Birds and mammals of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia
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ORYX VOL 30 NO 3 JULY 1996
Birds and mammals of the Bukit Barisan
Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia
Timothy G. O'Brien and Margaret F. Kinnaird
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in south-west Sumatra is one of the largest
protected areas in Sumatra and thus of considerable importance to the
conservation of biodiversity in Indonesia. Until recently, little was known of the
wildlife in the park. The authors' surveys document the presence of an intact
community of the birds and mammals known to occur in lowland Sumatran rain
forests. While hunting and collection offorest products threaten a number of plant
and animal species in the park,'the primary threat to the park's integrity is from
agricultural encroachment and expansion of enclaves beyond their boundaries. The
future survival ofBukit Barisan National Park and its ivildlife requires that active
measures be taken to curb non-sustainable exploitation of plants and wildlife. It
will also be necessary to resolve land-use conflicts with communities in, and
adjacent to, the park.
Introduction ence of Sumatran rhinoceros*, Asian elephant,
tiger, clouded leopard, Malayan sun bear,
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) serow and Indian wild dog (FAO, 1981).
is the third largest protected area (3568 sq km) Surveys for Sumatran rhinoceros in 1990 in a
on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Located small area of the southern peninsula indicated
in the extreme south-west of Sumatra (104°E, 13-18 animals (AsRSG, 1995). If accurate,
50'S), the park spans two provinces, Lampung BBSNP may contain a substantial number of
and Bengkulu, extending from the southern the estimated 200-300 Sumatran rhinos be-
tip at Tanjung Cina to more than 120 km north lieved to remain in Indonesia. MacKinnon and
along the Barisan Mountain Range (Figure 1). Phillips (1993) reported that 121 bird species
The BBSNP contains some of the largest intact have been recorded in BBSNP, but suggest
tracts of lowland rain forest remaining in that the low figure is due to a lack of surveys
Sumatra and serves as the primary watershed in the area. The primary objectives of this sur-
for south-west Sumatra (FAO, 1981). Most of vey were to develop baseline data on the pres-
the Park (82 per cent) lies in Lampung ence and diversity of birds and mammals in
Province, the most densely populated, poorest protected lowland forest habitats of BBSNP.
province of Sumatra, and one undergoing the
most rapid forest conversion (Whitten et al.,
1987). The park's long, thin shape results in c. Methods
700 km of boundaries, and encroachment by
illegal logging and cultivation are recurrent We conducted surveys in BBSNP between 7
problems. and 24 March 1995, at the end of the rainy
Despite its large size and importance, season. We surveyed areas on foot between
BBSNP has not been surveyed systematically Tampang and Tanjung Belimbing (25 km), T.
for mammals or birds; however, it is believed Belimbing to the Paya River (20 km), T.
to be an important refuge for a major portion
of Sumatra's mammal and bird fauna * Scientific names of animals mentioned in the text
(FAO, 1981). Early reports indicate the pres- are given in Table 1, and Appendices 1 and 2.
© 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217 207
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Bukit Barisan Selatan N.P.
IN
t
Indian Ocean
Way Haru
V
Paya R.
\
Pemakahan ] Figure 1. Map of Bukit Barisan
T. Belimbing
Selatan showing villages, rivers
and survey routes referred to in
text.
Belimbing to T. Cina (32 km), Way Heni to Results
Way Haru (40 km), and forests north of Rata
Agung (15 km) (Figure 1). Surveys were con- We verified the presence of 22 medium-sized
ducted along established forest trails or ele- to large mammals in areas surveyed (Table 1).
phant trails, and normally followed rivers or Eleven mammals were recorded at most sur-
traversed areas between rivers. At each site, vey sites and the remaining 11 species were
we recorded birds and mammals seen as well recorded at one or two survey sites. An addi-
as indirect evidence (tracks, faeces, rooting). tional 33 species have been reported from ad-
Indirect evidence is often the only indication jacent forests and agroforestry lands (Sibuea
that secretive forest mammals are present and Herdimansyah, 1993; Appendix 1)
(Schemnitz, 1980; Rabinowitz, 1993). We also
interviewed forest guards, hunters and collec-
tors of forest products for information on Sumatran rhinoceros
tiger, clouded leopard, elephant and Sumatran We encountered recent rhino signs at three lo-
rhinoceros. Finally, we surveyed literature for cations along the survey transects. In the
examples of faunal inventories in the region vicinity of the Blambangan River we found
that might not have wide circulation. footprints of at least two individuals, as well
as scrapes and wallows. This area is a mosaic
of open marshy areas, swamp forest and low-
208 >1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217
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land forest on low ridges. Another set of
Cats
prints was found at Tanjung Belimbing, adja-
cent to a proposed hunting concession on the We found no tracks of tigers or clouded leop-
park's eastern border. At the Paya River we ards during our survey. On two transects we
found one set of prints that were less than 24 found tracks of small, unidentified forest cats.
hours old; our guide said prints in three size There are periodic reports of tigers killing
classes are normally found in this area. No dogs and goats in the Belimbing and Way
signs of rhino were found north of Paya River, Heni areas, and tracks of tiger and clouded
although rhino tracks were found in damar leopard have been reported in damar gardens
Shorea javanica gardens near Krui in 1993 near Krui on the edge of the park.
(Sibuea and Herdimansyah, 1993). Interviewees
in Rata Agung said there had been no reports
of rhino in the area for many years. Primates
Siamang were abundant in all areas surveyed
and family groups ranged from three to seven
Asian elephant
individuals. Less common were dark-handed
Fresh elephant signs were encountered on gibbons, which we encountered only in the
every trail and elephants were seen and heard Paya River, Canguk River and Rata Agung
on several occasions. More elephant signs areas. Lack of gibbons in the southern penin-
were encountered in the southern peninsula. sula may reflect their need for continuous
Prints and faeces of young animals were seen canopy forest. Small groups of banded langurs
on three surveys. Evidence was usually of and silvered langurs were present in every site
lone individuals or groups of two or three ani- surveyed. Long-tailed macaques were most
mals. Based on interviews, we estimate ap- common in the southern peninsula. Pig-tailed
proximately 100-150 elephants in the park. macaques and the western tarsier were not
Table 1. Mammal species
Method of identified in Bukit Barisan
Common name Scientific name identification Selatan National Park
Flying fox Pteropus vampyrus Photographs
Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis Visual/vocalization
Silvered langur Presbytis cristata Visual/vocalization
Banded langur Presbytis melalophus Visual/vocalization
Dark-handed gibbon Hylobates agilis Visual/vocalization
Siamang Hylobates syndactylus Visual/vocalization
Malayan sun bear Helarctos malavanus Visual/tree damage
Hairy-nosed otter Lutra sumatrana Visual/tracks
Tiger Panthera tigris Local report
Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa Local report
Unidentified small cat Felis sp. Tracks
Asian elephant Ekphas maximus Visual / faeces / tracks
Malayan tapir Tapirus indicus Tracks
Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Tracks
Wild pig Sus scrofa Visual /tracks
Lesser mouse deer Tragulus javanicus Visual/tracks
Red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak Tracks
Sambar deer Cervus unicolor Tracks/vocalization
Domestic water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Visual/faeces/tracks
Malayan giant squirrel Ratufa bicolor Visual/vocalization
Plantain squirrel Callosciurus notatus Visual
Common porcupine Hystris brachura Quills
© 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217 209
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observed or heard, but both species have been sity at all sites surveyed. Notably lacking from
reported in BBSNP and southern Sumatra this list are nocturnal birds and montane
(Payne et al., 1985; Whitten et a\., 1987). species, which probably occur in the park.
Other mammals Human activity in the park
Tracks of sambar deer, red muntjac (barking Because of BBSNP's long border, patrolling is
deer) and mouse deer were found regularly difficult and access to the park is relatively
on all surveys, and deer were observed on easy. Along the boundary near Tampang we
several occasions. In the north deer are hunted encountered pit-sawing activity and most of
regularly but in the south no one admitted to the large dipterocarp trees were gone. Rattan
hunting, possibly because we travelled with was conspicuously absent at all sites surveyed
park guards. Wild pig Sus scrofa tracks and and we encountered collectors of rattan and
signs of rooting were also abundant at all gaharu (fragrant resin from heartwood of
sites. Domestic water buffalo were common Aquilaria spp.) in the forest near Rata Agung.
from T. Belimbing to the Blambangan River. There was evidence of expansion of agricul-
We found tracks of three or more Malayan tural lands across park boundaries at the en-
tapir only in the Tampang-T. Belimbing area. clave of Pemakahan and reports of illegal land
Otter tracks were found at T. Belimbing and clearance near the Kabuperahu enclave. We
eight hairy-nosed otters, including one albino, observed agricultural encroachment at Rata
were observed near Way Haru. We encoun- Agung and heard reports of similar problems
tered Malayan sun bears only between Way near Krui. Residents of the enclave at Way
Heni and Way Haru and north of Rata Agung, Haru recently attempted to cut a road through
although we received reports of their presence the park but were stopped halfway by the
at all survey sites. We did not encounter signs Ministry of Forestry. On a larger scale, the
of Indian wild dog, although it was believed construction of paved roads by the provincial
common in BBSNP during the late 1970s. We government has been accompanied by exten-
also saw no evidence of civets, weasels, sive logging and resulted in the division of the
martens or badgers along the survey routes. park into three parts.
Human-wildlife interactions in BBSNP
vary. Because there is no buffer zone, agricul-
Hornbills and other birds
tural lands are immediately adjacent to, or in-
We confirmed the presence of seven species of side the park. Livestock predation by tigers
hornbills in BBSNP. All sites contained at least and clouded leopards occurs occasionally.
five species. Most common were the helmeted, Elephant depredation to rice paddies and cof-
oriental pied, great and rhinoceros hornbills. fee gardens is among the most pressing prob-
Other surveys (Appendix 2) include two more lems. This problem receives a great deal of
species (white-crowned hornbill and wrinkled publicity and there is pressure to institute
hornbill) making a total of nine species for the culling and capture programmes to control
park. We located one active nest of the elephants that move out of reserves (Jakarta
wreathed hornbill near the Paya River. Post, 1994; Pak Panjaitan, PHPA, pers.
Our surveys contributed 58 new species to comm.). Hunting for local consumption occurs
the list of known occurrences in BBSNP. The (especially deer species and great argus pheas-
total bird list for BBSNP is 276 species out of ant) but we heard of no instances of elephant
397 species believed to occur in Sumatra or rhino poaching.
(Appendix 2). Most of the additions were for- There is widespread local trade in edible
est interior birds. The diversity of lowland swiftlet nests from the area. The Ministry of
habitats (forest, swamp, coastal, marsh) pro- Forestry has issued collecting permits for sus-
vides habitat for a rich avian community in tainable exploitation at two sites, but most
the park and we found relatively high diver- caves in the region are not owned and nests
210 © 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217
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are freely collected and sold. Capturing wild forests or that densities have always been low
birds for local bird trade is also common; one in this region. More intensive surveys are
guide admitted to collecting hornbill chicks needed to resolve the status of mammalian
for sale. carnivores.
Bird diversity is high in the forests of
BBSNP, and is comparable to the island of
Discussion Java. Thiollay (1995) recorded more than 150
species during a short, but intensive survey of
We consider the wildlife communities of low- avian diversity in forests north of Rata Agung.
land forests in BBSNP to be representative of BBSNP has avian diversity similar to well-
intact lowland tropical rain forest. Surveys studied lowland sites in Borneo (MacKinnon
carried out in forests and damar gardens adja- and Phillipps, 1993), such as Danum Valley
cent to the park indicate the presence of at Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (240
least 52 forest mammal species, including species), Kutai National Park, East
Sumatran rhino, tiger and clouded leopard Kalimantan, Indonesia (236 species) and
(Sibuea and Herdimansyah, 1993). We pre- Barito Ulu Research Area, Central Kalimantan,
sume these species also occur within the park. Indonesia (230 species). In Sumatra, only
The bird community is quite diverse, with ap- Gunung Leuser National Park exceeds the
proximately 70 per cent of Sumatra's avifauna richness of BBSNP (>325 species; Griffiths,
occurring in the park's lowland forests. 1994). Avian diversity in BBSNP may be com-
The indigenous mammalian herbivore com- parable to Gunung Leuser NP once the noc-
munity in BBSNP is represented by Sumatran turnal and montane birds are sampled.
rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, Asian elephant, Presence/absence data are useful for assess-
serow, wild pig and several deer species. The ing the potential of an area for biodiversity
Sumatran rhinoceros may be more wide- conservation. They do not, however, reveal in-
spread than previously believed, but appears formation concerning the population status of
to be absent from the Rata Agung area. The birds and mammals in these parks.
BBSNP rhino population may be one of the Populations of exploited species, such as the
most important remaining populations of this tiger and Sumatran rhinoceros, may be pre-
seriously endangered species. The elephant sent but under severe pressure and, possibly,
population appears to be healthy; it is wide- facing local extinction. Populations of straw-
spread and breeding, and poaching is proba- headed bulbuls and white-rumped shamas are
bly not a serious problem at this time. almost certainly declining due to capture for
Although we lack population information for the bird trade, but trend data are lacking.
other herbivores, the survey indicates the con- Apart from large-scale destruction of forests
tinued survival of these species in the park. during the 1970s and 1980s, the interior forests
Our surveys failed to find much evidence of of BBSNP appeared to be in very good shape.
mammalian carnivores in the primary forests Pit-sawing and collecting local forest products
of BBSNP, although we know that at least nine are having impacts on certain species (e.g.
species occur in and around the park. One trees of Dipterocarpaceae, rattan) along the
problem with a generalized survey of this na- borders. Encroachment will continue to be a
ture is that most carnivore species are noctur- problem around the park until issues of popu-
nal and our surveys were diurnal. Civets may lation growth and migration into the area are
have been underrepresented because we did addressed. Currently, the Ministry of Forestry
not sample secondary forest and edge habi- has neither the manpower, enforcement capa-
tats. Overall, however, the lack of signs (e.g. bility nor the training to address these land-
footprints, scrapes, faeces) indicates low den- use conflicts (USAID, 1994). Park headquar-
sities for most carnivore species. It is possible ters are more than 20 km from the park and
that Indian wild dog, tiger and cloud leopard park guards do not live near the sites they are
have been hunted heavily in the lowland assigned to patrol. Most of the collectors and
© 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217 211
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farmers we talked to believed that it was their rhino in Bukit Barisan Selatan. Newsletter of the
right to use or cut forest as the need arose. 1UCN/SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group, 1,14.
Reconciliation of local needs with conser- Andrews, P. 1992. The Birds of Indonesia - A Checklist
(Peters'sequence). Kukila checklist no. 1.
vation is urgently needed in the area.
FAO. 1981. Barisan Selatan Game Reserve Management
Protection and management activities Plan, 1982-1987. FAO Field Report, Bogor,
should focus on illegal encroachment, non- Indonesia.
sustainable exploitation of wildlife and forest Griffiths, M. 1994. Leuser National Park. Tien Wah
products, and implementation of land-use Press, Singapore.
zoning. Constructive relationships between MacKinnon, J. and Phillipps, K. 1993. A Field Guide
park staff and local communities should be to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford
initiated, such that local communities develop University Press, Oxford.
Payne, I., Francis, CM. and Phillipps, K. 1985. A
an appreciation and support for the conser-
Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. Pencetak
vation of BBSNP. Because the Ministry of Weng Fatt Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur.
Forestry lacks the finances and expertise to Rabinowitz, A. 1993. Wildlife Field Research and
implement most of these recommendations, Conservation Training Manual. Wildlife
they might concentrate their resources on pa- Conservation Society, New York.
trolling and securing the park boundaries. Schemnitz, S.D. (ed). 1980. Wildlife Management
Meanwhile, international assistance is neces- Techniques Manual The Wildlife Society,
Washington, DC.
sary to develop monitoring capabilities, park
Sibuea, T.T.H. and Herdimansyah, D. 1993. The
management, staff training and community Variety of Mammal Species in the Agroforest Areas of
education programmes. Such an approach is Krui (Lampung), Muara Bungo (Jambi). and
imperative if Bukit Barisan Selatan National Maninjau (West Sumatra). ORSTROM-BIOTROP
Park is to retain its splendour as a repository Report, Bogor.
of biodiversity in Indonesia. Thiollay, J.M. 1995. Are traditional agroforests an al-
ternative for the conservation of rain forest bird
diversity? Three case studies in Sumatra.
Acknowledgements Conservation Biology, 9,335-353.
USAID. 1994. Policy Towards Protected Areas in
This survey was funded by the Wildlife Indonesia. Final Report. USAID Natural Resources
Conservation Society. Permission for the survey was Management Project Report No. 38.
granted by Pak Effendi Sumardja, Director of Whirten, AJ., Damanik, S.J., Anwar, J. and Hisyam,
Conservation Programmes, Ministry of Forestry N. 1987. The Ecology of Sumatra. Gadjah Mada
(PHPA). Special thanks are given to Pak Panjaitan University Press, Yogyakarta.
(Head of Lampung, Sumatra Regional Office,
PHPA) and Pak Bambang Hartona (Head of Bukit Timothy G. O'Brien and Margaret F. Kinnaird,
Barisan Selatan National Park) for their help in or- Wildlife Conservation Society, International
ganizing logistics. We also thank the many PHPA Programs, 185th and Southern Boulevard, Bronx,
guards and local guides who accompanied us dur- NY 10460, USA.
ing our survey.
References
Anon. 1994. Saving Sumatra's elephants. Jakarta
Post, 10 September 1994.
Asian Rhino Specialist Group. 1995. The Sumatran
212 ) 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217
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Appendix 1. Mammals known to occur in forests and agroforests adjacent to Bukit Barisan Selatan National
Park
Family /species English name Family/species English name
Tupaiidae Ratufa bicolor Malayan giant
Tupaia glis Common treeshrew squirrel
Ptilocercus lowii Pentail treeshrew Ratufa affinis Giant squirrel
Cynocephalidae Sundasciurus hippurus Horse-tailed squirrel
Cynocephalus variegatus Flying lemur
Pteropodidae Sundasciurus lowii Low's squirrel
Pteropus vampyrus Large flying fox Tamiops maccllandii Himalayan striped
Chironax melanocephalus Black-capped fruit bat squirrel
Rhinolophidae Muridae
Rhinolophus luctus Great woolly Chiropodomys gliroides Common pencil-tailed
horseshoe bat tree-mouse
Hipposideridae Rattus exulans Polynesian rat
Hipposideros galeritus Cantor's roundleaf bat Rattus rattus House rat
Megadermatidae Rattus tiomanicus Malaysian field rat
Megaderma spasma Lesser false vampire Hystricidae
bat Antherurus macrourus Brush-tailed
Vespertilionidae porcupine
Pipistrellus stenoptems Narrow-winged Hystrix brachyura Common porcupine
pipistrelle Ursidae
Phoniscus atrox Gilded groove- Helarctos malayanus Malayan sun bear
toothed bat Mustelidae
Philetor brachypterus Narrow-winged Lutra perspicillata Smooth otter
brown bat Mydaus javanensis Malay badger
Molossidae Viverridae
Cheiromeks torquatus Naked bat Arctogalidia trivirgata Small-tooth palm
Lorisidae civet
Nycticebus coucang Slow loris Felidae
Tarsiidae Felis bengalensis Leopard cat
Tarsius bancanus Western tarsier Neofelis nebulosa Clouded leopard
Cercopithecidae Panthera tigris Tiger
Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque Elephantidae
Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque Elephas tnaximus Indian elephant
Presbytis melalophus Banded leaf monkey Tapiridae
Presbytis cristata Silvered leaf money Tapirus indicus Malayan tapir
Hylobatidae Rhinocerotidae
Hylobates agilis Black-handed gibbon Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhinoceros
Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang Suidae
Pholidota Sus scrofa Wild pig
Manis javanica Pangolin Tragulidae
Sciuridae Tragulus javanicus Lesser mouse deer
Aeromys tephromelas Black flying squirrel Tragulus napu Greater mouse deer
Petaurista petaurista Red giant flying Cervidae
squirrel Muntiacus muntjak Red muntjac
Callosciurus nigrovittatus Black-striped squirrel Cervus unicolor Sambar deer
Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel
Lariscus insignis Three-striped ground
squirrel
Data from Sibuea and Herdimansyah (1993); nomenclature follows Payne et al. (1985).
© 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217 213
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Appendix 2. Preliminary bird list for Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
Family/species English name Family/species English name
Pelicanidae Calidris ferruginea Curlew sandpiper
Pelicanus conspicillatus Australian white Calidris alba Sanderling
pelican Tringa hypoleucos Common sandpiper
Fregatidae Philomachus pugnax Ruff
Fregata arid Lesser frigatebird Burhinidae
Fregata andrewi Christmas frigatebird Esacus magnirostris Great thick-knee
Ardeidae Laridae
Ardea purpurea Purple heron Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered tern
Buterides striatus Striated heron Sterna hirundo Common tern
Egretta sacra Pacific reef egret Sterna albifrons Little tern
Egretta intermedia Plumed egret Anous stolidus Brown noddy
Egretta garzetta Little egret Columbidae
Ciconiidae Treron vernans Pink-necked green-
Ibis cinereus Milky stork pigeon
Aconia episcopus Woolly-necked stork Treron curvirostra Thick-billed green-
Leptoptilus javanicus Lesser adjutant pigeon
Leptoptilus dubius Greater adjutant Treron capellei Large green pigeon
Threskiornithidae Ducula aenea Green imperial
Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed ibis pigeon
Anatidae Ducula bicolor Pied imperial pigeon
Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering whistling Ducula badia Mountain imperial
duck pigeon
Pandionidae Macropygia ruficeps Little cuckoo-dove
Pandion haliaetus Osprey Streptopilia chinensis Spotted dove
Accipitridae Geopilia striata Zebra dove
Aviceda jerdoni Jerdon's baza Chalcophaps indica Emerald dove
Haliastur indus Brahminy kite Psittacidae
Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied sea- Psittinus cyanurus Blue-rumped parrot
eagle Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned
Icthyphaga icthyaetus Grey-headed fish- hanging parrot
eagle Cuculidae
Spilornis cheela Crested serpent-eagle Cacomantis sonneratii Banded bay cuckoo
Accipiter trivirgatus Crested goshawk Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive cuckoo
Ictinactus malayensis Black eagle Chrysoccoyx xanthorhynchus Violet cuckoo
Hieraaetus kiernii Rufous-bellied eagle Surniculus lugubris Drongo cuckoo
Spizeatus cirrhatus Changeable hawk- Eudynamys scolopacea Asian koel
eagle Phaenicophaeus diardi Black-bellied
Spizeatus alboniger Blyth's hawk-eagle malkoha
Falconidae Phaenicophaeus curvirostris Chestnut-breasted
Microhierax fringillarius Black-thighed malkoha
falconet Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus Raffle's malkoha
Phasianidae Phaenicophaeus javanicus Red-billed malkoha
Rollolus rouloul Crested partridge Phaenicophaeus sumatranus Chestnut-bellied
Lophura ignita Crested fireback malkoha
Gallus gallus Red junglefowl Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed malkoha
Argusianus argus Great argus Centropus sinensis Greater coucal
Rallidae Centropus bengalensis Lesser coucal
Porzana cinerea White-browed crake Caprimulgidae
Scolopacidae Eurpstopodus temminckii Malaysian eared
Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel nightjar
Numenius arquata Eurasian curlew Apodidae
Actitus hypoleucus Common sandpiper Collocalia fuciphage Edible-nest swiftlet
Arenaria interpres Ruddy turnstone Collocalia maxima Black-nest swiftlet
214 © 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217
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Appendix 2. (continued)
Family/species English name Family/species English name
Collocalia esculenta White-bellied swiftlet Capitonidae
Hirundapas cochinchinensisWhite-vented Megalaima chrysopogon Gold-whiskered
needletail barbet
Apus pacificus Fork-tailed swift
Apus affinis Little swift Megalaima rafflesii Red-crowned barbet
Hemiprocnidae Megalaima mystacophanos Red-throated barbet
Hemiprocne longipennis Grey-rumped Megalaima ortii Black-browed barbet
treeswift Megalaima henrici Yellow-crowned
Hetniprocne comata Whiskered treeswift barbet
Trogonidae Megalaima australis Blue-eared barbet
Harpactes duvaucelii Scarlet-rumped Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith barbet
trqgon Calorhamphus fuliginosus Brown barbet
Harpactes kasumba Red-naped trogon Indicatoridae
Harpactes diardii Diard's trogon Indicator archipelagicus Malaysian
Harpactes oreskios Orange-breasted honeyguide
trogon Picidae
Harpactes erythrocephalus Red-headed trogon Sasia abnormis Rufous piculet
Alconidae Celeus brachyurus Rufous woodpecker
Alcedo atthis Common kingfisher Meiglyptes tristis Buff-rumped
Alcedo meninting Blue-eared kingfisher woodpecker
Ceyx rufidorsa Rufous-backed Meiglyptes tuckii Buff-necked
kingfisher woodpecker
Ceyx erithacus Black-backed Dryocopus javensis White-bellied
kingfisher woodpecker
Lacedo pulchella Banded kingfisher Hemicircus concretus Grey and buff
Halcyon capensis Stork-billed woodpecker
kingfisher Blythipius rubiginosus Maroon woodpecker
Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Picus mentalis Checker-throated
kingfisher woodpecker
Halcyon pileata Blacked-capped Picus flavinucha Geater yellownape
kingfisher Picus puniceus Crimson-winged
Todirhamphus chloris Collared kingfisher woodpecker
Actenoides concretus Rufous-collared Picus miniaceus Banded woodpecker
kingfisher Dinopium javanense Common goldenback
Maropidae Dinopium rafflesii Olive-backed
Merops viridis Blue-throated bee- woodpecker
eater Mulleripicus pulverulentus Great slaty
Nyctyornis amictus Red-bearded bee- woodpecker
eater Reinivardtipicus validus Orange-backed
Eurystotnus orientalis Dollarbird woodpecker
Bucerotidae Eurylaimidae
Anorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Corydon sumatranus Dusky broadbill
hornbill Cymbirhynchus Black and red
Berenicornis comatus White-crowned macrorhynchus broadbill
hornbill Eurylaimus javanicus Banded broadbill
Rhyticeros undulatus Wreathed hornbill Eurylaimus ochromalus Black and yellow
Rhyticeros corrogatus Wrinkled hornbill broadbill
Anthracoceros malayanus Asian black hornbill Serilophus lunatus Silver-breasted
Anthracocerus albirostris Oriental pied hornbill broadbill
Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros hornbill Psarisomus dalhousie Long-tailed broadbill
Buceros bicornis Great hornbill Calyptomena viridis Green broadbill
Rhinoplex vigil Helmeted hornbill
© 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217 215
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Appendix 2. (continued)
Family /species English name Family/ species English name
Pittidae Dicrurus paradiseus Greater racket-tailed
Pitta granatina Garnet pitta drongo
Pitta venusta Black-crowned pitta Oriolidae
Pitta sordida Hooded pitta Oriolus chinensis Black-naped oriole
Hirundinidae Oriolus xanthonotus Dark-throated oriole
Hirundo rustica Barn swallow Irena puella Asian fairy bluebird
Hirundo tahitica Pacific swallow Corvidae
Camphephagidae Platylophus galericulatus Crested jay
Hemipus hirundinaceae Black-winged Dendrocitta occipitalis Sumatran treepie
flycatcher-shrike Platysmurus leucopterus Black magpie
Tephrodornis gularis Large woodshrike Corvus enca Slender-billed crow
Corvus macrorhynchus Large-billed crow
Coracina striata Bar-bellied cuckoo- Sittidae
shrike Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted
Coracina fimbria ta Lesser cuckoo-shrike nuthatch
Lalage nigra Pied triller Timaliidae
Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet minivet Pellorneum capistratum Black-capped babbler
Pericrocotus igneus Fiery minivet Malacocinda malaccense Short-tailed babbler
Pericrocotus cinnamoneus Small minivet Malacocinda separium Horsfield's babbler
Chloropseidae Trichastome bicolor Ferruginous babbler
Aegithina viridissima Green iora Malacopteron magnirostre Moustached babbler
Aegithia thyphia Common iora Malacopteron affine Sooty-capped babbler
Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser green leafbird Malacopteron cinereum Scaly-crowned
Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged leafbird babbler
Chloropsis sonnerati Greater green Malacopteron magnum Rufous-crowned
leafbird babbler
Chloropsis aurifrons Gold-fronted leafbird Pomatorhinus montanus Chestnut-backed
Pycnonotidae scimitar-babbler
Pycnonotus zeylanicus Straw-headed bulbul Napothera macrodactyla Large wren-babbler
Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed bulbul Stachyris rufifrons Rufous-fronted
Pycnonotus melanicterus Black-crested bulbul babbler
Pycnonotus squamatus Scaly-breasted bulbul Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated
Pycnonotus cyaniventris Grey-bellied bulbul babbler
Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed bulbul Stachyris striolata Spot-necked babbler
Pycnonotus entilotus Puff-backed bulbul Stachyris poliocephala Grey-headed babbler
Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented bulbul Stachyris erythroptera Chestnut-winged
Pycnonotus brunneus Red-eyed bulbul babbler
Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented bulbul Macronous gularis Striped tit-babbler
Pycnonotus erythropthalmos Spectacled bulbul Macronous ptilosus Fluffy-backed
Alophoixus ochraceus Ochraceous bulbul tit-babbler
Alophoixus phaecocephalus Yellow-bellied bulbul Garulax leucolophus White-crested
Alophoixus bres Grey-cheeked bulbul laughingthrush
Ixos malaccensis Streaked bulbul Gantlax lugrubis Black laughingthrush
Hypsipetes flavala Ashy bulbul Leiothryx argentarius Silvered-ear mesia
lole olivacea Buff-vented bulbul Pteruthius flaviscapis White-browed
Tricholestes criniger Hairy-backed bulbul shrile-babbler
Dicruridae Alcippe brunneicauda Brown fulvetta
Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy drongo Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed sibia
Dicrurus hottentatus Hair-crested drongo Eupetes macrocerus Rail babbler
Dicrurus sumatranus Sumatran drongo Turdidae
Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed drongo Coprychus saularis Magpie robin
Dicrurus remifer Lesser racket-tailed Coprychus malabaricus White-rumped shama
drongo Copsychus pyrrhopygus Rufous-tailed shama
216 • 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217
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Appendix 2. (continued)
Family/species English name Family/species English name
Enicurus ruficapillus Chestnut-naped Anthus novaeseelandiae Common pipit
forktail Laniidae
Enicurus leschenaulti White-crowned Lanius tigrinus Tiger shrike
forktail Sturnidae
Myiophoneus glaucinus Sunda whistling- Aplonis panayensis Philippine glossy
thrush Family/species English name
Myiophoneus caeruleus
Sylviidae starling
Abroscopus superciliaris Yellow-bellied Gracula religiosa Hill myna
warbler Nectariniidae
Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern crowned Anthreptes simplex Plain sunbird
warbler Anthreptes malacensis Brown-throated
Orthototnus sutorius Common tailorbird sunbird
Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Anthreptes rhodolaema Red-throated sunbird
tailorbird Anthreptes singalensis Ruby-cheeked
Orthototnus sericens Rufous-tailed sunbird
tailorbird Hypogramma Purple-naped
Prinia ftaviventris Yellow-bellied prinia hypogrammicum sunbird
Prinia familiaris Bar-winged prinia Nectarina jugularis Olive-backed sunbird
Cisticola juncidis Zitting cisticola Aethopyga siparaja Crimson sunbird
Muscicapidae Aethopyga mystkalis Scarlet sunbird
Rhinomyias olivacea Fulvous-chested Arachnothera crassirostris Thick-billed
rhinomyias spiderhunter
Rhinomyias umbratilis Grey-chested Arachnothera robusta Long-billed
rhinomyias spiderhunter
Cyanoptila cyanomelana Blue-and-white Arachnothera flavigaster Spectacled
flycatcher spiderhunter
Cyornis rufigastra Mangrove blue Arachnothera chrysogenys Yellow-eared
flycatcher spiderhunter
Cyornis concreta Dark-blue flycatcher Arachnothera longirostra Little spiderhunter
Cyornis unicolor Pale-blue flycatcher Dicaeidae
Cyornis turcosus Malaysian blue Prionochilus maculatus Yellow-breasted
flycatcher flowerpecker
Rhipidura perlata Spotted fantail Prionochilus percussus Crimson-breasted
Terpsiphone paradisi Asian paradise flowerpecker
flycatcher Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed
Eumyias thalassina Verditer flycatcher flowerpecker
Eumyias indigo Indigo flycatcher Dicaeum concolor Plain flowerpecker
Muscicapa dauurica Asian brown Dicaeum trignostigma Orange-bellied
flycatcher flowerpecker
Ficedula dumetoria Rufous-chested Dicaeum chrysorrheum Yellow-vented
flycatcher flowerpecker
Niltava grandis Large niltava Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted
Hypothymus azurea Black-naped monarch flowerpecker
Ptilentoma pyrhopterum Rufous-winged Zosteropidae
philentoma Zosterops palpebrosus Oriental white-eye
Philentoma velatum Maroon-breasted Ploceidae
philentoma Lonchum leucogastra White-bellied munia
Motacillidae Lonchura malacca Black-headed munia
Motacilla cinerea Grey wagtail Lonchura maja White-headed munia
Motacilla flava Yellow wagtail
Compiled from FAO (1981), Thiollay (1995) and this survey. Nomenclature follows Andrews (1992).
© 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217 217
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