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BODHI
International Journal of Research in
Humanities, Arts and Science
An Online, Peer reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal
Vol: 2 Special Issue: 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
UGC approved Journal (J. No. 44274)
CENTRE FOR RESOURCE, RESEARCH &
PUBLICATION SERVICES (CRRPS)
www.crrps.in | www.bodhijournals.comBODHI
BODHI International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and
Science (ISSN: 2456-5571) is online, peer reviewed, Refereed and
Quarterly Journal, which is powered & published by Center for Resource,
Research and Publication Services, (CRRPS) India. It is committed to
bring together academicians, research scholars and students from all over
the world who work professionally to upgrade status of academic career
and society by their ideas and aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in
the fields of humanities, arts and science.
The journal welcomes publications of quality papers on research in
humanities, arts, science. agriculture, anthropology, education,
geography, advertising, botany, business studies, chemistry, commerce,
computer science, communication studies, criminology, cross cultural
studies, demography, development studies, geography, library science,
methodology, management studies, earth sciences, economics, bioscience,
entrepreneurship, fisheries, history, information science & technology,
law, life sciences, logistics and performing arts (music, theatre & dance),
religious studies, visual arts, women studies, physics, fine art,
microbiology, physical education, public administration, philosophy,
political sciences, psychology, population studies, social science,
sociology, social welfare, linguistics, literature and so on.
Research should be at the core and must be instrumental in generating a
major interface with the academic world. It must provide a new
theoretical frame work that enable reassessment and refinement of current
practices and thinking. This may result in a fundamental discovery and an
extension of the knowledge acquired. Research is meant to establish or
confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous works, solve new or existing
problems, support theorems; or develop new theorems. It empowers the
faculty and students for an in-depth approach in research. It has the
potential to enhance the consultancy capabilities of the researcher. In
short, conceptually and thematically an active attempt to provide these
types of common platforms on educational reformations through research
has become the main objective of this Journal.
Dr. S. Balakrishnan
Publisher and Editor - in - Chief
bodhijournal@gmail.com
www.bodhijournals.comBODHI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES, ARTS AND SCIENCE (BIJRHAS)
An Online, Peer reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Publisher and Editor-in-Chief
Dr. S. Balakrishnan
Executive Director,
Centre for Resource, Research and Publication Services (CRRPS)
Tamil Nadu, India
Vice Editor-in-Chiefs
Dr. Manimangai Mani Dr. B. Jeyanthi
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Assistant Professor & HOD of English,
Faculty of Modern Languages and Anna University, Tirunelveli Region,
Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Tamil Nadu, India
Selangor, Malaysia
Dr. T. Marx
Dr. Mamta Brahmbhatt Senior Lecturer, Department of English,
Associate Professor of Management, Faculty of Modern Languages and
B.K. School of Business Management, Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Selangor, Malaysia
Pradeep D. Waghmare Mr. B.P. Pereira
Assistant Professor of History, Visiting Professor of English in Journalism,
Ramnarain Ruia College, Madurai Kamaraj University,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Editorial / Review Board
Dr. Sunil S. Narwade Dr. H.S. Rakesh
Professor, Dept. of Economics, Assistant Professor of History,
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Davangere University, Karnataka, India
University, Aurnagabad, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Indira Banerji
Dr. V.N. Kendre Assistant Professor of English, Yogoda Satsanga
Assistant Professor of Sociology, Mahavidyalaya, Ranchi University, Ranchi,
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Jharkhand, India
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Punam Pandey
Dr. Nana Pradhan Assistant Professor, Dept. of English & Modern
Assistant Professor of Physics, European Languages, JR Handicapped
Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, University, Chitrakoot, UP, India
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Harshad Bhosale
Dr. Prasenjit Panda Assistant Professor of Political Science,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of English & Foreign Kirti College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Languages, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya,
Koni, Chattisgarh, IndiaDr. H.M. Kantharaj Dr. Vaishali Pusate
Assistant Co-ordinator of Education, Assistant Professor of Zoology,
Davangere University, Karnataka, India Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Vipin Kumar Pandey
Associate Professor of English & Other Foreign Dr. P.V. Mahalinge
Language, DSM National Rehabilitation Assistant Professor of Hindi,
University, Lucknow, UP, India Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. B.V. Dhananjaya Murthy
Assistant Professor of Political Science, Dr. Neelkanth Bankar
Davangere University, Karnataka, India Associate Professor of Psychology,
University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Vijaykumar Chavan
Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Dr. Rajeshwar Andhale
Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, Associate Professor of Mathematics,
Maharashtra, India Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India
Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma
Assistant Professor of Special Education, Dr. Anupama Mujumdar
DSM National Rehabilitation University, Assistant Professor of Philosophy,
Lucknow, UP, India Ruparel College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Sunil Shankadarwar Dr. Parvez Shamim
Assistant Professor of Botany, Assistant Professor of Physical Education &
Ramnarain Ruia College, Mumbai, Sports, Government P.G. College, Noida,
Maharashtra, India G.B. Nagar, UP, India
Mr. Amit Agnihotri
Assistant Professor & Head of Information
Technology, JR Handicapped University,
Chitrakoot, UP, IndiaEDITORIAL NOTE
Language is the medium of Literature. Every language is a collective art of
expression. Literature moves in language as a medium comprising multiple layers
of signs, symbols and meanings. Literature serves as a gateway to imagination,
creativity and knowledge. Every discourse of literature is both personal as well as
universal wisdom encompassing time and space. Both, Language and Literature
record the intuitive expressions of human beings from time immemorial. To quote
the words of Oliver Wendell Holmes, “Language is the blood of the soul into which
thoughts run and out of which they grow.” This international seminar will provide
a valuable platform to scholars and researchers to express their thoughts and
ideas on the specified areas of language and literature. This book is a collection of
articles exploring the techniques, methods, approaches, uses of e-learning-
teaching tools framing the recent developments in English Language Teaching and
narrative modes, gender issues, autobiographical elements, identity quests,
ecological aspects, postcolonial discourses, postmodern conditions constituting
contemporary trends in literature.
Editors
HAJEE. Dr. H. MOHAMED MEERAN
Principal
Dr. J. AHMED MEERAN
Head & Assistant Professor of English
Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai)
[Re- Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC]
Uthamapalayam- 625533, Theni Dt, Tamil NaduABOUT EDITORS
Dr. H. Mohamed Meeran, Principal, Hajee Karutha Rowther
Howdia College,, Uthamapalayam, joined as Assistant Professor of
English in the year 1988. While working as Assistant Professor, he
studied M.Phil., and also completed his Ph.D., and was appointed
as Principal when he completed 25 years of Service in teaching.
During his service as Associate Professor, he has attended so
many seminars, workshops and conference at the Regional,
National and International levels and presented papers. So far,
more than 40 of his articles have been published in different books related to
English Language and Literature.. He did his Doctoral Degree in common wealth
Literature, on “The Social, Cultural and Political Disintegration in the Novels of
V.S.Naipaul, a post – colonial West Indian writer”. He has been the Chairman in the
College Academic council, Board of Studies, Finance Committee, Magazine Committee,
Selection committee and acted as Chair Person in International seminars. He has been
guiding PG students in their
ir projects and M.Phil Scholars. He also won “Best
Educationist Award” from various organizations. Until now, he has been updating the
academic knowledge, besides striving to bring more honours to his institution and to
make the college surge ahead towards
s the pinnacle of glory.
Dr. J. Ahmed Meeran, joined as Assistant Professor of English in
the year 2006 at Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College,
Uthamapalayam, While working as Assistant Professor, he
studied M.Phil., and also completed his Ph.D., and he was
elevated as Head of the Department of English. During his service
he has attended many seminars, workshops and conferences at
the Regional, National and International levels and presented
papers. So far, more than 20 of his articles have been published in
various books and journals related to English Language and Literature. He did
his Doctoral Degree in “Use of Myth in the Select Plays of Girish Karnad”. He has been
serving as a Public Relation Officer, Member of College Academic Council, Board of
Studies, and acted as a Resource Person and delivered guest lectures in various colleges.
He has been guiding PG students in their projects and M.Phil Scholars. He is also one of
the associate editors of the International refereed Journal. He continues to strive hard to
bring laurels to the institution. His saga of rendering services in the field of teaching will
continue forever.BODHI
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES, ARTS AND SCIENCE
An Online, Peer-reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal with Impact Factor
Vol: 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
Aim & Objectives CONTENTS
Academic Excellence in research is S. Page
continued promoting in research support for young Title
No No.
Scholars. Multidisciplinary of research is motivating 1 Paranormal Lovey-Dovey in Stephenie 1
all aspects of encounters across disciplines and Meyer’s Select Novels
research fields in an multidisciplinary views, by Ms.S.B.Chandhini Priyadharshini
assembling research groups and consequently 2 Enhancing Language Skills Through ICT 7
projects, supporting publications with this Mr.PM.Noushad
inclination and organizing programmes. 3 Nursery Rhymes in English – The Missing 10
Internationalization of research work is the unit Component in ELT Today
seeks to develop its scholarly profile in research
Ms.Amy Gracelyn Paul
through quality of publications. And visibility of
4 Anarcho-Transhumanism in the Select 13
research is creating sustainable platforms for
Short Stories of Philip K. Dick
research and publication, such as series of Books;
Dr.C.G.Sangeetha & T.Sowmya
motivating dissemination of research results for
5 Social Media as a Tool for Learning 18
people and society.
Language
Disclaimer Mrs.M.Rizvana
Contributors are advised to be strict in 6 English as a Universal Link Language 24
academic ethics with respect to acknowledgment Dr.J.Ahmed Meeran
of the original ideas borrowed from others. The 7 Comparison of Films and Literature in 27
Publisher & editors will not be held responsible for “The Glass Menagerie”
any such lapse of the contributor regarding Ms.M.Tamilarasi
plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their 8 The Journey of Overcoming Fear in John 30
manuscripts. All submissions should be original and Green’s The Fault in our Stars
must be accompanied by a declaration stating your Mr.A.Babu
research paper as an original work and has not 9 The Representation of Woman and 34
been published anywhere else. It will be the sole Femininity in Kamala Markandaya’s
responsibility of the authors for such lapses, if any “Nectar in Sieve” - A Review
on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. Mr.S.Velmurugan
10 Merits and Demerits of Bilingual Method 36
Communication Mr.A.Sivasankaran
Papers should be Mailed to 11 Adaptation as an Art: from King Lear to 38
bodhijournal@gmail.com Ran
Arya Balachandran
12 Eco-Feminism in Gita Mehta’s A River 43
Sutra – A Study
Mrs.S.Anees Fathima13 Subaltern Studies -Dalit Writing - A Study 46 19 Slave Narratives: An Anti-Slavery 68
of Bama’s Karukku, Sangati Propaganda in the African American
Mr.P.Parthasarathy & Ms.S.Jeyanthi Literature
14 Mobile- Assisted Language Learning 50 Ms.M.Sumathy
(Mall): A Paradigm Shift in English 20 Subsistence of Tribals in Mamang Dai’s 71
Language Teaching The Legends of Pensam
Mr.A.Rajamani Ms.M.Benazir Nuzrath
15 Writers of Indian Diaspora: An Overview 52 21 Biography: An Effective Tool for Teaching 73
Mr.N.Raja Marichamy English Language
16 A Feministic Perspective in Chitra 56 Ms.M.Ummu Jasmine
Banerjee Divakaruni’s Sister of My Heart 22 Narratology in Meira Chand’s A Far 77
Ms.S.Gomathi & Ms.R.Asha Horizon
17 The Issues of Indian Immigrants and their 60 Ms.H.Rakhiba
Implications in Kiran Desai's Novel 23 Evolution of E – Learning 81
- The Inheritance of Loss Ms.A.J.Saleema Kathoon
Mr.V.Muruganandham & Dr.L.Rajesh 24 Demythologizing the American Past in 84
18 Culinary Paradigms in the Literature of 65 Ishmael Reed’s “Flight to Canada”
Indian Diaspora Mr.S.Mohamed Rowther
Ms.M.Fathima Sanjeetha 25 Newspaper as a Tool in English 88
Language Teaching Class
Mr.S.Abubacker SiddiqVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
PARANORMAL LOVEY-DOVEY IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S SELECT NOVELS
Ms.S.B.Chandhini Priyadharshini
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Sri Sarada College for Women, (Autonomous), Salem
―And so the lion fell in love with the lamb…‖ he murmured. I looked away, hiding my eyes as
I thrilled to the word. ―What a stupid lamb,‖ I sighed. ―What a sick, masochistic lion.‖
-Stephenie Meyer
Paranormal romance is the fastest growing Moon, Eclipse and Breaking Dawn. Author
subgenre of the romance in young fiction. The Stephenie Meyer was born Stephenie Morgan on
term ‗paranormal‘ can be defined as something December 24, 1973, in Hartford, Connecticut, to
that is said to be beyond normal. The term Stephen and Candy Morgan.
―paranormal‖ has existed in the English Meyer has called the uncommon spelling of
language since at least 1920. The word consists of her first name ‗a gift from her father,‘ who added
two parts: para and normal. The definition implies the letters ‗i‘ and ‗e‘ to the end of her name to
that the scientific explanation of the world around create ‗Stephenie‘. As the second of six children,
us is ‗normal‘ and anything that is above, beyond, Meyer took on the duties associated with being an
or contrary to that is ‗para‘. Paranormal events are elder sibling in a large Mormon family. Between
phenomena described in popular culture, folk, and caring for her younger brothers and sisters, she
other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose developed a passion for reading, thus becoming an
existence within these contexts is described to lie avid fan of classic authors Jane Austen, Charlotte
beyond normal experience or scientific Bronte and Margaret Mitchell, among others.
explanation. The most notable paranormal beliefs In 1996, between her junior and senior years
include those that pertain to ghosts, extra- at Brigham Young, Meyer became re-acquainted
terrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, psychic with childhood friend Christian Pancho Meyer
abilities or extrasensory perception, and cryptids. .The reunited friends soon began dating, and were
A cryptid is an animal whose existence is not married less than a year later, when Meyer was
confirmed by science, or is a specimen that is just 21 years old. Meyer graduated from Brigham
typically considered to be extinct. Young University in 1997. That same year, she
Paranormal romance is a subgenre of both gave birth to her first son, Gabe. Sons Seth and Eli
romantic fiction and speculative fiction. Romantic followed, and Meyer experienced a busy life as a
fiction place their primary focus on the stay at home as a mother.
relationship and romantic love between two On June 2, 2003, Meyer became an author in
people, and must have an emotionally satisfying earnest. Twilight was released in 2005 to fume
and optimistic ending. Speculative fiction is reviews, quickly becoming a best-seller. Like J.K.
an umbrella genre encircling narrative fiction with Rowling‘s Harry Potter franchise, Meyer‘s book
supernatural or futuristic elements. Thus, bridged the gap between teen and adult fiction.
paranormal romance must possess the She also increased her popularity through her
characteristics of both the above said fiction. online accessibility, and frequently made herself
The author whose work this paper focuses to available to her fan base. Twilight was honoured as
explore under paranormal genre is Stephenie a New York Times Editor‘s Choice and Publishers
Meyer. She is best known for authoring the Weekly Best Book of the Year.
Twilight Saga book series. The series has a The following year, Meyer published her
sequence of four books namely Twilight, New sophomore effort, the sequel New Moon, and sold
1 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
the film rights to Twilight. With the third and accompanied by Edward‘s sister, Alice. They meet
fourth instalments, Eclipse (2007) and Breaking with the Volturi, a powerful vampire coven, and
Dawn (2008), Meyer‘s series has sold more 250 are released only on the condition that Bella be
million copies, and has been translated into 37 turned into a vampire in the near future. Bella and
languages. The books were also adapted for a film Edward are reunited, and she and the Cullens
series amassing five instalments, including The return to Forks.
Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2, released in In Eclipse, Victoria has created an army of
November 2012. In 2008, Meyer released her first ‗newborn‘ vampires to battle the Cullen family
non-Twilight work. The Host, a grittier novel and murder Bella for revenge. Meanwhile, Bella is
targeted at an adult audience, features an alien compelled to choose between her relationship with
romance instead. Meyer‘s Twilight books, as well Edward and her friendship with Jacob. Edward‘s
as the film franchise, continue to garner media and vampire family and Jacob‘s werewolf pack join
fan attention. forces to successfully destroy Victoria and her
With a brief introduction about the author, vampire army. In the end, Bella chooses Edward‘s
the paper shifts to give in a short summary of the love over Jacob‘s friendship and agrees to marry
selected works. The major characters around Edward.
whom the fiction revolves are Isabella Marie In Breaking Dawn, Bella and Edward are
‗Bella‘ Swan, the heroine, Edward Cullen, the married, but their honeymoon was cut short when
hero, Jacob Black Bella‘s best friend, Carlisle Bella discovers that she is pregnant. Her
Cullen father of Edward, Emmett and Alice pregnancy progresses rapidly, severely weakening
Cullen, as well as Rosalie and Jasper. her. She nearly dies giving birth to her and
The story begins with Bella Swan, who moves Edward‘s half-vampire-half-human
from Phoenix, Arizona to live with her father daughter, Renesmee. Edward injects Bella with his
in Forks, Washington to allow her mother to venom to save her life and turns her into a
travel with her new husband, a minor vampire. A vampire from another coven sees
league baseball player. After moving to Forks, Renesmee and mistakes her for an ‗immortal
Bella finds herself involuntarily drawn to a child‘. She informs the Volturi, as the existence of
mysterious, handsome boy, Edward Cullen and such beings violates vampire law. The Cullens
eventually learns that he is a member of a vampire gather vampire witnesses who can verify that
family, which drinks animal blood rather than Renesmee is not an immortal child. After an
human blood. Edward and Bella fall in love, while intense confrontation, the Cullens and their
James, a sadistic vampire from another coven, is witnesses convince the Volturi that the child poses
drawn to hunt down Bella. Edward and the other no danger to vampires or to their secret, and thus,
Cullens defend Bella. She escapes to Phoenix, they were left in peace by the Volturi. Here ends
where she is tricked into confronting James, who the story of twilight saga with a blissful note.
tries to kill her. She is seriously wounded, but After a brief outline of the novels, the paper
Edward rescues her and they return to Forks. now attempts to focus on the significane of love
In New Moon, Edward and his family leave employed in the novel. Bella and Edward are the
Forks because he believes he is endangering main couple throughout the twilight saga. The
Bella‘s life. Bella goes into a depression until she saga mainly focuses on their relationship‘s
develops a strong friendship with Jacob Black, development, starting with their first and
who she discovers can shape-shift into a wolf. dangerous encounter in Twilight to their eternal
Jacob and the other wolves in his tribe must love in Breaking Dawn. The below lines depict
protect her from Victoria, a vampire seeking to Bella‘s feelings for Edward in the novel Twilight:
avenge the death of her mate James. Due to a About three things I was absolutely positive.
misunderstanding, Edward believes Bella is dead. First, Edward was a vampire. Second, there was a
Edward decides to commit suicide part of him, and I didn‘t know how potent that
in Volterra, Italy, but is stopped by Bella, who is part might be that thirsted for my blood. And
2 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
third, I was unconditionally and irrevocably in the form of a visiting vampire coven consisting
love with him. (Twilight 195) of Laurent, Victoria, and James. James tricks
When Bella and Edward first met in Twilight, Bella into confronting him alone in a ballet studio
Edward realizes that, he is unable to read Bella‘s she once went to as a child, and all of the Cullens
thoughts, which he finds frustrating for reasons he come to her aid, destroying James before he can
did not know at the time. Later he finds it difficult kill Bella. Bella spends time in a hospital with
to be around her; because even though he is a Edward constantly by her side, where he admits
‗vegetarian‘ vampire, her blood is more appealing that his sister Alice saw a vision of Bella becoming
than anything he had ever tasted. The compelling a vampire. However, he is determined to keep her
desire is so overwhelming that he considers killing human, despite her wanting to become one.
her, as well as the twenty other surrounding Twilight ends with neither one of them winning
students, to remove all living witnesses. He the argument, but neither is giving in. Instead,
attempts to change his biology class to avoid being they enjoy the moment together.
with her, but fails since every other class is already ―This is the last time you‘ll ever see me.
full. He believes her to be of interest because he I won‘t come back. And you can go on with your
cannot read her amusing thoughts and dismiss life without any interference from me. It‘ll be like I
her, as he has done for most of his vampire life. never existed, I promise.‖ (New Moon 71). These
He temporarily runs away from her to Alaska, lines were said by Edward to Bella. The next book
where he stays with the Denalis for a short while. in the series, New Moon, begins with Bella
The day after he returns, he saves Bella from celebrating her eighteenth birthday. She is
being hit by a van, exposing his superhuman depressed because this is the day that, she
strength and speed. Bella tries to confront him becomes physically older than Edward, who is
about it, but he refuses to tell her anything. perpetually seventeen. Edward invites her over to
Edward becomes increasingly infatuated with his family‘s house to celebrate. She receives a
Bella, and cannot get her out of his mind. His paper cut while unwrapping one of her gifts, and
infatuation with her reaches to the point that he Edward‘s brother, Jasper Hale, tries to attack her.
sneaks into her room at night to watch her sleep. As a result, Edward leaves Forks and Bella,
On the first night, while Bella is dreaming of telling her that he no longer loves her, because he
Edward, she says his name in her sleep. Edward thinks that leaving her is the best thing he can do
then realizes that he loves her, and tries to get for her. Bella then goes into an immense
close to her again. After yet again saving Bella in depression, and once ‗awakened‘, becomes closer
Port Angeles, Bella tells him that she knows about to Jacob Black and he wants to be more than
him being a vampire and that it does not matter, friends are, but that is not what she wants. They
proving that she loves him as well. The following argue, leaving Bella heartbroken. Jacob gives Bella
lines of Edward explores his love for Bella: succinct hints about what he is, and Bella
―You‘re the most important thing to me now. The discovers that he is a werewolf.
most important thing to me ever‖ (Twilight 274). Bella soon finds out that when she is in
Edward takes Bella hiking to a meadow, a danger, she can hear Edward‘s voice clearly in her
place he considers the most beautiful around the mind. When wanting to hear his voice again, she
dank forest of Forks. Bella thinks the same. Here, attempts cliff-diving, and nearly drowns in the
he shows her what sunlight does to his body for process. When Alice, who can see into the future,
the first time. The sight of Edward‘s sparkling skin sees her jump, she believes that Bella has
dazzles Bella immensely. Bella and Edward committed suicide, and travels to see Bella and see
become closer, eventually beginning a for herself. Edward, believing Bella to be dead
relationship. Edward invites her over to meet his from Alice‘s vision, loses the will to live and
family who are excited to meet her, except travels to Volterra, Italy to have the Volturi kill
Rosalie. She was later invited to their baseball him, and end his misery without Bella.
game. During the game, danger reveals itself in
3 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
When they prevent the Volturi from killing that he will go in battle, intending to die since she
Edward, he begs her forgiveness, and tells her that will not love him back. Bella tells him to kiss her
he loves her, had always loved her and always so he will think she loves him back, but as she
will, and promises to never leave her again. Bella kisses him, she realizes that she loves Jacob as
forgives him entirely and becomes completely well. She also recognizes that her love for Jacob
normal again, as if Edward had never left Forks. has no comparison to the love she holds for
Later, after his family votes in favour of Bella Edward. Once the battle is over and Victoria and
becoming a vampire, Edward agrees to do it her army are defeated, Bella visits Jacob and tells
himself if Bella will marry him first. Bella is still him of her decision to stay with Edward.
worried that if Edward does not turn her into a That night, Bella breaks out in tears for having
vampire she will continue to get older while rejected Jacob and Edward comforts her. Bella
Edward will be seventeen forever. She is also later decides to let Alice arrange the wedding and
outraged that he refuses to turn her just because he be her maid-of-honour. Edward realizes how
wants to protect her soul. much she is giving up for others and decides to
When Eclipse begins, Bella receives a letter repeal his conditions except for the wedding, but
from Jacob, saying that he misses her too, but that Bella is determined to do everything right:
it does not change anything. She is saddened by marriage first, make love, and then become a
this, but Edward visits her, and her mood greatly vampire. At the end of the story, they agree to
improves. Initially banned from going inside the tell Charlie about their engagement.
house, Edward is now allowed entrance for How many times had I stared at Edward and
limited amounts of time, under orders of Charlie, marvelled over his beauty? How many
but he ignores this by sneaking into her room hours―days, weeks, of my life had I spent
every night. Later, while Bella is visiting Jacob, he dreaming about what I then deemed to be
admits that he is in love with her, and forcefully perfection? I thought I‘d known his face better
kisses her, saying that she must either have him as than my own. I‘d thought this was the one sure
her boyfriend or not at all. Bella is furious with physical thing in my whole world: the flawlessness
Jacob for this, and nearly ends their friendship. of Edward‘s face. I may as well have been blind.
Meanwhile, Bella still has her heart set on For the first time, with the dimming shadows and
joining Edward and his family as a vampire. But, limiting weakness of humanity taken off my eyes,
after some consideration, she decides that there is I saw his face. I gasped and then struggled to find
one thing she would like to do while human that is the right words. I needed better words. (Breaking
to have Edward make love to her. Edward Dawn 37)
immediately refuses this ‗demand‘, explaining that At the beginning of Breaking Dawn, Bella and
although he wants her as much as she wants him, Edward are married in a beautiful ceremony
he could easily kill her if he lost control. Bella orchestrated by Alice. Edward and Bella ask Mr.
insists that he would never allow himself to let that Weber to change the words, ―till death do us part‖
happen. Eventually, Edward agrees that they can (Breaking Dawn 38) to the more appropriate ―as
‗try‘, but she must marry him first. Bella long as we both shall live‖ (Breaking Dawn 38).
reluctantly agrees, because of her parent‘s early After they are wed, Bella and Edward share their
divorce, and becomes Edward‘s fiancée. customary first dance during the reception. He
Moments before Bella‘s graduation, she comments on how ―heart-breakingly beautiful‖
realizes that the army of newborn vampires are (Breaking Dawn 40) she is and frequently addresses
under the control of Victoria and therefore will be Bella as Mrs. Cullen and his wife. Jacob comes to
coming after her. Having no other allies, since their wedding and when Bella insists that she can
the Denali family will not help due to Irina‘s have a ‗real‘ honeymoon, he is upset, as he
hostility towards the werewolves for believes Edward will kill her if they make love
killing Laurent, the Cullens and the La Push pack while she is still human and threatens to kill
of werewolves join forces to battle Victoria and
her army. Before the battle, Jacob informs Bella
4 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
him. Seth and Sam are forced to take Jacob away she surprises everyone, including herself, with
from the reception. extreme amount of maturity and self-control for a
Edward takes his wife to Isle Esme for their newborn; when Edward takes her out for her first
honeymoon, where they consummate their hunt, they cross a human scent. Rather than going
marriage. The next morning, Edward is horrified for the kill, Bella freezes and runs away, which
that he has bruised most of Bella‘s body with his amazes Edward, and even more Jasper. Bella is
hard skin and strength. He refuses to make love also happy to finally be Edward‘s equal and that
until she is turned into a vampire. However, Bella he no longer has to hold back his feelings and
convinces him otherwise after waking from a strength for her safety.
dream so good that she cries, wanting it badly to Later on when Edward explains what had
be real. She pleases with Edward to realize her happened to their family and Jacob while she was
desire and he gives in. converting, they are all in shock. Bella, Edward
Bella soon after feels a bump on her belly and and Renesmee are given a cottage as a gift from
misses her period. She then realizes she is their family. Jacob does them a favor by telling
pregnant with Edward‘s child. Her pregnancy Charlie about the supernatural world without
progresses at an extremely fast rate, and she mentioning vampires, and telling him to accept
becomes very sick. She cannot digest her food, as that Bella is different now. When Charlie comes to
she vomits most of it, and is dying, for the baby is accept her change and Bella exerts enough control
part vampire and not accepting food that Bella to avoid hurting him, they are all allowed to stay
eats and therefore starving her. Also, the baby longer in town, much to Bella‘s pleasure.
inside of her is so strong that it has been After a vampire named Irina mistook
accidentally breaking her ribs. Edward asks Jacob Renesmee for an immortal child: a creation that is
to help him convince her to kill the baby that is forbidden in the vampire world, the Volturi set out
killing her, but Bella refuses, because she has to destroy the Cullens as punishment for the
already developed a love for her unborn child. alleged transgression. In hopes to prevent this
Edward also tells Jacob that if she wants kids, she threat, their family gathers allies from many places
can have ‗puppies‘ with him. Jacob then has a to witness that their child is not a full vampire and
thought that ―the monster craves blood‖(Breaking poses no threat to their existence. In the
Dawn 52), and Edward is intrigued by the idea. meantime, Bella uses the remaining time to learn
They let Bella sample human blood, and she finds fighting skills and how to shield other people with
it appealing, and she is almost instantly revived her power, while also secretly forging legal
when she drinks it. Throughout the pregnancy, documents to save Renesmee in case they had
Bella drinks gallons of blood to sustain herself and failed to stop the Volturi. Though they and their
the baby. Near the end of the pregnancy, Edward friends manage to convince the Volturi that
begins to hear the baby‘s thoughts, and when he Renesmee is not an immortal child, her existence
hears that the baby ‗absolutely adores Bella‘, his is still claimed to be threatening.
hatred for it is replaced by new found love. Jacob However, Alice and Jasper arrive in time to
remarks that Edward could never hate anyone prevent the fight from breaking out and present
who loved Bella, which is why Edward does not two prominent witnesses Nahuel and Huilen, who
hate him. manage to end the confrontation peacefully. Once
Edward delivers the baby when Bella the Volturi leave the Cullens, Edward and Bella
unexpectedly goes into labour. She names their are free to live their lives in peace with their
child ‗Renesmee‘, and Edward injects her heart daughter. At the end of the saga, Bella removes
with his venom, turning her into a vampire. the shield on her mind to let Edward read her
Jacob imprints on Renesmee, unknown to Bella thoughts for the first time, which brings them even
until she is immortal. During her transformation, closer to each other. Though her removal is not
Edward stays by her side, refusing to leave the perfect, she states that they have forever to work
room. After Bella‘s transformation is complete, on it. The saga concludes that the couple continue
5 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
blissfully into their small but perfect piece of life Twilight saga can serve as the best example
forever. for unconditional love. Edward and bella though
To sum up, vampires and werewolves are not faced ample obstacles in their life, they still
the only element of fantasy depicted in the novels. sustained facing those situations staying strongly
It is the instant and eternal attraction between together. Thus through her novels, Stephenie
Edward and Bella, two somber teens, one human Meyer has brought out a positive moral influence
and one vampire, pulled together inexplicably on teenagers rather than just depicting fantasy.
against all forces of danger and all rules of logic.
Edward‘s desire for Bella is so ravenous References
in nature that he literally craves her blood above 1. Kerns, S. The Culture of Love: Victorians to
that of any other, while after a fleeting encounter, Moderns, Cambridge: Harvard University
Bella is so taken with Edward that she cannot Press, 1992. Print
imagine her existence without him. 2. Meyer, Stephenie. Breaking Dawn. Boston:
Falling in love can mean opening oneself up Little, Brown and Company, 2008. Print.
to new experiences, feeling free, spontaneous, 3. ---. Eclipse. Boston: Little, Brown and
generous, and differentiated from one‘s past. Company, 2007. Print.
When one finds someone with whom one shares a 4. ---. New Moon. Boston: Little, Brown and
deep and meaningful connection, one has to Company, 2006. Print.
struggle through real issues. In the current 5. ---.Twilight. Boston: Little, Brown and
scenario true love is quite dissipating with an Company, 2005. Print.
exception to few. Though paranormal romance is 6. Waller, Alison. Constructing Adolescence in
not possible in reality it can be taken in the right Fantastic Realism. London: Routledge, 2009.
sense. No humans are perfect everybody has some Print.
paranormal behaviour within themselves. Real life
has no assurance to sail in the same smooth boat,
at any time it is prone to face storms and tornados.
It is in the hands of the people to tackle the
difficult situations in one‘s life.
6 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
ENHANCING LANGUAGE SKILLS THROUGH ICT
Mr.PM.Noushad
Assistant Professor of English, H.K.R.H College, Uthamapalayam
Abstract
The English language is a necessity for most people in today's world.The monotonous way of teacher-oriented classroom
atmosphere should be changed to a creative student-centred classroom. In the days of technological advancement, a student should
be created interest in the classroom by utilizing the technology. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is one of such
methods to be adopted in modern teaching system.
Keywords: ICT, Interactive multimedia, Interactive whiteboard, Social interface.
Introduction To promote the study of ICT based texts as
The word ICT Stands for information and valuable text types
Communication Technologies and is defined as a To provide practical guidance to teachers
"Diverse set of Technological tools and resources based on a theoretical understanding of the
used to communicate, and to create,' disseminate, purposes and advantages of using ICTs.
store and manage information". ICT has become To heighten awareness of the issue if equity
one of the basic building blocks of modern society. and access to ICTs in our classrooms
ICT to a great extent facilitates the acquisition and
absorption of knowledge, thereby raising the level ICT Tools
of quality of education. ICT has the potential to ICT is changing processes of teaching and
remove the barriers that are causing the problems learning by adding elements of vitality to learning
of low rate education in any country. It can be environments including virtual environments for
used as a tool to overcome the issues of cost, less the purpose. The new digital ICT is not a single
number of teachers, and poor quality of education technology but combination of hardware,
as well as to overcome time and distance barriers. software, multimedia, and delivery systems.
Now, ICT has been used in almost all fields of Today, ICT in education encompasses a great
life, including in education. To equip students to range of rapidly evolving technologies such as
be literate lifelong learners and global citizens of Desktop, Note Book, and Handheld Computers,
the 21st century we must successfully integrate Digital Cameras, Local Area Networking,
ICT into both the English curriculum and English Bluetooth, Internet, the World Wide Web,
pedagogical practice.ICT is a valuable tool to Streaming and DVDs; and applications such as
enhance teaching and learning. For teachers, ICT word processors, Spread Sheets, Tutorials,
is a professional resource, a mode of classroom Simulator, Emulator etc. ICT also allows for the
delivery, and a source of valid and valuable text creation of digital libraries where students,
types. For students, ICT provides opportunities to teachers and professionals can access research
communicate more effectively and to develop material from any place at any time.
critical literacy skills. It is a valuable tool for
researching, composing and responding, viewing ICT Tools in Language Context
and representing in English. However, if all There are some kinds of technologies
students are to have the opportunity to develop classified into information and communication
ICT skills and achieve English syllabus outcomes, technology commonly used in language context,
issues of equity and access to technology must be such as:
addressed. The purpose of this paper is:
To advocate an increasingly authentic use of Interactive Multimedia
ICTs in teaching and assessment Interactive media is the integration of digital
media including combinations of electronic text,
7 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
Graphics, moving images, and sound converted Mobile Gadget
into a structured digital computerized Mobile gadgets such as cell phone and
environment that allows people to interact with smartphone which are equipped with programs
the data for appropriate puposes. The digital like the computer, which enable it to perform as
environment can include the internet, telecoms mini Personal Computer. By using this gadget and
and interactive digital television. (Finney, 2011:2) its internet connection, everybody could enjoy
chatting, browsing, and discuss each other with
Computer the wider range. The advancement of science and
A computer can be utilized with other technology make the size and price of those
multimedia learning devices or it can stand alone gadgets are getting cheaper and reachable
(a standard PC) and still serves its basic purpose as
an electronic medium of language learning. The Social Interface
computer is an electronic device which is capable This media provides facility or example that
of receiving information (date) and performing a enables an interaction between human and
sequence of logical operations in accordance with computer.People set up more interaction with the
a predetermined but variable set of procedural computer in a more intuitive with less effort
instruction(program) to produce results in the through writing, voice.touch, eye movements, and
form of information or signals based on Oxford other gestures.(hartoyo,2012:34) This technology
dictionary. It consists of CPU, monitor, keyboard serves as the milestone of the recent development
and other apparatus. of interactive multimedia,audio-graphic computer
teleconference, and interactive television via
Audio Devices satellite (National Broadband of Employment,
Audio devices can be used with other media Education and training,1993:5)
to form and also be utilized separately as an
independent tool. Audio devices includes speaker, Interactive Whiteboard
earphone CD etc An interactive whiteboard or IWB, is a large
interactive display(such as touchscreen
Internet monitor)which is connected to a computer and
The Internet can be used as a medium of projector.A projector projects the computers'
language learning through email, www(World desktop onto the boards' surface, where users
Wide Web)text, audio and video conferencing. control the computer using a pen, finger or other
devices.
Television
According to Oxford Dictionary, Television is ICTs and the English Classroom
a system for converting visual images (with The use of ICT in the English classroom
sound)into electrical signals, transmitting them by extends beyond its motivational value to address
radio or other means, and displaying them key outcomes of its syllabus, and allow students to
electronically on a screen. become competent users as well as consumers in
English
Telephone
This telephone medium has not been widely Research Suggests that Incorporating ICT into
used for language teaching because of the poor English Curriculum can
quality of analogue transmissions. However, there Improve writing and reading skills
is new invent of digital quality and lower Develop speaking and listening skills
connection cost which potential for conference Support collaboration,creativity,independent
calls. learning and reflection
(Becta,2003a,Becta,2003b,VTC,2003)(cited in
Becta 2005).
8 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
As an interactive and collaborative medium, accessing any information necessary learning
ICT allows responding composing and independently influence the value teaching
Publication to be easily shared and offers students student's character, it does not always depend on
the opportunity to explore the language of text others. Mastering current tick is necessary for
more creatively and develop as speakers writers every human being in edible age as well as in
and readers for an ever-widening range of education, innovative learning, especially learning
purposes and audiences. can be done by using the internet to generate
device-based learning ICT.
ICT Can Enable Students to
Access information and respond to a References
widening range of text 1. Anderson,N (2005) "Mindstorms" and
Organise and present information in a variety "mindtools" Aren't happening: digital
of forms streaming of students via socio-economic
Broaden the range of audiences for their work disadvantage. E. Learning journal vol 2.
Compose a widening range of text for a broad No2.2005.
range of purposes 2. Barton,G.2006 ICT in English www. long
Compose for real audiences ICT can support man.co.uk/tt-seceng/websites/article.htm
them in their choice of genre for audience and (10/4/2006)
purpose 3. Banaszewski,T.(2002).Digital Storytelling find
Identify on characteristics and features of text. its place in the classroom. Multimedia
schoolsjan /Feb2002(11/4/2006)
Develop understanding of language and
4. Beavis,C.(2006) Lara meets
Critical literacy (becta, 2006, ICT in the
Literacy:Computer Games and English
curriculum).
5. http://www.sofweb.vic.edu.aalenglish
Conclusion (11/4/2006)
ICT is a form of advanced science Technology 6. Becta.(2006) Benefits anf features of ICT in
must be optimised function especially in the English.ICT in the curriculum.
implementation of learning. ICT provides http:llcurriculum.becta.org.uk/docserver.php
opportunities for students in the era of global /?docoid:657 (11/04/2006)
competition needs to obtain adequate supplies. 7. Becta (2006) ICT in the Curriculum
True innovative ICT based learning can provide 8. http://curriculum.becta.org.uk/docserver.ph?
West opportunities for students to home and temid:255 (11/04/2006)
promote competence on an international scale. On
the other hand mental attitude and self-Reliance in
9 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
NURSERY RHYMES IN ENGLISH – THE MISSING COMPONENT IN ELT TODAY
Ms.Amy Gracelyn Paul
Department of English, SHUATS, Allahabad
Amy Gracelyn Paul, Department of English, communicative. It is the result of direct instruction
SHUATS, Allahabad in the rules of language. In language learning,
Language teaching has become an integral students have conscious knowledge of the new
part of education in schools and colleges. English language and can talk about that knowledge.
speaking skills have become indispensible for the Children, on the other hand, acquire language
job market and there has been a mushrooming of through a subconscious process during which they
institutes and centres claiming to teach fluent are unaware of grammatical rules. This is similar
English in 30 or 90 days. In this constant search to the way they acquire their first language. To
for unique methods and short cuts to fluency, acquire language, the learner needs an
some basic methods are being overlooked and environment of natural communication.
even dismissed. One among such overlooked Skinner in 1957 tried to explain language
practices is the teaching of nursery rhymes. They acquisition through behaviourism. Skinner argued
are an essential component of language learning. that children learn language based on behaviourist
Considered frivolous and even anachronistic, reinforcement principles by associating words with
nursery rhymes are confined to the nursery meanings. Correct utterances are positively
schoolrooms. The reasons for the rising reinforced when the child realizes the
unpopularity of English nursery rhymes are communicative value of words and phrases.
manifold. The impact and the long-lasting hold of Noam Chomsky, commonly considered the
rhymes is something that is not really talked about ―Father of Modern Linguistics‖, in the 1960s
in ESL/EFL in India. The idea of introducing proposed the LAD – Language Acquisition
rhymes to adult ESL learners is rejected out of Device as an explanation for the ability of children
hand assuming that rhymes are for children and to learn a language. Chomsky believed every child
that adult learners will feel uncomfortable in has a ‗LAD‘ that ‗encoded‘ the major principles
singing childish songs. This paper aims to shed and structures of language. He proposed that the
light on the work already done on the efficacy of brain was ‗hard-wired‘ to learn grammar. This
rhymes and why they should be used in our implies in turn that all languages have a common
ESL/EFL classrooms. structural basis: the set of rules known as
Language acquisition is the process by which "universal grammar". Chomsky and other
humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce generative linguists like him have shown that the
and use words to understand and communicate. It 5000 to 6000 languages in the world, despite their
involves the picking up of diverse capacities very different grammars, do share a set of
including syntax, phonetics, and an syntactic rules and principles. These linguists
extensive vocabulary. Language development is a believe that this ―universal grammar‖ is innate.
complex and unique human quality but yet Recent research concludes that the process of
children seem to acquire language at a very rapid second language acquisition is not very different
rate with most children's speech being relatively from first language acquisition. The learner
grammatical by age three (Crain & Lillo-Martin, acquires the ability to distinguish the various
1999). There is an important distinction made by sounds of the language. She/he acquires
linguists between language acquisition and vocabulary in reference to the known world and
language learning. Language learning is not experiences. Finally, the learner acquires
10 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
grammatical structures. A look at the average A rhyme or a pop-song becomes the wholesome
language classroom reveals counter-intuitive ESL classroom material by providing the four
techniques and methodology that only increase skills – reading, writing, speaking and listening.
the stress of the learner by introducing him to Starting with vocabulary, the student learns
grammatical structures early in the process. syntactic structures in an illustrated context that
With Chomsky‘s Universal Grammar and the s/he can imitate in a different context. Krouse
Behaviourist theory put forward by Pavlov, (1988) states that learners discover vocabulary,
Skinner, and Watson, methods of teaching second structure and other language components through
language changed drastically from the previously songs. Along with his Affective Filter Hypothesis,
followed Grammar-Translation and Direct Krashen (1982) also put forward his Input
Method. Georgi Lozanov (1979) proposed the Hypothesis where new, unfamiliar vocabulary is
theory of Suggestopedia. It states that when the acquired when its significance is made clear to the
mind and body are relaxed, the brain absorbs learner. Meaning is conveyed by providing
knowledge without effort. The Suggestopedia "comprehensible input" in the form of
classroom uses music to help soothe students as extralinguistic support such as illustrations,
teachers employ various language-learning actions, photos, videos and context. Rhymes
activities. According to educators of second introduce the learners to similar sounding words.
language learners, music is advantageous for still From this base a corpus of semantically related
other reasons. words can be introduced by creating coordinate
Stephen Krashen (1982) put forward the pairs (e.g., pot and pan) and subordinate-
Affective Filter Hypothesis. Lack of motivation, superordinate pairs (e.g., furniture – chair).
stress, negative attitude and any number of such Ryan (1969) addressed the issue of rhythm
reasons affect the learning process. Krashen and its impact upon short term memory, Shepard
explains that for maximum results the filter should and Ascher (1972), also taking a more linguistic
be weak. First, for most students, singing songs approach, studied the effects of rhythm (i.e.,
and listening to music are enjoyable experiences. intonation) upon short-term memory as well. Even
The positive effects of music on the psyche are rote learning and memorization is aided by using
well documented in psychology. Music infuses rhythm. For example, students learning
creativity in the classroom and provides multiplication tables use a rhythm which becomes
motivation by being novel. The tedium of very obvious in a classroom setting.
textbooks is broken by unpredictable teaching Rixon (1996) pointed out that nursery rhymes
material- music. Music reduces the stress of ‗form part of a child‘s linguistic data base from
learning a second language. This stress, especially which generalizations may be made. Nursery
in an adult learner, is a major inhibitor of rhymes abound in partial repetition at the
language learning. Music thus, increases the linguistic level, with ‗many repetitions of word
attention and reception of the learners. Through sequences containing slight variations, which from
the child‘s point of view, may aid the perception
songs or rhymes, students are exposed to
of abstract linguistic categories. Crystal, (2001)
―authentic‖ examples of the second language.
stated the importance of language patterns to
Furthermore, target vocabulary, grammar, learners. And due to the repetitive language and
routines and patterns are modelled in context. the repetitive nature of their use, nursery rhymes
Rhyme is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as lend themselves well to functioning as linguistic
―a word that has the same sound or ends with the drills, without the accompanying feeling of
same sound as another word‖ and ―a short poem potential boredom or frustration and they help in
in which the last word in the line has the same developing automaticity of language use,
sound as the last word in another line, especially alongside catering for different learning styles and
the next one‖. A nursery rhyme is essentially a multiple intelligences. In addition, Gardner,
‗story-song‘. (2011) stated that they provide ample
A small incident or event, sometimes opportunities for recycling the language by
nonsensical, set to a simple, catchy tune. offering a wide range of options for developing
11 Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and ScienceVol 2 Special Issue 2 March 2018 ISSN: 2456-5571
classroom activities to accompany them. Nursery to learn more and use the language out of the
rhymes provide a large corpus of material to classroom. The superiority of nursery rhymes as
develop classroom activities addressing the four an ESL/EFL class room material lies in the fact
skills. Nursery rhymes, in general, are based on a that it is readily available and can be used without
small incident, as in ‗Jack and Jill‘, ‗London a teacher‘s supervision. In this regard nursery
Bridge is Falling Down‘ or ‗Mary Had a Little rhymes make successful materials. In addition to
Lamb‘, or repetition of meaningful structures, as catchy tunes they have the added advantage of
in ‗Wheels on the Bus‘. Unlike poetry, nursery accompanying visuals which increase the
rhymes follow rules of syntax, keeping to sentence attention, motivation and input of the learners.
order and tense. The different types of sentences
are introduced along with the various tenses. The References
simple rhyme scheme introduces the learner to the 1. Crain, S., & Lillo-Martin, D.C. (1999). An
various sounds, helps train the listening skill in introduction to linguistic theory and language
distinguishing the various sounds of the language. aquisition. Malden, (MA): Blackwell
Shin & Crandall (2014), pointed out that rhymes Publishing Ltd.
‗help language learners acquire connected speech‘ 2. Wikipedia contributors. "Universal
and they are considered to be especially useful for grammar." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
intonation and practice ‗in a stress-timed language Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 4 Jul.
such as English because the rhythm forces 2016. Web. 15 Jul. 2016.
[learners] to put the stress in the right places and 3. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of
to observe the strong and weak forms.‘ Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Pronunciation, rhythm, stress and intonation can 4. Krieger, D. (2005). Teaching ESL vs EFL:
be practiced. Nursery rhymes also inspire Principles and practices. English Teaching
creativity in the learners by motivating them to Forum, 43(2), 8-16.
form their own sentences, or even rhymes at an 5. Lalas, J. & Lee, S. (2002). Using Music to
advanced level. Enhance Second Language Acquisition: From
Research has shown that a student who has Theory to Practice. Language, Literacy, and
memorized the rules of the language may be able Academic Development for English language
to succeed on a standardized test of English Learners. Pearson Educational Publishing.
language but may not be able to speak or write 6. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practice in
correctly. Rote memorization of the rules of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford:
grammar does not ensure fluency. A major error is Pergamon Press.
made when the classroom is treated as an ESL 7. Krouse, M.A.1988. Beginning English.
setting rather than an EFL setting. A clear Mastering Second Language First Three
distinction should be made in this while teaching Years. Babelegi. Unibook Publishers. Craft
the students. Krieger (2005) clearly states that in Press.
an EFL class, students are usually monolingual 8. Ryan, J. (1969). Grouping and short-term
and they learn English while living in their own memory: Different means and patterns of
country. In ESL contexts, the learners live and are grouping. Quarterly Journal of Experimental
already immersed in the culture of the target Psychology, 21, 137-147.
language. That is, a classroom full of immigrant 9. Shepard, W., & Ascher, L. (1973). Effects of
learners set in the U.S.A. would be an example of linguistic rule conformity on free recall in
an ESL classroom but a classroom full of Indian children and adults. Developmental Psychology,
students, sharing one language, set in India would 8(1), 139.
be an EFL classroom. Each classroom has 10. Shin & Crandall, (2014), Shin, J. K. & Crandall,
different requirements and they also call for J. (2014). Teaching Young Learners English: From
different approaches and materials. Any successful Theory to Practice. Boston: National Geographic
ELT material should eventually free the learner of Learning.
the teacher‘s supervision and motivate the learner
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