Effect of Light and Music on Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) - Aquatic Commons
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Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 10(4)641-653 2011
Effect of Light and Music on Growth Performance and Survival
Rate of Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Imanpoor M. R.; Enayat Gholampour T*; Zolfaghari M.
Received: October 2010 Accepted: April 2011
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Abstract
Environmental enrichment is one of the methods for improving fish growth performance. In
the present trial, the effects of both light color and music on growth performance and
survival of goldfish (Carassius auratus) (initial mean weight: 4.15±0.08 g) were investigated
for 2 months. Two light color treatments (red light and white light) and three music
treatments (M0: without music, M30:30 minutes music and M60:60 minutes music) were
considered. At the end of the rearing stage, growth performance including weight gain (WG),
specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth rate (DGR) and food conversion rate (FCR) and
also survival rate (SR) were surveyed. Results indicated that the effect of music and
interaction effect of light by music were not significant (P>0.05) on growth performance
parameters, whereas light significantly (P
642 Imanpoor et al., Effect of Light and Music on Growth Performance and Survival ….
Introduction
Hearing in fishes has been studied in surprising that fishes and marine mammals
numerous ways since the early 20th make considerable use of sound for
century. Fish live in an environment that is communication, for detection of both
a specifically good conductor of sound, predators and prey as well as for learning
and the myriad extant species counting about their environment (Fay and Popper,
25,000 in the class Actinopterygii (bony 2000). Several research studies have been
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fishes) (Nelson, 1984) have evolved published on noise-induced stress
diverse mechanisms for acoustic stimuli responses, sound perception and auditory
transmittance. Also, under intensive sensitivities in goldfish (Smith et al.,
culture, fish are often subjected to stressful 2004b; Fay, 1995; Friedrich and Wysocki,
situations that negatively affect growth 2009).
(Rowland et al., 2006), reproduction There seems to be a synergistic
(Campbell et al., 1994) and immune effect between food availability and light
response (Vazzana et al., 2002). that improves the trophic activity of larvae
Rearing conditions in aquaculture (Boeuf and Le Bail, 1999; Cited in: Pedro
tanks can produce more sound levels Canavate et al., 2006), also this factor
within the frequency range of fish hearing plays an important role in the growth and
ability that is 20–50 dB higher than the survival of larval fish (Batty, 1987 Cited
limit; encountering in their natural habitats in: Puvanendran and Brown, 2002). Light
(Bart et al., 2001; Cited in: Smith, 2004). regimes that permit rapid initiation of
Water is an essential requirement for fish successful feeding should facilitate
farming, so any proper-prepared plan for survival of larvae through early
aquaculture must describe the quality and developmental bottlenecks, e.g. the switch
quantity of water available for this purpose from endogenous to exogenous food
(Summerfelt, 2000; Cited in: Moogouei et sources. Light intensity was also reported
al., 2010). to affect swimming activity and feeding
Many researchers in Iran (Akbary (Almaza´n-Rueda et al., 2004),
et al., 2010; Bo Zhang, 2010; Moogouei et cannibalism (Kestemont et al., 2003), skin
al., 2010) have studied the effects of color (Rotllant et al., 2003), physiological
environmental changes on growth, survival hormones (Boeuf and Le Bail, 1989),
and spatial distribution in many species. metabolism (Appelbaum and Kamler,
Sound is an important means of 2000) and initiation of ecdysis (Waddy
communication in aquatic environments and Aiken, 1991).
because it can be distributed rapidly (five Generally, the whole concept falls in the
times faster than in air) over great section of ‘‘environmental enrichment’’
distances and it is not attenuated as quickly that has been defined as an improvement
as other signals such as light or chemicals in the biological functioning of captive
(Hawkins and Myrberg, 1983; Cited in: animals resulting from modifications to
Smith et al., 2004b). Thus, it is not their environment (Newberry, 1995). Fish
Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10(4), 2011 643
auditory sense is based on detection of the experiment was carried out under two
sound pressure and involves the combined different light conditions (red and white
function of otolith organs, lateral line and lights) since it still remains unclear
swim bladder (Fay and Popper, 2000; whether or not rearing in different light is
Popper et al., 2003). Fish are able to stressful for goldfish.
detect, respond to and even produce a wide Materials and methods
range of sounds and more importantly to Fish acclimation and rearing conditions
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discriminate between sounds of different The Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were
frequencies and magnitudes, to determine provided by a commercial supplier in
the direction of a sound source (sound Gorgan. This trial was carried out in the
source localization) and to detect a rearing room of Natural Resource and
biologically relevant sound in the presence Agricultural of Gorgan, Iran. The goldfish
of other signals (Popper et al., 2003 Cited were placed in holding tanks (Volume:
in: Popoutsoglou et al., 2007). 100 L, temperature: 26.1±0.4°C, pH: 7.8 ±
We chose goldfish as a model 0.1, salinity: 0.1 g/l and dissolved oxygen:
hearing specialist because of their known 7.6 ± 0.03 mg/l) and acclimated for 2
hearing sensitivity and the available weeks prior to the experiment, showing a
literature database about hearing in this normal feeding pattern during this period.
species (Fay, 1998, Cited in: Popoutsoglou To begin this experiment, goldfish (n=540)
et al., 2007). Goldfish are otophysan were captured from a holding tank and
fishes, which possess weberian ossicles both mean weight (4.15±0.05 g) and mean
(modified cervical vertebrae that abut the length (9.5±0.2 cm) were measured. Then
ear (Smith et al., 2004b). These bones fish samples were placed in 18 tanks
acoustically couple movement of the swim (Volume: 70 lit water capacity, height
bladder imposed by impinging sound 70×width 30×length 40Cm) (30
pressure waves to the inner ear, leading to goldfish/tank) with two treatments of light
enhanced hearing sensitivity that includes (red light and white light) and three
a broadened frequency range of hearing treatments of music ((M0: without music,
and lower auditory thresholds when M30:30 minutes music and M60:60 minutes
compared with fishes without such music). The treatments were replicated
specializations. Furthermore, goldfish are three times in separate aquariums.
known to perceive acoustic dimensions Continuous aeration was provided to
equivalent to what humans perceive as maintain dissolved oxygen near saturation
pitch and timbre (Fay, 1995, Cited in: level. A 200W immersion heater was
Chase, 2001). The main objective of the installed in each aquarium to control water
present investigation was to evaluate temperature. The whole sample was
music and light color effects on goldfish divided into six groups (one control and
(Carassius auratus) growth performance five experimental groups); each consisting
and survival rate. In addition, in order to of 3 aquariums. The treatment for control
investigate the possibility of using musical group consisted of white light and no
auditory stimuli in aquaculture facilities, music which is the usual condition of fish
644 Imanpoor et al., Effect of Light and Music on Growth Performance and Survival ….
in the natural environment. The (lnWf−lnWi) ×100/Δt; where Δt is the
experimental group consisted of five sub- time interval (in days) between Wi and Wf
groups: (1) white color and 30 min music, measurements (Watanabe et al., 1993).
(2) white color with 60 min music, (3) red The food conversion ratio (FCR) was
color with no music, (4) red color with 30 assessed as food consumption/weight gain
min music and (5) red color with 60 min (Luz et al., 2008).
music. The fish were reared under Fish mortality was checked every
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experimental treatments for 60 days.Initial day. No mortality occurred during the
mean weights did not differ significantly experimental period.
(P>0.05) among treatments. No food was Light
offered from 24 hr before the first To provide recommended light conditions,
biometric. wooden boxes with black covers were
Water physiological characteristics used. In order to provide red and white
were monitored twice daily (before the light colors, red and white mercury lamps
first meal and 30 min after the last meal) (40 W) were used. One lamp was applied
and water quality was maintained as on top of each aquarium and the height of
followed: temperature, 26.4±0.7°C; pH, each lamp was adjusted in a way so that
7.7 ± 0.1; salinity, 0.1 g/l and dissolved the intensity of light would be 300 LX on
oxygen 7.5 ± 0.05 mg/l. the surface of water. The intensity of light
The goldfish were adequately fed, was measured by luxmeter (Model: Lutron
by hand, a commercial pelleted diet Lx-101, Tiwan).
(Biomar, made in France) twice daily at The time for each group (red light
8:00 am and 4:00 pm when there was no and white light) was set as 12L: 12D (from
music (4% of body weight). 7 am to 7 pm) which was controlled by a
The fish were individually weighed timer. The equipments for light
every two weeks (days 1, 15, 30, 45 and transmission were tested daily.
60) throughout the experimental period. Music
Fish were anesthetized at weighing to In this research, the design and
decrease the stress caused by handling, construction of equipments required for
without any subsequent effect on food playing music and transmitting sound
intake. The body weight gain (WG, g) was under water was based on the method
calculated as the increase in weight of explained by Papoutsoglou et al. (2007). In
goldfish at the end of experimental period, our study, the music treatments consisted
WG=Wf−Wi, where Wf and Wi are the of 1: no music at all (control group, M0),
final and initial body weights, respectively 2: music was played for 30 minutes (M30),
(Luz et al., 2008). Daily growth rate was and 3: music was played for 60 minutes
calculated with (Wf-Wi) ×100/ (days × (M60). The music was played 4 times a
Wi) formula (Luz et al., 2008). The day at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00. The
specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) was equipments for sound transmittance were
measured according to the formula controlled daily. The piece of selectedIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10(4), 2011 645
music was from part of the lute violin were made by Gorgan Company. The
(Mon amour of Clude mishel) performed equipments were set in the tank in a way
by Iran symphonic orchestra (2005). The that did not inhibit the swimming of the
time period of the selected music was 6 fishes (Fig. 1). The related equipments
min and 30 seconds and the piece was were controlled every day.
repeated during the exposure time. Then Data analysis and statistical methods
the selected music was modified by Jet Using a factorial design of 3*2, three
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audio software so that frequencies lower music conditions (M0, M30 and M60) and
than 100 Hz and higher than 1000 Hz were two lights (red and white) were randomly
deleted. Therefore the frequencies which arranged to three replicate tanks. Prior to
were of interest to be reproduced ranged statistical analysis, all data were tested for
from 100 Hz to 1000 Hz. Two VCD normality by the Kolmogornov-Smirnov
players which were equipped by a timer test. The homogeneity of variances among
controller system (timer, model 026, the different groups was tested using the
Nourfrocslsterom Company, made by Levene test. Data were analyzed by a two-
Germany) were used to play and control way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
the time period of music. Each VCD followed by a Duncan test. All statistical
player containing the CD of the treatment analyses were performed using SPSS15.0
was attached to a speaker (10 cm wide, statistical package. The probability level of
100W) by means of a cable and then the P0.05) in initial mean weight
hydrophone. The speakers and hydrophone (4.15±0.05 g) among treatments (Table 1).
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of music transmission in goldfish
tank and hydrophone output recording.646 Imanpoor et al., Effect of Light and Music on Growth Performance and Survival ….
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Figure 2: Weight gain of goldfish in red and white light
Figure 3: Specific growth rate of goldfish in red and white light
Figure 4: Daily growth rate of goldfish in red light and white lightIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10(4), 2011 647
Table 1: Growth performance parameters (mean± S.E) in goldfish reared under white light, red light, no
music (C), 30 min (M30) and 60 min (M60) music transmission for 60 days
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White light Red light TWO-way ANOVA
C M30 M60 C M30 M60 Lighting Music LM
IW 4.16±0.02a 4.2±0.05a 4.14±0.04a 4.08±0.09a 4.17±0.14a 4.15±0.05a NS NS NS
WG 3.76±0.10a 3.57±0.19a 3.98±0.18a 3.09±0.51b 3.23±0.04b 3.41±0.10b * NS NS
DGR 1.50±0.05a 1.41±0.08a 1.60±0.05a 1.26±0.23b 1.30±0.05b 1.37±0.04b * NS NS
SGR 1.07±0.02a 1.02±0.04a 1.12±0.02a 0.93±0.13b 0.95±0.03b 1.00±0.02b * NS NS
SR 95.55±1.92a 96.66±3.33a 95.55±7.69a 94.44±6.93a 97.77±1.92a 6.66±5.77a NS NS NS
FCR 2.25±0.05b 2.36±0.11b 2.16±0.06b 2.61±0.31a 2.55±0.04a 2.43±0.06a NS NS NS
Significant treatment effects and the interactions are shown as letters; means with the same letters are not significantly different (P>0.05,
two-way ANOVA); *: P648 Imanpoor et al., Effect of Light and Music on Growth Performance and Survival ….
The results obtained of this trial indicated performance. High levels of ambient
that weight gain (WG), specific growth sound may prevent fish from hearing
rate (SGR) and daily growth rate (DGR) biologically important sounds and alter
were affected significantly by light fish normal behavior (Popper, 2003).
(P0.05) on weight gain (WG), light on fishes, there is low contrasting
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specific growth rate (SGR) and daily suggestions. Among music transmission
growth rate (DGR) (Table 1). Survival and effects, it has been reported that cows were
food conversion rates (FCR) were not more willing to approach the automatic
affected significantly by light effect, music milking system (Uetake et al., 1997; Cited
and interaction effect of light by music in: Papoutsoglou et al., 2007), broiler
(P>0.05) (Table 1). chicks were less fearful and grew better
Regarding the findings of mean (Gvaryahu et al., 1989; Cited in:
comparison of weight gain (WG) (Fig. 2), Papoutsoglou et al., 2007), but few studies
specific growth rate (SGR) (Fig. 3) and have been conducted to assess the music
daily growth rate (DGR) (Fig. 4), it was on fish growth. Smith et al., (2004)
observed that these parameters were express that extra sounds in the
significantly (P0.05). M60 in terms of growth performance, it is
The findings in our research were concluded that the goldfish is able to
in agreement with the results of distinguish and identify rhythmic sounds.
Papoutsoglou et al., (2007), who reported This is in agreement with the findings of
that growth performance was not Davis (1992) and Verheijen and Flight
significantly affected by music in common (1997).
carp (Cyprinus carpio). In any case, the In the research by Chase (2001)
results of our study were in consistence subjects were koi, which are members of
with the findings of Papoutsoglou et al., the carp family and close relatives of the
(2008), who investigated combined effects goldfish. Neither goldfish nor koi are
of music and light intensity in Sparus known to communicate by making sounds
aurata. Additionally, they found that (Fay, 1995; Cited in: Chase,2001), but
music had a positive effect on fish growth both are classified as otophysans, a groupIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10(4), 2011 649
that has bony structures (the Weberian aeglefinus) is higher with blue and green
ossicles) coupling the swim bladder to the light (Downing, 2002). The growth rate of
inner ears, in which there are hair cells Silver carp larvae (Hypophthalmichthys
with a specialized orientation pattern. molitrix) and young carp (Cyprinus
In the present research, the results carpio) increased with green light (Ruchin
of growth function obtained from light et al., 2002).
color treatments indicated that growth Thus, the results obtained by
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indices (WG, SGR and DGR) of goldfish Ruchin (2004) demonstrate that there are
have a better performance in white light differences in response to different colored
than in red light. The effect of light color zones in various species of fish. Some
on growth performance has been proved species such as carp, crucian carp and
which is different based on type of species silver carp grow well with blue and green
and stage of life in fish. Fish are capable of light (Ruchin et al., 2002), the growth rate
color vision (Cheng and Flamarique, 2004) of other species (guppy, whitefish)
and the effects of light spectrum on several increases with blue light (Radenko and
aspects of fish physiology have been Terent’ev, 1998; Cited in: Ruchin, 2005)
investigated. and others (rotan) grow equally well with
The main role in this process is both green and blue light.
played by the eyes and pineal organ, Villamizar et al., (2011) showed
because only they can detect colors that larvae (European sea bass and sole
(Ekstrom and Meissl, 1997). For instance, larvae) were significantly affected by light
the results of experiments by Ruchin characteristics. For example, the larvae
(2004) demonstrated that different species achieved the best performance, and
of fish can have different response to light showed fastest development and lowest
quality. Thus Crucian carp developed degree of deformity under a light/dark
better by green light, Rotan by blue and cycle using blue light, conditions which
green and Guppy by blue light. Also, in were closest to their natural aquatic
their study, by red light the growth rate in environment. On the other hand, Migaud
all species decreased. The response in et al., (2009) achieved maximum survival
different species of fish to the light rates of Cod (Gadus morhua) larvae in red
environment appears to be governed by light than white, green and blue light
changes in energy metabolism and (Migaud et al. 2009; Cited in: Villamizar
hormone disproportion. et al., 2011).
Most species of fish have well Karakatsouli et al., (2007)
developed color sight, and are therefore observed that rainbow trout
very sensitive to colored light. In our (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared under red
study, results indicated that rearing light had a better food intake and growth
goldfish in white light had favorable than blue light. Also, they found that red
effects on fish growth performance. While light can affect the growth indices and
in other researches, the survival rate of survival rate of fish, such as rainbow trout.
Haddock larvae (Mellanogrammus One of the reasons which were mentioned650 Imanpoor et al., Effect of Light and Music on Growth Performance and Survival ….
for this phenomenon is the existence of oil present trial, red light is not a fit option to
droplets in the eyes of such fish. These oil environmental enrichment in goldfish.
droplet filter spectrums have a low Acknowledgments
wavelength and let high wavelengths pass We are grateful to all staff working at the
by. Therefore fish culture in red light rearing and central laboratories of
causes the food to contrast better with the Agricultural and Natural Resources
environment and ease the process of University of Gorgan for their help and
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feeding. In addition, fishes like goldfish providing facilities during our trial.
lack this oil droplet in their eyes References
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تاثیر رنگ نور و موسیقی بر عملکرد رشد و نرخ بازماندگی ماهی قرمس
)(Carassius auratus
محمد رضا ایمانپور ،طیبه عنایت غالمپور* ،مهدی ذوالفقاری
چکیده
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غىی سبسی محیطی اس ريضُبی جذیذ در بُبًد عملکزد رضذ مبَی است .در تحقیق حبضز ،اثز روگ وًر ي مًسیقی بز عملکزد
رضذ ي وزخ ببسمبوذگی مبَی قزمش )( (Carassius auratusمیبوگیه يسن ايلیٍ 4/15±0/00 :گزم) بٍ مذت 2مبٌ مًرد
ارسیببی قزار گزفت .دي تیمبر وًر (روگ سفیذ ي روگ قزمش) ي سٍ تیمبر مًسیقی ( :M0بذين مًسیقی 30 :M30 ،دقیقٍ پخص
مًسیقی ي 60 :M60دقیقٍ پخص مًسیقی) در وظز گزفتٍ ضذ .در پبیبن ديرٌ پزيرش ،عملکزد رضذ بچٍ مبَیبن ضبمل يسن
اکتسببی ( ،)WGوزخ رضذ يیژٌ ( ،)SGRوزخ رضذ ريساوٍ ( )DGRي ضزیب تبذیل غذایی ( )FCRي َمچىیه وزخ
ببسمبوذگی ( )SRمًرد بزرسی قزار گزفت .وتبیج وطبن داد کٍ تبثیز مًسیقی ي ویش اثز متقببل وًر ي مًسیقی بز عملکزد رضذ بچٍ
مبَیبن معىی دار وبًد ( )P>0/05در حبلیکٍ تبثیز وًر بز وزخ رضذ يیژٌ ي ضزیب تبذیل غذایی بچٍ مبَیبن معىی دار گشارش
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