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BREXIT BRIEF
BRIEF
BREXIT
Brexit Brief Issue 35: 07 February 2018
Introduction
Brexit Brief is published by the IIEA’s UK Project Group Customs Union has become a major element of the Brexit
and covers developments in the UK’s withdrawal from the debate. A Financial Times story said that senior Downing
European Union. The Brief seeks to provide up-to-date Street advisors were secretly considering whether Britain
information on the progress and content of the UK-EU could strike a Customs Union deal covering trade in
negotiations, and bring together relevant statements and goods, “a move that would severely limit the UK’s ability
policy positions from key players in Ireland, the UK and EU. to strike out on its own.” It was argued that this approach
would limit a loss of trade with Europe after Brexit, help
The Brief is part of a wider communications programme
address concerns about the Irish border and “reduce the
covering the work of the IIEA’s UK Project Group – involving
need for complex new customs procedures.”
commentaries, speeches, texts and event reports – which will
be highlighted on the Institute’s website. (www.iiea.com) A post-Brexit Customs Union with the EU has been
backed by the Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
and the Labour Party’s Keir Starmer told the Belfast
Section One: State of Play Telegraph that the final deal on UK-EU relations should
Customs Union retain the benefits of the Single Market and that a
Customs Union with the European Union should be kept
Downing Street has insisted Britain will leave the EU as a viable option for the long term.
Customs Union after Brexit, amid claims of disunity within
the cabinet over the long-term UK-EU relationship. The Council Guidelines for Transitional Arrangements
Prime Minister, Theresa May, has faced demands to set On 29 January 2018, the General Affairs Council of the
out clearly her objectives in the negotiations leading up to EU adopted detailed supplementary Directives for the
the UK’s departure in March 2019. negotiation of an agreement with the United Kingdom,
But a No 10 source said “to put this to rest, we are setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal from
categorically leaving”. the European Union. These Negotiating Directives
supplement those adopted in May 2017, are based on the
It came ahead of a week of key Brexit meetings with the Commission’s recommendation of 20 December 2017,
EU chief negotiator, and with the Prime Minister’s most and set out additional details on possible transitional
senior ministers. The Brexit cabinet sub-committee is due arrangements. The Commission paper proposing the
to hold a critical strategy meeting on 8 and 9 February supplementary texts states that “to the extent necessary and
2018. legally possible, the negotiations may seek to determine
The question of continued UK membership of the transitional arrangements which are in the interest of the
BREXIT BRIEF 035 | FEB 2018BREXIT
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Union and, as appropriate, to provide for bridges towards detailed Press Statement following the meeting of the
the foreseeable framework for the future relationship in General Affairs Council:
the light of the progress made.”
The EU position is very clear: the transition will last for
These new arrangements include the following provisions: 21 months, until 31 December 2020. During this limited
period of time, the whole EU acquis will continue to apply to
• No “cherry-picking”: The United Kingdom
the UK, as well as the full EU supervision and enforcement
will continue to participate in the Customs
framework, under the jurisdiction of the European Court of
Union and the Single Market (with all four
Justice. This will include new EU rules entering into force
freedoms). The Union acquis will continue to
during this period. For one simple reason: during transition,
apply in full to and in the United Kingdom
the UK will continue to take part in the Single Market, the
as if it were a Member State. As a result,
Customs Union and all Union policies. It will continue to
the United Kingdom should remain bound by
have all the economic benefits. Therefore it must also apply
the obligations stemming from agreements with
all the EU rules. The Single Market cannot be “à la carte”.
third countries. Any changes made to the acquis
during this time should automatically apply to […] As part of the transition, the UK will remain bound by
the United Kingdom. the obligations stemming from all existing EU international
agreements, for instance on trade and aviation. This is
• All existing Union regulatory, budgetary,
crucial for the good functioning of the Single Market and
supervisory, judiciary and enforcement
the Customs Union. And we can agree on this in the Article
instruments and structures will apply, including
50 Agreement between the EU and the UK. But we cannot
the competence of the Court of Justice of the
ensure in the Article 50 Agreement that the UK keeps the
European Union.
benefits from these international agreements. Our partners
• The United Kingdom will be a third country around the world may have their own views on this, for
as of 30 March 2019 and will, therefore, no instance the 70 countries covered by trade deals.
longer be represented in Union institutions,
agencies, bodies and offices. UK Response to Directives on Transition
• The Transition Period needs to be clearly defined The UK Government response to the General Affairs
and precisely limited in time. It should not Council decisions centred immediately on the issue of
last beyond 31 December 2020. Consequently, the rights of EU citizens who arrive in the UK during
the provisions on citizens’ rights in the the transition period. The Prime Minister, Theresa May,
Withdrawal Agreement should apply as of the speaking during a visit to China, argued that “I’m clear
end of the transition period. that there is a difference between those who came prior to
us leaving and those who will come when they know the
Today’s Negotiating Directives also recall the need to
UK is leaving.” She went on insist that she wanted to resist
translate into legal terms the results of the first phase
any idea that not much would change after Brexit.
of the negotiations, as outlined in the Commission’s
Communication and the Joint Report. It underlines that The Brexit Secretary, David Davis argued that the UK
work needs to be completed on all withdrawal issues, would robustly oppose the EU decision to apply all its
including those not yet addressed in the first phase, such laws and regulations to the UK until the end of 2020.
as the overall governance of the Withdrawal Agreement “There will be an argument […] about whether we can
and substantive issues such as intellectual property rights, object to new laws that we haven’t had a say in.” He
protection of personal data and customs-related matters expressed the hope that it would be possible to reach
needed for the UK’s orderly withdrawal from the EU. a political agreement on the transition period at the
European Council in March. Such an arrangement should
The Commission will publish in due course a draft legal
be seen as ‘a bridge’ to a future partnership relationship.
text of the Withdrawal Agreement, of which transitional
arrangements form part. The overall Article 50 Agreement The duration of the transition period has become a matter
will need to be concluded by the Council (Article 50), the of debate, involving voices from very different points on
European Parliament and the United Kingdom according the political spectrum. The former Liberal Democrat
to its own constitutional requirements. leader, Nick Clegg, has written that he agrees with the hard
line Conservative MP, Jacob Rees-Mogg, that it would be
The EU Chief Negotiator, Michel Barnier, issued a
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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preferable to extend the Article 50 timetable rather than information in respect of the UK exit. These include
agreeing to a limited transition period during which the the Community Plant Variety Office, the European
UK would have to abide by the rules while losing the Chemicals Agency, the European Medicines Agency,
rights of a full Member State. The same argument has and the European Union Intellectual Property Office. At
been made by former Taoiseach John Bruton, in a major the same time, opinions and guidance have been issued
IIEA paper. by three European Supervisory Authorities (European
Banking Authority; European Securities and Markets
Authority, European Insurance and Occupational
Section Two: The Evolving Debate Pensions Authority).
Post Brexit ‘Level Playing Field’
President Higgins at DCU and in London
On 31 January 2018, the European Commission
Addressing the inaugural event of the DCU Brexit
transmitted to the EU 27 Council a 47-page set of slides
Institute, President Higgins said that “the future of our
on issues related to the preparatory discussions on the
relationship with our nearest neighbour, and the future
framework for the future UK-EU relationship. The issues
of the shared legal framework and institutions which have
raised in the presentation relate to the need for specific
done so much to bring peace to this island, are rightly
safeguards to preserve a ‘level playing field’, after the UK
to the forefront of the minds of our governments, and
leaves and to counter the ‘clear risk’ of Britain slashing
while I as President of Ireland share these concerns and
taxes and relaxing regulation.
am anxious to be informed of their developments, my
The Commission describes the UK economy as too big remarks this morning are to the deeper issue of which
and too close to be treated as a normal trade partner and they are a part- the Future of the European Union.” He
argues for future, innovative, arrangements which deal continued by arguing that “We are entering a time when,
with the specific nature of the UK-EU relationship. It will for the first time in many years, the future shape of the
be necessary, the Commission insists, to find new ways of European Union has become a matter of contestation
enforcing restrictions in ‘taxation, state aid, environmental and everyday debate. This conference today reflects that
standards and employment rights’. On employment and realisation. In the shadow of the UK referendum result,
environmental standards, the EU text highlights the risk and of those social forces which have given rise to so
of Britain undermining Europe as an area of high social much doubt across Europe, we are invited to imagine
protection. Examples include relaxation of emissions and define, through deliberation, and with regard to
curbs on power stations and worker’s rights in certain the necessary courtesies of discourse, the outlines of the
industrial plants. European Union that we seek.”
The Commission refers to the need for a ‘tailored
UK Analysis of Economic Impact
approach’ to future relations, including a number of
clauses ensuring that EU standards will not be diluted. A Treasury analysis of the economic impact of Brexit,
Commentators argue that there will be resistance in the designed for the confidential information of cabinet
UK among Brexiters “who are relishing the opportunity ministers and initially leaked, argued that the UK would
to break free from the EU’s regulatory orbit.” be worse off under a number of possible scenarios. The
paper listed key sectors of the economy as under real threat:
Brexit Preparedness financial services, chemicals, clothing, manufacturing,
The European Commission has released a series of notices food and drink, cars and retailing.
on the legal and practical implications of the withdrawal Initially refusing to comment on leaked documents, the
of the United Kingdom from the European Union. The Government argued that the analysis did not cover the
list of notices contains 25 papers, covering areas such preferred option of a bespoke deal for a ‘deep and special
as food safety, air transport, public procurement, data partnership’ with the EU.
protection and civil justice and international law. The
notices aim at preparing citizens and stakeholders for the The Labour Party Brexit Shadow Secretary Keir Starmer,
fact of withdrawal and set out the consequences in a range tabled a parliamentary motion – ‘an humble Address to
of policy areas. be presented to Her Majesty’ – providing for directions
to be given to the Government that the analysis would
In addition, the EU decentralised agencies have published be provided to the House of Commons Committee on
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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Exiting the European Union ‘on a confidential basis as second EU referendum with 47% of people in favour of
a matter of urgency.’ The Government accepted the having a final say on Brexit once the terms of the UK’s
Labour motion and agreed to provide the analysis to the departure are known, while 34% oppose reopening the
Committee and to all members on a confidential basis, in question. Excluding the ‘don’t knows’ the survey gives
a confidential reading room. a 58-42% lead for a second referendum. The increased
backing for a second poll has come from both sides of
The emergence of the analysis has led to a serious political
the debate.
controversy with hard-line supporters of Brexit arguing
that the Treasury was sabotaging Britain’s exit from the The survey finds mounting concern about the impact of
EU and that ‘mandarins’ have ‘taken control’ of the Brexit leaving the EU with 43% of voters concerned about a
agenda and are ‘forcing a weak Prime Minister into a soft negative effect on the UK economy. On the fundamental
Brexit.’ On the other side, attacks on the civil service were question of remaining or leaving the survey indicates a
ill-advised since “the government can’t do this operation small but persistent shift towards a remain position with
without the civil service. To demonise them isn’t really 51% now saying they were in favour of staying in the EU.
very sensible.” This is a tighter margin than the 52% leave majority in
June 2016 and ICM comment that a clearer mandate
Withdrawal Bill Progress for reversing the decision would only come if growing
numbers of leavers reacted negatively to the conclusion of
The parliamentary debate on the European Union
negotiations with the EU.
(Withdrawal) Bill - which aims to repeal the European
Communities Act 1972 and to incorporate EU law into
Developments in Ireland
UK law on the day the UK leaves the EU – has moved
from the House of Commons to the House of Lords. Speaking at Chatham House in London, the Minister for
The Second Reading debate was remarkable, involving Foreign Affairs, Simon Coveney, spoke of the potential
contributions from 190 peers – the highest number on impact of Brexit on Ireland and of the imperative of
record for a Second Stage debate in the Lords - and ending protecting the UK-Ireland achievement of the Northern
with agreement to pass the Bill to detailed consideration Ireland peace process. “We are very pleased that both
at Committee Stage when a large number of amendments the UK Government and the EU have prioritised the
will be proposed and debated. protection of the Good Friday Agreement and the gains of
the peace process, including no return to a border on the
At Second Stage, the Labour Party peer Lord Adonis,
island of Ireland. And that we now have firm commitments
proposed a motion on the issues of a referendum on
in that regard and agreement on the outlines of how it can
the terms of the withdrawal agreement. He spoke at the
be achieved.”
end of the debate: “These matters will be much debated
over the coming months. I expect that the debate on the At the DCU Brexit Institute, on 25 January 2018, the
referendum and the case for the referendum will gather Minister spoke of “the additional security of the UK’s
pace over that period, and I was very keen to put down a commitment to a default option of maintaining full
marker. We are very mindful of the fact that the first thing alignment with those rules of the Single Market and
Oliver Cromwell did when he took absolute power was to the Customs Union necessary to protect North-South
abolish the House of Lords as dangerous and useless. We cooperation, the all-island economy and the Good Friday
intend to ensure that we are not dangerous and that we Agreement.”
are very useful.” He withdrew his motion.
Minister Coveney spoke to the annual Foreign Affairs
The complexity of the parliamentary process dealing Departmental Conference of “the huge collective effort
with Brexit is exemplified by the agenda of the House to achieve our goals in writing for phase one, with
of Commons for Friday, 1 February 2018, which listed unflinching support from fellow EU Member States and
Oral Answers to Questions on fifteen issues, ranging from the key institutions throughout. And work is already
Regulatory Equivalence to Customs Union and from begun on ensuring these achievements are translated into
Non-UK EU nationals to Farmers. the Withdrawal Bill which is to be negotiated by October.”
The Government’s Brexit Loan Scheme will make available
Public opinion on Second Referendum
funding of up to €300 million to Irish businesses affected
A major ICM survey has revealed strong support for a by Brexit. The scheme will be open to businesses with up
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT BRIEF BREXIT BRIEF 035 | FEB 2018 to 499 employees and will be aimed at giving businesses “time and space to adapt and grow into the future.” The scheme is supported by the European Investment Bank, the European Commission and the Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland (SBCI) Section Three IIEA Brexit Status Report 2018 Over the coming weeks, the IIEA will publish a new volume of its regular Brexit Status Reports. This will be published as a series of online articles. Expert authors will examine the current state of play in the Brexit negotiations, and assess the options for the future, and a new article will be published every second day. The first two articles in the series are online and can be found here and here. As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole responsibility of the author.
BREXIT
BRIEF BREXIT BRIEF 035 | FEB 2018
23rd June 2016 The UK votes to leave the EU
2016 - 2017 Timeline
24th June 2016 David Cameron signals his intention to resign as UK Prime Minister
26th June 2016 European Council appoints Didier Seeuws as head of Brexit Taskforce
13th July 2016 Theresa May becomes the new Prime Minister of the UK
9th September 2016 European Parliament names Guy Verhofstadt as the European Parliament’s Brexit negotiator
16th September 2016 Bratislava Summit of 27
1st October 2016 Michel Barnier starts role as Head of EU Commission Brexit Task Force
6th December 2016 Michel Barnier holds first press briefing on Brexit, notes Northern Irish issues
17th January 2017 Theresa May outlines the objectives and principles for the UK’s withdrawal
24th January 2017 UK Supreme Court Ruling on Article 50
2nd March 2017 Northern Ireland Assembly elections. No new executive formed.
9th-10th March 2017 Re-election of Donald Tusk as European Council President
13th March 2017 UK Houses of Parliament pass the Article 50 Bill without amendment
25th March 2017 60th Anniversary of the Treaty of Rome
29th March 2017 UK invokes Article 50
5th April 2017 European Parliament adopts resolution on the UK’s withdrawal from the EU
19th April 2017 Theresa May calls for snap General Election on 8th June 2017
29th April 2017 European Council adopts its guidelines for the Brexit negotiations
7th May 2017 Emmanuel Macron defeats Marine Le Pen to become President of France
22nd May 2017 The General Affairs Council of the EU authorises the opening of negotiations with the UK
29th May 2017 European Commission releases draft position papers on Article 50
8th June 2017 UK General Election results in a hung Parliament. Minority Conservative government formed with support
from the DUP18th June 2017 President Macron’s Party wins largest share of vote in French Legislative Elections
19th June 2017 Negotiations between the UK and EU begin
22nd-23rd June 2017 European Council Summit
1st July 2017 Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU begins
17th-20th July 2017 Round two of UK-EU negotiations
28th - 31st August 2017 Round three of UK-EU negotiations
22nd September 2017 Theresa May’s Florence speech
24th September 2017 German Federal Elections. Chancellor Merkel elected to fourth term.
25th-28th September 2017 Round four of EU-UK negotiations
1st-4th October 2017 Conservative Party Conference
9th-12th October 2017 Round five of EU-UK negotiations
15th October 2017 Austrian Parliamentary Elections. Sebastian Kurz’s ÖVP wins the largest share of vote
19th-20th October 2017 European Council Summit
9th-10th November 2017 Round Six of EU-UK Negotiations
19th November 2017 Coalition negotiations in Germany collapse
8th December 2017 EU and UK make ‘sufficient progress’ on Phase One issues
14th-15th December 2017 European Council authorises opening of Phase Two
1st January 2018 Bulgarian Presidency of the Council of the EU begins
You are here!
2017 - 2019
Timeline
22nd-23rd March 2018 Timeframe for preliminary agreement on transitional arrangements
Late March 2018 Expected timeframe for opening of talks on the framework for future
28th-29th June 2018 European Council Summit
1st July 2018 Austrian Presidency of the Council of the EU begins
October 2018 European Council Summit
December 2018 European Council Summit
1st January 2019 Romanian Presidency of the Council of the EU begins
29th March 2019 Deadline for UK withdrawal
May 2019 European Parliament ElectionsBREXIT
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Section Four: Background Material and Further co.uk/news/2018/02/01/front-bench-theresa-may-lays-
Reading immigration-red-line-door-still)
The Guardian No deal for EU citizens coming to UK
Background Material
during Brexit transition –PM. Guardian, 1 February
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Giving the European Union a Future that will Engage theresa-may-brexit-transition-no-deal-for-eu-citizens-
Citizens- A Shared Challenge. Brexit Institute DCU, coming-to-uk)
26 January 2018. (www.president.ie/en/media-library/
BBC EU agrees Brexit ‘transition’ negotiation guidelines.
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BBC, 29 January 2018. (www.bbc.com/news/uk-
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Council of the European Union Supplementary
Sky News Transition rift points to fight in next round of
Directives for the negotiation of an agreement with the
Brexit talks. Sky News, 30 January 2018. (www.new.sky.
United Kingdom, 29 January 2018. (www.ec.europa.eu/
com/story/transition-rift-points-to-fight-in-next-round-
commission/brexit-negotiations/negotiating-documents-
of-brexit-talks-11228412)
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Financial Times Secret data shows Britain worse off under
European Commission Brexit: European Commission
all Brexit scenarios. FT, 30 January 2018. (www.ft.com/
receives mandate to begin negotiations with the United
content/b3d35136-0543-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5)
Kingdom on transitional arrangements, 29 January 2018.
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leaked cabinet report. Guardian, 30 January 2018.
Michel Barnier Press Statement following the General
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europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-18-507_en.htm)
Irish Times President Higgins urges caution in Brexit
BBC Downing Street insists UK will leave customs
language. IT, 2 February 2018. (www.irishtimes.com/
union. BBC News, 5 February 2018. (www.bbc.com/
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Financial Times May pledges to publish Brexit studies
Tanaiste Simon Coveney Brexit, Ireland and the Future
only after final deal. FT, 31 January 2018. (www.ft.com/
of Europe. Brexit Institute DCU, 25 January 2018. (www.
content/2c64fde2-061c-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5?tagT
dfa.ie/news-and-media/speeches’speeches-archive/2018/
oFollow=b52e06b9-f1f2-3a23-aff7-4d2a20976aff)
january/brexit.-ireland-and-the-future-of-europe)
Financial Times EU rejects Brexit trade deal for UK
Tanaiste Simon Coveney Address to Departmental
financial services sector. FT, 1 February 2018. (www.
Conference, 16 January 2018. (www.dfa.ie/news-
ft.com/content/7f7660a4-067f-11e8-9c0ad2d7c5b5)
and-media/speeches/speeches-archive/2018/january/
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bonfire of regulation. FT, 1 February 2018. (www.ft.com/
Tanaiste Simon Coveney British-Irish Relations –Past,
content/9052ed50-06d5-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5)
Present and Future. Speech at Chatham House, London,
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after Brexit. FT, 2 February 2018. (www.ft.cm/content/ speeches-archive/2018/january/british-irish-relations-
f4775024-0774-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5) past-present-and-future)
Irish Times UK secretly considering customs union after John Bruton ‘Two Year Period for Negotiating Brexit
Brexit. IT, 2 February 2018. (www.irishtimes.com/news/ Can, and Should, be Extended.’ Skoda Fleet Business
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The Telegraph Theresa May lays down immigration
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union. Front Bench, 1 February 2018. (www.telegraph. 29 January 2018. (www.iiea.com/publication/brexit-
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
BRIEF BREXIT BRIEF 035 | FEB 2018
transition-extension) will- not-alter-the-course-of-brexit-1.3372858)
HM Government Chancellor’s Speech at the CBI’s The Guardian Brexit: Britons favour second referendum
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2018. (www.gov.uk/government/speeches/davos-2018- (www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jan/26/britons-
chancellors-speech-at-the-cbis-british-business-leaders- favour-second-referendum-brexit-icm-poll)
lunch)
Centre for European Reform Holding out hope
HM Government David Davis’ Teesport Speech: for a half-way Brexit house. CER, 24 January 2018.
Implementation Period – A bridge to the future (www.cer.eu/publications/archive/bulletin-article/2018/
partnership between the UK and EU, 26 January 2018. holding-out-hope-half-way-brexit-house)
(www.gov.uk/government/news/david-davis-teesport-
Centre for European Reform ‘Canada’, ‘Norway’ or
speech-implementation-period-a-bridge-to-the-future-
something in between? CER, 26 January 2018. (www.
partnership-between-the-uk-eu)
cer.eu/insights/canada-norway-or-something-between)
HM Treasury Open Letter to Business on Implementation
Philip Stephens Theresa May’s new Brexit strategy: jump
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first, argue later. FT, 25 January 2018. (www.ft.com/
news/open-letter-to-business-on-implementation-period)
content/8c74cce8-ff88-11e7-9650-9c0ad2d7 c5b5)
House of Lords European Union (Withdrawal) Bill.
The Guardian Brexit: UK given warning over
Report of Select Committee on the Constitution, 29
outstanding divorce issues. Guardian, 29 January 2018.
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(www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jan/29/brexit-uk-
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committee/news-parliament-2017/eu-withdrawal-bill-
report) Polly Toynbee Mount Tory is ready to blow over Brexit
– and May can’t stop it. The Guardian, 28 January 2018.
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to materialise. Sky News, 29 January 2018. (www.sky.
Keir Starmer Brexit a challenge for Northern Ireland, but
com/story/sky-views-mays-brexiter-backing-is-making-
with real cooperation we can find a way forward. Belfast
its-presence-felt-11227269)
Telegraph, 29 January 2018. (www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/
opinion/news-analysis/keir-starmer-brexit-a-challenge- The Telegraph Exclusive: Mandarins opposed to
for-northern-ireland-but-with-real-cooperation-we-can- exiting the EU ‘forcing weak PM into soft Brexit.’
find-a-way-forward) Telegraph, 28 January 2018. (www.telegraph.co.uk/
politics/2018/01/27/mandarins-forcing-theresa-may-
Policy Network Associate or dissociate: it’s make your
brexit-betrayal)
mind up time. Policy Network Essay, 29 December
2018. (www.policynetwork.org/opinion/associate- The Observer Jeremy Corbyn convenes ‘away day’ to
dissociate-make-mind-time) discuss Brexit policy shift. Observer, 28 January 2018.
(www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jn/27/jeremy-
Polish Institute of International Affairs The EU’s
corbyn-pressure-change-of-direction-on-brexit)
External Border and the Brexit Negotiations. PISM
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2018. (www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/
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transition out of EU. Irish Times, 29 January 2018. (www.
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irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/new-brexit-phase-as-
talks-open-on-uk-s-transition-out-of-eu-1.3371399) The Guardian UK too slow in making its Brexit
demands for trade, say EU diplomats. Guardian, 25
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January 2018. (www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/
course of Brexit. Irish Times, 30 January 2018. (www.
jan/25/uk-too-slow-in-making-its-brexit-demands-for-
irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/ditching-theresa-may-
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT BRIEF BREXIT BRIEF 035 | FEB 2018 trade-say-eu-diplomats) The Guardian German Ambassador: second world war image of Britain has fed Euroscepticism. Guardian, 29 January 2018. (www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/ jan/29/german-ambassador-peter-ammon-second-world- war-image-of-britain-has-fed-euroscepticism) Financial Times What will the EU look like after Brexit? FT, 22 January 2018. (www.ft.com/content/ dec6968c-f6ca-11e7-8715-e94187b3017e) Federal Trust A new referendum, but this time about reality? Brendan Donnelly Blog, 24 January 2018. (www.fedtrust.co.uk/a-new-referendum-but-this-time- about-reality) Cliff Taylor Brexit: A bluffer’s guide to the next phase. IT, 3 February 2018. (www.irishtimes.com/business/ economy/brexit-a-bluffer-s-guide-to-the next-phase-by- cliff-taylor-1.3376591) Irish Times Businesses to get €300m under Brexit loan scheme. IT, 22 January 2018. (www.irishtimes.com/ business/businesses-to=-get-300m-under-brexit-loan- scheme-1.3364080) Denis Staunton UK looking for allies – but what about Ireland’s friends in the EU? IT, 22 January 2018. (www. irishtimes.com/opinion/uk-looking-for-allies-but-what- about-ireland-s-friends-in-the-eu-1.3363175) Natalie Nougayrede Brexit threatens European social progress – leftwingers must speak up. The Guardian, 23 January 2018. (www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2018/jan/23/brexit-eu-social-justice- labour-progressive-protection) Peter Hamilton Ireland to have more significant role in Europe post-Brexit. IT, 23 January 2018. (www. irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-to-have-more- significant-role-in-europe-post-brexit-1.3364126) Further Reading Andrew Shonfield Europe: Journey to an Unknown Destination. Pelican. Harryvan and van der Harst. Documents on European Union. Macmillan. As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole responsibility of the author.
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