Country Roads Your insights, our actions - Connecting our communities - VicRoads
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Contents Introduction 01 Introduction 06 What we’re doing 16 Rebuilding Country Roads Your feedback is now shaping the most region by region significant period of planning, construction, maintenance and uplift of the regional road network since World War Two. 02 Where we went 06 Barwon 18 Road Safety South West The senior leadership team at VicRoads The desire for better links Not accepting that you’re four times has visited every part of Victoria this between regions, safer more likely to die on country roads in year, having frank conversations about Victoria than on metropolitan roads, the state of the roads and what can be overtaking opportunities we will explore a star road safety rating done to better support regions to grow and investment in sealed system to encourage travel on the and thrive. shoulders were commonly safest routes and target road safety raised, along with concerns improvements. 04 26 This has been the biggest public engagement that VicRoads has ever about poor roadside We’ll also be making a much bigger What you told us 08 Grampians Enhancing regional Victoria done in its 100 year history. Your insights are now helping us put sensible plans to government to support the future drainage and pot-holes. So what happens now? effort to reduce our environmental impacts, from recycling a million tyres to re-vegetating roadsides. growth of regional Victoria. Your feedback is shaping the most significant period of planning, Victorians told us they want much With the population outside Melbourne construction, maintenance and uplift greater transparency about what is expected to double to two million of the regional road network since happening on their roads. VicRoads people within 20 years, now is the time World War Two. Work is ramping will produce a State of the Roads to begin the modernisation of the road up across every region: from major report to be clear about current road network for the next generation, to highway duplications to improving conditions and better inform future strengthen links between and around decisions by government. 30 signage, cycling paths and road safety growing centres. treatments that will make it almost 10 And it won’t stop there. As part of Country Roads sums up what we heard impossible to run off the road or hit Transport for Victoria’s development Gippsland Road maintenance and saw and what is now being done another car head-on across all major of an integrated regional roads to rebuild the regional road network to interstate highways. strategy for medium and long- support a new era of regional prosperity. Alongside the doubling of road term improvements, your feedback maintenance this year, planning is will be considered by the Victorian You have told us plainly: fix the roads underway for improvements that Government as we prepare projects that need fixing because they are our will set regional Victoria up for for funding consideration in the future. lifelines; make it safer and easier for us to move around without hurting continued growth. We will work much Thanks to everyone for their invaluable ourselves or damaging our goods; and more closely with local regions to feedback that is informing a sensible 32 help set our regions up for tourism and understand changing traffic volumes plan of action for country roads and regional economies, and we will 12 Hume Next steps economic growth while giving people better connections to job opportunities partner with Visit Victoria to develop and each other. new tourist drives to attract more in Victoria. John Merritt tourists to stay longer. Chief Executive, VicRoads 14 Loddon Mallee Connecting our communities / 1
Where we went Country Roads statewide engagement Mildura NSW Connected with Met with Spoke with more more than 11,000 30 councils than 700 people Wemen country Victorians Engaged with freight operators, transport industry, businesses, tourism operators, environmental and wildlife groups, cycling enthusiasts, motorcycle groups, government agencies, the Victorian Farmer’s Federation, RACV and Regional Development Victoria. Swan Hill Sea Lake NSW Kerang Wodonga Warracknabeal Charlton Nhill Shepparton Wangaratta SA Dooen Bendigo Bright NSW Stawell Maryborough Mansfield Omeo Broadford Ararat Woodend Ballarat Melbourne Metro Hamilton Bairnsdale Stratford Bannockburn Geelong Morwell Warrnambool Colac Portland Anglesea Korumburra Community session Port Campbell Lorne Wonthaggi Stakeholder session Apollo Bay Map not to scale Roads travelled 2 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 3
What you told us Statewide feedback feedback Grampians Loddon Mallee Hume • Changing face of farming with • More river crossings • Significant intermodal freight Road maintenance Regional economies bigger machinery • Support for tourism in Charlton, opportunities You want better road maintenance Understand the changing face of • Supporting more grain on to rail Echuca and Wedderburn • Shepparton Bypass a priority including more shoulder grading, farming with fewer and larger farms instead of road • Alternative truck routes • Road safety a critical concern better surface repairs, more vegetation with bigger machinery on the roads • Better connections for freight to avoid towns • More can be done to improve management and better quality long and growing export demands, including into Melbourne • Safer cycling routes key tourism destinations term fixes. more opportunities for rail freight. • Tourism growing through Silo • Protection of wildlife and native • Road signage is important Art Trail, the Grampians, Sea Lake plant species • Improve roads to keep pace with Road safety Environment • Wind farm development • Intensive farming of almonds, increased population, tourism You want sealed shoulders, smoother You expressed concern about native • Ballarat regional growth needs carrots and other produce and industry roads, widening of narrow roads, plant species being lost and wildlife in support has impacts • Interface with freight and growing more safe overtaking opportunities danger. We need to do more to protect • • Better connections for freight residential areas and safer speeds around schools the environment by minimising impact Melbourne and other regional from Mildura to Melbourne • Cycling safety along the Great and shopping areas. on trees, revegetating the road reserve centres • More freight to be moved by rail Alpine Road and use recycled materials in road works. Tourism • Bypasses along Western Highway • Removing trucks from Mildura’s • New ways to inform drivers of Road safety barriers Better support tourism by improved • Importance of protecting town centre unique weather conditions in signage, more rest areas, use of You want to know why so much money roadside native vegetation • Improve roads to keep pace with Alpine region technology to share tourist information, is being invested in them and how they • Growing horticulture increased population, tourism • Safety around schools and main more road safety messages and save lives. • Tourism potential of and industry streets on country highways upgrades to key tourism routes. the Grampians • Choke points in Wangaratta Cycling and Rutherglen Trucks You want more bike paths/lanes and You want trucks out of towns and wider better road maintenance for commuter shoulders where trucks, cars and bikes and recreational cyclists. share the road. Strengthen bridges, upgrade intersections, add rest areas and Connectivity provide more overtaking opportunities Better road connections between along key freight routes to enable bigger regional centres including Geelong, and more productive trucks. Ballarat, Bendigo, Shepparton, Benalla, Mansfield and links in Gippsland. Gippsland • Better north-south connections Barwon South West • Alternative truck routes around growing towns • Major reconstruction of roads • Growing number of commuters serving Port of Portland across Gippsland • Keeping Great Ocean Road Melbourne • Longer-stay tourism potential open for tourism Metro between Mt Baw Baw, Phillip • Widening narrow seal roads Island, Wilson’s Promontory used by freight, school buses and East Gippsland and tourists • • Multilingual signage for Phillip Island international tourists • Growing freight task with • Enormous residential, commuter intensive agriculture and tourism growth • Growing demand for cycling • Safer cycling opportunities • Dairy farms getting larger with • More inland routes to relieve oversized equipment on roads Great Ocean Road congestion • Sealing of gravel roads *The VicRoads Country Roads engagement was based on Regional Development Victoria’s five Map not to scale Victorian Regions and nine Regional Partnerships. 4 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 5
What you told us region by region Barwon South West Aireys Inlet, Anglesea, Apollo Bay, Camperdown, Colac, Geelong, Hamilton, Lorne, Port Campbell, 17 Melbourne Port Fairy, Portland, Torquay and 18 Warrnambool. 20 4 16 8 22 35 21 37 27 32 14 30 26 13 12 40 39 38 “Better signage is required for major tourist destinations. Too many times “Identify the worst roads In Victoria based on the state of the roads “We have school buses, 5 9 28 2 25 10 we have tourists, we 1 have there been incidences and near themselves and fix them.” 6 30 23 misses from travellers missing the turn for Bells Beach and still attempting to – comment on the have parents taking their 34 29 3 36 Barwon online forum make the turn in a 100km/hr zone… children to and from 15 19 7 Signs need to be well in advance of “I am a 30-year resident of the Aire school and you combine 33 31 the turn.” Valley… I/we are sick to death of the – comment on the annual state of the roads between it with logging trucks, it’s 24 Barwon online forum here and Colac, especially the eternally just a bad combination.” 11 potholed and surface broken Ridge Rd, “Reduce traffic on Great Ocean Rd by Lavers Hill to Beech Forest.” – Leonie - Portland community forum improving and sealing inland roads – Pete Gee to Lorne and Wye River. Add slow turn out lanes and run advertising “The Midland has twice the traffic campaigns on their use.” between Bannockburn and Geelong What we’re doing now – Allen as between Geelong and Colac – yet is often seen as the poor cousin to the Major upgrades 13 Geelong-Portarlington Road 27 $3m Fyansford-Gherringhap Road, “We recently returned from a Princes Highway West.” shoulder and barrier 1 $363m Princes Highway 14 Terang-Mortlake Road caravanning holiday in South Australia – comment from a Bannockburn duplication, Waurn Ponds 15 Carlisle-Colac Road 28 $2m Lower Duneed Road shoulder, and NSW … we knew when we were resident at the Ballarat forum to Colac* drainage and barrier back in Victoria because the first thing 16 Geelong-Ballan Road 2 $109m Drysdale Bypass 29 Deans Marsh-Lorne Road, we encountered was one of those “When roads get upgraded, VicRoads 17 Skipton Road improvements for motorcyclists 3 $100m Great Ocean Road upgrade ‘Rough Surface’ signs that Victoria are need to also create paths along major with road resurfacing, bridge 18 Rokewood-Skipton Road 30 West Geelong and Warrnambool, famous for. We also found that there arterials so people don’t have to drive strengthening and other targeted improvements for pedestrians are many roads in Victoria where it is everywhere and riders don’t have to improvments* Safety upgrades really dangerous to tow a caravan.” mix with traffic.” 19 $53m for safety improvements to $18m bridge strengthening 4 $40m improvement works from Great Ocean Road to reduce the and replacement – Trevor Brehaut – Tony G Colac to South Australian border, risk of landslides and make the road 31 Great Ocean Road, Wye River safety upgrade, intersection more resilient improvements, more overtaking 32 Cowies Creek and rail spur, opportunities* 20 $46m for safety improvements to North Geelong (four bridges) 41 kilometres of Geelong-Bacchus 5 $40m upgrade of narrow roads* 33 Wye River Marsh Road, including centre line 6 $40m to strengthen and resurface safety barriers, overtaking lanes and 34 Moggs Creek four key roads servicing the Port of new roundabouts Portland (Green Triangle upgrade)* Planning underway 21 $17m Princes Highway, Laverton 7 $10m Forrest-Apollo Bay Road North to Waurn Ponds, safety 35 Princes Highway west, Colac to the upgrade* barriers South Australian border 8 $10m Hamilton Highway upgrade* 22 $10m Hamilton Highway, key 36 Anglesea Road, Princes Highway 9 $1.3m for an independent taskforce freight route to western Victoria west to Coombes Road duplication to boost tourism and improve 23 $12m Anglesea Road/Great Ocean 37 Great South Coast High coordination Road, Bellbrae to Anglesea, new Productivity Freight Vehicle roundabouts, centre-line widening Planning $95m road maintenance and intersection improvements 38 Barwon Heads Road, duplication and repair, including: 24 $4m Cape Otway, shoulder 39 Grubb Road, Ocean Grove 10 Barwon Heads Road and barrier 40 Geelong Ring Road extension 11 Otway Lighthouse Road 25 $4m Barwon Heads, roundabout (Bellarine Link) 12 Fyans Street, Geelong 26 $3m Geelong CBD, cycling and pedestrian upgrades *Joint Federal and State funding 6 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 7
What you told us region by region Grampians Ararat, Avoca, Bacchus Marsh, Ballarat, 3 8 Beaufort, Daylesford, Edenhope, 9 14 Great Western, Hopetoun, Horsham, Kaniva, Nhill, St Arnaud, Stawell and 2 29 Warracknabeal. 7 33 11 17 27 “The Midland Highway has a lot of commuter traffic so many school “You get grain centres popping up on road networks that never used “One thing that’s come 1 36 37 38 20 12 26 28 31 up is the Silo Art Trail 13 23 zones – it needs to become a regional to be there and tourism’s obviously 15 22 25 16 5 and the number of 19 30 ring road that links Geelong, Ballarat, picked up a fair bit and now we have 6 35 34 32 4 24 Bendigo, Shepparton, Benalla and things like Silo Art Trails and Sea Lake Melbourne Mansfield.” becoming of international interest, tourists that we have 21 10 18 - Comment at Ballarat which changes the dynamic of the coming up this way stakeholder forum whole area.” – Kevin Erwin, Chair of the who aren’t familiar “I have travelled the Western Highway Wimmera Southern Mallee with the roads. We many times over my life and have always just loved the roadside Transport Group. have farmers with large vegetation…Roadsides have changed, “The proposed CVLX Saleyards machinery that are which is sad for me, but we’re working with VicRoads to make sure that development has only one entry point off Sunraysia Highway. There must be on roads and people there’ll be trees and vegetation that is safe access for heavy vehicles into/out are just not expecting grown somewhere else.” of the saleyards.” those things.” - Helen Lewers, environmental advocate at the Ararat community - Marla Stone, Miner’s Rest – – Debra Nelson, Mayor of What we’re doing now online forum Safety upgrades 27 Mt Macedon-Hanging Rock Road, forum Hindmarsh Shire Council Major upgrades 18 Western Freeway, M80 Ring Road Mt Macedon Road to Lancefield- “VicRoads needs to focus on long 1 $670m Western Highway to Ballarat, barriers both sides Woodend Road, improvements for “As a routine driver between Adelaide lasting results rather than temporary duplication and Melbourne.... the state of the road 19 Pykes Creek curve, road motorcyclists repairs.” 2 $20m Western Highway realignment 28 Mt Macedon Road, Macedon- surface, markings and alignment is - Wimmera Mallee 3 Western Highway, Kaniva to the 20 $12m Midland Highway upgrade Woodend Road to Mt seriously substandard.... the lack of South Australian border stakeholder comment from Ballarat to Creswick with Macedon-Hanging Rock Road, bypasses is at the top of the list...” 4 $15m upgrade Halletts Way flexible safety barriers, three improvements for motorcyclists - David Singe – online forum “Speed limits are a key concern and interchange, Bacchus Marsh* new roundabouts at Millers Rd, Cummins Rd and Kennedys Rd, as Bridge strengthening there are mixed views as to how to $58m road maintenance and repair well as new overtaking lanes and 29 Maryborough-St Arnaud Road respond. Some suggest reducing 5 Bacchus Marsh-Gisborne Road wider road shoulders. 30 Western Freeway, Pykes Creek speed limits to increase road users’ 6 Glenelg Highway 21 $46m for safety improvements to 31 Mortlake-Ararat Road and wildlife safety. Others suggest 41 kilometres of Geelong-Bacchus 7 Pyrenees Highway raising speed limits to increase traffic Marsh Road, including centre-line Planning underway efficiency.” 8 Sunraysia Highway safety barriers, overtaking lanes 32 Midland Highway, Howitt Street to 9 Wimmera Highway - Wimmera Mallee and new roundabouts Coronet Street, Ballarat 10 Geelong-Bacchus Marsh Road 22 Ballarat CBD, cycling stakeholder feedback 33 Midland Highway, Castlemaine to 11 Daylesford-Malmsbury Road improvements Harcourt capacity improvements 12 Ballan-Daylesford Road 23 Western Freeway/Ballarat- 34 Midland Highway, duplication 13 Bungeree Creswick Road Maryborough Road, intersection of the roundabout at Docwra St 14 Borung Highway upgrade intersection 15 Ballarat-Carnham Road 24 Gisborne Road/Western Freeway, 35 Midland Highway/Hertford Street 16 Western Highway/Freeway intersection upgrade intersection upgrade 17 Calder Highway 25 Midland Highway, Ballarat to 36 Western Highway/Ararat - Stawell Creswick 37 Ararat Bypass* 26 Daylesford-Trentham Road, 38 Beaufort Bypass* Lancefield to Woodend, improvements for motorcyclists *Joint Federal and State funding 8 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 9
What you told us region by region 33 Gippsland 14 6 Bairnsdale, Churchill, Drouin, Foster, 5 32 15 42 Melbourne 4 Inverloch, Korumburra, Lakes Entrance, 18 2 27 11 17 Leongatha, Mallacoota, Moe, Morwell, 12 19 Omeo, Orbost, Phillip Island, Sale, 30 34 24 9 1 40 35 21 28 25 20 1 26 16 38 36 37 Traralgon, Warragul and Wonthaggi. 41 7 23 8 10 31 29 39 3 “All Victorians deserve rural roads that they can rely on. The poor road “You can drop speed limits, you can fix roads, it won’t change a thing. The true “Milk trucks, quarry 43 22 condition that users experience should cause of road accidents is dangerous trucks, the amount 13 be addressed.” drivers. We will only see improvements when people start to take care when of heavy traffic has - comment on Morwell forum driving and stop making excuses.” doubled. The roads “The road from Stratford to Maffra was - Josh Stuchbery – Facebook don’t improve, they built probably 100 years ago, it’s just breaking up all the time.” “I’ve been in the industry for 40 years get worse.” – George Haywood, Briagolong and I know what we’re on about, we’re – John Benson - Stratford What we’re doing now on about the road conditions. The community forum Major upgrades Safety upgrades 30 Moe West, new truck stop and “We would like speed limits reduced road conditions are poor. We’ve got 1 $260m Princes Highway East 17 Paynesville Road, Bairnsdale to freeway ramp upgrades in Omeo, improved overtaking a white line separates B-doubles, the duplication, Traralgon East, Paynesville, centre-line widening 31 Bass Highway/Korumburra- opportunities, better access for pulling roads aren’t wide enough.” Nambrok and Fulham and barriers Wonthaggi Road, traffic lights* off on the side of roads, and the drains – Rick Ingram, B-double driver, 2 $51.5m safety upgrades between 18 Princes Highway East, Sale to 32 Great Alpine Road, Licola to must be cleaned more regularly.” Bairnsdale Sale and Bairnsdale Bairnsdale, centre-line barriers Heyfield, improvements for - Cate Spencer, 3 $50m South Gippsland Highway 19 Maffra-Sale Road, Sale to Maffra, motorcycle riders Omeo community forum “If we can close the distance between upgrade, Koonwarra centre-line widening 33 Omeo Highway, Bogong High tourism attractions in Gippsland, Plains Road to Anglers Rest, 4 $50m on Princes Highway, 20 Princes Highway East, Longwarry “We get 10 million visitors a year getting people from Phillip Island improvements for motorcyclists Bairnsdale to New South Wales to Traralgon, barriers both sides predominantly by car or bus and so Nature Park to Mt Baw Baw and the border Gippsland Lakes, people won’t look at 21 Princes Highway East, Traralgon Bridge strengthening and the road network is absolutely crucial… 5 $10.6m on two overtaking lanes to Sale replacement Something as simple as the signage Gippsland as a one-day destination.” at Thurra and Bellbird on Princes 22 South Gippsland Highway, and identifying key destinations, not - Mary Aldred, CEO of the Highway 34 $8.6m on Tyers Road, Latrobe Leongatha to Meeniyan, centre- River bridge replacement just the next town, would allow visitors Committee for Gippsland 6 $10m on Monaro Highway line barriers that aren’t familiar with the region to 35 Princes Highway East, Little Moe make a more informed journey and 7 $10m on Hyland Highway 23 Bass Highway, Lang Lang to San River, Darnum “The coast road between Cape Remo feel comfortable about where they’re 8 $7m Phillip Island Road, 36 Princes Highway East, Morwell Patterson and Inverloch is a major heading.” roundabout 24 Shared bike path between Morwell River floodplain, Hernes Oak tourist route and cycling route too.... and Traralgon – Terry Robinson, Chief Executive This desperately needs a shoulder $46m road maintenance and repair, 37 Princes Highway East, Loy Yang- Officer Destination Gippsland and/or bike lane.” including: Freight upgrades Morwell Road, Morwell - D.t. poynton - online comment 9 Tyers-Thompson Valley Road 25 Princes Highway East, Lloyd Street Planning underway “I’d love to see overtaking lanes on 10 Korumburra-Wonthaggi Road off-ramp 38 Princes Highway East Maffra-Sale Road! The amount of “What’s most important for Gippsland’s 11 Princes Highway East 26 Princes Highway East/Bank Street, - Traralgon Bypass idiots who can’t drive at the speed roads is connectivity to support traffic signals 12 Stratford-Maffra Road 39 Warragul and Drouin network limit is infuriating!” tourism, which is our economic future. 27 Princes Highway East, roundabout 13 Meeniyan-Promontory Road improvements - Alannah Wallace, Facebook So the network linkages that enable improvement 14 Great Alpine Road 40 Bass Highway - Anderson to that to happen is going to be really 28 Princes Highway East, truck rest Leongatha (corridor planning) critical to connect the Bass Coast area, 15 Bruthen-Nowa Nowa Road area signage 41 Princes Highway east - Sale down through South Gippsland and 16 Hyland Highway, Traralgon 29 Bass Highway/Korumburra- alternative truck route then out into the East.” Wonthaggi Road, intersection signals 42 Princes Highway East network – comment at Morwell forum. improvements (Bairnsdale) 43 South Gippsland Highway, Korumburra *Joint Federal and State funding, in 10 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS conjunction with Bass Coast Shire Council Connecting our communities / 11
What you told us region by region Hume - Goulburn and Ovens Murray 12 11 29 22 3 33 20 28 18 5 27 16 2 31 Benalla, Beechworth, Bright, 23 17 21 19 Corryong, Eildon, Euroa, Seymour, 8 15 1 13 28 24 Shepparton, Mansfield, Wangaratta, 32 28 Wodonga and Yarrawonga. 4 30 14 26 25 “Help people find their way! Get the interface working between VicRoads/ “There have been 13 landslips on Bogong High Plains Road... a lot more “I think the roads here 10 6 Council/Parks.” seepage and subsidence than the are more than just a 9 - Shepparton stakeholder forum Great Ocean Road.” conduit to get you - Alpine Shire Council from A to B... they 7 “Recognise the potential to work with councils after weather events to fix up “Northern Highway, Pyalong is are really part of our Melbourne the roads because we can end up with receiving an ever increasing amount a patchwork quilt.” of traffic, even more so during holiday tourism assets.” - Wodonga stakeholder forum periods. Many drivers are frustrated – Michelle Armstrong, with the lack of ability to pass slow Bright stakeholder forum “There is growing number of people moving vehicles and are endangering with caravans and people movers that themselves and others..... More passing need to be better catered for – we had lanes...” a 20% increase this Easter.” - Mansfield stakeholder meeting - Charleen – online forum What we’re doing now “It’s far quicker to get from Shepparton “I think the roads here are more than to Ballarat by going to Melbourne and just a conduit to get you from A to B. Major upgrades 11 Katamite-Yarrawonga Road, 25 Goulburn Valley Highway, out again. The Midland Highway route The roads here are really part of our 1 $18m Great Alpine Road Yarrawonga Yea to Cathkin from Shepparton to Ballarat is not tourism assets that link you, with most 12 Murray Valley Highway, Kotupna, 26 Goulburn Valley Highway, 2 $10m Shepparton Bypass, good.” people coming up here want planning and pre-construction Ebden and Cobram East Molesworth to Cathkin, centre-line to experience the natural assets and intersection upgrades to the 13 Murchison - Violet Town Road, safety barriers - Ballarat stakeholder meeting that we have...” Ford Road, Wanganui Road and Miepoll 27 Beechworth-Wodonga Road, “It’s really important to look at how Goulburn Valley Highway 14 Mount Buller Road, Mansfield Beechworth to Yackandandah - Michelle Armstrong - 3 $20m Shepparton alternative 15 Wangaratta-Whitfield Road, Moyhu 28 Hume Freeway rest areas, Bentons bikes can be accommodated because if you come up here as a visitor and Wangaratta resident route roundabouts 16 Wangaratta Road, Bowser Hill, Reef Hills and Balmattum you want to cycle outside of town, you and cyclist enthusiast and Wangaratta. Wahgunyah- 29 Shelley-Walwa Road, repair $42m road maintenance and repair also want to come into town and visit Wangaratta Road 30 Mansfield-Whitfield Road, Mansfield Melbourne is Victoria’s capital – not 4 Hume Freeway, Wallan and Euroa the cafes and enjoy all the other wine 17 Tatura-Undera Road, Gillieston to Whitfield, improvements for just inner Melbourne – country people 5 $8m Kiewa Valley Highway motorcyclists and food experiences, but you want to and Undera need access to Melbourne too.” improvements from Wodonga do it on your bike and you want to do to Mt Beauty* plus repairs to 18 Benalla-Tocumwal Road, Katamite Bridge strengthening it safely.” - Bruce Robertson, Wangaratta 19 Benalla-Yarrawonga Road, Benalla Kiewa East Road, Huon and 31 Dookie-Nalinga Road community session Tangambalanga 20 Hume Link Highway, Wodonga - Michelle Armstrong, Bright stakeholder forum 6 Goulburn Valley Highway, Yea 21 Midland Highway, Stewarton and Planning underway 7 Melba Highway, Castella Benalla 32 Northern Highway Upgrade Stage 1 8 Glenrowan-Myrtleford Road, 22 Goulburn Valley Highway, Cobram, 33 A preferred project route for the Whorouly Yarrowe and Shepparton $4 million Rutherglen alternative truck route is now being identified 9 Whittlesea-Yea Road, Kinglake Safety upgrades with construction expected to start West and Flowerdale 23 Midland Highway, Shepparton to in late 2018.* 10 Broadford - Flowerdale Road, Stanhope Strath Creek 24 Hume Freeway, M80 Ring Road to Albury/Wodonga *Joint Federal and State funding 12 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 13
23 What you told us region by region Loddon Mallee 30 Bendigo, Castlemaine, Echuca, Gisborne, Kerang, Kyneton, 14 Maryborough, Mildura, Swan Hill, 4 13 Wedderburn, Wycheproof, Sea Lake, 31 Manangatang and Patchewollock. 22 1 9 30 15 6 19 17 26 5 “Our rail is far from reliable here and we have no air service currently, so “If a pothole of bump occurs on the line of a road where cyclists normally “ As the border to the 24 the road to Melbourne means a lot ride, which is usually within a metre of desert we have a lot 36 37 12 30 7 34 to everybody in town. With driverless of opportunity for 10 the road edge, or in a bike lane, then it 2 33 cars, we’ll need to make sure that our is not safe and it needs to be fixed and 8 roads keep up with the technology so it doesn’t matter whether it fits within tourism and we just 21 16 32 11 we can get to destinations sooner and safer.” your maintenance standards or not.” need to make it easier 25 30 - Matthew, local business - Margaret Douglas, Bike Safe Macedon Ranges for people to travel 29 27 18 30 20 here and enjoy it. So 28 director in Swan Hill 35 “It’d be great to get a ring road around “Our group is especially pleased ... more rest stops with Melbourne there will be a greater emphasis on 3 Bendigo to reduce congestion and get pavement rehabilitation rather than toilets and facilities to trucks out of Bendigo, which would be better and safer all round.” just patching of pot-holes.” make it easy.” - Cr Kevin Erwin, Chair of the - Brendan Maher, from Maher’s Wimmera Southern Mallee Regional – Ken Wakefield - Mildura stakeholder forum What we’re doing now Transport in Bendigo Transport Group Major upgrades 15 Echuca-Mooroopna Road, Wyuna 28 Mt Macedon-Hanging Rock Road, “It’s really important in our community “There’s an issue with the crossroad 1 $280m Echuca-Moama Bridge Mt Macedon Road to Lancefield- 16 Heathcote- Kyneton Road, just to have roads that help lift the in Manangatang and also the Sea Project Woodend Road, improvements for Edgecombe and Redesdale presentation of our many towns, Lake-Robinvale Road. For many motorcyclists 2 $86m Ravenswood Interchange 17 Prairie-Rochester Road, particularly from a tourism point of years we’ve been trying to get some Project 29 Mt Macedon Road, Macedon- Ballendella view, as well as the local amenity. That upgrading done. The road is very Woodend Road to Mt Macedon- 3 $42m Calder Highway, M80 Ring 18 Kilmore-Lancefield Road, Hanging Rock Road, improvements really makes people feel like they’re dangerous, especially with the amount Road to Bendigo Lancemore Hill for motorcyclists thought about and cared for.” of B-double trucks that are now using the road.” 4 $23m Regional Roads upgrade 19 Lancaster-Moroopna Road, 30 Delivery of $6.6m of Australian - Darren Fuzzard, CEO 5 Calder Highway intersection Lancaster Blackspot funding in Greater of Mt Alexander Shire - Greg Plant, Manangatang upgrades, overtaking and centre- Bendigo, Swan Hill, Campaspe, Victorian Farmers’ Federation line widening trial Safety upgrades Mitchell and Macedon Ranges “97% of people come to our region 6 Murray Valley Highway 20 Melbourne-Lancefield Road, by road, so our roads are incredibly “The main issues that we’ve had in our intersection upgrades overtaking lanes, flexible safety Bridge strengthening important for tourism and economic area regard the typical Wimmera Wave, barriers, widening and intersection 31 Murray Valley Highway, Patho 7 Strathfieldsaye Road/Tanner Lane upgrades growth. I hadn’t really thought about the way the road changes with the traffic signals Planning underway safety barriers and flexible white posts moisture and creates a real undulating 21 Pyrenees Highway surface…it makes it hard travelling with 8 Jock Comini truck rest area 32 Kilmore Wallan Bypass - Stage 1 and lots of things that VicRoads have 22 Murray Valley Highway/Warren introduced to improve safety. They trucks and cars along the road - you 9 Northern Hwy, Rochester to Street, roundabout 33 Hume Freeway/Wallan Whittlesea Rd tend to bounce all over the shop. So Echuca, overtaking lanes haven’t communicated very well, so 23 Mildura CBD, pedestrian safety and 34 Station/Saunders Road intersection people don’t necessarily know what it’s a pretty tough fix, but something 10 Lockwood Crossing roundabout roundabout improvements upgrade those rope barriers are for.” for the VicRoads guys to think about.” 11 Seymour-Tooborac roundabout 24 Wimmera Highway, intersection 35 Calder Park Drive, Calder Freeway - Win Scott, Chair of Mallee - Luke Batters, resident of Guroke in 12 Napier Street, Bendigo duplication improvements 36 Marong Road Calder Highway Regional Partnership St Arnaud district works 25 Heathcote-Kyneton Road/Ennis Improvements Road, intersection improvements 37 Barry Street/Main Road intersection $57m road maintenance and repair, including: 26 Sunraysia Highway, intersection upgrade, Bendigo 13 Murray Valley Highway, Echuca improvements and Kerang 27 Lancefield-Woodend Road, 14 Sunraysia Highway, Birchip Lancefield to Woodend, improvements for motorcyclists 14 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 15
Rebuilding country roads The lives and livelihoods of people in country Victoria have changed considerably since the rural road network was first laid down 70 years ago. We’re travelling longer distances to Shipping containers of Victorian hay A major rebuild of the regional work in a growing services economy, are now feeding Japan’s cows to road network is underway. where regional tourism employs nearly quadruple milk production, while the The important groundwork to rebuild Some of the consistent as many people as agriculture almond produce from Mildura is eaten – one in six. in one festive day of the year in India. the country transport network for feedback we’ve heard is Vegetables are now being grown under a new era of regional prosperity around four key themes: The numbers of people prepared to is underway. glasshouses in Gippsland and the commute long distances to enjoy the Loddon Mallee that are 40 hectares The condition and maintenance of lifestyle benefits of regional Victoria in size. country roads was raised by many is growing by the day, with the 2016 people throughout our engagement. census showing a record 76,210 The increase in visitation to regional Road safety Participants shared a need for VicRoads Melburnians moved to regional Victoria Victoria is also impressive. Seeing in the last five years, making it one of tourists at Lake Tyrell taking pre- to “go beyond the reactive approach How do we save lives and the nation’s fastest growing regions. wedding Instagram shots, and and ‘band-aid’ solutions, such as reduce trauma? patching or reducing speeds, to fix and recreational vehicles parked outside the The lure of rural lifestyles and more maintain the country roads’’. The quality world’s tallest canvasses on the Silo Art affordable housing in towns with good of road repairs was also raised and Trail helped us appreciate the potential road and rail links to Melbourne is needs to be addressed. to support the growing international Freight seeing significant population growth in major regional towns in an arc around and domestic tourism market. The Victorian Budget 2017/18 How can we make the network Melbourne. Ballarat, Bendigo, Latrobe This is all taking place on top of an allocates $556 million to double road fit for purpose? maintenance investment, upgrade Valley and Wodonga are all planning aging road base and at a pace that will more bridges and construct new for future populations of 200,000 or see the population outside Melbourne bypasses. more and Geelong is already there. double to two million people within The changing face of farming and 20 years. There is also $49 million for upgrades Enhancing regional Victoria to 23 major country roads including as a tourist destination, and the scale of agriculture is staggering. Significant investment is underway the Calder, Bass, Sunraysia and Princes Trucks have grown in size and number, to support regional growth including Highways, and $40 million for upgrades a great place to live and work carrying goods for international major highway duplications, the Murray and do business. to 17 bridges. markets on roads that were never Basin Rail project and passenger rail designed to carry them – like the Port investments and safety treatments that More than 850 kilometres of of Portland, which now has thousands will make it almost impossible to run deteriorating roads in regional Victoria of B-doubles a day carrying exports to off the road or hit another car head on will benefit from a $260 million the busiest timber port in the world. across all major interstate highways. But maintenance boost for repair and Road maintenance more can and will be done. resurfacing this year alone. How do we best invest in the Significant future investment is also 19,000 kilometres of country planned with $25 million to develop arterials to make the whole business cases for regional and rural network be better, safer and projects. more productive? However, it’s not only more investment that’s needed. We need to better respond to what is happening in regional communities and industries and align our efforts. 16 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 17
Road Safety How do we save lives and reduce trauma? Towards Zero involves the biggest effort ever to make country roads safer and close the gap between the number of people being killed on country roads compared with city roads. The deaths and trauma happening on There were also calls for more sealing What we are doing now What we will do next Lower the risk to riders with country roads is unacceptable. People of shoulders for safety, especially for The Victorian Government’s road safety We’re about to trial an innovative a $2 million enhanced maintenance in country Victoria are four times more cyclists and separation from trucks. A strategy, Towards Zero, involves the approach from New Zealand that has program to identify and fix small likely to die or be seriously injured on lot of people questioned why we’re biggest effort ever to close the gap dramatically reduced fatal collisions potholes and bumps that could be country roads than on metropolitan investing in road safety barriers – and between the number of people dying at merges between high speed rural a hazard and remove loose material roads. we need to do a much better job of on country roads compared with city highways and low volume country on bends at some 200 recognised explaining how these treatments work roads. More than $800 million is being roads. Electronic speed zones that motorcycle touring routes Some of the consistent feedback to save lives. invested in making regional roads more trigger slower speeds for merging traffic Support communities who want we’ve heard is the need for more safe overtaking opportunities on highways. Because they really do. In Seymour, forgiving, including extensive safety will be trialled and evaluated at three to develop their own road safety one of the first areas along the Hume barriers and rumble strips that have locations in north-eastern Victoria. initiatives starting in Omeo, Pedestrian and cycling safety was been shown to save lives. Stratford, Mildura, Shepparton and raised in many places, with the north- Highway to have safety barriers We’re also going to make it much more tourist destinations where there east and Loddon Campaspe regions installed, State Emergency Service From every major regional road into obvious to everyone on the roads how are high numbers of international having significant concerns with cyclists workers have already seen road Melbourne, 1,700 kilometres of wire- safe they are through the introduction drivers mixing with traffic on fast moving single accident callouts more than halved rope safety barriers are being installed of a star-based safety assessment. A lane highways. from 45-50 a year to 20. “The same Support local behaviour change to make it almost impossible to have Star Rating System will be developed to amount of accidents are still occurring campaigns to make people more Some communities have unique a head-on crash or to run off the road demonstrate the safety benefits of new but due to the barriers they’re not as aware of the potential dangers on challenges in reducing the road and hit a tree. The most dangerous treatments and encourage driving to severe and people are more likely to their local roads trauma. Mildura and Shepparton have duplicated highways will have safety local conditions. walk away from a crash these days,” barriers on the left and right hand sides, Reduce rough roads as part of high numbers of overseas workers We will also : explained Seymour SES unit controller while single lane highways will have a major uplift in regional road who have limited experience of our Tackle the most dangerous maintenance Christine Walsh to the Seymour more safe overtaking opportunities, road conditions, while communities intersections right across Victoria Telegraph. centre-line barriers and other safety Construct a new truck stop and rest along the Great Ocean Road and from removing sharp bends, to other international tourist destinations treatments such as wide centre-lines. area in Moe to tackle fatigue-related installing raised platforms to prevent want much greater effort to educate crashes on the Princes Highway. A lot of work is underway to make the speeding through traffic lights international drivers on keeping to the roads more forgiving for motorcyclists Make intersections safer for cyclists left side of the road. along 11 high risk regional routes with and pedestrians including new new rub-rail protective barriers, sealing shared paths in Geelong, Geelong of bell-mouths (where gravel roads West, Warrnambool, Mildura, connect with the main road) and better Ballarat, Morwell and Traralgon, and surfaces on approaches to corners. installing a new pedestrian crossing and the first traffic lights By more than doubling road in Wonthaggi maintenance across regional Victoria this year, many sections of rough road will be rebuilt, including the Tyers- Thomson Valley Road in Gippsland, the Murray Valley Highway in Kotupna and sections of the Sunraysia, Glenelg and Wimmera highways. 18 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 19
Seeing is believing More bike with safety friendly towns barriers “Road-cycling is an increasingly popular activity, but with that comes some of the safety issues and it’s absolutely paramount to keep the roads well maintained. It’s a tourism product as well as an economic product and a transport product.” Truck driver Brian “I’d always smile to myself and wonder why VicRoads didn’t spend “The steel rope got caught on the bumper and did a fair bit of damage The growth in cycling That’s exactly what’s happening with major bike and pedestrian stones from the side of roads along popular routes, like Black Forest Drive Somers has never the money on something else as to the truck but if it hadn’t been is everywhere: from path upgrades in regional cities. in Macedon and the Cape Paterson to had a high opinion of there was no way one of those would stop a big truck like mine,” Brian said. there, I would have headed straight into oncoming traffic. And if I hadn’t the “local lycra” in $15.5 million has been dedicated to improve the cycling and pedestrian Inverloch tourist drive, were raised. wirerope safety barriers hit someone head on, it would have Halls Gap, the major connections in the CBDs of Geelong, Michelle Armstrong, a passionate But he has changed his view, as cyclist who moved from Sydney to being installed on the have his colleagues at Tanner Ridge gone straight through a fence and into cycling tourism Warrnambool and Ballarat. A 11 Wangaratta for the mountains and houses on the other side of the road. kilometre bike path is now under sides and centre of Transport. around in the north- construction to connect Latrobe lifestyle opportunities in the north-east highways. Late one afternoon in May, travelling “I hate to think what east and families Valley’s two largest cities, Morwell explained at our Bright session that roads were much more than a conduit along the South Gippsland Highway towards Grantville in his empty could have happened. wanting to ride and Traralgon with an 11 kilometre shared path. to get from A to B. “The roads here Kenworth semi, Brian’s front right The barrier definitely safely around and VicRoads’ maintenance crews will be really are part of our tourism assets,” she said. steer tyre blew. The 15-tonne truck slammed into the wire rope safety saved lives that day.” between towns. much more mindful of the impacts As well as attracting serious mountain of road conditions for cyclists barrier in the centre of the road and While historically the road network riders, Michelle said many people and motorbike riders, sweeping slid along for 100 metres. wasn’t designed for cyclists and trucks wanted to be able to ride in to towns approaches to curves to make roads to share narrow sealed roads, many and visit cafes and experience the When the truck finally stopped, Brian, more bike-friendly. A $2.2 million people raised the need to plan ahead region’s food and wine. “You want to who has been driving trucks for 20 enhanced maintenance package for shared paths and safer shoulders in do it on your bike and you want to years, couldn’t believe it. The barrier funded from the Motorcycle Levy will future road upgrades. do it safely, so it’s important that the had worked. make the most popular motorcycle towns have those reassurances to routes safer. The need to sweep people - that yes, we’re bike friendly. 20 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 21
Reducing collisions at high speed intersections In the first trial of its kind in Victoria, three high-speed intersections in north-east Victoria will have electronic speed signs installed. For every 100 km stretch of high Under the pilot, speeds will be speed, high volume road in Victoria, electronically lowered on the Murray 17 people are killed or seriously Valley and Goulburn Valley Highways injured every year. One of the danger in Wahring, Barnawartha and Yalca points is where high speed rural when activated by a vehicle 300 highways intersect with narrow metres away on the low volume and low volume roads that are side roads. The speed limit on the also high speed. main highway will drop to 80km/h in 110km/h zones, and to 70km/h In the first trial of its kind in Victoria, in a 100km/h zone. three high-speed intersections in north-east Victoria will have The trial will be monitored and electronic speed signs installed to evaluated after three months with raise awareness of approaching traffic the intention of introducing to on side-roads. other locations if successful. By triggering a slower speed on the highway only when an oncoming vehicle from the side road is approaching, safer merges should reduce the risk of fatal collisions. A long-term study of the New Zealand system showed an 89% reduction in fatal and serious injuries – a result we aim to replicate here. 22 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 23
Freight access Regional freight route upgrades How can we make the network fit for purpose? Regional freight route upgrades 1 Bass Highway/Korumburra-Wonthaggi Rd intersection signals 9 Gisborne Rd/Western Freeway intersection upgrade 2 Shelley-Walwa Rd pavement sealing 10 Princes Highway East/Bank St traffic signals 3 Western Freeway/Ballarat-Maryborough Rd intersection upgrade 11 Barwon Heads roundabout Victoria is growing faster than any 4 12 other state and it’s not confined to Hume Freeway rest areas - Bentons Hill, Reef Hills and Balmattum Fyansford-Gheringhap Rd shoulder and barrier the boundaries of Melbourne. 5 Princes Highway East - LLoyd St off-ramp 13 Lower Duneed Rd shoulder, drainage and barrier 6 Princes Highway East truck rest area signage 14 Cape Otway shoulder and barrier 7 Princes Highway East roundabout improvement 15 Wimmera Highway intersection improvements Victoria’s road network was never The challenge of maintaining the A Grain Harvest Management Scheme 8 Calder Highway wide centreline trial 16 Heathcote-Kyneton Rd/Ennis Rd intersection improvements designed for the uses it performs condition of the aging country road is being trialled in Victoria in time for today. Most of Victoria’s rural road network has grown over the last 20 this year’s harvest, after farmers and 17 Sunraysia Highway intersection improvements network was built more than 70 years years, with increases in the volume of grain operators raised the difficulty ago – beyond the average lifespan of traffic and the size of vehicles using of accurately weighing grain loads a road – out of low-cost local roads, changing land use and growing during last year bumper harvest. materials that is prone to wear from communities. A five percent loading concession unplanned truck use. will be allowed this harvest to boost Mildura One B-double truck has the same productivity for an important part Building a more resilient and reliable impacts on a road surface as 10,000 of the economy. country road network is fundamental cars, so freight routes need to be to Victoria’s future growth and strong enough to support the heavy- The Australian and Victorian prosperity. Whether it’s getting in to a lifting of the state’s productivity. Governments are investing in projects 8 critical port, terminal or road, there are to connect the Port of Melbourne to Before 1980, the largest vehicle on our a lot of first and last mile challenges major freight hubs and businesses. roads were single semi-trailers which in freight transport logistics that we Rail’s ability to shift larger volumes of could carry up to 40 tonnes. Today the Swan Hill learnt firsthand. freight than trucks is being strongly most common truck on our roads is supported with an $8.4 billion We spent time at the Dooen the B-double which has the capacity investment in the Inland Rail project Intermodal Terminal, GrainCorp’s to legally carry 68.5. The introduction connecting Brisbane and Melbourne. facilities in Warracknabeal, the Logic of heavier trucks has been the single Centre in Wodonga, and toured the greatest development to the freight What we will do next Echuca Wodonga 2 Port of Portland which is the world’s industry and helps drive our healthy Work closely with Transport for Shepparton Wangaratta busiest forestry exporter. We also met economy, but it has also accelerated Victoria on the development with freight operators and drivers the deterioration of our roads. of a regional freight strategy 17 4 in every region, including at the and a regional roads strategy to 15 With freight volumes forecast to grow Horsham Bendigo East Gippsland Livestock Exchange, investigate alternative freight routes at a rate of 1.5% a year, Victoria is Shepparton, Korumburra, Ballarat and and inter-modal opportunities looking for new and more efficient 16 Bendigo. Change the way we assess road ways to move goods to market, A common theme we heard is the through projects like the Murray Basin projects by including the wider changing use of narrow roads, and the Rail Project and bridge strengthening economic value of roads when 3 Ballarat challenges of freight trucks, oversized throughout the state. planning road upgrades 9 Hamilton farming machinery, tourists and Introduce a rest area system so Melbourne Bairnsdale cyclists all sharing the same roads. What we are doing now long-haul freight drivers can plan 6 The Victorian Budget 2017/18 includes their rest stops ahead 12Geelong The need for alternative routes and 5 7 Sale a significant upgrade to key freight 11 10 Traralgon bypasses for freight was raised in Assess the capacity limits on every routes on roads and bridges including 14 13 many places, including Traralgon, highway from Melbourne to our Portland upgrades around the Port of Portland Warrnambool Mildura, Bendigo and Shepparton. state borders to prioritise upgrades 1 and the Henty Highway in the Green People understand the importance in partnership with industry. Triangle, $10.2 million to plan and of good freight connections, but also undertake preconstruction works want to improve the liveability and for the first stage of the Shepparton attractiveness of their towns. Bypass and $41 million for bridge strengthening projects. 24 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 25
Enhancing regional Victoria We want to be the number one state to live, work and visit. Victoria is growing faster than any Another takeaway was the optimism The Victorian Budget 2017/18 includes other state and it’s not confined to around tourism and innovation. Instead significant tourism investments across the boundaries of Melbourne. The of looking at roads or bridges in the state including the development population outside Melbourne is set isolation, we are better understanding of a destination management plan to double to two million people in the regional priorities to unlock jobs and for Gippsland, delivery of the next next 20 years. Victoria’s regional labour local solutions. The opportunities to stage Riverfront Development in market is one of the strongest in the better connect all parts of Gippsland Swan Hill, cycling infrastructure in nation with regional employment to the self-driving tourism market the Ovens Murray region and tourism growing by 2.1% in 2016. from Sydney to Melbourne was one infrastructure upgrades along the important example. Great South Coast. Greater Geelong, Ballarat and Greater Bendigo between them are expected Roads clearly underpin the tourism What we will do next to account for half of Victoria’s economy, with the Great Ocean Road Work closely with Transport for regional growth to 2031. Smaller Victoria’s number one tourist attraction Victoria on improvements to the towns like Drouin and Wallan are drawing seven million visitors a year. country road network, including also growing, with the opening of Phillip Island, the Great Alpine Road, better inter-regional links. new housing allotments having a big central Victoria and the Grampians Partner with Visit Victoria to impact on townships designed more are among other significant iconic develop tourism drives to attract than a century ago for much smaller tourist routes with growing numbers international and domestic tourists populations. of international and domestic tourists. to stay longer in our regions Regions along some of the nation’s Every area of the state is going as Map every region for its movement busiest corridors, like Wodonga and hard as it can on attracting tourists and place value, to better protect Shepparton, are also experiencing – local and international, so basic the heritage, environment and significant growth that need issues about road signage and safety is attractiveness of our regions, both the support of good transport fundamental. Whether it’s not enough as places to visit and live. connections. signage for international drivers, or too Roll-out multilingual road signs many confusing signs, we’ll be taking on key routes for international One of the clear purposes of seeking a good look at signage right across tourists including the Great Ocean community feedback has been to the state. Road and Phillip Island as part of a understand the role roads can play in growing our regions. How can we We saw the enormous growth in statewide review of road signage. make road investments really clever in tourism from the cycling economy Reduce bottlenecks in towns during this space? in the north-east to the walking popular holiday periods and tourism trails being developed through the events by changing green light Instead of planning around a simple flows on key tourist routes. Grampians. Our conversations with hierarchy of roads based on traffic regional tourism authorities and Visit Partner with the inaugural High volumes, we are digging much Victoria have uncovered so much Country Women’s Cycling Festival deeper to understand the economic, potential to work together to support to promote more women to environmental and social benefits of a growing tourism sector, which is on enjoy the wonderland of downhill transport investments. track to eclipse agriculture as a major runs, cross country tracks and The need to improve links between employer. picturesque trails regional cities that are growing above Explore how we can better use state average was a common theme: What we are doing now technology to reach people who “We need to be developing roads for We’ve been speaking with regional rely on GPS and smartphones regional centres rather than having all tourism bodies and operators and for traffic information and way- roads lead to Melbourne,” is what we Regional Partnerships to better finding. heard. understand the visitation economy. 26 / VICROADS COUNTRY ROADS Connecting our communities / 27
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