Digitizing workers payments for economic recovery and decent work - HIGHLIGHTS - APRIL 2021 - UNSGSA
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USINESS SERIE HIGHLIGHTS
Digitizing workers
payments for economic
recovery and decent work
Example of Senegal
APRIL
2021
Authors Marjolaine CHAINTREAU, Jean Pascal MVONDO & Sonia ANNOUSSAMY, Better Than Cash Alliance Laurent Gonnet, Maïmouna Gueye, World Bank & Insa SADIO, Agence Nationale des Statistiques et de la Démographie This report follows the Better Than Cash Alliance Responsible Digital Payment Guidelines for building inclusive digital ecosystems. The focus on salary payments is in line with the guidance from the CPMI-World Bank Guidelines for Payment Aspects of Financial Inclusion. Cover photo: © Sylvain Cherkaoui/RTI International
FOREWORD
COVID-19 continues to disrupt daily life,
strain health systems, and cause output
and job loss in all corners of the world. Its
© PresidenceSenegal
economic and health impacts threaten a
reversal of hard-fought development gains
in recent years.
After a year of crisis, world leaders, both
public and private, must now more than
ever encourage inclusive recovery to avoid worsening inequalities of all kinds. Building more
inclusive economies is particularly important for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
and informal businesses, which are an important source of income generation and employment in
emerging economies.
In 2020 more than 20 million workers in Africa perceive their pay to be insufficient to live above the
poverty line. These people are active mainly in value chains where they serve formal businesses as
temporary day laborers, seasonal workers, or suppliers.
In addition to modest pay, these workers are most often paid in cash, which can be prone to leakage,
lacks traceability, and does not provide an opportunity to promote financial inclusion through
depositing directly into a transaction account. Rigorous evidence shows that digital payments
contribute to achieving more than 10 Sustainable Development Goals, including poverty reduction,
women's empowerment, and decent work and economic growth.
The work of the Better Than Cash Alliance with the World Bank and the Senegalese National
Statistics Agency shows that digitizing the payments of temporary workers helps ensures workers
are fairly paid what they are owed in a transparent and efficient manner. This digitization can help
empower female workers as it reduces gaps between agreed upon and actual pay received and
gives women more control over their financial lives. It also improves the productivity of businesses
and thus has positive economy-wide benefits.
The opportunity of digitizing the payments of unbanked workers while providing them immediate
access to universal health coverage is enabled in Senegal through an earlier collaboration between
financial service providers, the private sector, and the National Agency for Universal Health
Coverage. This can offer an important opportunity to reduce inequalities in access to health
insurance through digital payment infrastructure. Such collaboration deserves to be scaled up and
can serve as a model for country peers.
This report provides recommendations to make credible advances on responsible payments
digitization for workers in Senegal , with an emphasis on raising awareness of the benefits and
costs amongst key stakeholders, promoting trust and fair digital payment standards, introducing
targeted incentives to encourage digitization, and designing specific payment solutions that will
benefit SMEs.
We invite governments, financial service providers, companies, and civil society to use this report
to ensure digital payments are at the center of a sustainable and fair economic recovery. We look
forward to jointly providing leadership on this agenda to achieve an inclusive and digitally
enabled recovery.
S.E. Macky SALL H.M. Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
President of the Republic of Senegal United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Advocate
for Inclusive Finance for Development (UNSGSA)
© Better Than Cash Alliance/Elise Fitte-Duval
50 %
Digitizing
of employee payments could add
US$84 million
(FCFA 45 billion) to the
Senegalese economy every year.1
At the end of 2018, less than 20%2 of wages in Senegal’s
corporate sector were paid digitally – indicating an urgent need
to identify the untapped economic potential. The sub-Saharan
economy is projected to contract by 3.2% in 2020, according to the
International Monetary Fund. The economic gains from increasing
digitization from 20% to 50% could help to increase resilience of its
population and cushion the impact of COVID-19.3
This follow-up research, conducted in partnership with the World Bank
and the Senegalese National Bureau of Statistics (ANSD – French
abbreviation), builds on the implementation of the commitments made
by the Prime Minister of the Government of Senegal during the launch of
the country digitization agenda in 2018 with the support of the Better
Than Cash Alliance.4
The interviews of 343 businesses in 19 sectors, including the
priority sectors highlighted in the Plan for an Emerging Senegal
(PSE – French abbreviation), provide important reasons why wages
of employees, especially informal workers, need to be digitized:
» 80% of the total workforce
in the infrastructure, livestock and agriculture sectors
are informal workers, that is, seasonal employees or
day employees with contracts generally less than
3 months in duration.
» Women wages are, on average, 3 times lower
than that of men; 97% of their wages are paid in cash
(versus men 91%).
» Payments to informal employees represent some of the
most frequent payments made by employers, and cash
management costs can account for up to 7%5 of the
total payroll.
» It can take up to 26 days to distribute payroll
for companies where the vast majority of employees
are being paid in cash – often leading to negative
impacts on employee productivity and morale.
» Meeting the expectations of employees is the main
challenge in driving adoption of digital payments. In addition,
businesses want to ensure that the digitization of wages is
responsible and sustainable and reflects fair pricing by the
providers of digital payments.
This research also found that the benefits of payment digitization are
clear for both employers and employees:
» Employers recognized an increase in transparency,
fair treatment of employees and security. Productivity
gains were also observed alongside a reduction of
operational costs.
» Employees recognized a direct impact on the
improvement of their living and working conditions.
Some of the benefits mentioned relate to time savings,
comfort and security, as well as access to formal modes of
payment previously inaccessible given their social status.
THE BENEFITS OF PAYMENT DIGITIZATION
FOR EMPLOYERS… FOR EMPLOYEES…
INCREASE IN
TRANSPARENCY, IMPROVEMENT
FAIR TREATMENT OF OF LIVING AND
EMPLOYEES AND SECURITY WORKING CONDITIONS
ACCESS TO
PRODUCTIVITY
FORMAL MODES
GAINS
OF PAYMENT
TIME SAVINGS
REDUCTION OF
OPERATIONAL
COMFORT
COSTS
AND SECURITY
© Better Than Cash Alliance/Elise Fitte-Duval
8 key lessons FROM COMPANIES FOR
SUCCESSFULLY DIGITIZING PAYMENTS TO EMPLOYEES
According to the ANSD, 81%6 of businesses in Senegal are
defined as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with
fewer than 20 employees whose contracts last less than 3
months. SMEs have the lowest rate of wage digitization at
7%7 and thus the greatest potential for digitizing payments.
1
The SMEs with a digitization rate of wages between 53%8 and
67%9 (typically employing between 20 and 39 permanent staff)
are considered wage digitization champions.
Amongst the 343 companies surveyed, lessons from the champions
BUILD the digital who have successfully digitized worker payments inform key
transformation success factors. These can be helpful for other SMEs embarking on
their digitization journey.
internally
2
KEY LESSONS CREATE value
• L
esson 1: Analyse proposition for both
the direct and indirect employee and companies
costs associated with
cash management
KEY LESSONS
• L
esson 2: Involve
employees early in • Lesson 1: Co-create clear value propositions so
the project management, employees, and service providers all
experience benefits
• L
esson 3: Ensure
the reliability of • Lesson 2: Provide step-by-step support, beginning
data to successfully with a pilot phase and on-site digital payments
identify and better • Lesson 3: Build trust by ensuring fair treatment
understand what of employees. Regular awareness and training
employees need campaigns, jointly organized by the company and
the service provider, should lead to broader and
sustainable adoption
3
COLLABORATE
KEY LESSONS
• Lesson 1: Anticipate liquidity needs
with the local • Lesson 2: Engage key stakeholders so employees can
digital financial also make their payments for utilities, food and other
ecosystem necessities digitally (extending agent networks or
promoting wider acceptance of digital payments)
Scaling wage digitization at the
national level:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE KEY ECOSYSTEM PLAYERS IN SENEGAL
To successfully develop and accelerate the digitization of worker payments at scale
in Senegal, actions are required to overcome the main challenges. Five challenges and
the recommendations to address them are outlined below:
Summary of recommendations10 for key ecosystem players
CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION SERVICE PROVIDERS REGULATORS
1 Raise PSE priority
industries awareness
Train SMEs and employee representative (This could be
implemented by the government itself or in partnership with industry
bodies or international partners)
about the risks,
the costs of cash
handling and the Provide training
benefits of digitization by sector and
of payments activity chain
2 Strengthen trust in
digital payments and Promote all the responsible digital payment guidelines11 especially the cost
transparency of Financial Service Providers (FSPs)
improve fair treatment
of end users
3 Government
to incentivize
Update the existing law that
requires any payments above
US$180 to be paid via bank transfer
wage digitization
by way of:
• Ensuring it includes all other
digital payments solutions and not
just banking
• It covers payments above or
equal to US$53 (Senegal’s official
minimum wage)
4 Design client-
centric solutions for
Promote universal health coverage for all informal employees (see next page)
informal employees Make digital financial
services accessible
on any technology
(smartphones and
feature phones)
5 Design SME-
specific solutions
Bundle digitization
solutions and
financing services for
SME’s growth
Quick win on health
77% coverage ready to
of workers be implemented
interviewed would
Wage digitization has the potential to reduce inequalities in access to
accept digital health insurance between formal and informal employees. Whereas
payments if this formal employees with contracts benefit from pensions and health
insurance contributions by their employers, informal employees do not
could come with receive any form of social protection even though health issues are one of
access to health the top 3 causes for employment loss and absenteeism. Wage digitalization
coverage could bridge this gap. Digital payment services could be connected to
the Senegalese Universal Health Coverage digital infrastructure,12 and
informal workers could be directly enrolled in the national universal
health scheme, which is subsidized in Senegal with a yearly enrolment
© Better Than Cash Alliance/Elise Fitte-Duval
fee below US$1. This would be a major quick win as it would provide
informal workers immediate access to minimal social protection with
cheaper, local health services throughout Senegal, which is especially
important for women.
Implementing the recommendations in this report will not only drive the
realization of a range of benefits for employers and employees, it will also
contribute to six of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by:
• Improving the well-being of employees (SDG3)
• Promoting decent work and economic growth (SDG8)
• Identifying benefits experienced by businesses that have begun digitizing
and sharing what businesses that have not yet digitized their payments
face in order to understand their motivations and challenges (SDG 9)
• R
educing inequalities in access to health coverage in digital wage
distribution (SDG 10) and especially for women (SDG 5)
• A
ccelerating the responsible digital transformation of SMEs through
partnerships (SDG 17)© Better Than Cash Alliance/Elise Fitte-Duval
© Better Than Cash Alliance/Elise Fitte-Duval
THE FULL REPORT IN FRENCH AND ITS ASSOCIATED CASE STUDIES
CAN BE DOWNLOADED HERE:
https://www.betterthancash.org/explore-resources
SERIE ENTREPRISE
Full report in French with lessons
Numérisation du paiement from 300+ companies operating
des travailleurs pour across over 19 sectors.
la relance économique et
le travail décent
Exemple du Sénégal
AV R I L
2021
ETUDE DE CAS ETUDE DE CAS ETUDE DE CAS
ENTREPRISE ENTREPRISE ENTREPRISE
© Présidence Sénégal / Photos : Papa Matar Diop
LE BIEN-ÊTRE DES SALARIÉS, VERS LA MODERNISATION ET
© Compangnie Sucrière du Sénégal
PILIER DE LA STABILITÉ DE LA PROFESSIONNALISATION LA PAIE DIGITALE RÉDUIT LES
© Wizall Money
L’ÉCOSYSTÈME LOCAL DES ÉLEVEURS COÛTS DE LA GESTION DU CASH
La Compagnie Sucrière Sénégalaise (CSS) s’étend sur plus saisonniers et salariés le paiement des salaires via Mobile
SÉNÉGAL
Dès sa création en 2005, la Laiterie du Berger s’est affirmée l’entreprise sociale Kossam – Société de Développement de Dans le cadre de sa politique de croissance et de lutte contre Le paiement via Mobile Money a permis de
SÉNÉGAL
SÉNÉGAL
de 15 000 hectares dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal aux Money, offrant un nouveau mode de paiement à ses
portes de la ville de Richard-Toll. Le complexe agro-industriel travailleurs. Aujourd’hui, près de 90% des paiements de comme une entreprise sociale pionnière au Sénégal. l’Élevage (Kossam SDE). la pauvreté, le Gouvernement du Sénégal a mis en œuvre digitaliser 80% des employés, initialement payés
de la CSS permet de réaliser l’ensemble des opérations de salaires en valeur sont numérisés via virements bancaires, Aujourd’hui, la Laiterie du Berger est devenue le second Kossam SDE vise à structurer et renforcer la filière des projets d’infrastructures de transport. La nouvelle ligne en espèces. Fortement portée par la Direction, cette
transformation de la canne en sucre raffiné. cartes salaires et Mobile Money. acteur du marché sénégalais des yaourts et la principale laitière en fournissant des services de proximité (aliments Train Express régional (TER) reliera en 45 minutes Dakar à initiative a permis de réduire les coûts de 15%,
Créée aux début des années 1970, la CSS est devenue Le salarié est au centre des préoccupations de la CSS. entreprise nationale de transformation du lait local. Elle pour bétail, fourrages…), de la formation et du conseil aux l’Aéroport International Blaise Diagne (AIBD). Le Groupement de gagner en temps de productivité et en traçabilité.
un acteur essentiel de l’économie régionale. Elle emploie La CSS souligne à ce titre que le bien-être de ses salariés travaille avec la Coopérative des éleveurs de Dagana qui éleveurs locaux. Eiffage / CSE / Yapi Merkesi est en charge des travaux et des Pour les employés, c’est l’égalité de traitement, et surtout
environ 8 000 personnes en période de campagne sucrière contribue certes à une meilleure productivité, mais représente regroupe 850 éleveurs Peuls, emploie 300 salariés et produit En février 2020, Kossam SDE lance avec succès installations des infrastructures reliant la ville de Dakar à la sécurité qui ont transformé leur quotidien.
(de novembre à juin) se positionnant ainsi, après l’État, à la surtout un pilier de la stabilité de l’écosystème local. chaque année 6 000 tonnes de yaourt. Début 2019, afin de la dématérialisation de la «paie» auprès de plus de Diamniadio (36 kms) et de Diamniadio à l’AIBD (19 kms).
1ère place des employeurs privés du Sénégal. La CSS est donc très investie dans la qualité des services consolider l’activité et la filière laitière, la Laiterie du Berger 850 éleveurs, contribuant ainsi à l’amélioration des
Dès 2009, la CSS équipe ses salariés non-bancarisés rendue à ses salariés et à leurs familles, notamment en terme et la Coopérative des éleveurs de Dagana ont cofondé conditions de vie et de travail des éleveurs.
de cartes salaires. En 2018, elle déploie auprès de ses d’offres de services financiers formels comme informels.
LES BENEFICES DE LA DIGITALISATION
LES BENEFICES DE LA DIGITALISATION Au lancement, POUR L’ENTREPRISE… POUR L’EMPLOYÉ…
LES BENEFICES DE LA DIGITALISATION 95% des
2,300 POUR L’ENTREPRISE… POUR L’EMPLOYÉ… éleveurs ont
POUR L’ENTREPRISE… POUR L’EMPLOYÉ… personnels été payés par
permanents et Mobile Money; PLUS DE
jusqu’à 6,000 GAIN DE CONFORT, GAIN 10% ont
INTÉGRITÉ & TRANSPARENCE DIVERSIFICATION DES MOYENS PLUS SECURITE PLUS
saisonniers PRODUCTIVITÉ DE TEMPS ET D’ARGENT réalisé leurs
• Immédiateté des paiements auprès du DE PAIEMENTS pendant la
D’EFFICIENCE ET DE D’INCLUSION
• Réduction d’1/3 des effectifs L’éleveur choisit son jour pour aller récupérer transactions TRANSPARENCE FINANCIÈRE
bénéficiaire final. • Pour les non bancarisés et employés à période de dédiés au traitement et la sa paie, le lieu de retrait et économise: • Gain de 15% sur les coûts liés
seuls, sans
• «Nous souhaitons remettre le salaire faibles revenus, le Mobile Money apparaît campagne distribution de l’argent liquide. l’aide des au traitement des salaires • Une plus grande sécurité, Augmentation des usages
comme un nouveau moyen de paiement sucrière • des frais de déplacement mensuels liée au fait de ne plus avoir à en 9 mois :
le plus rapidement possible et le plus • Réduction des risques d’erreurs. (500-2000 FCFA). équipes du • Gain de 8 jours de délai
directement possible, sans recours en dehors du système bancaire classique, fournisseur permettant des paiements transporter le cash sur soi
• Taux de détention
au cash et sans frais pour le salarié» adapté au profil des travailleurs, et comme • Frais pris en charge par • du temps d’attente (qui pouvait durer jusqu’à de service: au plus tard le 30 du mois
Une digitalisation • Discrétion sur les montants de wallet ~20% (+7%)
Secrétaire Général de la CSS. un relais de la carte salaire, un produit en les éleveurs. 1 journée sous une température de 40°C).
qui a démarré • Gain de productivité lié à la des salaires de chaque salarié • Achat de crédit
fin de commercialisation par les banques.
dès 2009 disparition des files d’at- • Egalité de traitement: téléphonique +14%
avec les cartes 850 tente et de l’absentéisme des “Tout le monde est payé en
• Transferts +11%,
salaires, afin de éleveurs employés pour organiser les même temps” & “Même
TRAÇABILITÉ & SÉCURITÉ AUTONOMIE DES SALARIÉS limiter le nombre TRAÇABILITÉ paiement de factures +6%
transferts d’argent vers leurs quand on est absent, on est
• Traçabilité du début à la fin de l’ensemble • Les salariés sont seuls maîtres de leurs d’intermédiaires, • Traçabilité du début à la fin de SÉCURITÉ familles: 115 postes Equiva- • Ouverture de comptes
payé” (week-end compris)
des opérations et historisation avec
garantie de la réception du salaire par la
salaires, sans que personne n’ait à
s’interposer entre eux et l’entreprise.
les risques de
détournements
l’ensemble des opérations et
historisation avec garantie de la
• L’éleveur récupère sa paie en toute sécurité
et discrétion.
48% lent Temps Plein / mois d’épargne.
des éleveurs
bonne personne à une date précise. Les salariés sont donc ensuite libres d’en et de fraudes et réception du salaire par la bonne sont des femmes
• Réduction du risque d’agression physique.
disposer, sans qu’aucune retenue ne la pratique de personne à une date précise.
• Sécurité des transactions.
puisse être appliquée. l’usure informelle
Improving workers wellbeing Towards the modernization of Impact of payments digitization
to maintain social stability at payments for small farmers. for reducing the costs of cash.
the local level. Insights from La Laiterie du Berger, Experiences from Eiffage,
Lessons from La Compagnie Sucrière a dairy processing company, on a construction company in Senegal
du Sénégal an agribusiness company digitizing payments to over 8000 digitizing payments for workers, and
in the sugar sector and the biggest small farmers from remote areas the financial savings achieved from the
private sector employer in Senegal with limited agent networks. reduction of cash payments.
in digitizing payments for over 8,000
seasonal workers.Acknowledgements The authors are deeply grateful for the leadership of H.E. President Macky SALL and H.M. Queen Máxima of the Netherlands as UNSGSA for driving the agenda of workers payments digitization to advance decent work and economic recovery. Among many others, the authors would also like to thank the representatives of the Government of Senegal : H.E. Omar BA (Senegal Presidency) ; H.E. Samba SY Minister of Labour (Govt of Senegal) ; ANSD Team : Babacar NDIR, Allé NAR DIOP, Mbaye FAYE, Ouleye KALIDOU SOW, Insa SADIO, Ibrahima TALL, Moustapha TALL, Ousmane DIOUF, Fatou SIDIBE, Astou DAKONO, Jean Paul DIAGNE, Ousmane DIOUF, Cheikh FALL, Djibril DOUMBOUYA, Mamadou DAFFE, Ibrahima DIOP. Agence Nationale de la Couverture Maladie : Dr. Bocar DAFF, Racine SENGHOR, Mouhamed Mahi SY. Private sector representatives : Claude FIZAINE, M. TOURE, M. GUEYE, Salim DIOP (Compagnie Sucrière du Sénégal) , Alassane GUEYE (Ecobank), Birame SARR (Eiffage), ; Jonathan MICHAUX, Mamadou FALL (Laiterie du Berger – Kossam SDE), Jurriaan BUDDE (MyAgro), Ousmale SARR, Sidy MOCTAR, Mohamed DIALLO (Orange Money), Nahomi IBRAHIM (Paydunya), Alexandra BESTARD VIGIER, M. DAVRON (SPS Sécurité), Omar CISSE (Touch), Sébastien VETTER, Quentin de RAVIGNAN (Wizall Money), Matthieu VACARIE, Antoine LEROUX (YUP), Filfili RANDA (Zena Exotic Fruit), Karidja BAMBA (Visa), Mohammad RIZWANULLAH (Mastercard). The authors also acknowledge the valuable contribution of : Peter McConaghy (UNSGSA) ; Pia TAYAG (UNSGSA); Dorothée DELORT(World Bank) and the Alliance Editorial and Publication Committee : Harish NATARAJAN (World Bank), Paul NELSON (USAID), Maria MAY (Gates Foundation), Bjorn SKELBRED (Vipps), Stella Klemperer (Flourish), Daniel Schwartz (MasterCard), Amina TIRANA (VISA), Loretta MICHAELS, Jerry GROSSMAN (Gates Foundation), Daniel MUNA (E-currency), Camilo TELLEZ (BTCA), Tidhar WALD (BTCA), Ruth GOODWIN-GROEN (BTCA). Without forgetting all the technical support of : Amela COSOVIC-MEDIC (BTCA), Angela CORBALAN (BTCA), Fareeza IBRAHIM (BTCA), Elisabeth MANG. The Better Than Cash Alliance Case Study Series Our case study series seeks to highlight specific examples of shifts from cash to digital payments by government agencies, companies and development partners. Each case study aims to provide insights for a wide audience on the factors that have helped or hindered the digitization process, and also present key results and benefits of the transition away from cash. We hope that readers will be able to adapt the lessons from these cases to their own contexts and local conditions. Agence Nationale de la Statistiques et de la Démographie du Sénégal (ANSD) The National Agency of Statistics and Demography of Senegal (ANSD - French acronym) is responsible for the technical coordination of the National Statistical System. It is an administrative structure with legal personality and management autonomy and placed under the authority of the Minister of Statistics. The World Bank Group With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries.
Endnotes
1. etter Than Cash Alliance, Digitization of payments: a source of growth and
B
inclusive development, Senegal, https://www.betterthancash.org/tools-
research/case-studies/country-diagnostic-senegal (27 November 2018)
2. Ibid
3. J eune Afrique,Coronavirus: la crise sera « pire que prévu », annonce le FMI,
https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1010173/economie/coronavirus-la-crise-sera-
pire-que-prevu-annonce-le-fmi/ (3 July 2020)
4. etter Than Cash Alliance, Digitization of payments: a source of growth and
B
inclusive development, Senegal, https://www.betterthancash.org/tools-
research/case-studies/country-diagnostic-senegal (27 November 2018)
5. Source: data from interviewed companies (2020)
6. gence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie du Sénégal and Better
A
Than Cash Alliance, Numérisation des paiements : des gisements de croissance
et de développement inclusif, https://www.bceao.int/sites/default/files/
inline-files/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9%20analytique%20-%20Digitalisation%20
paiements%20Etat%20-%20Priv%C3%A9%20-%20M%C3%A9nages%20
Senegal.pdf (2018)
7. Ibid
8. Ibid
9. Ibid
10. Details provided in the full report
11. B
etter Than Cash Alliance, Responsible digital payments guidelines, https://
www.betterthancash.org/tools-research/case-studies/responsible-digital-
payments-guidelines (15 July 2016)
12. B
etter Than Cash Alliance, L’Agence de la Couverture Maladie Universelle du
Sénégal lance une nouvelle plateforme numérique « sunucmu.com », https://
www.betterthancash.org/news/media-releases/l-agence-de-la-couverture-
maladie-universelle-du-senegal-lance-une-nouvelle-plateforme-numerique-
sunucmu-com (2019)
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About The Better Than Cash Alliance
The Better Than Cash Alliance is a partnership of governments,
companies, and international organizations that accelerates ISBN 978-1-946173-70-6
the transition from cash to digital payments in order to reduce 90000>
poverty and drive inclusive growth. Based at the United Nations,
the Alliance has over 75 members, works closely with other global
organizations, and is an implementing partner for the G20 Global
Partnership for Financial Inclusion. 9 781946 173706You can also read
