COVID-19 and Governance in Mizoram: Issues and Challenges
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International Journal of Research and Review
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210889
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021
Website: www.ijrrjournal.com
Research Paper E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237
COVID-19 and Governance in Mizoram: Issues and
Challenges
Lalhruaitluangi Sailo
Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl,
Mizoram, India.
ABSTRACT and the universe of the study is Aizawl,
Mizoram.
Background: The phenomenon of COVID-19 Results: Findings of the study have suggested
has remained a mystery to mankind. It is not just that there is a lack of efficiency in carrying out
about the disease but has also multiple ripple the governance policy on COVID-19. Although,
effects on every aspect of life. It has completely studies have shown that the setting up of Task
changed the course of living in a short period. Force initiated by the government and their
The entry of Covid-19 has taken a heavy toll on contribution and involvement in the governance
human beings in particular and on every is considered remarkable.
government and institution in general. Hence, Conclusion: After all, COVID-19 is assumed to
for the survival and safeguard of the human exist long enough along with human beings,
race, various governments came up with therefore, for the survival of an individual, one
protocols and measures against the spread of needs to work and function daily. Thus, by
Covid19. Apparently, lockdown is one of the keeping that in mind, Mizoram in particular
strategies widely adopted by the governments as where the economy is weak and not self-
a means to overcome the Covid-19 issue. sufficient, the State government and official
Although, being under the same umbrella, there experts have to adopt new methods and
are countries that are worst affected by Covid- strategies besides “lockdown” for the well-being
19 while some countries do not face as much. of the people.
No doubt that the virus has reached every nook
and corner of the globe, as a matter of fact Keywords: COVID-19, Lockdown,
Mizoram which is situated at the corner of most Government, Civil Society Organisations
of North-East India has also been under the (CSOs), Task Force, Governance, Standard
distress of Covid-19 Operating Procedure (SOP)
Aim: The study examined and understands
governance on Covid19 in Mizoram. It stresses INTRODUCTION
how the government and various organizations With the outbreak of the global
had given efforts in this situation and how the pandemic of Coronavirus also known as
policy being adopted by them has had an impact Covid19 in early 2020, various countries
on the people so far. It also emphasises the
and governments have taken initiatives to
issues and challenges of governance policy on
Covid-19 for further references. fight against this pandemic. Precautionary
Methods and Materials: The study was measures fall in the hands of every
descriptive while data is collected from both government to prevent and safeguard the
primary and secondary sources. Primary sources lives of its people against this virus. So far,
were based on empirical analysis and the Covid-19 pandemic has been one of the
questionnaire collected through online survey most catastrophic periods experienced by
method while secondary sources include the world in the 21st century. Preparations
articles, journals, newspapers and internet. and awareness are somehow difficult for
Findings are based on an online survey method every government as it has taken the world
that was conducted with a sample size of 500 in an un-expecting manner and also a new
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 673
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021Lalhruaitluangi Sailo. COVID-19 and governance in Mizoram: issues and challenges.
thing to everyone, even for the scientists. to Coronavirus. In this tiring period,
Countries are taking unprecedented scientists, doctors and several governments
measures to combat the spread of disease are pushing hard to develop vaccines soon.
while ameliorating its pernicious effect on As a result, with their constant efforts and
the economy and labour market. (1) As of 30 endeavours, the breakthrough of the covid19
January 2020, the World Health vaccine has been announced. By mid-2021,
Organization (WHO) have declared this these vaccines have been shipped across
virus as a global pandemic following the nations to protect and prevent human beings
announcement of the name of the disease against the virus. Today, most developed
caused by the new outbreak of coronavirus countries are somewhat back to normal life
as COVID-19 on 11 February 2020. (2) As with the help of vaccines although Covid19
per the instructions issued by the concerned, has been lingering.
the safeties way is to shut down all activities
and social gatherings which envisages that India Scenario
lockdown is the pre-requisites measure With a population of 1.3 billion
against the spread of this virus. people, India is also experiencing a crisis
Hence, the world has been in a due to the pandemic. Having been said with
lockdown period for about two months. lockdown the Indian government have also
Covid-19 has inevitably enveloped the responded to nationwide lockdown on 24th
world, it has become a national disaster for March 2020, to control the pandemic as
every nation. As it is evident that Covid-19 countries around the globe are seeing
has taken its shape in the form of the first lockdown and social distancing as a major
wave since March 2020 and the Second solution to stop the spread of Covid 19. (5)
wave since early 2021. The unfortunate loss Soon, it has become a national interest, the
of many lives and the alarmingly increasing Central government has issued certain
rate of Covid19 cases has led to a frantic protocols and guidelines such as shutting
call for all. In this scenario, the surge of the down institutions, public meeting places and
Covid19 pandemic has urged the other restrictions that are intended to contain
governments to take effective measures and the spread of the virus. To overcome the
safety protocols for the people. Each ‘greatest emergency since Independence’,
country handled the COVID19 differently, the Government of India has announced a
leading to different consequential forms of variety of measures to tackle the situation,
the pandemic. (3) Some countries delayed from food security and extreme funds for
government intervention in the expectation healthcare to sector-related incentives and
of achieving community-based tax deadline extensions. (6) In the initial
immunization. In contrast, some countries stages, the Central government has also
took a sharp response by locking down initiated a policy by setting up screening
international borders and domestic points in various areas, state cross line
movements. While, some countries respond territories and airports and lockdown of
by approaching with special operating international borders to prevent the spread
procedures (SOPs), social distancing and of Covid19. Regardless, the first wave of
smart tracking of the COVID19 incidence Covid-19 has brought massive widespread
that allows businesses to continue. of active cases and deaths across the
At present, millions of lives have nations. Despite being in a lockdown period
been lost and still counting. As per report on for approximately 2 months, different states
World meters, global covid19 cases- and Union territories have shown mixed
201,063,706 while deaths- 4,271,347 with trends of COVID-19 cases over the period.
(7)
181,053,540 recovered recorded as on
August 5 2021. (4) USA, India and Brazil are Meanwhile, by mid-September
the worst affected countries in the world due 2020, the Indian government has based its
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 674
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021Lalhruaitluangi Sailo. COVID-19 and governance in Mizoram: issues and challenges.
optimism due to a sharp drop in reported total cases of 31,810,782, deaths- 426,321
cases. Thus, it is likely believed that India is and recovered-30,967,223 as of August 5,
clear from the dilemma of Covid-19. This 2021. (10)
illustration has made the whole nation at
ease, by letting their guard down, although Covid-19 and Mizoram
cases are still prevailing. Experts have At the outset, the government of
believed that the Indian government appears Mizoram have responded to Covid19
to let its guard down quite too soon by accordingly as per the guidance of the
declaring victory over the virus. (7) The First Central government. It has taken the
wave of covid19 was just the tip of the situation under control where protocols and
iceberg for India as the situation began to awareness have been given out extensively.
unravel as India was in the grips of a Besides total lockdown, the government has
devastating second wave of Covid-19, while locked its border areas and set up screening
election campaigning had begun in full points in certain areas and its airport to
swing with no safety protocols and social prevent the entry of Covid-19. Till May
distancing. (7) Besides new variant called the 2020, Mizoram has only one active case
Delta virus has been found in India. As a reported, however, it soon started indulging
result, India has to face a fresh lockdown with active cases when stranded Mizo’s
again by mid-April 2021, the government is from outside the State started entering
fuelled with a public health emergency, due Mizoram. Soon, the government promptly
to poor preparedness and soon India started set up Referral Hospital, ZMC as a
recording more than 270,000 cases with dedicated Covid19 care hospital and also
over 16,000 deaths within a single day. (8) extended opening quarantine centres in
This turns out to be a significant turning several areas. During 1st wave of Covid19,
point for the Government of India. The unlike other major States and cities in India,
governance policy adopted by the Indian Mizoram has recorded the least number of
government during Covid- 19 has led to a covid19 cases. Under the first wave of
miserable situation. There is no strategic Covid-19 (March 2020- March 2021)
plan to overcome the virus despite keeping Mizoram has recorded 4,476 total cases
aside the warnings and instructions about which are 21.84% of the overall cases being
the second wave given by the experts. The recorded. (11)
government has let down its guard too soon The State Government has also
by organising election campaigns, rallies, taken initiatives in importing Covid19
religious gatherings and so on which testing laboratories such as RT-PCR, True
resulted in a more inevitable crisis to the Nat and RAgt. The government have issued
nation. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Nevertheless, by mid of June, the under State Disaster Management Authority
country has witnessed more recovery with which has frequently revised the SOPs from
the initiatives undertaken by the time to time, as the State is being under
government. It has taken efforts in giving lockdown situation now and then.
out vaccines to the citizens and priorities for Gradually, as the government issued certain
health care facilities and infrastructure. At relaxations in SOPs on Covid19, the
present, India has given out 37,55,115 situation began to unravel with the report of
vaccines to its citizens and this is increasing. deaths due to the virus-related and later on
(9)
Critics have pointed out that the Indian active cases appears to show increasing rate
government is not proactive in responding with addition to deaths. The gist to the
to the pandemic, which has led to huge loss protocols of the Indian government, the
of lives, and also their response on Covid19 State government have also relaxed the
is quite too late. India is one of the worst situation in responding to Covid19 issues by
affected countries in the world, has recorded
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 675
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021Lalhruaitluangi Sailo. COVID-19 and governance in Mizoram: issues and challenges.
taking off certain restrictions imposed in the cases reported in a day on 25th (1,369), 26th
State before the 2nd wave of Covid-19. (1,118) and 28th (1,100) cases respectively.
(13)
There has been a paradigm shift in
nd
the 2 wave when the Indian government
faced zero preparedness. So, is the case with Government and Civil Society
State governments and Mizoram is no Organizations on Covid19
exception to this. The State is facing Ever since the outbreak of covid19,
enormous emergencies in terms of health there have been an immense involvement
facilities, infrastructure and manpower. As a and contribution given by Civil Society
result, cases multiplied every single day Organisations alongside the government.
with an increasing number of Covid-19 From the initial stages, the government have
related death cases. The State government given the opportunity in welcoming the
falls under various hurdles with the issues of voices and opinions given by the CSOs
Covid-19 with regards to the safeguard of especially Churches and the Young Mizo
the situation. In this regard, with the Association (YMA) with regards to framing
increasing rate of active cases, the the policy of SOP on Covid-19. The
government has initiated the extension of government has also taken efforts in setting
Community Covid Care Centre (4Cs) in up a Task Force which mainly consists of
various localities for isolating the covid-19 voluntary members ie; the Local Level Task
patients under the care and guidance of the Force (for urban areas) and the Village
Task Force. As the State resumes complete Level Task Force (for rural areas) in every
lockdown by mid-April 2021, it has hugely part of the State. This force is established
impacted the socio-economic conditions of for the purpose to undertake extensive
the people in the worst manner. During the measures in law and orders for the safety of
second wave since April 2021, there are the people under the instructions of
16,016 cases are being recorded so far government SOPs in their respective areas
which covers 78.16% of the total cases and also to help the less privileged in their
found in the State. (11) communities during the COVID crisis. (14)
However, as relaxation soon curled The task force has operated as a vital
up regarding SOP on Covid-19 by the State means on behalf of the State government in
governments in mid-June, there appears to terms of executing and exercising
have been a surge in covid cases. Thus, as a government instructions under SOPs. They
result after 18 days of relaxation, Mizoram acted as a watchdog for the government
has no other option but falls under the where-in tracking and tracing of contact
complete lockdown period again from 19th persons by Covid19 patients have been done
July. For instance, based on the empirical largely by the task force. They have
analysis, it is evident that people are not assumed a significant factor in handling law
careful enough whilst rules are not abiding and orders in every town and cities
accordingly. Besides, the government and respectively. The surge of the second wave
executives are likely inefficient in which is more likely serious than before has
implementing and executing the SOPs up to brought back the Task Force in the
par. Meanwhile, the majority of the States in spotlight. With the increasing rate of
India is now at a declining rate while covid19 cases daily, the government has
Northeast India and Mizoram, in particular, organised in setting up Community Covid
is now experiencing an alarming rate of Care Centre (CCCC) in various localities
covid-19 cases. So far, Mizoram has especially in Aizawl under the efforts and
recorded 42,083 total covid-19 cases, while responsibilities taken by the task force.
the active case is 13,065, deaths-157 and The effects of mass increased in
recovered- 28,861 as of 5 Aug 2021. (12) covid19 cases has heavily demanded the
Mizoram has recorded the highest covid-19 needs of manpower in various Community
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 676
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021Lalhruaitluangi Sailo. COVID-19 and governance in Mizoram: issues and challenges.
care centres. At this juncture, nurses and funds to CMRF. In addition, at the
individuals have voluntarily stepped up to community level donations have been
sacrifice their time for Community Care offered by localities to the task force for
Centre which reveals a true spirit of relief measures.
humanitarian values of the Mizo. Generally, the covid-19 has most
Meanwhile, the government has devoted the affected in Aizawl city where this has
State Referral Hospital at Zoram Medical resulted in a shortage of essential needs in
College (ZMS) as a dedicated hospital for terms of fresh vegetables etc. At this point,
Covid-19 patients besides several Covid to ease these problems, villages from
Care Centre for quarantine and isolation for several parts of Mizoram have come into
Covid patients have been set up under the action by willingly supply fresh vegetables
care of the government. from their farm to Aizawl city. This has
Regarding the crisis of the Covid19 shown the togetherness and unity of the
pandemic, the government has emphasised Mizos’ in supporting one another against
Testing, tracking, and treatment. Apart from Covid19 and proved that the government is
this, since the arrival of the Covid-19 not alone in this.
vaccine, the State government has
immensely prioritized giving out METHODS AND MATERIALS
vaccination drives to the people. It has been In the light of Covid-19 issues, the
reported that 7,01,646 vaccines have been essence of the study is to examine and
availed out of which 1,09,868 have taken understand governance on Covid19 in
complete doses (Vanglaini, daily newspaper Mizoram. It stresses how the government
dt. 16th July 2021). (15) In addition to this, and various organizations have given efforts
Health Minister of Mizoram Dr R. in this situation and how the policy being
Lalthangliana had stated that Mizoram has adopted by them has had an impact on the
ranked 6th position in giving out the most people so far. It also emphasizes the issues
vaccine in India, during a meeting with and challenges of governance policy on
Officials at Secretariat Conference Hall on Covid-19 for further references. The study
July 17, 2021. Recently, due to the rapid was descriptive while data is collected from
increase in covid-19 cases, the government both primary and secondary sources.
has also taken initiative in undertaking mass Primary sources were based on empirical
testing of samples within Aizawl city areas. analysis and questionnaire collected through
For instance, this has appeared to be very online survey method while secondary
effective in fighting against the spread of sources include articles, journals,
covid19 hence treatment of positive cases newspapers and internet. Findings are based
identified can be also done in an early on an online survey method that was
manner. conducted with a sample size of 500 and the
The effects of Covid-19 and universe of the study is Aizawl, Mizoram.
lockdown have heavily impacted the socio-
economic aspects of the people more likely STATISTICAL METHODS
to daily wage seekers in particular. Due to Data was analysed by employing
several lockdowns and certain restrictions descriptive and quantitative research. The
issued by the government SOP on Covid19, study highlighted the issues and challenges
several families have faced an enormous of governance on COVID-19 through the
amount of hardship with no income being multiple responses and analysed the
available. In this regard, the government has outcome which further push the study in a
established a Relief Fund for the people significant manner.
under Chief Minister Relief Fund (CMRF).
Under this, various groups, families and
individuals have opened up in donating
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 677
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021Lalhruaitluangi Sailo. COVID-19 and governance in Mizoram: issues and challenges.
RESULTS using Google form with a sample size of
The study is conducted within 500 and a simple random sampling
Aizawl city (Aizawl being with highest technique is employed. Findings generated
cases and worst affected within Mizoram) through multiple response analysis based on
concerning the governance policy on questionnaire as given below:
Covid19. A questionnaire is applied by
Table: Online survey response on Governance and COVID-19 in Mizoram
Governance Policy Good Poor Others Total Respondents
Govt. efforts in response to Covid19 issues 304 49 147 500
60.8% 9.8% 29.4%
Contribution and involvement of CSOs on governance 264 10 226 500
52.8% 2% 45.2%
Task Force on Covid19 461 10 226 500
92.2% 2% 45.2%
Lockdown Policy 190 40 270 500
38% 8% 54%
Administration and execution on Covid19 protocols 30 140 330 500
6% 28% 66%
From the above table, the study has economic disadvantages in the society.
shown that the governance policy on Covid- However, they also believed that lockdown
19 has positive and negative aspects. It is to a certain extent is essential to prevent the
evident that 60.8% of the respondents think spread of the virus. On the other hand, 38%
that the government endeavour towards the supported the lockdown policy as it is the
issues of the Covid-19 is satisfactory, only major solution in this matter.
whereas 29.4% are not satisfied with the Lastly, with regards to the
government efforts. In addition to this, a administration and execution process, 66%
large number of the respondents have have argued that the government is not
argued that the government preparedness is efficient enough in carrying out its policy
weak and action is not taken firmly. for an effective result. They have argued
In response to Civil Society that the government relied too much on the
Organizations CSOs), 52.8% feel that their Task Force where it does not utilize enough
contribution and involvement towards of its government employees in terms of
governance on Covid19 is good while execution and maintenance of law and
45.2% fall in the category where they order. Moreover, they felt that the
believed that CSOs are not involved enough government is not transparent enough in
nor representations from them is limited in handling the Relief fund and how it is
governance feature. allocated and distributed to the public.
Another interesting outcome is that
majority of the respondents (92.2%) DISCUSSION
strongly supported and favour the Task The major essence of the study was
Force organization. It is highly regarded as to understand and examined governance on
one of the best policies initiated by the State COVID-19, throwing light from Mizoram
during Covid19. On the other hand, 45.2% State perspective. Generally, during
thinks that the organization and set up of COVID-19, governance policy was
Task Force’s powers and functions should reflected in the Standard Operating
be more appropriate. Procedure (SOPs) provided by the
The Lockdown policy imposed by Government after due consultation from
the government has provided various various representatives. As Covid-19 has
opinions and implications. Amongst the proved to be one of the greatest and most
respondents, 54% hold the opinion that unexpected challenges to the government of
continuous and frequent lockdown is not the the world. It has been seen that various
best solution where it has led to socio- studies have been conducted concerning
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 678
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021Lalhruaitluangi Sailo. COVID-19 and governance in Mizoram: issues and challenges.
governance and its response on COVID-19. staffs. Thus, more transparency is needed
Given the similarities of the challenges for governance to be more efficient and
encountered, one study has provided that accountable.
strong and effective multilevel-governance It is recognised that the information
is essential and the success of the response is not complete nor up to date given the
greatly depends on the active participation extremely fast-paced dynamic of the Covid-
of all actors of society, as regards not only 19 outbreak as well as the response
complying with confinement measures but measure. Hence, study is based on broad
also the direct involvement in initiatives that range of publicly available information
support or complement the action of public analysed through the online survey for the
bodies. (16) Thus, studies have shown that current study. However, based on the study
the response to COVID-19 has required analysed, it has given a glimpse picture on
increased efforts in terms of multilevel how governance response on the Covid-19
governance, with authorities at all levels of in Mizoram has been experienced. In this
government being involved. Ensuring regard, one may strongly opined that Who,
coordination, concertation, cooperation and How and Which of the decision-making has
communication between them has been reached and has consequences in the long-
crucial to the effective handling of the crisis. term.
A similar study also found that the
response to COVID-19 highly emphasises CONCLUSION
the need of openness and transparency After all, Covid19 has a ripple effect
which are the detrimental components of on humankind in general. Governments and
democratic governance. The public has the various organizations endeavours against
right to be informed and to be provided with Covid19 is extremely intense. As Covid19
up-to-date, transparent and reliable is a new thing to all people, certainly there
information on the pandemic and the are limitations involved in the procedures.
measures to tackle it. This is also a matter of Till today, Covid vaccines have not been
accountability to counterbalance the fact proved that they are cent per cent secure
that governments and local authorities enough to prevent one against the virus.
sometimes need to adopt emergency Therefore, no government has not come up
measures with a lower level of public with an effective solution other than
consultation as would normally be expected. wearing a mask, social distancing and
(16)
Concerning to governance and its frequent handwash (covid appropriate
response to Covid-19, another study has behaviour). Thus, the responsibility falls in
also argued that Covid-19 task forces are the hands of every individual to live by the
government only. Civil society and rules for everyone’s safety. On the other
community groups not being engaged in hand, it is the sole duty of the government to
primary discussions, neither are social provide health facilities and enforce safety
workers, child development specialists, measures for its people. Thus, there can be
human rights lawyers, and many other major differences between active
people whose experiential and vocational government and weak government in this
expertise are particularly relevant in terms regard.
of societal rights, and groups affected by The Govt. of Mizoram has also
isolation measures. Civil society and played a crucial role in the governance
community groups do not seem to be policy on Covid19, where it has done
consulted at all. (17) Besides one notable remarkable work in the process through the
exception was that women perspectives and support of various organizations. More
voices seemed to be less involved in taking importantly, more transparency is needed
the decision making perhaps while large regarding who decision-making bodies are
number of females are at the front line listening to as a basis for their decisions.
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 679
Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021Lalhruaitluangi Sailo. COVID-19 and governance in Mizoram: issues and challenges.
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