Dealing with Political Uncertainty in the Aftermath of Brexit
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ODUMUNC 2021 Issue Brief
House of Commons
Dealing with Political Uncertainty in the Aftermath of Brexit
Nathan Overton
ODU Model United Nations Society
Introduction
The problems of Brexit are unlike anything the
House of Commons has faced since it was
created in the 14th Century. Evolving with the
government and the needs of the British people
over the past 6 centuries, Commons developed
from offering advice to the King and court, to
become the center of English Government.
Today, under the leadership of the Conservative
Prime Minister Boris Johnson and his solid
majority of Conservative Party Members of
Parliament (MPs), Commons struggles to lead
the United Kingdom from its withdrawal from
the European Union, which became official on
31 January 2020.
That day, the EU shrank from 28 to 27 Member
States, and the UK restored the economic and
social independence it gave up when it joined in
1975. But the consequences of Brexit remain
massive, poorly understood, controversial and
unresolved. The UK’s relationship with the
EU—its dominant trading partner—and major Brexit: The First Issue
issues like control over ports, relations with
other partners like the United States, and above Brexit, Britain’s withdrawal from the European
all the delicate relationships between London, Union (EU), has been the overwhelming issue of
Northern Ireland and Scotland, remain uncertain. British politics ever since it was discussed in a
If mishandled, the process could leave the UK speech by then-Member of Parliament David
isolated, impoverished, and smaller with the loss Cameron’s in 2013. No issue in modern politics
of Scotland. Additionally, it could lead to the has divided the people of the United Kingdom
resumption of armed conflict over the future of more sharply. It cast a dark shadow
North Ireland. These are the challenges facing internationally, as the first successful initiative
the Members of Parliament (MPs). of populist politics in a wave that has affected
virtually every democracy around the world
since.
Brexit, or ‘British Exit’, withdrawal of the
United Kingdom from the European Union, has
been a complicated process in attempting to
secure the United Kingdom’s exit in a fair and
Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
favorable deal toward all parties involved. Article 50 of the EU’s Lisbon Treaty starting the
Whereas mention of the United Kingdom processes for the United Kingdom to leave the
leaving the European Union brought about European Union which included,a two-year
national attention at its time of announcement, it negotiation period ensured that the rights of EU
was not until David Cameron’s successful citizens left in the United Kingdom would
election as Prime Minister in 2015 that Brexit remain the same, and that enough time existed to
became the overwhelming issue of the properly negotiate an exit from the European
government. Reflecting long-standing Union.
unhappiness within his ruling Conservative
Party with EU membership, Cameron pressed an
issue sure to attract controversy. Keeping his
word to the people in an effort to deliver,
Cameron and his Conservative Government
quickly announced that a national referendum
would be held a year later in 2016 to determine
the public favorability toward leaving the
European Union.
Despite the possible appearance of a peaceful
transition period of two years, this transition
period resulted in three different changes of
Government, four different Brexit deals, three of
which failed to gain majority support, and a time
of political headache and uncertainty for all.
After the activation of Article 50, Theresa May
called for general snap elections in an attempt to
How Brexit advocates saw the choice: either/or bolster the Conservative majority in Parliament
to pass the upcoming Brexit deals. Unfortunately
To the great surprise of many observers, the for May, Conservatives lost the majority in
people of the United Kingdom voted in favor of Parliament and had to form a coalition
leaving the European Union under a very slim Government with the Northern Irish Democratic
majority, 51.9% to leave versus 48.1% to Unionist Party. With a parliamentary majority in
remain. The vote revealed the sharp division and hand, Theresa May proceeded with initial EU
foreshadowed the confusing, dramatic, and in negotiations in June of 2017, ultimately resulting
times childish processes to come. in a deadlock between both sides. Unable to get
the European Union to compromise and in an
Prime Minister David Cameron, who approved effort to promote cooperation between both
the referendum not because he supported it, but sides, Theresa May publicized the main issues of
to mollify and silence his internal opponents, Brexit, many of which members of the European
resigned as Prime Minister. The ruling Union agreed upon. Now under a moment of
Conservatives replaced him with Theresa May cooperation, Theresa May and the European
and a new Conservative Government that would Union each issued statements of agreement,
lead the charge in delivering Britain's exit from leading to the creation of an official withdrawal
the European Union. Theresa May activated agreement months later.
2
Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
Although the news of an Brexit agreement Running hot off the heels of his resignation as
between the United Kingdom and the European Foreign Secretary under Theresa May, Boris
Union would bring joy to the hardline Brexiters Johnson became one of the leading candidates in
in Parliament, overwhelming criticisms over the the race to replace Theresa May, eventually
finite details of this arrangement led to calls for gaining enough support within the Conservative
a new Government, a vote of no confidence, and Party to become Prime Minister. While under
the resignation of several Members and the direction of Boris Johnson, Brexit
Secretaries of Parliament. Undeterred by a vote negotiations shifted from that of finding a deal
of no confidence in her own party and bolstered acceptable to all, to that of getting Brexit done.
by the EU’s endorsement of the Withdrawal In an attempt to pass any Brexit deal while under
agreement, Theresa May pushed forward with his administration, Boris Johnson shortened the
introducing the agreement as a bill to be voted time allocated to Parliament to debate Brexit, a
upon in Parliament. Unfortunately for Theresa move considered unconstitutional by some and
and her Government, the original withdrawal dangerous by others. Despite Johnson’s promise
agreement failed with an overwhelming majority to the people of the United Kingdom that Brexit
of 432 Members of Parliament voting against the would be done before the agreed upon deadline
proposed agreement, the largest defeat of a of the 31 October 2019, Johnson was forced by
Prime Minister in history. Theresa May and her Parliament to send a letter asking the European
Government would push forward twice more Union for an extension after losing the vote on
with their attempts to settle a Brexit deal, both his deal in Parliament.
times resulting in a failure to gain the support
and consent of Parliament. On the heels of her Granted an extension by the European Union,
third and final defeat in Parliament, Theresa the date that the United Kingdom would
May resigned as Prime Minister citing her officially leave had been set for 31 January
inability to gain Parliament’s favor, ultimately 2020. Under immense public pressure to see
paving the way for new Conservative leadership Brexit through, Boris Johnson called for an
to push the United Kingdom through the finish election to try and regain a Conservative
line. majority in Parliament in an effort to pass an
upcoming Brexit deal. Campaigning heavily
under the promise to “get Brexit done,” Boris
Johnson was able to gain his Conservative
majority by flipping a number of Labour
constituencies referred to as the “red wall.”
These industrial constituencies though
traditionally Labour, had been bought on the
Conservative promises of Brexit to return
financial growth and stability to their regions.
Emboldened with his new majority, Boris
Johnson pushed through Parliament with a new
Brexit deal. Taking criticism from several
Social distant House of Commons1
1
George Lythgoe, ‘South Cumbria MPs Simon https://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/18720885.sout
Fell and Tim Farron react to controversial Brexit h-cumbria-mps-simon-fell-tim-farron-react-
bill in House of Commons’, The Mail, 15 controversial-brexit-bill-house-commons/
September 2020,
3
Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
Members of Parliament as his new deal had been United Kingdom left the European Union on 31
that of Theresa May’s, but with the creation of a January 2020, and entered into a 2-year
Customs Union to negate the issues of an “Irish transition period to negotiate next steps with the
Backstop,” Boris Johnson was able to world.
pass his Brexit deal in a historic 358 majority
vote. With a deal now ratified by Parliament, the
Reasons to Leave constituencies, and opinions on why the United
Kingdom should leave the European Union.
Despite being a member of the European Union
for 47 years, calls to leave the European Union Starting with the financial aspect of Brexit, as
had been well present before David Cameron’s part of being a member of the European Union,
speech in 2013. Stemming from a wide range of the United Kingdom had to agree to be in the
issues each speaking to a niche voting base of European Union’s single market. The European
the British Public, these issues had been placed Single Goods Market is an agreement between
into three different categories: financial, member nations recognizing that international
political, and social. These three categories borders and the tariffs and customs that exist
represented a multitude of concerns, between them should no longer hinder trade.
Essentially killing tariffs, customs checks, and
4
Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
other fees associated with international trade, the Although economic concerns led to fierce debate
European Single Goods Market was meant to be over Brexit, political concerns and issues
a tool to bolster member nations economies, and followed suit as a close second. The idea that
yet in the eyes of Pro-Brexiters, the opposite was there is no higher authority than Parliament has
occurring. As other member nations gained the been a defining philosophy of British
ability to freely trade with the United Kingdom, Governance, and the basis for the concept
Pro-Brexiteers saw this influx of international referred to as “Parliamentary Sovereignty” since
trade unfavorable and harmful to domestic the Glorious Revolution in the 17th Century.
industry and interests. Many felt leaving the Ever since joining the European Communities
European Union and its Single Goods Market (what would later become the European Union)
would see a return to the rise of domestic in 1973, many have felt that the superiority of
industry and economic growth. the European Union’s law making body to be a
direct threat toward Parliament and the ideals
outlined in Parliamentary Sovereignty.
Exemplified further through Parliament’s
imperative to adopt and implement the common
laws of the European Union, Pro-Brexiters have
felt that this imperative continuously violates
National and Parliamentary Sovereignty.
Political tensions and distrust between the
Boris Johnson’s famous 2016 Brexit campaign bus,
with its emotionally compelling, and factual dubious
United Kingdom and the European Union have
slogan existed long before the calls of Brexit, however,
they are best embodied through the several
Pro-Brexiteers also felt that they had not migrant crises felt within the last two decades.
personally seen the economic advantages Pro-Brexiteers have felt that the European
promised to them under the guise of the Single Union’s unwillingness to place harsher
Goods Market. With the economies of all restrictions on those migrating and immigrating
member nations of the European Union being out of Eastern Europe and the Middle East have
interconnected and under strict regulation, fears continued a streak of lax policy decisions.
over economic damage and instability grew Stirred further into the public’s eye during the
immensely due to the resulting 2008 financial Brexit campaign was Member of Parliament
crash and the 2009 Eurozone crisis. Thanks to Nigel Farage’s continuation of anti-migrant
these fears of economic uncertainty and the fliers, tweets, and other forms of social media
general lack of control felt by the British outreach. Though the migrant aspect of Brexit
Populace, financial reform became the received a majority of media attention during the
centerpiece of the Brexit campaign, and a Brexit campaign, it is often regarded as one of
rallying call for the Conservative Party. Despite the least contributing factors toward the public
the worry over finances and the cost of Brexit favorability of Brexit.
becoming the focal point for all political parties,
the financial aspect of Brexit, be it the cost of Although it may seem that the debate around
staying in the European Union, or leaving the Brexit has been that of financial and political, it
European Union remained as the point of illuminates the social differences and
contention and fierce debate. inequalities between the classes of the United
Kingdom. In a poll conducted by Statista
indicated that younger and more educated voted
5
ODUMUNC 2021 Issue Brief
House of Commons
Dealing with Political Uncertainty in the Aftermath of Brexit
Nathan Overton
ODU Model United Nations Society
largely in favor to stay, in stark comparison to Inter-Party Turmoil
older and less educated generations. Some
experts have concluded that older generations Despite the Conservative Party’s “unified”
were generations were likely more in favor to appearance of running a Pro-Brexit platform,
vote to leave the European Union as they have tensions and disagreements within the inner
experienced the United Kingdom before joining workings of the party often led to fierce debates
the European Union in 1973. Further boiled and several changes of Government. At the heart
down to political party comparisons, the of the Conservative party lies the political
majority of younger and more educated voters differences between Members of Parliament
tended to vote Labor and other parties based who wished for a “soft-Breixt,” and those who
upon staying, whereas older and lesser educated wished for a “hard-Brexit.” A “soft-Brexit”
voters tended to vote Conservative and other being that of an official split from the European
parties based upon leaving. Though generational Union while staying within its Single Goods
differences were one some of social issues at Market, and a “hard-Brexit” being that of a
hand during the Brexit campaign, they were not complete and total withdrawal from the
the only social matter relevant toward Brexit. European Union. It is these political differences
between these two factions of the Conservative
The availability of non-partisan and factual Party that agreements over negotiated Brexit
information has always been a struggle for deals and the performance of the Conservative
developed countries, especially those in periods majority led Government became a hotbed issue
of political uncertainty. Claims that newspapers often resulting in the resignations of several
such as The Times, The Sun, The Daily Members of Parliament. Though the beginnings
Telegraph, and a handful of others are of Conservative Members of Parliament
purposefully eurosceptic had been present since resignations began with their own personal
the United Kingdom joined the European Union decision to resign, these deciding issues can be
in 1973, but had been further amplified during traced back to the beginnings of Brexit
Brexit. These newspapers viewed by some as negotiations.
“intentionally encouraging Brexit” became yet
another debate at the dinner table furthering the Ever since David Cameron’s announcement that
generational and societal divide, and even led to the finite handlings of Brexit would be placed in
the creation of the pro-european newspaper: The the hands of his predecessor back in 2015, the
New European. The war for or against Brexit races to replace both David Cameron and his
was waged both between Members of eventual successor Theresa May after her
Parliament and in the households of their failures to obtain an “acceptable” deal have
constituents, but it represented larger issues than proven to the British public to be nothing short
“Parliamentary Sovereignty,” “vulnerabilities of of a political fiasco. Starting with the race to
domestic trade,” or “over-politicized replace David Cameron after his
newspapers.” To the people of the United
Kingdom and to the world, this war represented
addressing change.
ODUMUNC 2021 Issue Brief
House of Commons
Dealing with Political Uncertainty in the Aftermath of Brexit
Nathan Overton
ODU Model United Nations Society
resignation as Prime Minister, Conservative Despite the Majority’s initial confidence in
Party Leaders had pegged Boris Johnson as one Theresa May’s ability to lead the United
of the potential candidates, but had felt his Kingdom through Brexit, stark periods of
unpredictability and rash behavior would cost infighting within her cabinet and the
the party a majority in the next election. The Conservative party during Brexit negotiations
2016 Conservative Party Leadership Race would prove otherwise to Conservative
initially appeared to be a showdown between all Leadership and to the British Public.
sides of the Conservative Party and yet in a
surprise toward all, resulted in the resignations.
Though infighting and resignation of cabinet gained traction and the confidence of the Party
secretaries soon became commonplace within after her successful election in the 2016
the Conservative run Government, the same Conservative Party Leadership Race. Although
became on the other side of the aisle within the her resignation would not come for another 3
Labour-led Opposition. Officially, the Labour years, the beginnings of her decision to step
Party’s position on Brexit was that of staying in down can be traced back to her first attempts to
the European Union. A position many sought negotiate a withdrawal agreement from the
natural for the opposition party, but a position European Union. Despite initial majority support
that felt its share fair of political turmoil. from backbench Conservatives, Theresa May’s
Controversies within Labour Leadership and original attempts in negotiating a deal with the
claims of anti-Semitism directed toward Labour European Union would see that support quickly
Leader Jeremy Corbyn soon shifted the spotlight diminish. Caught in between a hailstorm of
off of Labour efforts in delaying Brexit, appeasement in trying to gain the support of
resulting in the resignation of several members Hard-Brexiteers and Soft-Brexiteers alike,
of his cabinet. Criticisms began to run rampant Theresa May managed to alienate both sides of
within the Labour party, some of which felt that the Conservative party and brought about a vote
not enough was being done to address the of no confidence. Managing to pass the first vote
party’s history of anti-Semitism, with a majority of no confidence, Theresa May soon found
feeling that not enough is being done to keep the herself in the midst of a second vote of no
United Kingdom in the European Union. Adding confidence, this time in the presence of
fuel to the fire, the Labour Party proceeded with Parliament.
a vote of no confidence in Jeremy Corbyn’s
leadership, a vote which he narrowly passed, Narrowly surviving the second vote of no
furthering the divide within the Labor Party. confidence with 19 votes in favor of her
Government, Theresa May quickly realized she
no longer had the support in Parliament to be
able to pass a Brexit deal. In an effort to regain
Resignation of Theresa May the ability to pass a Brexit deal, Theresa May
called for elections to try and regain the
Theresa May’s Government hit deadlocks and
Conservative majority. Unfortunately for May,
political landmines just as quickly as it had
she would lose that majority and would be
Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
forced to form a coalition Government with Hard pressed to see Brexit through, Theresa
assistance from the Democratic Unionist Party. May pushed forward in her attempts at
After her failure to gain the confidence of her Union, Boris Johnson became known as an
first Brexit deal, Theresa May tried twice more, unconventional man with a habit of uttering out
unfortunately resulting in failures to gain politically incentive remarks, which he would
Parliaments confidence. Hot off the heels of her later claim had been taken out of context. Boris
third failure, Theresa May resigned from her Johnson’s political career officially began in
Premiership, stating her frustrations in not being 2008 in which he ran for the Mayor of London, a
able to reach an acceptable deal with Parliament. position that he would hold until 2016. Boris
Johnson became known in the public spotlight
The resignation of Theresa May highlighted the for his popular appeal, his ferocity, and the often
difficulties and frustrations felt by both outlandish quotes he would spout out on the
Members of Parliament and the general public campaign trail. Due to his popularity and public
they represented. The inability of Theresa May’s appeal, he obtained the position as Foreign
Premiership to pass an acceptable Brexit deal in Secretary under the Theresa May Premiership.
Parliament signaled to some that the
Government of the United Kingdom might not Though quite sure his chances at one day
be ready or able to handle the challenges of gaining the Premiership were as likely as him
governing outside of the European Union. Citing being “reincarnated as an olive,” those chances
the key failures and political mockeries made grew immensely after his resignation from the
within Parliament, mainly Theresa May’s Theresa May Cabinet over her Brexit plans, and
historic worst parliamentary defeat in British especially after Theresa May’s resignation from
history, Conservative leadership and the general the Premiership.
public felt that a new, bolder, and greater
envisioned leader needed to take the mantle to
get Brexit done. Thusly began the race to replace
Theresa May, and the race to set the United
Kingdom back on its feet.
The Rise of Boris Johnson
Considered by some as a political clown who
would not amount to anything greater than a
spot on the local council, Boris Johnson’s rise to Prime Minister Johnson tries his best in the Common,
September 2020.2
Premiership proved to all that unconventional
politics has the ability to alter the course of a
Slated not only as the public favorite, but viewed
nation. Not your typical politician, Boris
as the only person capable of uniting the
Johnson started his political career in political
Conservative Party and the people of the United
journalism as a journalist for The Daily
Kingdom to get behind a Brexit deal, Boris
Telegraph. Ironically writing pieces on making
Johnson soon rose to the Premiership. Quoted as
the case for both staying and leaving. European
he would rather “die three times over” than ask
2
‘Brexit: House of Commons continues debate https://newsx.tv/2020/09/15/brexit-house-of-
on the controversial Internal Market Bill | LIVE’, commons-continues-debate-on-the-
NewsxTV, 15 September 2020, controversial-internal-market-bill-live/
8
Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
the European Union for an extension on getting Kingdom would be stuck in a loop of Brexit
a Brexit deal, Boris Johnson’s Premiership and negotiations unable to find an acceptable
his message became quite abundantly clear: compromise. The processes and challenges
“Get Brexit Done.” The change in governance faced by Theresa May’s three failed deals stands
from that of Theresa May to Boris Johnson as a 21st Century example on what cannot occur
signaled toward the British populace that enough without the consent of Parliament. Each of these
time had been spent on feeble attempts to pass a three deals negotiated under Theresa May
deal, and that action can and would be taken exhibits a multitude of different concerns held
now. Championing and campaigning toward by Parliament and the constituencies they serve.
those tired of nothing coming out of Parliament, Starting with the failures of Theresa May’s
Boris Johnson was able to blow past original Brexit deal, fears that the Irish
Parliamentary standstills and gained a Backstop, that being the creation of a hard
Conservative Majority in Parliament through border between Northern Ireland and the
flipping a number of Labor industrial Republic of Ireland, would prohibit easy and
constituencies who had not seen the economic necessary trade soon grew from quiet whispers
growth promised to them under Labor to frustrated shouts. Continued with Hard-
leadership. Brexiteers feeling her deal left the United
Kingdom “too closely intertwined,” it became
Despite being forced by Parliament to ask for an clear that without the support of Hard-
extension in Brexit negotiations, Boris Johnson Brexiteering back-benchers, that no deal would
with the aid of his Conservative Majority finally pass.
presented Parliament with a deal capable of
being passed. With a 358-234 vote, a 124 vote Though appeasing the Hard-Brexiteering
majority in favor of Boris’s Brexit deal, the seemed like an ample compromise to be able to
United Kingdom was slated to leave the get Brexit done and through, Theresa May
European Union on 31 January 2020 and would risked alienating those who supported her
remain in a two year transitional period to figure original deal with some intertwinement with the
out how the United Kingdom would function European Union. Her unpopularity continued
apart from the European Union. Boris Johnson’s with her next set of deals, each one more
Premiership signaled many key differences and infuriating than the last. Issues arisen with legal
changes within how Government should rights of both EU citizens in the United
function, and how it can be impacted through Kingdom, and United Kingdom citizens in the
unconventional means. The rise of Boris EU, to issues with fishing rights and other trade
Johnson from journalist to Prime Minister of the agreements made it clear that a new approach
United Kingdom serves as a testament toward would have to be taken to lead the nation out of
the role of the media, and how unconventional the European Union. Despite her best attempts,
methods can result in unforeseen successes. The Theresa May realized that she would never be
same can be said for the deal he was able to able to push her Brexit deals through and left it
broker between the United Kingdom and the as the priority of the next Prime Minister with
European Union, leading many wondering how her resignation.
the fate of the nation will be altered.
Deal or No Deal?
While under the Premiership and Governance of
Theresa May, many feared that the United
9Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
United Kingdom has long since been founded on
a history of broken promises and exploitation.
As the United Kingdom is split between a wide
range of Kingdoms from England to Scotland,
Wales, and Northern Ireland, so have these
Kingdoms been split on the issue of Brexit.
With the Kingdoms of Scotland and Northern
Ireland voting in majority to stay in the
European Union during the 2016 Referendum in
Rough day: Prime Minister Theresa May Resigns as stark contrast to the majority vote to leave in the
premier on 7 June 2019 Kingdoms of England and Wales, evidence
suggesting Brexit to be a regional phenomenon
Brexit deals negotiated under the Premiership of and only regionally beneficial have never been
Boris Johnson signaled a clear and apparent more apparent. Taking a closer look at the
change to Members of Parliament and the agendas and political manifestos published by
British Populace, that getting Brexit done no the Scottish National Party, Plaid Cymru, the
matter the cost was the priority. Emboldened Social Democrat and Labour Party, and finally
with the public’s feelings of anger of inaction, the Alliance Party, reunification, independence,
the negotiating process under Boris Johnson and the immediate reversal of Brexit, have taken
switched from that of finding an acceptable precedence in and lie within direct opposition of
compromise for all, to utilizing political the wishes of the United Kingdom and her
statecraft and other loopholes to force a deal Government.
through. Bearing striking resemblances toward
the deals negotiated under Theresa May’s The call to disband or to leave the United
Premiership, Boris Johnson took advantage of Kingdom has been present since its creation in
the political chaos left in the wake of the 1922. More recently exhibited through
previous general election. Playing upon Scotland’s Independence Referendum of 2014,
unknowing advantages given to him by Labor and definitely exacerbated in the political
inaction and infighting, Boris Johnson gained campaigning of post-Brexit United Kingdom,
the ability to push a Brexit deal through before the threat of a potential breakup of the British
the opposition could react. Although the long- Union could spell disastrous for the people of
term impacts of his deal have yet to be seen, the United Kingdom if not mitigated delicately.
many are left wondering how the nation might Though causes of the call for independence and
look in the coming years. separation vary from attempts to increase
farming subsidies, concerns about defense
Brexit: A threat to the Union? spending, and more recently the handlings of
Brexit, something has to be said that several
Although Brexit deals with the United members of the United Kingdom would rather
Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European pursue these tasks alone than leave it to the
Union, both the trials and tribulations of Brexit House of Commons.
and other political motivations have led to
members of the United Kingdom to consider What now?
leaving the British Union. Historically the
United Kingdom since the passage of the Acts of Having left the European Union in January
Union in 1707, again in 1800, and with the 2020, the United Kingdom has been in a two
creation of the Irish free state in 1922, the year transitional period that shall last until the 31
10Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
January 2022. Now that Brexit has been done Continuing toward issues of Security, with
and dusted, much is left toward Parliament to leaving the European Union, the United
figure out solutions with Brexit’s seen and Kingdom has removed itself from several data
unforeseen consequences. Mainly with issues of sharing and other official security agreements.
trade and the Irish Backstop, to issues of Making the jobs of law enforcement harder as
security, law enforcement, further regulations, with these agreements comes access to
and finally toward issues of rights of both UK important databases and other crucial security
and EU citizens, a lot has been left unresolved infrastructure, much attention is needed to
and in desperate need of a solution. ensure the safety and wellbeing of the nation and
its inhabitants. Though contributions toward and
participation within NATO and other military
organizations exist on a per-country basis, fears
that the United Kingdom shall withdraw from
these organizations have been present since
Brexit began.
Finalizing with other legal issues and social
matters such as the rights and protections given
to European Union Citizens living in the United
Kingdom and vice versa, attention is needed
toward ensuring or reforming these rights and
protections. Although the English Bill of Rights
Don’t forget the other 48.1 percent outlines the rights and protections afforded to
English citizens, a decision must be made if
Starting with issues of trade and the Irish these rights and protections should be given to
Backstop, much has been left undecided with the European Union citizens as well. With issues of
United Kingdom’s exit from the European the rights and protections of European Union
Union’s Single Goods Market. As the United Citizens arises issues with citizenship
Kingdom is no longer a member, new trade agreements and travel restrictions. Should the
deals shall need to be negotiated between the decision be made to afford these agreements,
European Union, the United States, and several rights, and protections to European Union
other foreign countries in an effort to recuperate Citizens, much to do exists in the necessity for a
the financial loss. Moving on to the issue of the legal framework.
Irish Backstop, a creative solution is needed to
prevent the emergence of a “hard-border” and Previous Bills
the problems with trade and the flow of goods
arisen with the onset of a “hard-border.” Though
- Withdrawal Agreement and Political
the United Kingdom voted to not adopt the Euro,
Declaration 3
worries about the stability of the Pound Sterling
in the atmosphere of the Post-Brexit United
The new Withdrawal Agreement sets out the
Kingdom have started to become a pressing
terms of the UK’s exit from the European Union
issue on global stock markets.
and European Atomic Energy Community, with
3Department for Exiting the European Union, the European Union, October 19, 2019),
“New Withdrawal Agreement and Political http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-
Declaration,” GOV.UK (Department for Exiting withdrawal-agreement-and-political-declaration
11Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
changes to the Northern Ireland Protocol to The Charter of Fundamental Rights brings
remove the so-called backstop and replace it together all the personal, civic, political,
with arrangements that meet the Government’s economic and social rights enjoyed by people
objectives. The new Political Declaration sets within the EU in a single text. It covers all the
out the framework for the future relationship rights found in the case law of the Court of
between the European Union and the United Justice of the EU, the rights and freedoms
Kingdom and reflects the Government’s enshrined in the European Convention on
ambition to conclude an ambitious, broad, deep Human Rights, and other rights and principles
and flexible partnership across trade and resulting from the common constitutional
economic cooperation with the EU, with a free traditions of EU countries and other
trade agreement with the EU at its core, international instruments
alongside agreements on security and other areas
of cooperation.
- EU Withdrawal Bill 4 Party Positions
A Bill to implement, and make other provision ● Conservative Party: Arguably one of
in connection with, the agreement between the the most vocal, if not the most vocal
United Kingdom and the EU under Article 50(2) about “getting Brexit done,” the
of the Treaty on European Union which sets out Conservative party lies at the forefront
the arrangements for the United Kingdom’s of the Brexit movement and in control
withdrawal from the EU. of the current Government. Despite the
best efforts of opposition parties, the
- Treaty on the Functioning of the Conservative party through several
European Union 5 administrations has managed to see
Brexit through, and intends to forge the
One of the two main treaties forming the basis of United Kingdom on a path of
European Union Law. Originally the Lisbon controlling immigration, securing
Treaty but with significant alterations, the Treaty stronger funding for the NHS, growing
on the Functioning of the European Union sets the economy, and managing the debt
out the organizational and functional details of deficit.
the European Union.
● Labour Party: Forming the primary
- EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 6 opposition to the Conservative party, the
Labour party attempted time and time
again to cede all Conservative progress
4 European Commission, “The EU-UK European Union law (EUR-Lex, 6 July 2016),
Withdrawal Agreement,” European Commission https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
(European Commission, 22 July 2020), content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12016E018
6 EUR-Lex, “Charter of Fundamental Rights of
https://ec.europa.eu/info/european-union-and-
united-kingdom-forging-new-partnership/eu-uk- the European Union,” Lex access to European
withdrawal-agreement_en Law (EUR-Lex, 26 October 2012), https://eur-
5 EUR-Lex, “Consolidated Version of the Treaty lex.europa.eu/legal-
on the Functioning of the European Union PART content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12012P%2FT
TWO - NON-DISCRIMINATION AND XT
CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNION,” Lex Access to
12Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
toward Brexit. Until its leadership income, and transforming the NHS’s
scandal with Party Leader Jeremy mental health services.
Corbyn and increasing public outcry for
action, the Labour Party held its ground ● Democratic Unionist Party: Evolving
as the “anti-Brexit” party. Flipping its from the Protestant Union Party as the
role to that of getting a more favorable very pro-Britain party out of Northern
Brexit deal after a sea of public outcry, Ireland, the DUP has received a lot of
the Labour Party is now concerned with attention during the Brexit campaign as
rebuilding public infrastructure, tackling a very Eurosceptic and Right-winged
the war on poverty, pursuing a green party. Fixating heavily on securing
industrial revolution, and strengthening future investments for Northern Ireland,
the United Kingdom’s international ties advocating for increased infrastructure
through increased diplomacy. to benefit all the United Kingdom, and
committed in their pursuit to ensure no
● Scottish National Party: Serving as disconnect between the markets of
another opposition party toward Brexit, Britain and Northern Ireland.
the Scottish National Party is the largest
of two parties forming the Scottish ● Plaid Cymru Party: Representing the
Government. Campaigning on the people of Wales in the House of
principles of remaining in the European Commons, the Plaid Cymru Party exists
Union, reversing the budget cuts enacted as yet another opposition party toward
to the Scottish Government by the Brexit. Heavily campaigning for a
House of Commons, and putting people’s vote on leaving the European
Scotland first. With the aftermath of Union rather than leaving it up to
Brexit upon the SNP, the SNP is now Parliament to decide, the Plaid Cymru
worried about protecting the party has focused on remaining a part of
environment, aiding the NHS, assisting the European Union. Under the advent
with the increasing cost of living in the of the post-Brexit Johnson
United Kingdom, and winning a fair Administration and following in the
retirement deal for pensioners. footsteps of Ireland, the Plaid Cymru
party now wishes to seek independence
● Liberal Democrats Party: An anti- from the United Kingdom and seeks to
Brexit party at heart, the Liberal address all corresponding governmental
Democrats Party have been increasingly issues related to seeking independence.
vocal on how leaving the European
Union would be damaging to the people ● Social Democrat and Labour Party:
of the United Kingdom. Sitting as one of Forming the anti-Brexit party of
the minority parties in the latest session Northern Ireland, the Social Democrat
of the House of Commons, the Liberal and Labour Party or the SDLP, has long
Democrats primarily concentrate on since stood for Irish nationalism and
tackling the climate emergency, reunification. Despite being
reforming and providing the United overshadowed in both Northern Ireland
Kingdom’s schools with better teachers, and in Parliament by the Democratic
building a fairer economy with free Unionist Party, the SDLP has bold
temporary childcare and a universal visions of widespread educational
reform, advocates for regionally based
13Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
infrastructure plans and improvements, often controversial and incorrect
reforming the NHS for better quality comments on immigration. Established
care, and reuniting Ireland. as a British Nationalist party, UKIP has
been primarily concerned with
● Alliance Party: Significantly smaller expanding its base of rightwing
than its other Northern Ireland populism and British nationalism.
counterparts, the Alliance party served Although its rather controversial and
as a Pro-European, centrally left, small holdings in Parliament run
political party out of Northern Ireland disadvantageous toward UKIP’s goals,
focused on stopping Brexit. With only the United Kingdom Independent Party
one seat in the House of Commons, the endeavors with visions of taming
Alliance party has bold visions of political correctness’s effect on free
restoring the power of the Northern Irish speech, overhauling the NHS’s funding
Parliament which has been closed since and policies, cracking down on mass
2017, addressing the climate immigration, and ensuring today’s youth
emergency,, and enacting economic are self-sufficient in schooling.
change to protect the United Kingdom
from the harm Brexit has caused. Constitutional Roles
● Green Party: The smallest party to ● Prime Minister: The current leader of
represent both England and Wales in the Her Majesty’s Government. One of the
House of Commons, the Green Party of two Heads of State, the Prime Minister
England and Wales or the GPEW, seeks possesses the unique ability to appoint
to adhere to its core values of members of Government, oversee the
environmentalism and center left functions of the Civil Service and other
economic reform. Avidly anti-Brexit, Governmental organizations, and be the
the GPEW heavily lobbied its base to try leading figurehead in the House of
and lower the voting age to 16 in an Commons. The Prime Minister has a
effort to increase the vote to remain. duty to represent Her Majesty’s
Despite only holding a single seat in the Government in a fair and transparent
House of Commons, the GPEW manner, and as such is required to take
envisions the United Kingdom’s future questions from and stay transparent with
as one with increased corporate taxes, a all Members of Parliament, including
heavier stance on protecting the the opposition. The current Prime
environment, increasing European Minister is the Rt Ho. Boris Johnson
cooperation and integration, and placing MP.
more power in the hands of those they
represent. ● The Opposition Leader: As the Prime
Minister is the leader of the party that
● Independent Party: The smallest and wins the most amount of votes in the
only minority party with a single general election, the Opposition Leader
Member of Parliament currently in is the Leader of the Party that received
power in favor of Brexit, the United the second most amount of votes.
Kingdom Independent Party or UKIP Commended with a bonus salary for
bore a significant bout of media scrutiny being a part of the opposition, the
and attention with the advent of their Opposition Leader is tasked with
14Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
forming a “Shadow Cabinet” to oversee House of Commons. Serving as the
the functions of the current Government. Crown’s representative in Parliament as
The current Opposition Leader is the a Senior Government Official and
Labor MP, Rt Hon Sir Keir Starmer. voting only in the case of a tie, the
Speaker of the House of Commons is
● Speaker of the House of Commons: still able to represent the constituency in
Required to be non- partisan and to which they originated from. Following
renounce previous political affiliations, the retirement of longstanding Speaker
the Speaker of the House of Commons of the House John Bercow and a
is tasked with one of the most unique unanimous election, the current Speaker
roles in British Parliament. Presiding of the House is the Rt Hon Sir Lindsay
over the flow of debate, which members Hoyle MP.
are allowed to speak, and what
amendments may be brought before the
committee, the Speaker of the House of Proposals for Action
Commons serves a role crucial to the
Solutions geared towards eliminating
● Encourage the Government to seek the effects of a “hard-border” may be
new trade partnerships: With the obtaining a free trade agreement.
advent of the United Kingdom leaving Removing tariffs and other customs
the European Union’s Single Goods associated with international trade have
Market, much has been left to the potential to reduce all if not a
Parliament to fill this new financial gap majority of the concerns surrounding the
and trade deficit. Whether it be the creation of a hard border between
negotiations of new trade agreements Ireland and Northern Ireland.
between the United Kingdom and the
European Union or other foreign ● Advise the Government to create new
partners it is apparent that action must security partnerships with the EU:
be taken soon. With the end of the transitional period
marking the end of database access and
● Invest in the technologies of the 21st sharing for agencies like Scotland Yard,
Century to offset the effects of the further pieces of legislation could
Irish Backstop: Innovative Customs strengthen the bond between the United
protections technologies such as Kingdom and the European Union.
automated license plate readers can clear
products bound for the border before ● Inform the Government of the
they leave the warehouse. Similar to the necessity to reaffirm and solidify
technologies utilized on the border rights of EU Citizens: Without the
between Norway and Sweden, 21st existence of an agreement between the
century technology such as advanced European Union and the United
cameras can be used to alleviate any Kingdom the rights and protections of
pressure on a “hard-border.” the citizens of both the United Kingdom
and the European Union lay at risk.
● Seek out a free trade agreement Potentially risking the deportation of the
between the United Kingdom and the citizens caught in the political crossfire,
European Union: One of the many the hit to the economy is enough of a
15Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
warning what a lack of an agreement
might look like. ● Hold a second referendum: Feelings of
political abandonment and general
● Require the Government to rejoin the sentiments of distrust for the
European Union: Despite the United Government has left significant
Kingdom having already left the proportions of several constituencies
European Union back in January of across the Union disenfranchised from
2020, heavy opposition towards Brexit those in power. A Second Referendum
and strong sentiments towards the on how the Government should proceed
European Union exist. Perhaps a next might alleviate those feelings, and
renegotiated membership addendum can put the Government back in touch with
be created with the European Union to the people it represents.
relieve the concerns of even the hardest
Pro-Brexiteer.
16Dealing with Political Uncertainty
in the Aftermath of Brexit
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