Comparative Perspective to the Chemical Composition of imported Rice: Association of Cooking Method
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Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal Vol. 8(1), 149-155 (2015)
Comparative Perspective to the Chemical Composition of
imported Rice: Association of Cooking Method
RANNA JAFARI -MOGHADAM1, PARISA ZIARATI*1,
MOHAMMADHOSSEIN SALEHI-SORMAGHI2 and MAHNAZ QOMI1
1
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran-Iran(IAUPS).
2
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Corresponding author E-mail: ziarati.p@iaups.ac.ir
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/593
(Received: March 25, 2015; accepted: June 20, 2015)
ABSTRACT
It has been reported that as much as 75% of the daily calorie intake of the people in some
Asian countries is derived from rice Lead, cadmium and arsenic are from the prevalent toxic
elements in food and environment that have a long half-life after the absorption in humans and
animals can make unsought and unpleasant effects such as damage to internal organs, the
nervous system, kidneys, liver and lungs. The present study investigated Heavy metal content in,
imported rice on sale in Tehran (the most populous city of Iran) market, and assesses daily
arsenic and cadmium intake from rice. To assess the levels of Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Nickel,
Cadmium and Lead in imported raw rice 600 samples purchased randomly from 5 popular brands
of recognized rice market in 2014. The samples were analyzed by wet digestion method and
standardized international protocols were followed for the preparation of material and analysis of
heavy metals contents and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer in Research
Laboratory in Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was employed to detect significances among samples from different brands. Results
were determined as mean ± SD of dry weight from three replicates in each test. The mean content
of Nickel, Lead and Cadmium in 48.6%, 27.5% and 42.3% samples from Indian imported brands
were over respectively, while Zinc, Manganese and Iron contents were below the maximum
permitted levels for rice. ANOVA analysis showed that there was a significant difference in
Cadmium and Nickel contents in different brands of rice samples (p150 MOGHADAM et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 8(1), 149-155 (2015)
potential bioaccumulation7. In agricultural crops the Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Manganese, Iron and Cadmium
main sources of heavy metal contamination are as heavy metals and essential mineral elements in
irrigation with contaminated water, metal based 600 samples of mostly consumed imported rice
pesticides, industrial emissions, fertilizers and samples in Iran in three consequent months in 2015
transportation, harvesting process, storage, and/ and all samples collected at the same time. For
or sale of crops8, 9, 10. As rice is one of the major heavy metal analyses the explained method has
agricultural products on the national and been followed in 5 stages for : raw rice, rinsing ( 4
international market11, during last decades many times washing) rice, soaking in NaCl solution (2%)
researchers have reported heavy metal for 2 hours , Boiling and the draining rice, cooked
concentrations, especially for Pb,Cd, Cr and the rice. The rinsing samples prepared by washing 4
other elements in rice grains from various countries times and in each step proportion of water and rice
such as Iran, India, China, South and North Korea, was 4:1 and for preparing of cooking rice bring the
Taiwan and Turkey7, 13, 14, 15,16,17. Daily consumption water to boil and then add 10 gram of oven-dried
of rice in Asia countries ranges between 158-178 samples when the water has come to boil( rice is
g/ person-day7, 18, 19 Iranian people eat an average cooked in lots of water just like pasta) for 10 minutes
of 40 kg of rice every year20 .Although Iran is then drain it in a colander and wash it by cold
eleventh producer of rice at the world with an annual water just one time ( traditional method for preparing
production 2600000 tons in 2010, during the last rice in Iran) 7, 22 and for preparing draining rice
years the demand for rice has considerably been samples put the oven-dried samples into boiling
increased in comparison with its production, as a water and then heating the plate for 10 minutes till
result, currently Iran is known as one of the large- the steam escape . All draining and cooking rice
scale importer of rice countries 21. samples have rinsed 4 times then followed by the
procedure.
In this study rice was observed for its
special individual consumption as a staple food in Zinc, Manganese, Nickel , Lead and cadmium
Iran18 and probable hazards of its heavy metal Determination
contents on population health. Rice variety, All glassware and plastic containers used
treatment of rice and diversity of cooking may affect were washed with liquid soap, rinsed with water,
elemental content and intake of heavy metals2, 7, digested in 10% v/v of nitric acid for at least 20 hrs,
11,12
. This research builds upon: cleaned thoroughly with distilled water and dried
in such a manner to ensure that any contamination
• Determination and comparing heavy metals does not occur. For heavy metal analyses 50 gram
(Lead, Cadmium and Nickel) contents in 5 of each sample was weighed and oven-dried at
popular imported brand in raw rice samples. 600c to a constant weight.
• Investigation the Effect of Cooking and
heating processes in studied rice samples Each oven-dried sample was ground in a
on their mineral and heavy metal contents mortar and passed through a 0.25 mm pore size 60
(Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd and Ni). mesh sieve. A digestion mixture comprising of
• Apply the best cooking methods in order to concentrated HNO3 (69% Merck and hydrochloric
avoid the side effects of heavy metals in acid 37% Merck in the ratio of 3:1 v/v was used for
edible an consumed rice. wet digestion of the samples. Ten grams of
• Assess the associated health risk posed to powdered and oven-dried sample was weighed
the population through exposure to heavy precisely on electronic balance (Shimadzu
metals (Nickel, Cadmium and Lead) in LIBROR AEX 200G). The samples were put in a
imported rice. 100 ml digestion flask and 20 ml of digestion
mixture was added to it and heated on a hot plate
Preparing method in the fuming chamber. Blanks (10% v/v of nitric
A descriptive – analytical and cross- acid) and samples were also processed and
sectional study was conducted for determination of analyzed simultaneously. This method has beenMOGHADAM et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 8(1), 149-155 (2015) 151
followed in 5 stages for raw rice (untreated samples, student t-test. The changes were calculated by one
rinsing rice, soaking in NaCl 2% for 2 hours, boiling- way ANOVA and for analysis of the role of multiple
draining and cooked rice. factors univariate analysis was used by SPSS
17.Probability values of152 MOGHADAM et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 8(1), 149-155 (2015)
proposed a maximum level of 0.2 mg/kg Cadmium highest level of Ni occurred in cooked rice (
in rice but the community warned that “ people who traditional method of cooking rice in Iran) in Baba-
eat a lot of rice from regions containing the higher noor brand, while the least Nickel content observed
levels of cadmium could be significantly exposed”27. in soaking Victoria rice . The mean content of nickel
Iran Standard (No. 12968) has established the in soaking state of studied samples was 0.55 mg/
maximum limit of Cd in rice about 0.06mg/kg and kg but in raw samples was the maximum level , 078
on the whole Institute of Standard and Industrial mg/kg. Rinsing and soaking by salt decrease nickel
Re-search of Iran set limit of 0.15 mg/ kg as the content significantly (p de 0.03).
maximum level for lead and arsenic and 0.06 mg/
kg for cadmium in rice26. There were no permitted Nickel has been considered to be an
values available for the other heavy metals such essential trace element for human and animal
as Nickel to be compared with those of the rice health. In living systems, it is associated with DNA
sample contents. The permissible limit of Nickel in and RNA molecules and also a regulatory element
plants recommended by WHO is 10mg/kg28. The for the various enzyme systems29 Drinking water
Fig. 1: The mean of Zinc, Iron and Manganese contents in
different states of studied Imported rice samples ( mg/kg DW)
Fig. 2: The mean Lead, Cadmium and Nickel contents in different states of
studied Imported rice samples ( mg/kg DW)MOGHADAM et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 8(1), 149-155 (2015) 153
and food are the main sources of exposure for differences were significant ( p dd 0.05). Regardless
the general population with the average American of samples’ origin and brands the Mn, Fe and Zn
diet containing about 300 ìg Ni/d 0 concentrations in different kinds of cooking rice
were less than the standard levels.
The most common ailment arising from Ni
is an allergic dermatitis known as Nickel itch, which Risk Assessment
usually occurs when skin is moist; furthermore Ni The daily intake of heavy metals through
has been identified as a suspected carcinogen and the consumption of the rice tested should be
adversely affects lungs and nasal cavities. Although calculated according to the given equation:
Ni is required in minute quantity for body as it is
mostly present in the pancreas and hence, plays Daily intake of heavy metals (µg/day) =
an important role in the production of insulin. EPA [Daily rice consumption × rice heavy metal
has recommended daily intake of Ni should be less concentration]
than1mg beyond which is toxic31-33.
The EDI values were compared with PTWI
The results in this study revealed that the published by JECFA guidelines (34).For this
27.5% mean of raw, rinsing, soaking, boiling - comparison, EDI was multiplied by 7, the respective
drained and cooked rice and polished rice EWI (Estimated Weekly Intake) values in three
samples had lead content above maximum level treatments of rice have been calculated (Iranian
0.15 mg/kg and only in Victoria samples ( in rinsing daily rice dietary is 110g per capita (26).
and soaking states ) the lead contents were lower
than that. The values obtained for lead in cooked The weekly intake of Cd, Pb and Ni only
rice are slightly lower than the values obtained by through rice in the treatments of raw, boiling- drained
boiled – drained in all brands. The majority of and cooked (Pilaw were less than the PTWI values
samples from the 2 most famous brands had recommended by WHO/FAO, but intakes of these
detectable levels of lead much more above the heavy metals will increase with consumption of
permissible limit while the other ones especially other foods such as vegetables, dairy products,
Victoria brand had lower than it. meat, etc along a week. In this study cooking rice
has reduced its rate of EWI in comparison by raw
The mean concentrations of cadmium in rice . For example the weekly intake of Cd from the
all states were over than maximum level which is raw rice was 91.02% of PTWI, this percent
recommended by FAO/WHO Expert Committee on decreased to 54.23 and 51.06 % of PTWI with
Food Additives and national standard , but in consumption of drained rice and cooked
Victoria and Khatereh brand in rinsing, soaking , respectively.
drained and cooked states the cadmium contents
were below the maximum level of 0.06 mg/kg. CONCLUSION
The Pb, Cd and Ni in Baba-Noor brand By the results of this research, we can say
samples were much higher than limits of these that the type of rice cooking affects heavy metals
heavy metals set by FAO/WHO and Iranian reduction especially Cd and Ni and more heavy
standards.On the Whole ANOVA analysis showed metals such as chrome and arsenic should be
that there was a significant difference in Cadmium followed by more brands and samples, because
and Nickel contents in different brands of rice in most samples of the drained and cooked rice,
samples (p154 MOGHADAM et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 8(1), 149-155 (2015) analysis showed that there was a significant indicated that Zn concentration would be lower in difference in Cadmium and Nickel contents in grain with higher Ni concentration. different brands of rice samples (p
MOGHADAM et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 8(1), 149-155 (2015) 155
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