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Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Bachelor of Architecture Theses - 5th Year Department of Architecture Spring 5-9-2022 Flexible Dwellings Petra Basic Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/barch_etd Part of the Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Basic, Petra, "Flexible Dwellings" (2022). Bachelor of Architecture Theses - 5th Year. 188. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/barch_etd/188 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Architecture at DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelor of Architecture Theses - 5th Year by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@kennesaw.edu.
FLEXIBLE DWELLINGS
PETRA BASIC
SPRING, 2022
KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY Flexible Dwellings
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE - COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE &
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Thesis Proposal is Presented to the
Faculty of the Department of Architecture
THESIS TITLE College of Architecture and Construction Management
Flexible Dwellings Zamila Karimi, M Arch, MFA,
M. Saleh Uddin, Ph.D.
STUDENT FULL NAME
By
Petra Basic
ADVISORS
Petra Basic
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
Zamila Karimi, M Arch, MFA
Bachelor of Architecture
M. Saleh Uddin, Ph.D.
Kennesaw State University
THESIS DESCRIPTION
Marietta, Georgia
Owning homes is becoming more and more difficult for those below the age of 35
May 2022
because the affordability gap is continuing to widen between house values and overall
income levels. Housing is key to reducing poverty levels and increasing
economic mobility – there are always people in need of a home. There are 6.8 million
more affordable housing units are needed to begin seeing a difference in the housing
shortage. What if there was a way for architecture to become more responsive to
peoples ever changing needs? What if there was a new designed system of living that
allowed for these changes to take place with ease within a symplistic system? This
thesis will propose investigation into a minimalistic hosing style that makes low-cost
living, eco-friendly designs, and lifestyle flexibility possibilities for young adults
transitioning into the next chapter of their lives.
DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to dedicate my thesis to everyone who has helped me along the Zamila Karimi & Saleh Uddin
way throughout the architecture program. I want to thank my family and
DeMarria, and especially my parents for everythings they’ve done to
support and encourage me along the way, and shape me into who I am Thank you for your guidance and feedback throughout my thesis process.
Your knowledge and imput in this last year has helped me with furthering
today.
my studies and getting me to this point today.
I also want to thank my two closest friends in the program, Jessica &
Hanny, because without them, the program and this experience would not Ameen Farooq
have been the same.
Thank you for your guidance and encouragement when selecting a topic of
study for thesis research.
Table of Contents
1 | Thesis Proposal
- Design Hypothesis _________________________________________________________________________7
- History of Tiny Homes ______________________________________________________________________8
- Relevance of Design Proposal ________________________________________________________________10
- Relevant Architectural Theory Within the Design _________________________________________________16
- Project Proposal ___________________________________________________________________________21
- Case Studies ______________________________________________________________________________22
2 | Discussion of Site
- Potential Site Opportinities __________________________________________________________________ 27
3 | Program Development
- Proposed Program Overview _________________________________________________________________29
- Requirements of the Design __________________________________________________________________30
- Limitations of Proposed Project _______________________________________________________________32
- Base Program Proposal Diagrams _____________________________________________________________ 34
4 | Design Development
- Design Development Overview ________________________________________________________________ 41
- Conceptual Form and Plan Development _________________________________________________________ 42
- Joinery Implementation ______________________________________________________________________51
- Kit of Parts and Final Design __________________________________________________________________
55
- Final Thoughts _____________________________________________________________________________63
- List of Figures _____________________________________________________________________________65
- Bibliography ______________________________________________________________________________67
1.0 Thesis Proposal
1.1 Design Hypothesis
Every person deserves to have a roof over their head and a place to call home. This thesis aims to further investigate
a housing typology by reviewing the history of small dwellings over time and proposing a better designed system of
living. The reality of the situation is that we as humans, and more specifically young adults, have ever changing
needs. A home being one of them. As young adults, getting ready to graduate college and trying to transition into a
new chapter of our lives, I have realized that the traditional housing we have seen time and time again, doesn’t offer
the long-term adaptability and affordability we need for our futures. Over the years, there have been other variations
of what we call homes get developed and grow in popularity – one of them being Tiny Homes. This typology is one
that I think has the potential to become a solution for young adults trying to navigate the changes they will face.
Within my thesis project, I want to propose further investigation into the notion of these small structures and their
ability to be sustainable and more affordable than typical options, while also allowing lifestyle flexibility through
mobility and adaptability aspects integrated within the design.
“Living small frees up the mind, How can such a design engage strategies of sustainable and off the grid design?
How can such a home incorporate mobility as a strategy for first time home buyers?
the wallet, and the soul.” How can we as architects redefine housing with a small foot-print home typology that is adaptable to future growth?
Can small-scale, compact living provide an alternative to the housing crisis that makes it difficult for young adults to
- Shay Salomon start out by buying homes?
How can forms and shapes provide new possibilities of functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces?
History of Small Dwellings
As a result of World War II, major
destruction of homes led to many
prefabricated houses to be built in
factories and moved to where they
were needed. The results were sim-
ple, relatively cheep, tiny homes with
only necessary functions
The Small House Society is
Henry David Thoreau became known for formed by Jay Shafer, Nigel
The book “Shelter” by Lloyd Kahn and Bob Jay Shafer founds Four Lights
The Sioux, Inuits, and Gypsy Wagons were used by the “2-year, 2-month, 2 day experience” Valdes, Gregory Paul Johnson,
Easton was written and published. During Houses. The purpose behind Four
Samoans were considered Romani-people throughout when he built and lived in a 150 square foot and Shay Salomon. COVID-19 begins to play a role
a time when average house sized contin- Lights Houses is to push for tiny
the originators of tiny their travels in Europe. They home, and documented his minimalistic ued to grow on a yearly basis, this book house communities to be built in the work and housing
2019 - cur.
homes, with the Yurts were houses on wheels that were living experience in his tiny house which brought publicity and awareness to the fact while also providing opportunities markets, once again, resulting in
1000 BC
becoming established as transported via horses and were evidently set the tone for simplistic living that people have been successfully living in for a hands on approach to making a call to action for housing
1800s
2002
2012
1973
1944
1854
practical mobile homes. often wood based. styles. small houses for years. this happen solutions to current. problems.
Native Americans used tipis Shotgun houses started appear- After a disastrous earthquake The Venturo House was built Michael Jantzen designed and built
500 BC
1979
1971
It was announced that regulations
1906
2014
2009
1800s
1997
that were not only size efficient, ing in America in the early 19th in San Francisco, the army built by Matti Suuronen, and at the “Liberated House,” where his
2016
but also mobile dwellings that 5,610 earthquake shacks that 484 square feet, this modular for tiny house were to be added to
century and ranged from 6-10 entire idea was to design a home with
typically provided cooking and averaged about $100 per house building has become recog- the International Residential Code
feet wide ad 30-40 feet long, a small footprint that was capable
living/sleeping areas. and were able to accommodate nized as one of the earliest (IRC) in order to allow tiny
and typically no larger than 400 of being off grid, while also being
20,000 people at the time. commercial tiny homes. homeowners to receive a certificate
square feet. mobile by allowing for road and even
of occupancy for their homes.
overseas transport.
The global financial crisis occurred, and
this led to many homeowners to be forced
into considering downsizing, and tiny
houses begun to grow in popularity. Spur, Texas officially pro-
claimed itself tiny house
friendly, when they offered
Accessible Dwelling Units become legalized hundreds of lots, with flex-
in Oregon and begin opening doors for ible zoning codes, for sale
future tiny house requirements. designated to tiny homes
Left to Right: Figures 1-7 Left to Right: Figures 8-12
1.2 Relevance of Design Proposal Who Does This Project Target?
The first thing people look at when searching for homes to buy is the cost. The upcoming generation struggle The Three main demographics within the selected age range:
with the concept of owning their own home because of things like student debt, paying for current living
arrangements, and other bills they are faced with.
Single - 1 Adult
Homeownership is viewed as the foundation for the average American’s growth in net worth, but over the - Enertainment Spaces
last 70 years, the values of houses along with stagnant real wage growth has led to a nationwide housing - Multifunctional Spaces
struggle. Young people today are struggling to afford the same homes our parents were able to afford and own at
our age, making it much more difficult for them to become homeowners. Figure 13
The net worth, primary residence value, and overall value of assets for those aged under 35, all made up the
lower end of the spectrum of the statistics provided by the Federal Reserve when compared to all other ages
between the years of 1989-2019. When looking at the different family structures, a similar pattern was found, in that
those who were single with no children, single with no children below the age of 55, and single with children, Couples - 2 Adults
- Private/Public Separation
continued to make up the lower end of the spectrum in the same categories when compared to couples with and - Privacy Aspects
without children . - Multifunctional Spaces
Owning homes is becoming more and more difficult for those below the age of 35 because the
affordability gap is continuing to widen between house values and overall income levels. Housing is key to
reducing poverty levels and increasing economic mobility – there are always people in need of a home.
Figure 14
There are 6.8 million more affordable housing units are needed to begin seeing a difference in the housing shortage.
While affordability is subjective to each individual, low cost housing becomes effective when people with low-in- Small Family - 2 Adults, 1 Child
comes are able to find houses that fit their specific price range. When individuals have access to means of housing - Integrated Storage Spaces
- Privacy Aspects
that is suited to our needs, it allows for a healthier, better quality of living. The tiny home typology has the po- - Open Floor Plans
tential to become a base model to meet the needs of many more people once the current drawback are over come.
Figure 15
The Problems with Tiny Homes Today
While affordability is subjective to each individual, low cost housing be-
comes effective when people with low-incomes are able to find houses that
fit their specific price range. When individuals have access to means of real Typical Home Cost Breakdown
quality affordable housing, it allows for a healthier, better quality of living. 2019 Average s
$95
The tiny home typology has the potential to meet the needs of many more $140
Problem 1:
people once the current drawback are over come. While many tiny homes are based around
$50
80%
$105
the idea of having a smallfootprint, but
$80
don’t always utilize functionality and
The most common problems found in this syle of living include: sustainability within the design to the
$10 saved in building
$50 and construction
fullest extent, often resulting in a rising
costwhere it could be avoided. General Cost Summary:
While many tiny homes are based around the idea of having a small
Monthly Mortgage: $1500
footprint, but don’t always utilize functionality and sustainability
Down payment: $25,000
within the design to the fullest extent, often resulting in a rising cost Not designed for
No longer designed to House Value: $250,000
longevity and change
where it could be avoided. be affordable
Averaged sized home: 1,963 sqft.
Affordability
Cost per square foot: $127
As tiny homes on wheels began to grow in popularity, they have also Mobility
in a way become gentrified, and what grew in popularity as a Problem 3:
Adaptability Problem 2:
Typical Tiny Home Cost Breakdown
2019 Average s
40%
less per square
The stadardized, foundation As tiny homes on wheels
necessary means of downsizing, is now starting to become no began to grow in popularity,
footage
homes do not always $75
different than other means of mobile living that are already existing. correspond to the actual Not designed with they have also in a way $80
reality and needs of those sustainability in become gentrified, and what $7
inhabitating the spaces. They consideration grew in popularity as a $60
The stadardized, foundation homes do not always correspond to the do not allow for ease of necessary means of $40
adaptibility when change is downsizing, is now starting to $10
actual reality and needs of those inhabitating the spaces. They do needed. become no different than
other means of mobile living General Cost Summary:
not allow for ease of adaptibility when change is needed.
that are already existing. Monthly Mortgage: $450
Housing transformations are the result of demographic and socio-economic Down payment: $13,000
50%
needs and affordable housing is something that continues to be needed. By House Value: $50,000 saved in mortgage
and monthly bills
investigating the historical development of tiny homes and rethinking the Averaged size: 400 sqft.
ways that our small footprint homes can be designed, I intend to investigate Cost per square foot: $75
the way we can change the home typology to become something accessible
and affordable
Designing For Sustainability
As architects, there is a responsibility to not only our society, but also to our
planet itself that needs to be taken into consideration within every design. By
integrating the UN Sustainable Development Goals into this thesis project, it
allows for smaller scaled projects, such as this one, to have the ability to focus
to be brought back to the “bigger picture” and continue towards achieving
2030 goals.
12 Responsible Consumption and Production
“Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”
7 Affordable and Clean Energy
“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all” 13 Climate Action
“Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts”
9 Industries, Innovation and Infrastructure
“Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation” 15 Life on Land
“Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertifica-
tion, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss”
11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
“Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient
and sustainable” 17 Partnership for the Goals
“Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
Global Partnership for Sustainable Development”
Left to Right: Figures 16-221.3 Relevant Architectural Theory Within the Design In 1942, Le Corbusier developed the five points of architecture, which would eventually become the foundations for modern rchitecture. Within my thesis research, I found that these 5 points would continue to be relevant in the sense that my target design is a minimalistic housing typology, the 5 Points serve as a simple, straightforward way to break it down. Pilotis would be implemeted in the sense of lifting of the unit by trailer. Free Plans to create multi-functioning spaces and the use of workable vs standard walls. Free Facade would be integrated into the design through very specific shoices of materiality and how those would play into the affordability and overall aesthetic of the design. Windows become implemented within the focus on materiality and natural lighting situations. Roof Garden implementation further utilizes the overall design, to maximize user experience.
The Five Points:
Pilotis Free Plans Free Facade Windows Roof Garden
Figure 26: Free Facade
Figure 23: Villa Savoye
Specific Implementation of the Point Within the Design:
Pilotis allow for the design to be Free Plans would lead to the Free Facade would be integrated Windows would be important in Roof Garden implementation is
lifted off the floor for circulation, development of multi-functioning into the design through very the sense that the materiality and straight forward in the sense that
Figure 27: The Window and in this case, would refrence the spaces to allow the design to be specific shoices of materiality and natural lighting situations for each it provides extra living space, and
Figure 24: Pilotis
lifting of the unit by trailer to allow more integrated and flexible, and how those would play into the design would have to be generously further utilization of the overall
circulation and movement of the allows for changes in the building, affordability and overall aesthetic throught out in order to avoid design, to maximize user
design when needed. as well as through the exploration of the design, while not hindering hindering any expansion experience by extending the usable
of workable vs standard walls, and its ability to be adaptable. opportunities in the long run. program into typically unusable
the way those effect the spaces and spaces.
create the ability for the spaces to
adapt to ever changing needs.
Figure 25: Free Plan Figure 28: The Roof Garden1.4 Project Proposal - Relevant Case Studies
This thesis project proposes further investigation into the notion of small structures that will be designed around
three key concepts: affordability, mobility, and adaptability. I will investigate means of making the design
proposal affordable through integrative design and sustainability aspects. The mobility aspect will be relatively
straight forward and allude current tiny homes on wheels in the sense that the means of mobility will be through
standard 8’x18’x13.5’, 8’x28’x13.5’, and 8’x40’x13.5’ trailer parameters. The adaptability of the design will be
investigated through analysis of existing kinetic structures and through means of making to allow the user to as-
semble, reassemble, add onto, and subtract from their homes as new needs arise. The result will be a minimalistic
hosing style that makes low-cost living, eco-friendly designs, and lifestyle flexibility possibilities for young adults
transitioning into the next chapter of their lives.
What defines a tiny home?
What can be done to solve current issues surrounding tiny living?
What are standard programs for this typology? Can they be changed?
Would this stance on mobility differ from existing mobile living options?
What assembly options are going to allow for the adaptability aspects to take
place?Relevant Case Studies Project: Modhouse 3x20
Location: Victoria, Australia
Mobility
Limitations of Design are set by
means of mobility:
Designers: Mark and Melissa Plant While tiny homes on wheels have grown in popularity over the years, mobile living is a 18’
Affordability Size: 530 square feet concept that still has some negative connotations surrounding it. However, mobile homes
Project Summary: This project was constructed by three 20 foot long by 9-foot-wide not only cost much less that typical homes on foundation, but they also provide much
The average house size in 2019 was about 1,963 square feet, typically shipping containers that are currently joined by two links that acts as corridors within the more lifestyle flexibility and ability to move around as needs change. By the integration of
costing about $246,500, while the average size tiny home for that same year home. The floating roof provides not only shading for the home and the ability to keep it mobility in the proposed design, the need for a site specific design gets eliminated. There
13.5’
was about 400 square feet and rang in at about $49,950. This difference cool in the summer but is also filled with solar panels that generate a great portion of the is a range of “parking” possibilities such as RV Parks, National Parks and campgrounds,
resulted in approximately 80% saved in building and construction, 50% saved energy for this total off grid home. Rainwater collection systems were integrated into the Tiny Home Communities, and Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU), and land sharing op-
in mortgage and monthly bills, and 40 percent less per square foot. roof and is stored in tanks situated behind the home. This project was designed around tions (employer’s, family, friend’s property options).
Affordability goes hand in hand with integrative and sustainable design. being able to expand and add extra containers as needed. This decision was made possible
through defining an axis of circulation where every single other design decision was based Project: Ursa THOW
around. Placement of windows, doors, and the built-in furniture were all decided based Location: Portugal
28’
on this circulation corridor. The interior space was utilized by integrative design and Designers: Madeiguincho
thinking about what can fold into what, what is necessary in every space and what is not Size: 183 square feet
necessary for a minimalistic housing style. Project Summary: This project was based on the concept of trailer designs ranging from
13 to 22 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 13 feet tall. To fit a livable design within these parame-
ters, the living, eating, sleeping, lounging, and socializing areas are all over lapping, multi 13.5’
functioning spaces. No additional permitting was needed due to the parameters set by the
trailer. The means of mobility in this project have helped the user avoid the burdens of
paying for property taxes or land maintenance.
40’
13.5’
Figures 29 and 30 Figures 31 and 32Project: Hermit Hearth Project: Dormouse Garden Studio Project: Expandable Container House
Adaptability
Designer: Thadham Semaeakarat Designer: Nick Newman Designer: Moneybox Modular Housing
The integration of adaptability within this housing style is important. To be adapt-
Competition: 2021 Mobitecture Size: 29 square feet Location: China
able is to have the ability to accommodate to future changes and needs that may
Project Summary: The concept of this design was described as “a crab like Project Summary: This project was a kit-of-parts based garden studio design. Project Summary: This company specifies in prefabricated modular container
not be pertinent at this very moment but can unexpectedly arise. Sometimes things
mobile architecture, not only wheels but also rail.” This concept was carried This finished product comes in at only 29 square feet, but the assembly designs. In this particular project, they took a container, and by adding
change and aren’t always planned, but these changes are inevitable. There is a need
over into the implementation of adaptability within the design. In a static process is what makes this design an extremely interesting precedent. The mobile joints and workable walls, the standard shipping container can open
for markets to start acknowledging the motivation behind providing the ability
state, the house can be expanded through the implementation of a sandwich design is based off of an internal grid in order to allow standard windows, up and convert into a 2 bedroom home as needed. Due to each modular
for the users to rearrange their living conditions. Weather it be because of a lack of
wall and a sliding roof set on a rail system in the design. This sense of doors, and even some furniture if needed. The assembly process is set with container being custom made, the affordability of this precedent becomes
quality in a current living situation, limitations in what can be affordable, or simply
adaptability allows for the interior space to be expanded when more space is the standard being comprised of spruce plywood walls that get shipped with questionable.
because of household needs changing. Adaptability refers to elasticity. It refers to
desired by the user. bolts, nuts, screws, washers, sheep’s wool insulation, damp proof membrane,
the possibility to enlarge or shrink a building over time.
and a rain screen cladding for the exterior. Once it arrives, it can easily be
assembled by 1-2 people with little experience required. However, the cost
Project: Villa Verde Housing
of this design serves to be a down fall as it comes in at about $981 per square
Location: Chile
foot.
Architect: ELEMENTAL
Project Summary: While this specific project is not an example directly
related to tiny homes, it is a project that begins to set the scope for the need of
adaptability. This project was based around the principle of incremental building.
The entire site area is populated by two story half houses. The completed half of the
house is a standard that is identical to all the other homes, but the second half of
the home varies. It is left incomplete, but the company provides expansion options
that can be completed by the homeowner at any time, when the need for
expansions arise and/or can be afforded. Figure 35 Figures 39 and 40
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Precedent Exploration: A single geometry (1) extruded across a linear axis to create a Precedent Exploration: Diagraming of the base rectangular geometry and the way that
form (2). The form then gets divided (3) to create a rail systm to allow for expansion and each elemend “unfolds” to create the final extended form.
Figures 33 and 34 contraction of the design (4) as needed by user. Figures 36-382.0 Site Discussion
2.0 Potential Site Opportunities
Due to the nature of this thesis project proposal, the mobility aspect of the design removed the need for this to be a
site specific design. However, the original goal of this project was to provide a better designed system of living that
could meet the needs of any users, so in this particular project, to do that, is to provide a way of moving the home
around with ease. The aspect of mobility brings into question the “parking” of the units. There are a range of
different solutions to resolve this question - some of which include RV Parks, National Parks and Campgrounds,
Small Dwelling Communities, and Accessory Dwellings Units (ADU) or land sharing options (such as employer’s,
family’s, or friend’s property options.
To make note of this, however, while it is not shown in this particular proposal, it is understood that not everyone
needs to move around, thus, not everyone would need a unit to be on wheels. In the end, the design would have the
potential to be grounded on a site, if the potential users would find that that better suits them, without
compromising the integrity of the design or its ability to grow and change as the needs of the user changes.3.0 Program Proposal
3.0 Proposed Program Development
The requirements of any unit vary in regard to the sizing and the number of occupants. There is a breakdown of the
basic necessities for the different unit sizes. In order to decide on an initial program, I looked at the previous case
studies, and began viewing how the different spaces overlapped and the ways that these spaces should be
connected. The bubble diagrams to follow are the explorations of these floor plans and will set the basis for the
spatial planning of the future of the project in order to decide the best ways to implement the adaptable systems
within the final design.Requirements of the Design:
The overall form of the design will be very generic in the sense that it will
appear to be very rigid and rectangular. Due to the nature of this design, it
will be necessary to have some type of exterior cladding, insulation, and
MEP integration that can blend seamlessly into the adaptable structural
system. It is important to understand these requirements and the best way to
implement them because they will have to dictate the means of adaptablility
within the projects structural system exploration next semester.
Single Ocupancy:
45.5 gallons of water daily
Water Light Waste Comfort 32.65 kWh per day
27.75 sq-ft minimum sleeping space
Consumption Consumption Production Requirements
m
fS yste
Roo
3 gallons per flush x 6 times a day = Consumtion for lighting varies Food waste = 0.60 lbs per day Infants = 28”x58” mattress min.
18 gallons greatly by personal needs, but
power used has a trackable Non-recycables = 4.4 lbs per day Young Children = 28”x76” mattress
10 minute showers = 20 gallons measurement, as given by the min.
Energy Information Water waste = 20 gallons per day
Dishwasher = 4-10 gallons Administration, 2019 averages: Teens and single adults = 54”x74”
mattress min.
Couple Ocupancy:
Hygiene = 2.5 gallons
Couples = 60”x80” mattress min.
91 gallons of water daily
Drinking water = 1 gallon
Stru 65.30 kWh per day
ctur
al S 30.33 sq-ft minimum sleeping space
yste
m
On average per person: For an average US household: For an average per person: Average sleeping needs:
Insu
Cla lati m
on
ddi
ng S rSyste 45.5 gallons per day 32.65 kWh per day 25 lbs per day 27.75 sq-ft for individuals
yste Traile
m
318.5 gallons per week 228.58 kWh per week 175 lbs per week 30.33 sq-ft for couples
16,562 gallons a year 10,972 kWh a year 9,100 lbs a year 80 sq-ft for a small family
Small Family (3) Ocupancy:
136.5 gallons of water daily
97.95 kWh per day
80 sq-ft minimum sleeping spaces
Statistics provided by water.phila.gov Statistics provided by eia.gov Statistics provided by epa.gov 2019 averages Statistics provided by startsleeping.orgLimitations of Proposed Project: Related Program Analysis: Proposed Base Program Adjacencies:
13.5’ maximum height from the 18’
18’
ground to the highest point on Villa Verde Housing Program Analysis:
the design
6’8” minimum ceiling height
in common areas Bathroom Circulation/ Critique/Finding:
8’
13.5’ Other Lack of multi-functioning spaces result- Kitchen 100 SQFT
Bedroom
6’4” minimum bathroom ing in less efficiency of the space, whcih
height Kitchen Dining is something that is an important factor
Footprint Option: 144 SQFT in this proposal.
30 - 36 square foot minimum
for bathroom space Living 150 SQFT
ModHouse 3x20 Program Analysis:
28’ 28’
30” minimum height between
the top of an 8” nattresss and
Bathroom
the ceiling for lofts (USPSC)
Circulation/Other Bedroom/ 75 SQFT
Lofts require a minimum of Sleeping
8’ Critique/Finding:
35 square feet and should not 13.5’
have a length less than 5 feet Kitchen Live/Work Similar to Villa Verde, there is more for-
in any direction Dining Bedroom mal spaces than multi functinonig ones,
28-34 inch counter heights but integratice use of storage/furnite
Bathroom 35 SQFT
Footprint Option: 224 SQFT design makes space more efficient.
36” minimum doorway width
Minimum window dimen-
40’ 40’
sions of 20”x24” with a max- Ursa THOW Program Analysis:
imum window sill height at
44” Other 80 SQFT
Sleeping
Kitchen/Dining Critique/Finding:
8’ Overlapping, stacking, and milti func-
13.5’
Living tioning spaces makes this precedent
Bathroom extremely efficient, and provides for a
Sleeping
Other standard of a very basic,but necessary
Footprint Option: 320 SQFT
Figure 35 Figure 24 program.Proposed Base Program Maximizing Efficiency
In order to use the minimized space to its maximum capability, the
programmatic elements will be overlapped and entertwined to further
promote the efficiency of the design. The living room can overlap with not
only the kitchen, but also the sleeping space as well. This same area can
house the bathroom as well. Storage spaces, circulation spaces, and any
other necessary amenities can be implemented within the space through
integrated design choices.
Living Bathroom Bedroom Kitchen Other Program Living Bathroom Bedroom Kitchen Other ProgramProgramatic Building Blocks In order to create a starting point floor plan, it was important to allocate each
specific programatic function a square footage value totalling the 144 sqft
By taking the programatic building blocks and stacking them to the required
heights of each space, I was able to create a schematic layout of the space.
Scheme One allowed by the smallest size trailer for single occupancy. As shown below, With doing this, I was able to start allocating more space in some areas, like
one cube module represents 1’x 1’ x 1.’ a lofted sleeping area, which leads to creating more living space in the lower
portion of the design.
The overlapping of spaces, and milti-functioning areas has led to being able
to allocate more square footage in some program areas, and take away in
others where it might be less necessary to have more of. By doing this, it
is able to start the discussion of not only how these spaces interact with the
mobile trailer, but also the best means of adaptabililty and growth of the base
design to lead to Scheme 2 and Scheme 3.
6’-0
0
8’-
4’-0
8’-0 9’-0
0
3’-
18’
-0
0
8’-
Living Bathroom Bedroom Kitchen Other Program Living Bathroom Bedroom Kitchen Other ProgramMaximizing Efficiency
In order to use the minimized space to its maximum capability, the
programmatic elements will be overlapped and entertwined to further
promote the efficiency of the design. The living room can overlap with not
only the kitchen, but also the sleeping space as well. This same area can
house the bathroom as well. Storage spaces, circulation spaces, and any
other necessary amenities can be implemented within the space through
3’-0”
integrated design choices.
3’-0
”6’-0
5’-0”
3’-0
30”
6’-0” 6’-0”
5’-0”
4’-0”
Kitchen/Cooking Spacing Living/Lounging Spacing Bathroom Spacing Loft/Sleeping Spacing
Living Bathroom Bedroom Kitchen Other Program Living Bathroom Bedroom Kitchen Other Program4.0 Design Development
4.0 Design Development
In order to use the minimized space to its maximum capability, the programmatic elements will be overlapped and
entertwined to further promote the efficiency of the design. The living room can overlap with not only the
kitchen, but also the sleeping space as well. This same area can house the bathroom as well. Storage spaces,
circulation spaces, and any other necessary amenities can be implemented within the space through integrated
design choices.
The overlapping of spaces, and multi-functioning areas has led to being able to allocate more square footage in
some program areas, and take away in others where it might be less necessary to have more of. By doing this, it is
able to start the discussion of not only how these spaces interact with the mobile trailer, but also the best means of
adaptability and growth of the base design that will lead to further schemes.
Through the implementation and development of a specified joinery system and clearly defined kit-of-parts, the
adaption, mobility, and affordability of the proposed thesis design project could be made possble.
“Adaptability is the simple
secret of survival”
- Jessica HagedornConceptual Development
1. Extrude base to 2. Extrude upwards to 3. Cut out mass to 4. Folding up and down 5. Extend to 8’x28’ 6. Up and down of overall 7. Extend to 8’x20’ trailer length 8. More opportunity for more workable
minimum allowable maximum allowable create outdoor space of select walls to create trailer length mass to create pockets walls and extending or contracting
height height and utilize neutral expansions of spaces of spaces when stationary
lightingSingle Indivudal
1 adult
Roof garden incorporation in Removal of boxy form of outer shell
order to utilize overall design & in consideration to aerodynamics
Focus on: - multifunctioning spaces maximize user experience with - wind deflection
- entertainment spaces extra usable space - less drag
- greater stability & safety
- ease of towing
- more efficient
Ribbon window with strategic
Fixed/Stationary walls to hold implementation within the
MEP needs and system requirements ajustable system in order to
allow natural lighting in without
hidering the adaptability aspect
of the design
Free Plans allow for the develoopment
of multifunctioning spaces and
planning of spaces allows for changes
within future designs.
Workable walls allow the
ability to effect the spaces Trailer to allude Pilotis by
and create the ability to allowing elevation of the mass
change the design scale based for circulation, movement, and
on need to expansion or flexibility of design
contraction
Free Facade implementation through
the workable wall system of joinery
that allows for the cladding system to
snap into and our of place in times of
needed change.Couples
2 adults
Potential for roof garden and
Focus on: - private/public seperation exterior space expansion opportu-
nity for those parking units in
- privacy aspects areas that may not provide this.
- multifunctioning spaces
Free facade structure allows the ability
for ceiling spaces to be adjusted up, extra
loft spaces, extra storage space, etc.
Free plans allowed for
Free Plans allows for the potential to
program to become
make the interior spaces have a more
more defined as
defined program if desired, there isn’
occupant needs arise.
a need for multiple functioning
Potential to add an
spaces.
extension that become
an office, work/life
Workable walls allow seperation, etc.
the ability to effect the
occupants to create a Trailer expansion to continue
more formal seperatio alluding pilotie incorporation
between private/lei-
sure/living spaces as
occupant # increases Free facade detail of joinery implementation
showing how new pieces get added on and
snapped into place between cladding pieces.Small Family
2 adults, 1 child
Focus on: - integrated storage spaces Continueation of roof garden
- privacy aspects inclusion with the potential to
grow and shrink as clients
- open floor plans desire
Free facade structure allows the ability for
ceiling levels to rise up to create more
space/lofted areas, or lower to create more
roof garden areas as desired
Trailer expansion to continue
alluding pilotie incorporation
Free Plans allows for the potential to Workable walls allow for the
make the interior spaces have a potential to expand outwards when Free Plans allow for program to become more
more defined program if desired, stationary to further promote defined as occupant needs call for. Potential to
there isnt a need for multifunctional improvise and customising special become office, live/work seperation, etc.
spaces, but at the same time it also configurations as desired.
continues to allow flexibility of
spaces if new functions are desired4.1 Joinery Implementation Joinery is a term that is usually found in woodworking and it typically refers to the practice of joining wood together by geometrically constraining them. Joinery also typically removes the need for fasteners like nails and screws, and essentially will ensure a strong connection with a much more simplified assembly process. As a fabriciation method, 3D printing has grown in popularity and helping to further promote geometric freedom within designs, while still managing to keep complexity and final costs of design aspects relatively low. What if there was a way to utalize this specific technology to create joinery pieces that directly interact and essentaly “snap in place” to all the other construction elements such as the interior cladding, wall sheathing, any exterior cladding, and even snap in place window systems? The exploration of this type of joinery becomes a critical factor in the development, fabrication, and assembly of the kit-of-part proposal within this thesis.
Cartesian Cross Connections
System Intent:
By analyzing the different types of connections that were generated through
the manipulation of a typical Cartesian Cross, boolean subtractions were When developing the joinery piece the main
used to find one simple joint piece that would suit the needs for any goal was to make sure not to hinder the
combination of cross intersections. adaptability aspect of the design.
The intent of this specific joint iteration is
that there is openings on every side to fit
standard structural lumber pieces within.
When needed, the cladding that snaps
into place onto the joint can be removed, a
new structural element can be added or
removed for adaptions, and the same wall
system can then be reassembled to sit flush
and with the new area and rehide the
structure and joinery.
“snap in place” wall and roof paneling system
Initial/Base Configuration Easy of Adaptability
initial ease of extendability
sits flush to hide joint within the wall
once everything is assembles and put
into place
configuration when needed4.2 Kit of Parts & Final Designs After the exploration into finding a joint piece that could serve the functions necessary, I then went into defining all the elements necessary for assembly. With the benefits of using 3D printed elements, and the ability for this to be done in the real world, it allows access for the pieces to be scaled and usable with standard materials that are common in construction of this typology. The kit of parts consists of a structural system, a joint system, cladding systems, foundation systems, roof systems, and window/door systems that would arrive flat-packed, and have the ability to be assembled multiple ways and adapt as the needs of the users change. With the ability to be mobile and stationary, as well as expand and contract and snap in place for alternate and additional spaces both vertically and horizontality, this creates potential for a better system of living to be implemented.
F1. 2’-0” x 1’-0” ribbon
B1. interior wall joint connection B2. exterior wall joint connection D1. 2’-0” x 8’-0” D2. heat insuated compound D3. walkable PVC roof D4. Tesla 15”x45” Solar Roof
plate sheathing membrane
Joint System
Roof Material
A1. interior connection A2. wall connection A3. corner connection
F2. 2’-0” x 2’-0” window
A4. interior connection A5. wall connection A6. corner connection
top level top level
C1. 4’-0” x 8’-0” corrugated C2. 4’-0” x 8’-0” C3. 4’-0” x 8’-0”
steel panel aluminum panel cedar panel
E1. 8’-0” x 18’-0” trailer E2. 8’-0” x 28’-0” trailer E3. 8’-0” x 40’-0” E4. adjustable post bracket F3. 2’-0” x 4’-0” window
foundation
Structural System Wall Cladding
Foundation Systems Windows8’x18’ Parts
Solar Energy Capture
A5. A6. B2.
A2. A3.
Natural Daylighting
x2 x2 x14 x6 x63
Reused Materials
Microfarming/Outdoor Area
C1. C3. D2. D3. D4.
Water Collection
x8 x12 x7 x2 x10
Passive
Ventilation
Composting Toilet
E1. F1. F2. F3.
Adaptability Systems
x1 x16 x3 x2The Projec t Exterior Base Render Interior Loft On The Move
4.3 Final Thoughts Having a roof over our heads is a basic human rights. No matter what, there needs to be a call to action for the housing crisis being faced all across the globe. We need a better designed system of living in order to start combating this issue. The hope of this thesis was to be able to explore a possiblility of doing this. By finding ways that can make our current assembly methods adaptable overtime, the longevity of the designs can increase, the waste created by construction can be decreased, and we can start to redesign housing solutions in a way that makes them innovative, sustainable, and beneficial to all the occupants now and in the future.
List of Figures
Figure 1: Yurt Stock Photo https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/traditional-ger. Figures 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22: Sustainable Development Goals Icons https://sdgs.
html un.org/goals
Figure 2: Tipi Stock Photo https://tinyhousetalk.com/tiny-house-movement-timeline-a- Figure 23: Villa Savoye https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Savoye
brief-history-of-tiny-homes/
Figures 24, 25, 26, 27, 28: Five Points of Architecture http://petersonlittenberg.com/Ar-
FIgure 3: Gypsy Wagon https://antiquecarousels.com/shop/other-collectibles/circus-car- chitecture-UrbanDesign/Space_Anti-Space_part_1.html
nival-miniatures/circa-1902-hearst-family-gypsy-wagon/
Figures 29, 30: ModHouse 3x20 https://www.modhouse.com.au/about
Figure 4: Shotgun House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_house
Figures 31, 32: Ursa THOW https://www.archdaily.com/966043/ursa-tiny-on-wheels-
Figure 5: “2-Year, 2-month, 2-day experience” house-madeiguincho
Figure 6: Earthquake Shacks https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/Think- Figures 33, 34: Villa Verde Housing https://www.archdaily.com/447381/vil-
SF-s-housing-crisis-is-bad-You-should-13744989.php la-verde-housing-elemental
Figure 7: Venturo House https://www.iconichouses.org/news/venturo-house-comple- Figures 35: 2021 Mobitecture https://uni.xyz/competitions/mobitecture/info/about
ments-exhibition-centre-weegees-offering.
Figures 36, 37, 38: Dormouse by U-Build https://u-build.org/designs/dormouse/
Figure 8: “Shelter” Kahn, Lloyd, Bob Easton, and Shelter Publications. 2013. Shelter.
Bolinas, Calif.: Shelter Publications. Figures 39, 40: Moneybox Modular Housing https://www.mbshouse.com/
full-equipped-2-bedroom-luxury-expandable-container-house_p284.html
Figure 9: Liberated House https://www.designboom.com/architecture/michael-jant-
zen-autonomous-dwelling-1978-04-12-2021/
Figure 10: Jay Shafer House https://inhabitat.com/four-lights-houses-jay-shafer-launch-
es-new-tiny-home-company/
Figure 11: American Tiny House Association Graphic https://americantinyhouseassocia-
tion.org/tag/american-tiny-house-association/
Figure 12: COVID-19 Graphic https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/communica-
tion/graphics-buttons.html
Figure 13: Assets by age of Refrence Person https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/
scfindex.htm
Figure 14: Primary Residence by age of Refrence Person https://www.federalreserve.
gov/econres/scfindex.htm
Figure 15: Net Worth by age of Refrence Person https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/
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