CULTURE VULTURE ISSUE 10 2018 - Inspiring original thinking through a deeper understanding of cultural trends - Mindshare
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ISSUE 10 – 2018 CULTURE VULTURE SPORT Inspiring original thinking through a deeper understanding of cultural trends. 2 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 3
05 INTRODUCTION 08–121 TRENDS MONEY AT PLAY : 08 DIGITAL DISRUPTION : 20 IMMERSIVE SPORTS : 36 RISING PARTICIPATION : 50 SPORT AND TECH : 62 BRAND EXPERIENCES : 74 FAIR PLAY : 86 FEMALE EMPOWERMENT : 98 STYLE AND GLAMOUR : 110 122–143 POINTS OF VIEW 144–189 LOCAL REPORTS AFRICA : 148 ASIA PACIFIC : 152 EUROPE : 164 LATIN AMERICA : 176 MIDDLE EAST : 182 NORTH AMERICA : 184 190–193 METHODOLOGY 2 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 3
FASTER AND BETTER Disruption and cultural changes in the world of sport are creating new opportunities for brand growth and audience engagement. Sport has always been defined as an activity that needs physical effort or skill, usually in a devoted area and according to fixed rules. Today, the essence and passion for sport is still the same, but the evolution of culture, technology and social changes have created new dynamics. We live in an age of constant disruption, affecting the way sport media is consumed, with broadcasters adapting their platforms for multiple devices. The most innovative content producers are using machine learning and AI technology to create and distribute personalised and relevant content. The exposure to content and new digital platforms, technologies and devices are transforming the way fans and consumers interact with sport, encouraging participation in a way it never has before. Sport interest has grown 40% from 2013 to 20171, and the global digital fitness market is expected to reach an estimated $27.4 billion by 20222. The sport industry is the second-fastest-growing sector, with brand values having grown by more than 10% compared with the previous year3. The entire global market – including infrastructure, events, training and goods – is estimated to be worth between $600 billion and $700 billion. The global sporting goods market is also experiencing sales increases and is expected to grow by up to 5.6% in 20204. The industry’s huge year-on-year increase in revenue can mostly be attributed to the rise of televised broadcasting over the past two decades – which has, in turn, led to an increase in brand marketing, advertising and sponsorship deals. Sport brands and organisations are getting the edge, diversifying into new ventures and blending with different initiatives – from tech tracking athlete performance, VR, and personalised experiences to becoming more mindful, inclusive, holistic and immersive. The growing value of some of the most innovative sport businesses worldwide is a reflection that to succeed, brands need to adapt to sport’s new disruptive technological, media and cultural ecosystem. 1 Mindreader, Wave 8, 2017 (Mindshare), 2 Growth Opportunities in the Global Digital Fitness Market, 2017 (ReportLinker), 3 Best Global Brands, 2017 (Interbrand), 4 KPMG, 2017 4 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 5
We have identified nine key trends in the culture of sport that are disrupting and influencing brands, media, consumers and sport enthusiasts. IMMERSIVE SPORTS FAIR PLAY New sports and fitness pursuits are Social responsibility is becoming more emerging and blending with immersive prevalent and impactful. Athletes are activities, enhancing and adding value representing causes, using their own to consumers’ growing demand for voices and raising the flag for equality experiences. The world of sport is and inclusion. There is also a need for changing into layered entertainment. more transparency when it comes to legislation on competition rules, bribery Page: 36 or doping. MONEY AT PLAY Page: 86 SPORT AND TECH There has never been more money involved in the business of sport – Smart technology is revolutionising from transfer fees to multimillion TV how people engage with sport. Mobile broadcasting rights battles. The public devices, AI, big data, sensors and is questioning the real value of sports GPS are all playing a growing role. assets and becoming a controversial Today, natural talent is not enough to topic discussed in media and business. achieve a glorious sporting moment, and innovative technology can help Page: 08 athletes to train and play in a smarter STYLE AND GLAMOUR way, pushing their boundaries and DIGITAL DISRUPTION physical performance. Sport and fitness are not just about While TV is still king when it comes to performance, now style and design live sport, new players and models are Page: 62 are bringing a sophisticated look to emerging. Digital, social, live streaming, the more fashion-conscious sport on demand, shorter curated formats enthusiasts. These changing attitudes and even piracy sites are transforming and the rise of visual culture, intensified the spectator and fan experience. by digital screens, are having an impact, not only on the design of Page: 20 sports-related products, but also on the overall image and identity of sport RISING PARTICIPATION FEMALE EMPOWERMENT brands and business, becoming more From government-funded programmes Women’s attitudes towards sport are refined and desirable. that engage people to participate in changing. It is becoming an active part Page: 110 physical activities, to brands promoting of their social lives and is permeating and encouraging fitness and wellbeing, their lifestyles. The increasing there is an increasing awareness that broadcast coverage of women’s sport people need to be more active and is also marking a turning point. practise sport as health problems rise around the world. Page: 98 Page: 50 BRAND EXPERIENCES In a world saturated with information choices, sport brands are making an impact with memorable experiences and sponsorship to stand out from the noise. Experiences are connecting consumers to brands in a more personal and meaningful way. Page: 74 6 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 7
MONEY AT PLAY There has never been more money involved in the business of sport – from transfer fees to multimillion TV broadcasting rights battles. The public is questioning the real value of sports assets and becoming a controversial topic discussed in media and business. 8 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 9
BROADCAST BATTLE EXPOSURE IS EVERYTHING BT has extended its TV rights for the Champions League and Europa League until 2021 in a deal worth £1.2bn. BT Sport, a paid subscription service owned by BT, the UK’s “Amazon, Google, Apple, Facebook biggest broadband and mobile operator, also makes clips, weekly highlights and finals available to watch for free on and Netflix are likely contenders for UK social media. There is a growing understanding among broadcasters that exposure is everything, and accordingly, the Premier League rights, presently divided Champions League final between Juventus and Real Madrid last year was streamed for free on BT’s YouTube channel. between Sky and BT under the current EXCLUSIVE STREAMING three-year deal”. Even e-sports tournaments are now subject to the media space battle. Twitch’s deal with game developer Activision Blizzard indicates that the live streaming platform and its rivals now seek exclusive e-sports rights. Blizzard Entertainment will continue streaming competitions via its own services – including MLG.tv and blizzard.com – but global exclusivity deals represent a setback to Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Digital giants entering the sport rights market. ESPN and other apps competing for exclusive e-sport streaming rights. Sport broadcasting has been dominated by SILICON VALLEY SET pay TV operators and sport organisations’ Amazon, Google, Apple, Facebook and Netflix are likely commercial interests, integrating digital media contenders for UK Premier League rights, presently divided assets in broadcasting bundles, including live/ between Sky and BT under the current three-year deal. The delayed streaming and highlights packages. idea of tech firms getting involved in the auction has led While live TV sport remains the most important analysts to estimate that Sky might have to pay up to £1.8bn to keep Silicon Valley at bay. and valuable entitlement that attracts the biggest TV audiences, broadcasters’ COLLECTIVE BIDDING rights need updating to adapt to the digital Under a collective model, where top-tier clubs pool their revolution, enabling billions of people around rights so they can be sold centrally by the league, Spanish the world to take part in the spectacle and football championship La Liga could increase the overall excitement of major sporting events. value of its broadcasting rights and share the revenue more fairly among clubs of all sizes. UNBUNDLED SYSTEM Bundesliga, Germany’s professional football league, has set up a new broadcasting system. Its rights are no longer sold to a single broadcaster in one package, but are unbundled and offered for sale transparently in several separate packages, giving broadcasters more chances to get involved. Central marketing has also been reduced in all areas, with Bundesliga clubs able to market themselves independently: for example, individual clubs will be able to sell the rights to their home matches one day after the game, thus opening up new sources of revenue. 10 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / MONEY AT PLAY 11
RECORD SUMS Media corporations are prepared to spend ownership takes the business to another level. Take the case of Dietrich Mateschitz, co-founder of Red Bull, with a net huge sums to secure sport broadcasting worth of $19.5bn. He is creating a Red Bull empire: he owns rights. However, controlling the production two Formula 1 teams and the New York Red Bulls, the US and distribution of content is becoming Major League Soccer team. unsustainable, as prices continue to grow at an incredible rate. The royalties that TICKETS, PLEASE! broadcasters earn from selling exclusive In the sports arena, ticket prices can reach astronomical footage to other media outlets enable heights. For example, the “Boxing Super Fight” between Floyd Mayweather Jr and Conor McGregor in Las Vegas, held them to invest in the costly organisational in August 2017 and won by the former (his 50th professional and technical infrastructure involved in triumph), had a starting price of $2,000, with ringside tickets broadcasting sporting events to millions of as high as $110,763. The average price for Game 5 of the 2017 NBA Finals between Cleveland Cavaliers and the Golden fans globally. Competitive sport has become a State Warriors, held at the Oracle Arena in Oakland, California billion-dollar industry that involves intellectual and won by the latter, was $780 per ticket, while the average property rights, the media, sponsors, team secondary market resale price for the game was $1,500 (there were buyers who would have paid $66,500 from the Warriors owners and associated organisations. Ticketmaster resale site). Tickets for the F1 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, the FIFA World Cup, the Super Bowl and the Masters Golf Tournament have also reached some of the highest face- BILLIONAIRE DEALS value prices. For a record sum of around $1bn, Fox and the Spanish language network Telemundo have won the rights to broadcast the 2018 and 2022 World Cups in the US, demonstrating the steady and diverse growth of soccer in America. TYCOONS’ ‘TROPHY BRANDS’ Sports have made many people rich, but the richest of the “62 billionaires are the majority owner rich were billionaires long before they entered the fray, in which top clubs are bought as “trophy brands” and owned or managing partner of a team in a for the associated glory. 62 billionaires are the majority owner or managing partner of a team in a major league, major league, they own 78 teams and they own 78 teams and are worth a collective $322bn (according to Forbes). are worth a collective $322bn...” BRAND SOURCE Steve Ballmer, former chief executive officer of Microsoft, is worth $30bn and is the world’s richest team owner for the third year running (he bought basketball team the Los Angeles Clippers in 2014 for $2bn). But when the brand itself owns the team, the dynamic of the brand, wealth and Mayweather Jr and McGregor “Boxing Super Fight” in Las Vegas. 12 CULTURE VULTURE / MONEY AT PLAY
BILLION DOLLAR PLAYERS Sport is one of the most lucrative industries BRAND ENDORSEMENT in the world, both in business and Football star Cristiano Ronaldo signed a lifetime deal with entertainment. Some top-level athletes are Nike for $1bn in 2016. Ronaldo is the world’s highest-paid millionaires, with sport giving them untold athlete and his team, Real Madrid, is one of the most valuable wealth over the course of their careers. The teams. Their relationship is largely responsible for both of value of professional teams has exploded them being among the sporting world’s most influential voices. over the past decade, thanks largely to massive increases in television rights. Over TITANIC TRANSFER 80 teams around the world are worth at Barcelona’s decision to transfer football player Neymar to least $1bn, with billionaire deals from brands Paris Saint Germain for €222m in August 2017 provoked sponsoring individual athletes generating media outrage and eclipsed the world transfer record. He is a new wave of mega-rich sportspeople. also said to be earning more than £500,000 a week. GLOBAL REACH LeBron James, Lionel Messi, Roger Federer and Kevin Durant are the world’s highest-paid athletes: between them, they generate more than $25m annually from sponsors (Forbes). In addition to their athletic achievements, the appeal of the “Ronaldo’s massive social media group for marketers is a function of the global sports they play. Nike (and Adidas, in the case of Messi) can use all of presence generated $176m in them in ad campaigns around the world. earned media value for his sponsors MEDIA VALUE – a massive 449% return on their With 275 million social media followers across Facebook, Instagram and Twitter (plus an international airport bearing investment, even before considering his name in Portugal, his home country), Ronaldo is the most popular athlete in the world. According to sponsorship television, print and other media”. specialists Hookit, in 2016 Ronaldo’s massive social media presence generated $176m in earned media value for his sponsors – a massive 449% return on their investment, even before considering television, print and other media. Cristiano Ronaldo, king of social media. 14 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / MONEY AT PLAY 15
PRIZE DRAWS In sport, fans expect the unexpected. Big matches, tournaments and events generate great expectations in the betting arena, accounting for some of the largest wins and losses. But the multimillion prize money and big wins don’t belong solely to “...multimillion prize money and big the richest clubs, the best athletes or even wins don’t belong solely to the richest traditional sports: the ‘underdog’ always has a punching chance. Even the rise of clubs, the best athletes or even e-sports has seen some extreme payouts in traditional sports: the ‘underdog’ recent years. While the overall size of a prize pool doesn’t determine the prestige of an always has a punching chance”. e-sports event, it is one of the major factors determining whether players will take part in a particular competition. EXPENSIVE TROPHYS Leicester City FC unpredicted win. The UEFA Champions League, F1, the FIFA World Cup, the European Champions’ League, the baseball World Series and Wimbledon are some of the world’s highest-paying sporting PREDICTIVE WINS events. Total prize pools can reach billion-dollar figures Stratagem is revolutionising sports trading by fusing and the winners of these top tournaments get double-digit expert insight with smart technology to better predict the millions, too (e.g., Real Madrid won $75 million for lifting the outcomes of sporting events around the globe. Stratagem’s 2017 Champions’ League trophy). understanding of sports trading intends to empower traders to make the best decisions. PRIZE FIGHTERS Competitors in the International Dota 2 Championships in TO THE VICTORS, THE SPOILS August 2017 battled for a prize pool of more than $20m. That Most of the time, winning trophies is about athletes taking was the largest in e-sports’ history, beating the tournament’s pride in what they’ve achieved, but sometimes it is also about existing record, established the previous year. placing the laurels in an athlete’s hands that has more than just achievement value. The World Cup is the most valuable AGAINST ALL ODDS trophy, at a staggering perceived value of $20m, but the winning side only receives a gold-plated replica. The odds being offered on Leicester City FC winning football’s Premier League title in 2015-16 matched those quoted on Elvis Presley being found alive: 5,000-1 against. However, the Foxes triumphed, which cost the bookies £25m – the biggest loss on a single sporting market in British betting history. 16 CULTURE VULTURE / MONEY AT PLAY CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 17
MONEY AT PLAY FACTS AND FIGURES BILLIONAIRES GAME “More billionaires own stakes “Outside of the US, the $65.8bn in football teams than any other English Premier League has Global sponsorship sport on the planet, which the most billionaire owners spending is expected perhaps shouldn’t be a huge with 11, followed by Russia’s to grow 4.9% and reach surprise since it’s also the most Kontinental Hockey League popular sport on Earth. Forty- over $65.8bn in 2018. with five”. two billionaires have stakes in Forbes, The World’s Richest Sports Team ESP Properties – What Sponsors Want and Where Dollars Will Go in, 2018 football teams. Basketball is Owners, 2017 second with 34, 32 of which own NBA teams, making it the league with the most billionaire owners”. NFL – $39.6bn (it signed a new NBA – $24bn (ESPN and TNT English Premier League – nine-year deal from 2014 to extended their NBA deal by a £5.1 billion ($7bn) (the Premier 2022 with four US networks: further nine years from 2016 League’s new three-year CBS, Fox, NBC and ESPN; to 2025; $2.6bn a year in domestic deal with Sky and $4.5bn a year in combined combined payments – ESPN, BT will run from 2016 to 2019; payments from the networks) $1.4bn, TNT, $1.2bn) Sky to pay a total of £4.2bn and BT £960m. totalSPORTEK.com, Biggest TV Rights Deals in Sports, 2017 MONEY AT PLAY – IMPLICATIONS FOR BRANDS GRASS-ROOTS MODEL SPREAD THE WEALTH INSPIRE TRUST The idea of big corporations making Brands’ financial image can be Focus on the consumer fan by offering billionaire business in the world of enhanced if the business and products and services associated sport is drawing away fans by taking organisation proactively work on with the sporting event that will not away the sporting element and making initiatives to spread the wealth to only engage attendance, but will them feel more sceptical about the more sportspeople, rather than just also improve market dynamics: for value of their passion. Ensure the a few athletes earning millionaire example, offer more affordable tickets value and purpose of the organisation amounts. At the same time, they to everyone, while overcoming black is maintained by getting closer to should maximise commercial revenue market issues; even help with travel fans and athletes with a more human from sponsorship, transfer fees and costs, such as sponsored branded approach: for example, from community professional earnings from a dedicated fan coaches. sport talent scouting to life-after-sport campaign initiative to share the cash. support for retired athletes. 18 CULTURE VULTURE / MONEY AT PLAY CULTURE VULTURE / MONEY AT PLAY 19
DIGITAL DISRUPTION While TV is still king when it comes to live sport, new players and models are emerging. Digital, social, live streaming, on demand, shorter curated formats and even piracy sites are transforming the spectator and fan experience. The increasing fragmentation of sports media is allowing viewers to watch endless content at any time and from anywhere, and with the help of new and sophisticated technology, the viewing experience is becoming more immersive and augmented. 20 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 21
OFFSIDE VIEWING FIGHTING BACK The UK Premier League has launched its biggest crackdown on piracy with a series of moves to combat illegal streaming, in light of fears that the widespread availability of new consumer- friendly devices could fatally undermine its business model. The streaming of live football through the internet, bypassing “Google and Bing have agreed on a companies such as Sky that have paid for the broadcast rights, was once a minority activity, but in the recent years has code of conduct, which will demote become mainstream. piracy sites on people’s searches...” SEARCH ENGINES EFFORTS Google and Bing have agreed on a code of conduct, which will demote piracy sites on people’s searches (especially if Google or Microsoft suspect the sites pose a virus security risk). This means that if you search for illegal streaming sites, they are less likely to come at the top of your search results (this applies to searching on a browser, too). If you search Joint forces against piracy. for books, videos or sport, then you are more likely to be redirected to legitimate sites – where consumers have to pay. More sophisticated digital technologies, BLOCK PARTY accessible to the wider public, have not only In the UK, the High Court has approved an order that allows enabled fans to follow live sport wherever they the top four broadband providers – BT, Sky, TalkTalk and Virgin are, but have also opened new possibilities Media – to block connections to servers that host pirated for piracy. Live broadcasts are a target for streams. Previously, the Premier League and its broadcast partners could only block individual streams, which could unauthorised retransmission on the internet and, easily be re-established via a different link: however, the new frustrated by pricey TV packages and limited powers will allow for more precise targeting by blocking the coverage of their teams, a growing number source and preventing more streams from being accessible. “For the first time, this will enable the Premier League to of fans are dropping traditional broadcasters, disrupt and prevent the illegal streaming of our matches via tuning into illegal streams instead. Broadcasting IPTV – so-called Kodi – boxes”. Dan Johnson, a spokesman for and sport organisations have pressed for the league (via the independent.co.uk) better legal protection at the international level against signal theft. At the same time, they are PIRATES, BEWARE! using digital media to engage their audiences, La Liga is leading the battle against online piracy. The especially younger viewers, by offering sports Spanish organisation has 12 people on staff in its Anti-Piracy Department that work closely with the network of global coverage in a variety of digital formats. broadcasters. One of them is beIN Sports, which recently announced that it is working with technology company TMG to fight illegal live streaming. In cooperation with TMG, beIN UBIQUITOUS PIRACY Sports will deploy a world-class anti-piracy strategy. “New SportStreamTV, FirstRow, Laola and Rojadirecta are just a pirate sites are launched on a regular basis, providing millions few examples of illegal sport-streaming sites. It is difficult to of users with illegal access to live sport, especially in Europe, know how many sites there are, but it is clearly huge. The North Africa, the Middle East and Asia”. Bastien Casalta, chief BBC reported early this year that some individual sites are technology officer and co-founder of TMG (via thedrum.com) publishing eight million TV streams a month. The Daily Mail has reported that one million people a month are watching the Premier League illegally on streaming sites. 22 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION 23
SOCIAL FILTER Social media has affected the sport industry SOCIAL STADIUM by multiplying news and engaging with audiences, as well as helping people create Facebook Sports Stadium is a feature allowing fans to enjoy sporting events together. It shows all game-related content their own spaces of shared interests and in one place, which is updated and generated in real-time. communities. Consumers, especially the Users can view posts and comments from friends who are also younger demographic, are craving content watching the game, alongside content from experts, teams and commentators (plus access to their Facebook pages). Live beyond live games. Fans are dividing their scores and stats are displayed in Sports Stadium, as well as attention between their TV, computer and information such as where to watch games on television. mobile screens: they watch highlights videos on YouTube and follow sport stars FAN SERVICE on Instagram. They can chat with other The Sport Review is a social network for fans, available in a fans on social media sites, learn extra stats, web version and via mobile app. It collects information from enter competitions and watch instant the most relevant sports media and also has a VIP Zone, where users can access exclusive content, raffles, and other replays, as well as epic footage that made exclusive services. sporting history. WHISTLE-STOP TOUR Platforms such as Whistle Sports are looking to engage fans on social channels beyond live fixtures. Whistle Sports is one of the first cross-platform entertainment networks created to serve millennials, providing compelling, high-quality content on multiple platforms to entertain and inspire. Since launching its Multi-Channel Network in 2014, Whistle Sports quickly scaled to more than 12.4 million subscribers on YouTube, with a library of 38,000 videos that have been viewed over 2.3 billion times. “Within a year of launch, the Whistle Sports network topped 50 million fans and followers on social media, with a growth “Within a year of launch, the rate of over 2.5 million a week”. (via crunchbase.com) Whistle Sports network topped NETWORKED FAN 50 million fans and followers on The Copa90 Network reaches and engages millions of fans worldwide. Created by Bigballs Media, the network connects social media, with a growth rate with young, creative football fans through storytelling and film-making around the game they love. The brands include of over 2.5 million a week”. Copa90, KICK and the Copa Collective (a curated community of the most influential football bloggers, artists and fanzines worldwide). Supported by a strong social media presence, they reach over eight million fans globally, with a partner distribution network comprising hundreds of publishers and platforms worldwide, ranging from the biggest broadcasters and digital video portals through to niche specialist football The next generation of sport entertainment. sites and influencers. 24 CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 25
INSTANT GRATIFICATION Consumers’ ever-shortening attention spans another app to their device. Partnering with social platforms that are already known and beloved by fans gives brands the demand quick, snappy content, and sport opportunity to reach a wider audience while demonstrating the fans are hungry for short doses of on-field value of their content”. Darryl Villacorta, social media manager, triumph and tragedy. Traditional linear viewing Sprout Social (via DMNews.com) is changing, with people spreading their consumption across platforms. Innovative SPARKLING CAMEOS technologies are blurring the boundaries The BBC’s cricket accounts on Twitter and Facebook between media, delivering more ambitious heavily pushed their clips service from the start of the Champions Trophy 2017, with their figures increasing as the storytelling. Video content is now a must- tournament reached its climax (Pakistan defeated arch-rivals have asset, with more fans on the look-out for India in the final). curated digital channels. Sports publishers and broadcasters are using digital and social TWEET VICTORY media as vehicles to show brief footage and Twitter signed a deal with Sky Sports to stream Premier live streaming, but social platforms such as League highlights and goals for the 2016-17 season. Fans on Twitter and Sky Sports Ireland subscribers additionally were Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat allowed to view real-time video content from Saturday games are becoming content creators themselves, kicking off at 3pm (which typically are not televised). offering the perfect environment to satiate the growing demand for instant gratification. SCREEN TESTS Major league franchises and broadcast networks are bringing LIVE EVENT FOOTAGE their Instagram Stories to stadiums’ big screens. Teams including the Philadelphia Eagles, Seattle Sounders and In May 2016, Snapchat and Wimbledon signed a multi-year San Francisco Giants are beginning to show their Instagram deal to share live footage of the tennis championship via the Stories via jumbotrons and other massive displays. The teams app, including moments from both the men’s and women’s aim to grow their social media followings while helping to finals. With more than 10 million active users in the UK, it is keep the focus on-field (and off the screen in everyone’s now the second-largest Snapchat market after the US. The pocket). The technology, powered by Tagboard, is mostly “Facebook officially announced app is selling ad spots to sponsors, including Stella Artois used to show user-generated content, but there seems to be and Häagen-Dazs, and its Live Stories events feature, which branding potential, too, with some teams considering how to a deal to stream more than a aims to engage the younger generation, has already been monetise content in ways already familiar to fans surrounded shown at the Oscars. “Snapchat offers an ideal entry point by in-stadium ads. “Sport is huge on Instagram. Of the 500 dozen matches from UEFA for Wimbledon and other events, businesses and industries million people that use it every month, 165 million are sport to gain exposure to millennials and younger consumers”. fans – meaning they follow at least one sports-related account. Champions League...” Alexandra Willis, Wimbledon’s head of digital, comms and On average, fans on Instagram follow eight sports accounts”. content (via thedrum.com) Brandon Gayle, Instagram executive (via digiday.com) FOOTBALL CRAZE GRASSROOT VIEWING In June 2017, Facebook officially announced a deal to stream Lower-profile leagues are also getting the taste for social more than a dozen matches from UEFA Champions League, media and are looking to use it to provide fans with instant the highest-profile event to join its small but growing line-up of access to their games. For example, the French Football live programming. Since last September, the social media giant Federation has partnered with Dailymotion to broadcast has streamed live matches in the US through a partnership third-division and grass-roots matches, and is looking for with Fox Sport. The deal includes doubleheaders during the sponsorship opportunities. In addition, Facebook has made group stages and the quarter-finals. “Many of the major sports a deal to live-stream college American football games leagues are encouraging users to download their apps for exclusively to users via its stadium platform. exclusive owned content, but often they hesitate to add yet 26 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION 27
SMART POWER Artificial intelligence, machine learning, find these moments and then automatically clips the content in real-time, ready for distribution across a host of channels augmented and virtual reality are some of the moments after the event. Grabyo currently counts La Liga and nascent technologies playing an increasingly BT Sport as partners, and in 2016 generated over two billion important role, not only in the performance video views for its clients. of sport, but also in the way content is distributed and broadcasted, providing a more PLAYER BOT personalised and enhanced fan experience. With StatMuse – a natural language processing app with a From the use of algorithms that provide focus on sports — fans can ask any question about a game or player and it will provide the answer. The app uses natural game highlights and notifications, to the most language processing and AI to screen for specific words in immersive and enthralling experiences where a question, such as “When do the Steelers play next?” or viewers can be part of the game in real time “How many touchdowns did Le’Veon Bell rush for against the Ravens?” Based on the query, the app will answer the question via virtual reality headsets. Smart technology is using the voice of a specific player. The app already boasts an becoming an instrument for media and brands impressive roster of voiceovers, including Bell, Miami Dolphins to maximise the use of data and content to running back Jay Ajayi, New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and it is transform the fan experience. coming soon to Amazon Alexa. VIRTUALLY THERE FAN VALUE Start-up NextVR has implemented VR technology to allow users FanAI is an audience monetisation platform with a focus on to view games in a fully immersive world from the best seats e-sports’ unique digital ecosystem. The technology helps in the stadium without leaving the comfort of their own home. to increase revenue generated by live events and reach Its sophisticated technology includes 360° cameras that can capture an event in 3D and HD. NextVR is working on several wider digital audiences using AI and predictive analytics. It understands fans on a deeper level and applies creative data “GiveMeSport has 26.2 million projects that are pushing the boundaries of VR broadcasting. Fox Sports, Live Nation, NBC Sports, HBO/Golden Boy, Turner science to create new opportunities for sponsors and rights owners, increasing engagement, digital impact and lifetime Facebook followers devoted to Sports and CNN have all partnered with NextVR to create scheduled programmes, delivering immersive VR highlights of fan value. its artificially intelligent-targeted the International Champions Cup, NBA Digital and the US Open, among other games. AI DISTRIBUTION content on a range of sports across GiveMeSport has 26.2 million Facebook followers devoted to its artificially intelligent-targeted content on a range of sports the world”. FRONT-ROW EXPERIENCE across the world. GiveMeSport began as a Facebook strategy In the US, Intel is bringing fans the ultimate sports experience consultant to individual athletes and leagues, such as FIFA. It using Intel® True VR. Users can download the app and watch has leveraged that experience to amass its Facebook following, their favourite teams from the bunker, behind the catcher or which it claims is the largest for any single publisher in the other spots they choose for an incredible, immersive view of the world. Its content seeks to “entertain with sporting moments game. The technology allows custom VR experiences, personal that matter” and focuses on quick articles covering the most points of view, real-time updates, instant replays, and more to pressing developments, as well as videos and interviews. keep viewers engaged throughout the experience. HOLOGRAM VIEWING LIVE HIGHLIGHTS Augmented reality looks to give people at home or in fan zones Grabyo and Opta Sports have signed a partnership deal to a taste of the immersive stadium experience, with 360° cameras create, manage and distribute automated soccer highlights and AR projections used to enhance the feeling of watching for broadcasters and publishers. The deal sees Grabyo, a live matches with thousands of others inside a sporting cloud-based video production, editing and distribution platform, venue. HoloLens, developed by Microsoft, the world’s first integrating real-time data from Opta Sports. This means that fully untethered holographic computer, allowed the audience Grabyo users can rely on automated video clips from soccer to watch last year’s US National Football League matches as games triggered by “events” such as a goal, a save, a penalty 3D holograms rather than on a screen, as well as projecting decision or a red card. The platform uses Opta Sports data to displays, player stats and instant replays. 28 CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 29
NEW ENTRANTS IN THE ZONE Following the pioneering Netflix model, the DAZN live streaming sport service was launched in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in August 2016. For a €9.99 monthly subscription, “...Real Madrid’s partnership with viewers can choose almost any match across Europe’s top football leagues, plus NBA, NFL, tennis, motorsports and Microsoft and Barcelona’s with much more. Amazon will eventually plug millions D2C (DIRECT TO CUSTOMER) MODEL of fans around the world directly In September 2016, ATP launched a revamped version of TennisTV, a live streaming service, to capitalise on the latest into live match online coverage”. viewing trends. In addition, Real Madrid’s partnership with Microsoft and Barcelona’s with Amazon will eventually plug millions of fans around the world directly into live match coverage. Another example saw the Women’s Tennis Association launch a digital and social content division called WTA Networks, so that tennis fans can stream content from all over the world. Spanish football clubs powered by technology brands. FAN REACH Facebook, Twitter and other social media platforms are New business models are disrupting the stepping up their game in the pursuit of live-stream sporting sporting world, with non-traditional media events. They are interested in growing their user base and companies aggressively pursuing rights. The advertising reach, as are professional sports leagues: for example, Facebook is aggressively going after sports content presence of Amazon, Netflix, Facebook and and is now one of a number of competitors to traditional Apple TV in the broadcasting arena will only media outlets; it is in talks with Major League Baseball about increase, with people’s viewing habits and live streaming one MLB game a week. engagement with sports becoming more and more digital. From social media and live RIGHTS TO BUY streaming platforms to start-ups delivering Facebook, Twitter and Snapchat reportedly are trying to buy automated content and sport organisations the online rights to video highlights from the 2018 World Cup tournament. The social media companies have approached broadcasting their own, the consumption of 21st Century Fox with an offer of tens of millions of dollars for sport is giving way to new entrants and formats. the rights to video highlights in the US. As digital consumption evolves, the future suggests a far more fragmented media rights SOCIAL STREAMING scenario, where traditional media and its new NFL is producing a live 30-minute weekday show for competitors strive to respond to the audience’s Twitter for the 2017-18 season, with advertising spots growing demands. offered for the content via Twitter’s Amplify programme. It is also giving viewers live pre-game access from primetime games. Additionally, the US streaming rights for Thursday Night Football have gone to Amazon, with exclusive behind- the-scenes live broadcasts before the games, the most appealing NFL highlights, plus real-time player conversations. In the previous season, Twitter had the streaming rights for the games. 30 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION 31
DIGITAL DISRUPTION FACTS AND FIGURES While TV is the biggest media for live sport, digital and social media consumption is significant. 67% 65% 67% 65% Watch live coverage on TV Watch highlights on TV Watch live coverage on TV Watch highlights on TV More than half of the world population watch live coverage/highlights online, and get news/match reports through mobile phones and social media. 57% 57% 54% 57% 57% 54% Watch highlights Get news/results through Watch live coverage online a social network site on online Watch highlights Get news/results through Watch live coverage online a social network site on online 53% 49% 44% 53% 49% 44% Get news/match reports through Watch highlights on Watch live coverage their mobile phone their mobile phone on their mobile phone Get news/match reports through Watch highlights on Watch live coverage their mobile phone their mobile phone on their mobile phone Mindreader, Wave 8, 2017 32 CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION 33
DIGITAL DISRUPTION FACTS AND FIGURES THE SPORT FAN IS HIGHLY ENGAGED WITH NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES LIVE SPORT: THE MOST POPULAR NON-STOP MOBILE CONTENT TYPE OF PIRATED VIDEO CONTENT 83% of fans are interested in Despite the high number of out-of-season sporting content. consumers around the globe Mobile platforms attract users at watching pirated video content all times – 1 in 4 fans even access stated that mobile want to be able to access (52%), nearly half (48%) would stop content on the toilet. 80% technology makes 70% content (e.g. TV programmes, or watch less illegal content after Canvas8 and Performance Communications, 2016 their lives simpler. films, etc) wherever they go. learning the damage that piracy causes the media industry. SOCIAL IS THE MEDIA While live sport piracy is a growing industry problem, one surprise in the 67% of Gen Y sport fans use social survey results was the percentage media platforms to watch highlights tend to use different of consumers who indicated that live and 60% use them to check scores media devices would rather watch sport was the most popular type of and news updates 68% simultaneously (e.g. TV, tablets, 53% a video than read an article. pirated video content. The countries McKinsey & Company, 2017 pc/laptops, that listed watching live sport in their smartphones, etc). The 2017 Super Bowl generated a top three were Portugal (25%), Egypt total of 27.6 million tweets and 240 (23%), GCC (19%), Ukraine (10%), India million Facebook interactions (13%), Turkey (14%), Germany (14%), Twitter/Facebook, 2017 UK (18%), Italy (18%), Poland (14%) and Austria (11%). would rather use Irdeto Global Consumer Piracy Survey, 2017 subscription services prefer to browse 51% to access content (e.g. Netflix, Spotify, etc) 51% headlines than read detailed information. than own it themselves. DIGITAL DISRUPTION – IMPLICATIONS FOR BRANDS STRONG RELATIONSHIPS QUESTION OF BALANCE EDUCATING FANS Strong relationships are about the The best rights holders will develop ever While the negative impact of live quality of engagement and value more sophisticated digital models to sport piracy is already being felt by creation, not just the quantity: identifying balance the need to secure significant the industry, the market still has the and understanding distinct types of broadcast revenues with greater control opportunity to educate consumers fan, with different behavioural triggers, of their own media assets and digital about the damage that piracy causes is key to successful engagement broadcast platforms. the live sport space before the Mindreader, Wave 8, 2017 and activation. problem grows even worse. 34 CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION CULTURE VULTURE / DIGITAL DISRUPTION 35
IMMERSIVE SPORTS New sports and fitness pursuits are emerging and blending with immersive activities, enhancing and adding value to consumers’ growing demand for experiences. From e-sports becoming a global phenomenon to connected stadiums and fitness practices organised as music events – the world of sport is changing shape into layered entertainment. 36 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 37
FITNESS FESTIVAL Fitness is becoming a shared social ARCADE-STYLED GYM experience, with clubs and organisations incorporating extra layers of immersion by Asphalt Green, a fitness club in New York, is bringing playfulness and gamification to its classes with the making classes more eventful and celebratory. introduction of arcade-style technology. Attendees are led One-day festivals or event formats have through activities integrated with technological features, such become a popular way for brands to offer as pressure-sensitive walls and floors that come alive with integrated LED light and sound to create an immersive fitness an entire immersive experience in a short experience. The gym offers 45-minute, high-intensity, circuit- space of time: from mud-wrestling festivals to based classes that improve muscle memory via reactive zombie-obstacle races, new ways of enjoying training, functional movement and total body workouts. physical activity are bringing together fitness enthusiasts looking to improve their minds GLORIOUS MUD and bodies. South Korea’s Boryeong Mud Festival is a fully immersive event. Participants enjoy mud wrestling, mud sliding and even swimming in a giant mud bath. Visitors feeling particularly MUSIC TO THEIR EARS energetic can try the marine mud-training course, while those looking for something more relaxing can chill in the mud Inspired by the likes of Coachella and Glastonbury, Virgin massage zone. In the evening, music and fireworks continue Sport’s events are focused on creating shared social the party on the beach. experiences, helping people challenge themselves in an inclusive and friendly setting. The events initially feature running and cycling, but the idea is to expand the range of COLOUR ME HAPPY activities as the brand progresses. The 5k Color Run celebrates healthiness, happiness, friendship and having a good time. Thousands of Color INSPIRATIONAL CRESCENDO Runners start the day in a special edition white t-shirt, before getting covered head to toe by a rainbow of hues at four A music venue in Glasgow is offering a hybrid fitness class Color Zones, plus the brand-new Foam Zone surrounding the called Musoga – one-hour classes that combine yoga and course. Participants can choose to run, walk, skip or dance live classical music, described as “a brand-new multi-sensory their way around – it’s all about the fun and smiles. The Finish phenomenon”. The event organisers are targeting millennials, “Inspired by the likes of Coachella Festival included DJs and Color Crazy giveaways. with the idea stemming from their passion for music and therapy, meaning the class is specially designed to promote wellness and relaxation. SWEAT AND LEARN and Glastonbury, Virgin Sport’s GIVE PEACE A CHANCE Lululemon Athletica is organising Sweatlife Festival, one- day events featuring a variety of yoga and workout classes, events are focused on creating The Lolë White Tour has united communities around the world through yoga sessions dedicated to peace. Launched in 2012, health-focused food, meditation sessions and even personal development opportunities. For the latest event in London, shared social experiences, helping the tour hosts 18 wellness events in four countries with a total of 50,000 participants, all dressed in white, engaging in yoga Lululemon partnered with local studios including Bandforce, Barry’s Bootcamp, Psycle London and Breathe Studio to offer people challenge themselves in an sunset sessions. Presented by Pandora, the latest events in Toronto and Montreal began with group meditation, followed a range of activities for attendees. The festival also includes sessions to tap into other aspects of wellness (for example, inclusive and friendly setting”. confidence development and positive mindsets). The event by yoga sessions and then a music performance by Beyries. features a Lululemon pop-up store for those interested in The event has previously touched down in cities including buying the brand’s products. Tremblant, Ann Arbor, Fort Wayne, Biarritz, Vancouver, Cannes, Versailles and many more. 38 CULTURE VULTURE / IMMERSIVE SPORTS CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 39
HOLISTIC EXPERIENCES HEALTHY MINDS AND BODIES US-based fitness company Equinox has launched HeadStrong, a mental and physical workout. Each hour-long class focuses on training the body and mind simultaneously, “...Equinox has launched and is divided into four sections: focus, adapt, willpower and reboot. In reboot, participants practise breathing exercises, HeadStrong, a mental and physical meditation and mental focus. workout. Each hour-long class VIRTUOUS CYCLE focuses on training the body and People are searching for inclusive and immersive experiences, and SoulCycle, a boutique cycling studio from mind simultaneously...” the US, provides them. More like a self-help cult than an exercise class, SoulCycle provides a replenishing fitness experience that won’t just empower the body, but the mind and spirit, too. The SoulCycle ride is indoor cycling reinvented. With inspirational coaching, rock music and a full body workout (with added hand weights and core work), the class transforms the way people look and feel, with some influential followers such as Michelle Obama, Oprah, Lady Innovative classes to regenerate and get in shape. Gaga, Lena Dunham and the Beckhams. DAY BY DAY Today, fitness goes well beyond the physical body. Busy and stressful lifestyles, and Adidas’ All Day is a holistic lifestyle tracking app, covering everything from movement and mindset to relaxation the growing interest in personal wellbeing and nutrition. It’s based around pieces of content called demand physical activities that promote “discoveries”, such as clean-eating recipes, yoga lessons balance. To be truly fit and healthy, people and workout sessions from celebrity coaches such as Stephen Cheuk and Adriene Mishler. All the tips and classes are looking at all aspects of improvement. come in the form of short challenges, which introduce people Indeed, the holistic view is becoming more to new health habits. Consumers are realising that health important, as the desire to raise awareness of is multidimensional and are shifting to a more holistic approach to wellness. All Day responds to this by bringing their physical, emotional, mental and spiritual all users’ health data into one place and offering multi-faceted wellbeing grows among fitness followers. advice that acknowledges the desire for healthy living as a There is a new range of holistic fitness lifestyle choice. offerings, from tailor-made training packages that combine different disciplines including WELLNESS RETREAT yoga, meditation, personal training, nutrition, The EcoYoga Centre, located in the Scottish Highlands, is massage and relaxation, to pure holistically a retreat surrounded by incredible lochs, rolling hills and forests. With two gorge-side bathing locations, a six-person dedicated fitness experiences. Fitness classes spring-fed hot tub and an artisanal sauna, the centre with this emphasis have the potential to specialises in teaching its guests about sustainable living resonate and connect with consumers in their and wellness, and provides nourishing, home-grown food, crafted by a vegetarian chef. With 13 bedrooms split between quest for integrated healing experiences. the main house and the “stone bothy”, guests will enjoy comfortable accommodation (a yurt is also located on-site, which features three single beds). The centre generates its own electricity and is completely self-sustainable, so those looking for an all-encompassing wellness retreat experience in the Scottish Highlands need look no further. 40 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / IMMERSIVE SPORTS 41
E-SPORTS MANIA In recent years, competitive video gaming has gathered momentum. As Twitch continues to grow within the existing fan community, e-sports is becoming a big phenomenon. Video games have taken to stadiums and streaming sites, with millions of viewers and flashy events. Everything that is happening “E-sports will be an official in e-sports is starting to mirror professional sports. They are becoming more mainstream medal sport at the 2022 and have attracted traditional media channels Asian Games in China”. such as ESPN and BT Sports. Traditional brands have a growing interest and are investing in events coverage, with player sponsorship becoming an aspirational career path for many video-gaming Gen Z and millennials. Intel VR Challenger League e-sport tournament. GO TO TOWN Tencent, China’s largest online games developer and creator MEDAL GAME of WeChat, announced plans to build a new town dedicated E-sports will be an official medal sport at the 2022 Asian to e-sports in Wuhu, East China. It will have an e-sports theme Games in China. The Asian Games, billed as the second park, e-sports university, cultural and creative neighbourhood, largest multi-sport event after the Olympics, partnered with a Tencent technology entrepreneurship community and a Alisports, the sports arm of Chinese online retailer giant Tencent cloud data centre. Alibaba to introduce e-sports as a demonstration sport in next year’s games in Indonesia, fully fledged inclusion in 2022, and INFORMATIVE BROADCAST the possibility to be a medal game in the 2024 Olympics. BT Sports’ broadcast of the FIFA 17 Ultimate Team Championship Series involved e-sports players facing each LEAGUE OF THEIR OWN other in the best-selling football game. Sitting alongside Last June, Intel launched the VR Challenger League, an BT Sports’ existing coverage of the Premier League, the online virtual reality e-sports tournament. Competitors can Champions League and the Europa League, the broadcast choose from two games, The Unspoken and Echo Arena, in a exposed traditional sport fans to e-sports and helped grow North American or European league, where participants will the championship’s reach and credibility. Coverage included compete online and offline, ending in a real-world final. the FIFA Majors, consisting of the Americas, European and Rest of the World regional finals, plus the Championship Final. ACADEMY FRANCAISE France’s legislature debated an amendment to a bill that extends the definition of athletes to include those participating in e-sports. The amendment looks to professionalise the industry and provide legal protection to competitors. This has coincided with the opening of the e-sports Academy in France, which offers 20 students a nine-month curriculum aimed at putting them on the path to success. 42 CULTURE VULTURE / IMMERSIVE SPORTS CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT 43
CONNECTED STADIUM Sport fans’ demands are changing driven MAKING ELECTRONIC WAVES by the constant access of information via Cutting-edge apps are proving an invaluable means of digital devices. With strong competition for engaging with fans at live events. They allow spectators to the in-home experience, event organisers do everything from finding parking spots, locating their seats are expected to provide an enhanced live and ordering food to watching high-definition instant replays, close-up videos and exclusive content. The UK’s Wembley experience before, during and after the Stadium app keeps fans happy with event and ticket info, as game. Attending a sport event is no longer well as a handy interactive stadium map and a helpful journey just about watching the game: increasingly, it planner. The Dallas Cowboys have created a state-of-the-art now involves the full experience associated app to be used at Texas’ AT&T Stadium in Arlington that sends push notifications to fans at set times, telling them to push their with it – from pre-match luxury lounges to the “unite this house” button to make their phones vibrate and use of beacons to deliver instant notifications their cameras flash. The resulting crowd noise and flashes are and replays. The evolution of sport event synchronised in an “electronic wave”. experiences means that organisers need FULL APP EXPERIENCE to create a more interactive and immersive environment with connectivity at the core to Japanese football venue NACK5 Stadium Omiya, home of JLeague club Omiya Ardija, has launched smart stadium engage efficiently with fans. technology that provides a new immersive viewing experience. It is synchronised with more than 15,000 fans in the venue, equipped with smartphones and the Omiya Ardija app. The FAN-GENERATED DATA audience can access three channels: SKY Perfect TV, a live Teams increasingly are looking at ways to use smartphone- broadcasting provider; one that offers replays and highlights; generated data to improve the stadium experience and deliver and a third that allows fans to follow their favourite players via better marketing. The recently opened $1.6bn Mercedes-Benz on-field cameras – the first service of its kind for Japanese Stadium in Atlanta (home of the NFL’s Atlanta Falcons and soccer. The mobile app also provides detailed information the MLS’ Atlanta United FC) has been designed with mobile and stats about the game and individual players, plus other connectivity at its core. Social media activity is tracked via innovative services, such as allowing fans to receive coupons Wi-Fi and proximity beacons to assess how the fan experience from nearby shops and restaurants. can be improved, while at the same time supplying data for marketing purposes. NEW ANGLES Stadiums increasingly are considering live feeds from cameras CROWD PLEASER on the ground to be played live via spectators’ apps: take, Snaptivity is a company specialising in fan engagement at for example, the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. The stadiums via robo-cameras that are triggered automatically by Brooklyn Nets’ app allows fans to access instant replays artificial intelligence and sensors performing crowd analysis. and cycle through different camera angles in the stadium, It has partnered with Warwickshire County Cricket Club to paradoxically giving them a living-room TV view from their capture fan photos throughout a game. By downloading the stadium seats. “...sport clubs are opting to create iOS/Android app or by logging in online, fans can be identified by the company and view photos of themselves to share on their own fan zones and encourage social media. The infrastructure has been set up initially to cover REALITY BYTES Edgbaston support matches in the 2018 and 2019 seasons. Virtual and mixed reality is already in use in some stadiums spectators to come to the events around the world. Moving beyond the headset, VR could soon be accessed via smartphone or on replay screens inside the earlier, extending the fan experience PRE-MATCH BUILD-UP stadium. For example, the Sacramento Kings’ Golden 1 Center is wired for VR. The wireless internet at the NBA team’s new to an out-of-stadium environment”. Sports venues and stadiums are becoming more than just a place for fans to watch sport: now they deliver whole-day arena is designed to let fans watch virtual reality replays from entertainment, too. Increasing numbers of sport clubs are opting any seat in the house. to create their own fan zones and encourage spectators to come to the events earlier, extending the fan experience to an MADE TO ORDER out-of-stadium environment. The West Brompton fan zone is a successful example: live music, big screen TV, games and family The Växjö Arena in Sweden, home of the Växjö Lakers, an ice fun provide a vibrant and entertaining build-up to kick-off. The hockey team, offers a silent order system – a smartphone app new supporter-dedicated area became a great gathering point that allows fans to order and pay for drinks and snacks from for fans of all ages to immerse themselves in the match-day their seats. When the order is ready, an alert is sent to the app, atmosphere. with a personal QR code. The phone is then used to collect the order at automated collection points. Waiting time at counters is significantly reduced, allowing more products to be sold during breaks in play. 44 CULTURE VULTURE / SPORT CULTURE VULTURE / IMMERSIVE SPORTS 45
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