
3. Label the diagram of Virginia.
Piedmont Valley and Ridge Coastal Plain Appalachian Plateau Blue Ridge
A. By relative dating
B. By looking at the type of index fossil in it
C. By its color
D. By finding out if the rock is intrusive or extrusive
14Activity 8: SOL Skill: Describe changes in the Earth’s atmosphere over time
SOL Skill: Relate a star’s characteristics to its predicted life cycle Important Facts.
➢ The Early atmosphere of the Earth was mostly CO2
Important Facts. ➢ The atmosphere of the Earth is now mostly Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%)
➢ Stars begin as a nebula (cloud of dust & gas) ➢ Blue Green algae (Cyanobacteria) and stromatolites are photosynthetic, they
➢ Stars constantly change in cycles changed the atmosphere by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen
➢ A star’s starting mass determines what it ➢ The Blue Green algae used photosynthesis to help change the atmosphere
will become after the main sequence. ➢ Once the cyanobacteria changed the atmosphere, oxygen in the air and water
➢ Only the biggest (Massive) stars explode as dramatically increased and life began to evolve at a very fast rate.
Supernovas and end as Black Holes. ➢ The Ozone layer, which blocks most UV light, developed as a result of volcanism and
➢ Most stars will rip apart as a planetary reactions with sunlight. The Ozone layer in the Stratosphere helped life flourish.
nebula and end as dwarf stars.
➢ Our sun is an average size star in the “main sequence” and will end as a white dwarf Practice Questions
➢ Color=temperature, blue is hottest, white is hot, yellow is average, red is cooler
➢ Size explained: Dwarf is small, giant is large, supergiant is jumbo
1. What was responsible for 2. What process did cyanobacteria use to
changing the composition of the remove Carbon Dioxide from early
Practice Questions
atmosphere 3 BYA? atmosphere?
A. Amphibians A. Respiration
1. What do astronomers study to 2. Which of following is most important B. Dinosaurs B. Evaporation
determine how a star forms? in determining the life cycle of a star? C. Pollution by humans C. Transpiration
A. Nebula A. initial mass D. Blue Green Algae D. Photosynthesis
B. Main Sequence stars B. beginning temperature
C. Supernovas C. final color
D. Black Holes D. ending brightness
3. What was the cause of the explosion of life and rapid development of plants and animals
at the beginning of the Paleozoic era 600MYA?
A. the beginning of an ice age
3. Which of these statements most accurately describes the future of the sun? B. more freshwater available in lakes and rivers
A. the sun will soon become a white dwarf C. the extinction of the dinosaurs
B. the sun will become a supernova and eventually a black hole D. the changes to the atmosphere caused by blue green algae.
C. the sun will become a nebula and die out
D. the sun will expand into a red giant and eventually end as a dwarf star
4. Place the correct label on the graphs of the Earth’s Atmosphere.
Early
Atmosphere
Present day
CO2 N2 Atmosphere
4. What will form out of the bright spots in the picture?
5. Which of the following statements about the Earth’ s early atmosphere is correct?
A. Planets a. The early atmosphere was all Oxygen
B. Comets b. The early atmosphere was all Nitrogen
C. Galaxies c. The early atmosphere was created by Cyanobacteria
D Stars d. The early atmosphere was mostly CO2 created by volcanoes
15SOL Skill: Describe the law of superposition SOL Skill: Apply an understanding of a star’s life cycle
Important Facts. Important Facts.
➢ The law of superposition states the oldest rock ➢ Stars are “born” in a nebula (dense clouds of stellar dust and gasses)
material is on the bottom while the youngest is on top ➢ Stars are powered by fusion which fuses Hydrogen into Helium
➢ The law of superposition is a rule of relative dating ➢ A star develop depends on its mass (how big it is)
➢ Superposition relies on deposition
➢ Absolute dating of rocks proves the law of Practice Questions
superposition
➢ If the rock layers are folded, faulted or intruded, the 1. What do astronomers study to 2. Which of following is most important
layers had to exist before they were changed/altered determine how a star forms? in determining the life cycle of a star?
A. Nebula A. initial mass
Practice Questions B. Main Sequence stars B. beginning temperature
1. Identify the youngest and oldest rock layers in the cross-section below? C. Supernovas C. final color
D. Black Holes D. ending brightness
Youngest? Oldest?
3. Fusion inside of stars turns 4. Which process powers stars?
hydrogen into what element? A. Fusion
A. Nebulas B. Fission
B. Helium C. Photosynthesis
C. Nitrogen D. Radioactive decay
2. Put the fossils in order D. Uranium
based on their age.
Trilobite
5. Which picture shows the birth of a star?
Fern
Ammonite
Gastropod
Oldest Youngest
3. What process is essential for the law 4. What proof do geologists have the law of
of superposition to work? superposition and other relative dating
A. Plate movement rules are correct?
B. Deposition of rock layers A. rock age from absolute dating techniques
C. Metamorphic of rocks B. rock type by classification
D. Eruption of volcanoes C. observations from ancient humans
D. data from Hubble telescope
16Activity 9: SOL Skill: Identify observations associated with expanding universe
SOL Skill: Describe the process of fossilization Important Facts.
➢ The red shift of light from distant galaxies proves the universe is expanding
Important Facts. ➢ Galaxies are moving away from each other which offers additional proof for
➢ Fossils are most likely to form when an organism is buried by sediment very quickly the expanding universe
➢ Fossils form in water environments from sedimentation or on land from mudflows,
landslides, winds that move sand/sediment, floods carrying sediment, &avalanches
➢ Fossils may also be preserved in amber (fossilized tree sap), ice, and tar pits
➢ Petrified remains (also called Petrifications) are fossils that look like the original
object because the softer atoms have been replaced by minerals and turn to
rock.
➢ Petrifaction: organism dies, is buried, sediments form rock, organism is replaced by
minerals and turns to rock, erosion exposes fossil. “Petra” = rock
Practice Questions
Petrified
Wood 1. Which of the following observations has been used to support the Big Bang Theory?
A. Measurements of tectonic plate movement
B. Data about the length of moon phases
C. Distances between the sun and the planets
D. Red shift of light from distant galaxies.
Practice Questions
1. Which case is most likely to result 2. Which type of rock is mostly likely to
in the formation of a fossil? contain a fossil? 2. What observation have astronomers made about the size of the universe?
A. exposure to heat and pressure A. Sedimentary A. the universe is getting smaller
B. burial by sediment B. Igneous B. the size of the universe is unchanging
C. presence of lava flows C. Metamorphic C. the number of galaxies in the universe is increasing
D. erosion by rivers D. the universe is expanding
3. If an object is moving away from another object, what happens to its emitted light?
3. Which type of fossil is likely to 4. In order for an object to become petrified, A. the light is red shifted
form when individual atoms are what must happen? B. the light is blue shifted
replaced by hard minerals? A. the object must erode C. the light takes light years to reach another object
A. Mold B. atoms of softer material must be replaced D. the light becomes trapped in a black hole
B. Cast C. the object must harden in lava
C. Imprint D. the object must be frozen in ice
D. Petrified 4. The pictures shows distant galaxies revealed by the Hubble telescope. If the Big Bang
theory is correct, what is happening to the galaxies in the picture?
A. the galaxies are burning out
5. Why is rapid burial an important step in fossil B. the galaxies are getting smaller
formation? C. the galaxies are getting further away from each other
A. To prevent the organism from coming back to life D. the galaxies are getting closer together
B. To protect the organism form erosion, decay, and
scavengers
C. To make sure there is enough pressure to
compress the fossil
D. To ensure the organism decays rapidly
17SOL Skill: Interpret a geologic time chart Name: _______________
SOL Skill: Apply an understanding of the effect of human usage of water resources
Important Facts.
➢ The geologic time scale covers the Earth’s history and breaks it into Eras and periods Important Facts.
based on the dominant life present and major geologic events ➢ Most of the worlds freshwater is
➢ Eons are divided into eras, eras divided into periods, and periods are divided into stored in ice caps and glaciers
epochs. The units of time are not equal. We know little about ancient life. ➢ Most drinking water is obtained
➢ Most of Virginia’s coal came from Carboniferous period of Earth’s history from wells drilled into permeable
➢ The major eras and dominant life forms of the Geologic Timescale are as follows: rock aquifers
o Cenozoic: “recent life”-mammals and humans ➢ “Recharge” is the process where
o Mesozoic: “middle life”: dinosaurs and birds groundwater goes into the zone of
o Paleozoic: “ancient life”: fish and amphibians saturation below the water table
o Precambrian: bacteria and algae ➢ If the usage of groundwater exceeds
Ceno=recent, meso=middle, paleo=ancient, and zoic=life the rate of recharge, there could be a water shortage
➢ Drawdown or a “cone of depression” results from high usage of groundwater
Practice Questions ➢ Over-usage of water in the Coastal areas may result in a salt water intrusion into
the freshwater aquifer
1. Match the type the life to the geologic era it first developed in.
Practice Questions
Bacteria and Algae 1. Which represents the largest percent of 2. Where do humans get most of their
freshwater on Earth? drinking water from?
A. Lakes and Rivers A. Lakes and Rivers
Dinosaurs and Birds B. Groundwater B. Groundwater
C. Ice Caps and Glacier C. Ice Caps and Glacier
Fish & Reptiles D. Oceans D. Oceans
Humans & Mammals 3. Which of the following cases might result in running out of groundwater?
A. large amounts of precipitation
brain B. low usage
C. rate of usage exceeding the rate of recharge
D. high amounts of infiltration
2. Coal in provides a valuable energy resource since it is burned for electricity. The coal we
burn today formed out of organic material found in giant forests several million years ago.
Which time period did our coal form during?
A. Precambrian era B. Carboniferous period 4. Examine the picture below. What will likely happen to the water table if additional
C. Cenozoic era D. Jurassic Period pumping wells are drilled?
A. the water table will rise
3. During which time period could all four fossils have existed at once? B. the water table will drop
C. the water table to remain at the
A. Jurassic same level
B. Permian
C. Triassic
D. Carboniferous
18Activity 10:
Important Facts.
SOL Skill: Identify usable energy resources ➢ Humans burn fossils fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas
➢ The burning of fossil fuels puts CO2 into the atmosphere which is one of the major
Important Facts greenhouse gasses that contribute to global warming (others are water vapor & methane)
➢ Energy source include: ➢ Exploration and drilling in the ocean has put marine environment at risk, explosions
➢ Fossils fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) which are nonrenewable because they take and oil spills have cause widespread disasters.
millions of years to form ➢ Farming and use of fertilizers have increased chemical runoff into the
➢ Solar power which uses energy from the sun and collected by solar panels Chesapeake Bay. Nitrates increase algae blooms which block sunlight, decay, and
➢ Hydropower which uses dams and running water to turn electric turbines use up Oxygen
➢ Wind Power which uses moving air to turn turbines, is inconsistent. ➢ The use of nuclear power has created problems with storing the radioactive waste.
➢ Geothermal Power which uses heat from inside the Earth, (only available near Nuclear accidents release radiation, which threaten the health of organisms.
volcanic areas) to heat groundwater into steam or forces air to become heated
➢ Biomass which turns plant matter into fuel like Ethanol and Biodiesel Practice Question
➢ Coal is widely burned to create electricity
➢ Most of the world’s coal formed from large swamps and forests present during the 1. Which of the following is an issue with 2. What is the major drawback of
Carboniferous era. (remember burning fossil fuels releases CARBON Dioxide) nuclear power? burning coal, oil, and natural gas?
A. Air pollution and smog A. Air pollution and smog
Practice Question B. Release of CO2 into the atmosphere B. Release of CO2 into the atmosphere
C. Long term storage of radioactive waste C. Storage of radioactive waste
1. Which of the following is mined from the 2. What time period in geologic history D. Ocean pollution D. Ocean pollution
ground and burned as way to produce resulted in the formation of most of
electricity? Virginia’s coal?
A. Solar power A. Jurassic period 3. What is the source of most pollution in the Chesapeake Bay?
B. Biomass B. Cenozoic era A. Trash from landfills
C. Coal C. Carboniferous period B. Oil spills
C. Runoff containing fertilizers
D. Radioactive waste from nuclear reactors
3. Which of the following cannot be used as source of energy?
A. Plant matter
B. Sunlight 4. Match the pollution with the activity that causes it.
C. Fossil fuels
D. Graphite Burning of Use of Nuclear Use of Offshore
Coal Power fertilizers drilling
4. Which source of energy is pictured Human Activity Resulting Pollution
below and most directly related to plate Risk to marine environment
tectonics?
A. Hydropower Radioactive waste
B. Geothermal
C. Wind power
Addition of CO2 into atmosphere
D. Photovoltaic
Chemical runoff into Chesapeake Bay
19SOL Skill: Recognize the relationship between the ocean and atmosphere SOL Skill: Describe characteristics of non‐renewable and renewable resources
Important Facts Important Facts.
➢ The ocean warms up and cools down much slower than the land ➢ The amount of time it takes to form determines whether a source of energy is
➢ The ocean releases heat slowly, so areas near the ocean are often much warmer or renewable or nonrenewable (finite)
temperate than areas further from the ocean ➢ Renewable resources can form in a relatively short amount of time and are quickly
➢ The difference between temperatures of land and ocean (uneven heating) causes replaced by nature (within a person’s lifetime)
sea and land breezes to develop between the ocean and the land. ➢ Non-Renewable resources take a long amount of time to form (millions of years)
➢ Warm ocean water evaporates and adds moisture to the atmosphere ➢ All fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas) are non-renewable
➢ Both ocean currents and the atmosphere move heat absorbed from the sun all over ➢ Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Hydropower, and Biomass are renewable resources
Earth ➢ Some nonrenewable resources can be reused or recycled by people (aluminum,
for example) but all minerals are considered nonrenewable, Earth will not make more!
Practice Question
Practice Questions
1. Why is there an exchange of energy between 2. Which statement is true?
ocean areas and land areas? A. the ocean heats up very quickly 1. Why can wood be considered a renewable resource?
A. because they are at the same elevation B. the ocean cools down very quickly A. because it can be burned multiple times
B. because they are heated unequally C. the ocean slowly releases heat B. because it takes millions of years for a forest to develop
C. because they both have water D. the ocean is always warm C. because more trees can be grown in a relatively short amount of time
D. because trees are easy to cut down
3. Which of the following observations offers proof that the ocean affects temperature of land?
2. What factor determines if a resource is renewable or nonrenewable?
A. the land temperatures are always warmer than the ocean temperatures
A. How much energy it produces
B. the ocean temperatures are always colder than the land temperatures
B. How long it takes to form
C. the land temperatures near the ocean are warmer and the temperatures near the interior
C. How easy it is to get out of the ground
are colder.
D. Hurricanes form over the ocean but break up when the hit land D. How much it costs
4. Why do sea breezes and land breezes occur?
3. Highlight the RENEWABLE resources in the chart below
Renewable Resources
Wind
Coal
Geothermal
Oil
Sunlight
A. Because of the Coriolis effect
B. Because of global warming Natural gas
C. Because of temperature differences between the ocean and the land
D. Because of ocean currents affecting the air above Biomass
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