Dispositivi di Posizionamento (Geo-referenziazione) a Terra e nello Spazio! Basati su Retroriflettori e Galileo per! l'Osservazione della Terra e ...
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Dispositivi di Posizionamento (Geo-referenziazione)
a Terra e nello Spazio!
Basati su Retroriflettori e Galileo per!
l’Osservazione della Terra e le Geo-scienze!
!
Simone Dell’Agnello (for the SCF_Lab Team)
INFN-LNF, Via Enrico Fermi 40, Frascati (Rome), 00044, Italy
Membro Collegio dei Docenti di SIACE"
(Scienze e Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, delle Costruzioni e dell’Energia)!
Coordinatore INFN-LNF/Cosenza della Ricerca Tecnologica e Interdisciplinare per la"
Commissione Scientifica Nazionale 5 dell’INFN (INFN-CSN5)!
University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036, Italy, November 28, 2013!
Positioning (Geo-referencing) Devices on Ground
and in Space Based on Retroreflectors and Galileo
for Earth Observation and Earth Sciences!
!
Simone Dell’Agnello (for the SCF_Lab Team)
INFN-LNF, Via Enrico Fermi 40, Frascati (Rome), 00044, Italy
Membro Collegio dei Docenti di SIACE"
(Scienze e Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, delle Costruzioni e dell’Energia)!
Coordinatore INFN-LNF/Cosenza della Ricerca Tecnologica e Interdisciplinare per la"
Commissione Scientifica Nazionale 5 dell’INFN (INFN-CSN5)!
University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036, Italy, November 28, 2013!
SCF_Lab Team @INFN-LNF!
!
Simone Dell’Agnello, Delle Monache G., Vittori R., Boni A., Cantone C., Ciocci E.,
Lops C., Martini M., Patrizi G., Tibuzzi M., Maiello M., Currie D., Bianco G.,
Intaglietta N., Salvatori L., Contessa S., Porcelli, L., Tuscano, P., Mondaini, C.!
!
INFN-LNF, Frascati (Rome), Italy!
SCF_Lab!
Satellite/Lunar/GNSS!
laser ranging and altimetry
Characterization Facilities’ Laboratory!
Acknowledgments!
We acknowledge important support/contracts from/with:!
ASI,!
ESA & Galileo,!
Italian Ministry of Defense/Air Force,!
ISRO!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 4!
Outline
• Satellite Laser Ranging to laser retroreflectors
• Laser Positioning (geo-referencing) in space
• SCF_Lab Research infrastructure @INFN-LNF
• Galileo and Copernicus/GMES and SCF_Lab Activities
• Applications to Geology research at UniCal
• Collaboration on SIACE Doctoral project, Earth Sciences
• HORIZON 2020, INFN-CSN5 and other opportunities for
collaboration
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 5!
Positioning in space with:!
Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)"
Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR)!
"
Time of Flight (ToF) measurements!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 6!
Satellite/Lunar Laser Ranging (SLR/LRR)!
• GeoMetroDynamics (GMD) in space!
• Unambiguous position/distance measurement (so-called
‘laser range’) to cube corner retroreflectors (CCRs) with
Earth! short laser pulses and a time-of-flight technique!
• Time-tagging with H-maser clocks!
Moon!
• Precise positioning (normal points at mm level,
orbits at cm level)!
• Absolute accuracy (used to define Earth center
of mass, geocenter, and scale of length) !
• Passive, maintenance-free Laser Retroreflector
Arrays (LRAs)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 7!
Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)"
Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR)"
Time of flight measurements!
Cube corner retro-reflectors! LAGEOS Sector from
NASA-GSFC!
(CCRs)!
LAser GEOdynanics
Time of flight, Satellite: h~6000Km!
atmospheric!
corrections!
Retro-reflection!
∅=60 cm
~400 Kg
426 CCRs!
Normal reflection!
(Precise). AND. (cost-effective) distance measurement in space!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 8!
Cube Corner laser Retroreflectors (CCRs)!
LAS ER! LASER!
IN! OUT!
Triple total internal reflection around the corner!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 9!
SLR concept: laser, receiving telescope; clock;!
time of flight!
Slide courtesy
of G. Bianco !
Δt = t stop − t start
cΔt stop
d≈
2
start
LASER
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 10!LLR/SLR vs ground survey/alignment!
An ILRS station is like a gigantic total station theodolite measuring
angles & distances of CCRs in ordinary surveys and alignements on
Earth. For example to build large physics installations, like particle
physics experiments (ATLAS, KLOE, CDF, ..) and particle beam!
accelerators (LHC, DAFNE, Tevatron, …)"
!
!Leica TC2002. Great instrument:"
!ToF theodolite with IR laser!
!! ! !0.1-0.2 mm (after interferometer calibration)"
few microrad accuracy"
"
However, surveys for particle physics usually done indoor at
approximately isothermal conditions, over short baselines (2 to
hundreds of meters). With LLR/SLR things are completely different!
!
TO BE PART OF A SIACE DOCTORAL CLASS …..!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 11!Cube Corner laser Retroreflectors (CCRs)!
So-called “prisms” used for ground measurements by “geometers”,
for ex mounted inside opened spheres, with the corner coincident
with the center of the sphere !
Taylor-Hobson
sphere for
measurements
of angles!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 12!On ground: theodolite (or laser “tracker”),
retroreflector, time-of-flight!
Usato for positioning metrology of large physics installations and!
Experiments like KLOE particle physics experiment at the LNF!
DAΦNE accelerator and ATLAS/CMS @CERN!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 13!Positioning metrology of large LNF physics
installation: KLOE experiment
Experiment of 1000 tons,!
~10 m3 volume, made of
~10 sub-systems, with
survey/alignment
requirements ranging
from ¼ mm to cm.!
!
External magnetic iron
yoke, where each black
dot is a retroreflector to
be surveyed by TC2002
total statin theodolite!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 14!KLOE Survey/Alignment Strategy
n Instrumentation
– total station theodolite (TC2002)
– 3D targets (spheres) and retro-reflective (tape) targets
– calibration of TC2002/targets once @CERN
interferometer, maintained with Invar wires
– precision level (NA2), Invar staff
n Software: LGC package by CERN
(Logiciel General de Compensation)
– block adjustment
– statistical info, gross error detection
– simulation
– roto-translations, geometric fitting
Simone.DellAgnello@lnf.infn.it!Interferometer Calibrations of TC2002 Distance-meter
Calibration distancemetre TC2002
Base Geodesique CERN
01 octobre 1996 T=22°C P=716 torr
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-0.00020
-0.00030
DTC2002 - DINTERF (m)
-0.00040
-0.00050
-0.00060
-0.00070
-0.00080
-0.00090
DTC2002 (m)
Leica Certificate of TC2002 calibration with
retro-reflective tape target
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DTC2002 - DINTERF (mm)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
DTC2002 (m)
Simone.DellAgnello@lnf.infn.it!KLOE Assembly Hall: survey infrastructure
n Experiment Rails
(Nov. 1996)
– 10 m × 30 m
– planarity < 1 mm
– parallelism 1 mm
n Hall permanent survey
network (March 1997)
– 10 removable brackets at
ground
– 10 fixed, CERN-style at
2/3 of KLOE height
– Taylor-Hobson spheres
and retroreflectors
Simone.DellAgnello@lnf.infn.it!KLOE: Iron Return Yoke (Mar 1997)
n Highly segmented (34 pieces of ~20 ton), good
machining of coupling faces, ~ 20 pins of 1/4 mm
tolerance
– Barrel (solenoid)
– End caps (poles)
– Interface semi-rings for 2 mm alignment of end caps
– 700 mm semi-disks for 0.2 mm alignment with solenoid
geometric axis
n Reference targets
– 3D targets of 40 mm diameter (total 80)
n Acceptance survey at INNSE (Milan) prior to
shipping to LNF
Simone.DellAgnello@lnf.infn.it!Positioning metrology of large LNF physics
installation: KLOE experiment
Experiment of 1000 tons,!
~10 m3 volume, made of ~10
sub-systems, with!
survey/alignment
requirements ranging
from 0.1 mm to cm.!
!
External magnetic iron yoke,
where each black dot is a
retroreflector to be surveyed
by TC2002 total statin
theodolite!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 19!Back to space: SLR concept"
ILRS stations: Matera, Herstmonceux, Graz, OCR!
Slide courtesy of G. Bianco !
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 20!Laser Geodynamics Satellites (LAGEOS)!
LAGEOS I (1976; NASA), LAGEOS II (1992; NASA/ASI)!
LAGEOS Sector , an engineering
prototype proporty of NASA-GSFC,
SCF-Tested at INFN-LNF!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 21!Space geodesy, GNSS, Gravitation!
International Terrestrial! SLR CONSTELLATION:!
Reference Frame (ITRF):! LEO, GNSS, GEO, Moon !
Geocenter from SLR!
Scale from SLR & VLBI!
Orientation from VLBI!
Distribution w/GNSS!
DORIS …! LAGEOS!
UniCal, 28/11/2013! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! 22!Int. Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF)!
Space geodesy long-term goal: ! SLR CONSTELLATION!
Define and maintain an ITRF with an!
accuracy of 1 mm and a stability of!
0.1 mm/year over a 10-year period!
Now ITRF is about a factor (few to) 10!
less accurate/stable!
LAGEOS!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 23!LAGEOS (h ~ 6000 km):
ToF ~ 0.05 sec!
S
L
R
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 24!SLR/LLR examples!
LAGEOS!
(h ~ 6000 km):!
S ToF ~ 0.05 sec!
!
L Apollo LRA!
!
!
R
Moon!
(d ~ 380000 km):!
ToF ~ 2.5 sec!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 25!SLR geodetic “cannonball” satellites!
Etalon-I & -II
Starlette
LAGEOS-II
LAGEOS-I
Stella
GFZ-1
Ajisai
Slide courtesy
of G. Bianco !
Inclination 64.8° 109.8° 52.6° 50° 50° 98.6° 51.6°
Altitude (km)19,120 5,860 5,620 1,490 810 800 396
diameter (cm) 129.4 60 60 215 24 24 20
mass (kg) 1415 411 405.4 685 47.3 47.3 20.6
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 26!Current LLR arrays! Re-discovered!
Lunokhod 1!
Apollo 11!
(Luna 17 lander)!
Apollo
15!
Apollo 14!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 27!Apollo Missions
– Apollo: CCR arrays of fused silica with circular aperture of 3.8 cm
diameter each
– Apollo 11 e 14: used 100 CCRs, Apollo 15: 300 CCRs
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 28!“Centro di Geodesia Spaziale (CGS) Giuseppe Colombo”"
Matera, Italy"
Tri-colocated within ITRF by SLR, VLBI, GNSS!
Slide courtesy of G. Bianco !
MLRO,!
Matera Laser Ranging Observatory!
LLR since March 2010!
Led by G. Bianco, also!
Chairman of ILRS Governing Board!
Giuseppe Colombo, 1920-1984
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 29!Slide courtesy of G. Bianco !
3-station colocation, OCA-CERGA, Obs. du Calern, France
(courtesy of)SCF_Lab!
Two unique OGSE (Optical Ground Support Equipment)
facilities, in clean room to characterize the thermal and
optical behavior of laser retroreflectors in lab-simulated
space environment (532, 633, 1064 nm)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 32!Two AM0/space Solar Simulators! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 33!
SCF: thermal testing and sw modeling!
With SCF can measure/model subtle thermal effects, and optimize
thermal conductance of retroreflector mounting!
SCF-Test!
IR Heat Flow Due to Tab Supports!
Thermal modeling
(noon on Moon)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 34!The GNSS Retroreflector Array (GRA)! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 35!
Setting CCR standards @SCF_Lab! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 36!
The SCF-Test (background IP of INFN)!
J. Adv. Space Res. 47 (2011) 822–842!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 37!SCF-Test/Revision-ETRUSCO-2 (ASI-INFN)!
• Laboratory-simulated space conditions. Concurrent/integrated:!
– Dark/cold/vacuum!
– Sun/Albedo AM0 simulators (2) and Earth IR simulator!
– Non-invasive IR and contact thermometry!
– Laser interrogation and sun perturbation at varying angles!
– Payload thermal control, roto-translations!
– Critical orbit configurations (worst-case thermal-optical behavior) !
• Deliverables / Retroreflector Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)!
– Thermal behavior (τCCR, thermal relaxation time)!
– Optical response: Far Field Diffraction Patter, (near-field) Wavefront
Fizeau Interferogram!
• Integrated thermal-optical simulations (upon request)!
Note: reduced, partial, incomplete tests (compared to the realistic space
environment) are randomly misleading (either optimistic or pessimistic)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 38!Making optical SCF movies"
(of laser return)!
SCF-Test of !
GPS,!
GLONASS, !
GIOVE!
TOUTER CCR FACE(K)!
vs. time (sec)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 39!SCF-Test of LAGEOS Sector of NASA-GSFC! LAGEOS is the ILRS reference payload standard. ! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 40!
Making thermal (IR) SCF movies!
SCF-Test of LAGEOS Sector:!
IR movie of Sector moving from
AM0 (sun simulator) window to
laser window at 90o. IR camera
is in between!
For ESA s test of Galileo reflectors,
rotation accomplished in ~1-2 sec!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 41!Experiment of CSN5: ETRUSCO-GMES"
LNF Infrastructure: SCF_Lab"
"
R&D on positioning metrology (geo-referencing)"
applied to Galileo and Earth Observing Satellites!
SCF_Lab!
Satellite/Lunar/GNSS!
laser ranging and altimetry
Characterization Facilities Laboratory!Galileo and Copernicus/GMES!
• Galileo!
– EU Flagship Space Program n. 1!
• ETRUSCO-1/-2 R&D by ASI-INFN!
• Copernicus/GMES (Global Monitoring for
Environment & Security)!
– EU Flagship Space Program n. 2!
• ETRUSCO-GMES R&D by INFN!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 43!ETRUSCO-2: ASI-INFN R&D for GNSS (2010-13)!
Optimized
for Galileo
and GPS-3!
PI:"
S. Dell’Agnello"
"
Co-PIs:"
R. Vittori, ESA"
G. Bianco, ASI!
UniCal, 28/11/2013! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! 44!Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)"
~100 satellites with laser retroreflectors (CCRs)!
Indian IRNSS: 7+4 European Galileo:! Japanese QZSS: 3
regional satellites! regional satellites!
30 satellites!
SCF-Test of!
IRNSS, Galileo!
(GPS/Glonass done) !
US GPS:
24 global
satellites! Chinese COMPASS:
20 global, plus
regional satellites!
Russian GLONASS:
24 global satellites!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 45!Why Europe needs Galileo?!
Galileo is a strategic program:!
• The European Commission (EC) estimates that 6-7% of
European GDP, around 800 billion by value, is dependent on
satellite navigation.!
• The EC and European Space Agency (ESA) joined forces to
build Galileo: Europe s independence is the chief reason.!
• By being inter-operable with GPS and GLONASS, Galileo will
allow positions to be determined accurately for most places on
Earth, even in high rise cities where buildings obscure signals
from satellites low on the horizon.!
• Galileo will achieve better coverage at high latitudes. !
• Europe will be able to exploit the opportunities provided by
satellite navigation to the full extent.!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 46!Galileo Services!
• Open Service: the Galileo navigational!
signal will be accessible by the general!
public free of charge, providing improved!
global positioning. It s the only open GNSS !
!
• Public Regulated Service: two encrypted!
signals with controlled access for specific!
users such as governmental bodies.!
!
• Search and Rescue Service: Galileo!
will contribute to the international!
Cospas–Sarsat system for search and rescue.!
A distress signal will be relayed to the Rescue
Coordination Centre and Galileo will inform the
user that their situation has been detected.!
!
• Safety-of-Life Service: standard already
available for aviation (ICAO standard) thanks!
to EGNOS, Galileo will further improve!
the service performance.!
!
• Commercial Service: Galileo will provide a
signal for high data throughput and highly!
accurate authenticated data (time synchronization),
particularly interesting for professional users.!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 47!Towards a Galileo Terrestrial Reference System (GTRF)!
A Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) is a spatial reference system co-rotating with the
Earth in its diurnal motion in space. In such a system, positions of points anchored on the
Earth's solid surface have coordinates which undergo only small variations with time, due
to geophysical effects (tectonic or tidal deformations). A Terrestrial Reference Frame
(TRF) is a set of physical points with precisely determined coordinates in a specific
coordinate system (Cartesian, geographic, mapping ...) attached to a TRS. Such a TRF is
said to be a realisation of the TRS.
In the future: the GTRF realisation and long-term maintenance will follow the state of the
art of TRF implementation. For the determination of the Galileo Sensor Station (GSS)
positions a global free network adjustment is applied, avoiding any tensions by fixing of
station positions, and providing this way the highest internal network quality
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 48!Galileo implementation plan!
2 IOV satellites
launched Oct. 2011!
2 to be launched
Oct. 2012!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 49!GLONASS, GPS e GIOVE-A/B CCRs!
GIOVE-A @ Estec!
MW antennas,
LRA!
GNSS:!
Global
Navigation
Satellite System!
Benefits of LRAs on GNSS!
• Only independent validation/calibration
of GNSS orbits, with 2-4x better precision!
• Absolute positioning, ie, wrt ITRF!
• Long term stability & geodetic memory!
• Therefore: combining SLR+GNSS
data will improve orbit reconstruction!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 50!SCF-Test of Galileo IOV retroreflector [RD-10]
!
UniCal, 28/11/2013! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! 51!First 4 Galileo IOV satellites!
1: L-band antenna Transmits the
navigation signals in the L-band.!
2: Search & rescue antenna!
3: C-band antenna!
4: Two S-band antennas!
5: Infrared Earth sensors!
6: visible light Sun sensors!
7: Laser retroreflector!
8: Space radiators!
9: Passive hydrogen maser clock!
! Mass: about 700 kg!
Size with solar wings stowed: 3.02 x 1.58 x 1.59 m!
Size with solar wings deployed: 2.74 x 14.5 x 1.59 m!
Design life: more than 12 years!
Available power: 1420 W (sunlight) / 1355 W (eclipse)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 52!Internal anatomy of the Galileo IOV satellite!
• Rubidium clock: an atomic clock based on a different technology, ensuring
redundancy to the masers. It is accurate to within 1.8 nanoseconds over 12 hours.!
• Clock monitoring and control unit: provides the interface between the four clocks
and the navigation signal generator unit. It also ensures that the frequencies
produced by the master clock and active spare are in phase, so that the spare can take
over instantly should the master clock fail.!
• Navigation signal generator unit: generates the navigation signals using input from
the clock monitoring and control unit and the uplinked navigation and integrity data
from the C-band antenna. The navigation signals are converted to L-band for
broadcast to users.!
• Gyroscopes: measure the rotation of the satellite.!
• Reaction wheels: control the rotation of the satellite. When they spin, so does the
satellite, in the opposite direction. The satellite rotates twice per orbit to allow the
solar wings to face the Sun s rays.!
• Magneto-torquer: modifies the speed of rotation of the reaction wheels by
introducing a magnetism-based torque (turning force) in the opposite direction.!
• Power conditioning and distribution unit: regulates and controls power from the
solar array and batteries for distribution to all the satellite s subsystems and payload.!
• Onboard computer: controls the satellite platform and payload.!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 53!SCF-Test of Galileo Critical half-Orbit (GCO)!
GCO: GNSS orbit whose angular momentum
is orthogonal to the Sun-Earth direction
shadow!
Earth!
Sunrise-Eclipse-Sunset probes critical features
of the thermal and optical behavior of the
CCR, including optical breakthrough.
Galileo orbit:
• Altitude = 23222 km
• Period ~ 14 hr, shadow ~ 1hr
GCO conceptual drawing not to scale!
UniCal, 28/11/2013! S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! 54!SCF-Test: Galileo reflector temperature along orbit!
Measured
temperatures vs. time
(& sun inclination):
- 2 probes on CCR housing
- 2 probes on Al housing
- 1 probe on the back-plate
- IR camera thermograms of
the outer CCR face
Note the very large Bottom CCR housing
temperature excursion, Top CCR housing
>100 K ! Bottom Al housing
Top Al housing
Back plate
+++!CCR face
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 55!SCF-Test: Galileo optical response along critical orbit!
~ -13o ~13o
Earth!
Sunrise & thermal BT! Sunset & optical BT!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 56!European Space Technology Master Plan"
(ESTMP)!
- With co-funding
researchers can keep
Intellectual Property Right! Galileo!
IOV!
- Ultimate goal: publish
SCF_Lab in ESTMP !
!
- SCF_Lab VQR product!
CCRs!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 57!Copernicus/GMES: from ESA Bulletin Feb. 2012 S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 58!
Copernicus/GMES: from ESA Bulletin Feb. 2012
SAR map
(à la
Cosmo-SkyMed)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 59!Goal of ETRUSCO-GMES
Unify observations of Galileo & Cosmo constellations,
through absolute laser inter-calibrations in Earth & Space!
From ESA Bulletin Feb. 2012!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 60!EU flagship program: Copernicus/GMES
Observing our planet for a safer world
COPERNICUS
(formerly Global Monitoring for Environment and Security, GMES)
will provide data to help deal with a range of disparate issues including
climate change and border surveillance. Land, sea and atmosphere -
each will be observed through GMES, helping to make our lives safer.
!
The purpose of GMES is to deliver information on environment and
security which correspond to identified user needs
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 61!Galileo and Copernicus/GMES!
• Galileo, ETRUSCO R&D started in CSN5 in 2006!
– EU Flagship Space Program n. 1 !
• GMES, Global Monitoring for Environment & Security!
– EU Flagship Space Program n. 2!
• ETRUSCO-GMES!
– G-CALIMES: Unification of Galileo and Italian constellations
for radar mapping (SAR) of Earth surface!
• Cosmo-SkyMed (CSK) & Cosmo Second Generation (CSG)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 62!G-CALIMES (Ministero Difesa – INFN)!
Galileo-Cosmo-skymed Absolute Laser Intercalibration
with Measurements on Earth and in Space.!
Also applies to other Earth Observation Satellites.!
1) Development of innovative devices for
absolute positioning (georeferencing) in Earth
and Space for:!
Space segment (satellites)!
Ground segment (geodetic station & geological/urban sites)!
2) Deployment & Test!
3) Earth-Space performance study!
4) Patenting activity!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 63!Geo-referencing Device for Space"
(developed by INFN for Min. Defence – IPR of INFN)"
Unification of LAGEOS, Vertices of EO satellite maps,
Galileo"
CONFIDENZIALE – Non divulgare!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 64!SAR/laser/Galileo Geo-referencing Ground Device"
(proto under R&D by INFN for Min. Defence – IPR of INFN)"
Designed for Geodetic stations / Space Geodesy Centers"
(like ASI-CGS/MLRO in Matera)"
CONFIDENZIALE – Non divulgare!
Above completely passive: laser CCR & radar CCR!
Also with integrated GPS/Galileo receiver (not shown)!
Complementary functionalities a d hierarchy of accuracies of the
above geodesy techniques!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 65!SAR/laser/Galileo Geo-referencing Ground Device!
• This, or a dedicated/customized device, can be installed
in collaboration with Geology group of UniCal in geological
sites of their interest!
• Study/request of space Earth Observation survey maps
(NASA A-Train, ESA Sentinels, ASI/Defence Cosmo) with
our device in it!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 66!SAR/laser/Galileo Geo-referencing Ground Device!
• Study/request of space Earth Observation survey maps (NASA
A-Train [ Landsat! Etc.], ESA Sentinels, ASI/Defence Cosmo-
Skymed) with our device inside the maps, deployed in several sites
of Calabria (and/or other sites of geological interest)!
• Analysis/modeling of EO maps with our device inside the maps, to
be integrated with “Cellular Automata (CA)” modeling/analysis by
the UniCal Geology group!
• Hierarchy of our geo-referencing unification accuracies (mm-
cm for laser, cm-dm for Galileo, ≥ meter for SAR) is ideal to
calibrate (and improve!) geo-referencing of!
cells of CA models in papers provided by!
V. Lupiano (cell size of 5-10 meter apothem)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 67!SAR/laser/Galileo Geo-referencing Ground Device!
• Important role of Geodetic station of ASI-CGS/MLRO in Matera!
• There are other applications ….!
• The above of another dedicated/customized lightweight/compact
device can be installed in urban areas, again of interest of UniCal
Geology group, of much smaller areas compared to the typical
surface areas of geological sites relevant for Earth Observation
from space!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 68!Other collaboration opportunities!
• In addition to proposed SIACE Doctorate project:!
• ‘HORIZON 2020 Space’ event yesterday 27/11/2013 in Rome
http://www.b2match.eu/h2020spacetour/pages/rome)!
– LEIT (Leadership in Enabling Industrial Innovation)!
– Societal Challenges !
• Participation in INFN-CSN5 experiment “ETRUSCO-GMES”!
• Regional funding calls!
• MIUR funding calls!
• ….!
• INFN-LNF School!
– LTL-2014 Cosenza-Rome Doctoral School @LNF: Laboratory Test
facilities at INFN-LNF (includes SCF_Lab; and particle accelerators)!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 69!Acronyms and definitions!
1. AM0: Air Mass Zero!
2. ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana! 13. GTRF: Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame!
3. BT: Break Through! 14. ILRS: International Laser Ranging Service!
4. CCR: Cube Corner Retroreflector ! 15. IOV: In Orbit Validation!
5. EO = Earth Observation! 16. IPR: Intellectual Property Rights!
6. ESA: European Space Agency! 17. ITRF: International Terrestrial Reference
Frame!
7. ETRUSCO: Extra Terrestrial
18. ITRS: International Terrestrial Reference
Ranging to Unified Satellite
Constellation! System!
8. DEM = Digital Elevation Model! 19. KPI: Key Performance Indicator!
9. FFDP: Far Field Diffraction Pattern! 20. OCS: Optical Cross Section!
10. FOC: Full Orbit Capability! 21. LAGEOS: LAser GEOdynamics Satellite!
11. GCO: GNSS Critical half Orbit! 22. SCF: Satellite/lunar/GNSS laser ranging and
altimetry Characterization Facility!
12. GMES = Global Monitoring for
Environment and Security! 23. SCF-G: Satellite laser ranging Characterization
Facility optimized for GNSS!
13. GNSS : Global Navigation Satellite
System! 24. SLR: Satellite Laser Ranging!
14. GPS: Global Positioning System! 25. TIR: Total Internal Reflection!
15. GRA: GNSS Retroreflector Arrays! 26. WI: Wavefront Interferogram!
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 70!Main Reference Documents!
• [RD-1] Dell’Agnello, S., et al, Creation of the new industry-standard space test of laser
retroreflectors for the GNSS and LAGEOS, J. Adv. Space Res. 47 (2011) 822–842.
• [RD-2] P. Willis, Preface, Scientific applications of Galileo and other Global Navigation Satellite
Systems (II), J. Adv. Space Res., 47 (2011) 769.
• [RD-3] D. Currie, S. Dell’Agnello, G. Delle Monache, A Lunar Laser Ranging Array for the 21st
Century, Acta Astron. 68 (2011) 667-680.
• [RD-4] Dell’Agnello, S., et al, Fundamental physics and absolute positioning metrology with the
MAGIA lunar orbiter, Exp Astron, October 2011, Volume 32, Issue 1, pp 19-35 ASI Phase A study.
• [RD-5] Dell’Agnello, S. et al, A Lunar Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector Array for NASA's
Manned Landings, the International Lunar Network and the Proposed ASI Lunar Mission
MAGIA, Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Laser Ranging, Space Research
Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland, 2008.
• [RD-6] International Lunar Network (http://iln.arc.nasa.gov/), Core Instrument and Communications
Working Group Final Reports.
• [RD-7] Yi Mao, Max Tegmark, Alan H. Guth, and Serkan Cabi, Constraining torsion with Gravity
Probe B, Physical Review D 76, 104029 (2007).
• [RD-8] March, R., Bellettini, G., Tauraso, R., Dell’Agnello, S., Constraining spacetime torsion
with the Moon and Mercury, Physical Review D 83, 104008 (2011).
• [RD-9] March, R., Bellettini, G., Tauraso, R., Dell’Agnello, S., Constraining spacetime torsion
with LAGEOS, Gen Relativ Gravit (2011) 43:3099–3126.
• [RD-10] ETRUSCO-2: An ASI-INFN project of technological development and “SCF-Test” of
GNSS LASER Retroreflector Arrays, S, Dell’Agnello, 3rd International Colloquium on on
Scientific and Fundamental Aspects of the Galileo Programme, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 2011
S. Dell’Agnello (INFN-LNF) et al! UniCal, 28/11/2013! 71!You can also read
