Before you make a decision about your pregnancy, You have a right - to know.
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The Right to CHOOSE... ...Involves the Right to KNOW All photos are used for illustrative purposes only. Pregnancy is one of the most natural occurrences in a woman’s This booklet will life, yet at the same time it can be provide information on one of the most frightening and confusing experiences a woman three options available may ever go through. in Canada: Studies have shown that women in an unplanned pregnancy feel that their life is over. Yet, many also 1. Carrying your acknowledge that if they had been able to get over the fear and think pregnancy to term clearly about their situation, they may not have rushed into the and parenting decision that they finally made. your child Women who are given sufficient time and knowledge of their options make decisions that they do not 2. Making a choice often regret. This booklet is designed to help you do precisely to place your child that. for adoption 3. Choosing abortion Before you decide, gather as much credible information as possible. Check your sources, examine your “Do not make a decision based on fear. own attitudes, work through your All photos are used for illustrative purposes only. anxiety and do not make a decision based on fear. Learn the facts today. Important Note: Third party references and website referrals are for information purposes Learn the facts today.” only. Signal Hill does not accept responsibility or liability for any misinformation contained therein. This document copyright is the property of Signal Hill. All rights reserved. Signal Hill is a registered charity. Our registered charitable tax number is 129669818RR0001 3
Beginning at the Beginning... Though every circumstance of an It is important that you have some idea of unplanned pregnancy is where you are in your pregnancy. different there is one thing that unites them all: You have a right to The following is some information about accurate, up-to-date information fetal development that you may want to about your pregnancy and your consider before making your decision: health with compassionate support and understanding. This is precisely why we have prepared this resource for you. We can’t make decisions on your behalf but we want to ensure that Pregnancy & Fetal you have all of the information and support available to you. Development All photos are used for illustrative purposes only. During pregnancy, a woman’s body An unplanned pregnancy does not goes through many changes. Some You are not the first woman to mean the end of your world, though common symptoms of early experience an unplanned it may feel like it at times. It is pregnancy include a missed period, pregnancy and you won’t be the important that you take the time to nausea, breast tenderness, frequent last. Many women have sat where process this new reality, gather urination, tiredness, and mood you are sitting and have felt what information and consult with those swings. you are feeling. who are in a position to help you without any gain for themselves. Most pregnancy tests are very You are not alone in this. reliable. However, to confirm a pregnancy, a woman should visit an appropriate health care If you are like most women, thoughts are racing around your “You have a right to professional. A woman’s doctor head so fast you can barely keep accurate, up-to-date may request an ultrasound exam to confirm the status of her up. Thoughts like: “I’m too young to have a baby,” “how can I afford to information about your pregnancy. This information is important whether a woman is raise another child?” or “this will pregnancy and your considering abortion or continuing end my relationship.” health.” her pregnancy. SI G N A L HI LL 5 Photo used with permission, courtesy of Jesse Bone Photography
Fetal Development: Day 1 At the moment of conception all of the personal characteristics for human development such as temperament, sex, hair and eye colour are determined. All that is 11 Weeks needed is nutrients and time to grow.1 9 Weeks Day 18-20 14 Weeks The foundations of the brain, Day 1 spinal cord, and nervous system 26 weeks are laid.2 14 weeks Although they've been sealed shut for the last few months, the The skin of the fetus is still very Day 21 transparent. Lanugo (very fine hair) fetus's eyes are opening and The heart begins to beat.3 It is covers the body. Generally this will be beginning to blink. Fetal brain scans 19 Weeks usually around this time that a show a response to touch. If a light is shed prior to birth.7 woman confirms her pregnancy. shone on the mother’s abdomen, the fetus will turn its head, which means 5 weeks 21 weeks its optic nerve is working. 10 7 weeks from Last Menstrual Period The fetus may startle in reaction to The umbilical cord develops which loud sounds. It can actually hear will be the embryo's lifeline in utero. noises outside of the womb. 32 weeks It bears the responsibility of pumping Familiar voices, music and sounds It may be noted that the fetus is not in oxygen, removing waste and that the fetus becomes used to moving around as much. It’s just supplying the necessary nutrients during development stages are running short on room. Besides while in uterus.4 often calming after birth. 8 growing, the fetus is busy dreaming. 22 Weeks Brain scans have shown that fetuses 9 weeks have periods of dream sleep (REM) If you would like to learn more about The embryo will curve its fingers 23 weeks starting around the eighth month.11 fetal development, there are many great around an object placed in the palm With the fetus’s sense of websites that will provide you with of its hand.5 movement now well developed, the detailed information and imaging. mother can sway to music and the 35 weeks These two websites have valuable 10 weeks fetus will be able to feel the dancing From this point onwards, the fetus is information on pre-natal development, The most critical part of the embryo's motion. It can now viably survive no longer considered premature development is complete. Now it’s pregnancy and birthing information: outside the womb with appropriate and is patiently awaiting its entrance headed into a period of rapid growth.6 medical intervention.9 into the world.12 www.justthefacts.org www.babycenter.com .................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 7 1. Overview:Fetal Development. In Pregnancy.org. Retreived Nov. 23, 2009, from 5. ibid. 10. ibid. Images: To the best of our knowledge, the “Day 1” and “9 Weeks” fetal development http://www.pregnancy.org/article/overview-fetal-development 6. ibid. 11. ibid. images are in the public domain and have been printed with respect to the Canadian 2. ibid. 7. ibid. 12. ibid. Copyright Act. The rest of the fetal images have been reproduced with permission from 3. ibid. 8. ibid. Windows to the Womb, ©Life Issues Institute. 4. ibid. 9. ibid.
Parenting For a lot of women, the thought of parenting can be overwhelming. You If you choose to parent your child, you have a right to know what Financial Assistance: The Universal Childcare Benefit The UCCB helps Canadian families may be thinking, “I’m too young to resources are in place to help you. Most Provinces provide a variety of through direct financial support. It is be a mom” or wondering, “how will I Here are some helpful services that programs and services to aid for children under the age of six be able to afford to raise a child?” you need to know about: parents and families. Please visit years and is paid in installments of your provincial website or contact $100 per month per child. Find out your community services agency for more and apply online at: If you decide on Child Support: more information. The Government www.cra-arc.gc.ca/bnfts parenting, there is Child support is the payment that of British Columbia undertakes the distribution of funds for families Maternity & Parental Leave more support available one parent pays to the other for the through the Ministry of Housing and For those who are gainfully care and upbringing of their child or than you may realize. children. Social Development. Services that employed, weekly benefits can be they provide are: claimed up to eight weeks before the expected date of birth or within 17 The amount of money that the weeks after the child is born. Parenting can be the most Natal Supplement parent pays is determined by Child Contact Service Canada to find out challenging yet one of the most A monthly natal supplement of $45 Support Guidelines which are about your most advantageous date fulfilling experiences of your life. Few is available for expectant mothers on established by Canadian law. to file your claim in order to receive women who parent their children income assistance and families with regret their decision. Although you infants up to seven months old. the maximum maternity benefits. The following online booklet outlines www.eia.gov.bc.ca/factsheets/ www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/ei/ may initially feel like you are giving Child Support Guidelines and helps 2005/natal.htm types/special.shtml up your own dreams and goals, you estimate what an appropriate many people feel motivated by their amount of child support would likely Childcare Subsidy new responsibility and seek to achieve even more in their lives than be in your situation. It also provides resources to help you to come to an The Childcare Subsidy is a monthly Paternity Testing: they would have otherwise. payment that helps British Columbia You have a right to non-invasive agreement with the father of your families meet the costs of child care. paternity testing in Canada to child: www.mcf.gov.bc.ca/childcare determine the father of your child. www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/fcy-fea 1-800-387-1193 Non-invasive pre-natal DNA paternity testing utilizes blood For more information you may want If you have additional enquiries to contact the Department of Justice samples and saliva from the father about financial assistance in BC, you and involves no risk to the pregnant Canada’s Family Law Information may contact: woman or to the fetus. Line at: 1-888-373-2222 EnquiryBC@gov.bc.ca http://www.canadiancrc.com/NON- 1-866-866-0806 INVASIVE_Prenatal_DNA_Paternity_ Testing.aspx SI G N A L HILL 9 All photos are used for illustrative purposes only.
Parenting Pregnancy Resource By means of referrals, pregnancy resource centres may also be able Childcare Resources & Referral Services Monitor Your Baby’s Development Baby Center is an excellent online Centres to refer you to the following services in your area: This service offers quality child care referrals, workshops, resources and resource offering information on pregnancy, fetal development, FAQs Local pregnancy resource centres support across British Columbia. and much more! have been serving pregnant women Medical care www.childcarechoices.ca www.babycenter.com for over 40 years. They offer a wide Social services variety of services, most of them for Pregnancy Outreach Programs Relational Support for Young Mothers free. Here is a basic list of things that Professional counselling This association offers free services A website dedicated to supporting you can expect from a resource including support groups and young mothers. This includes Housing centre in your area that will help you in-home visits from health care helping moms to feel like they are make an informed decision: Adoption/foster care professionals. not alone in their experiences and www.bcapop.ca providing them with a complete 24-hour hotline Legal services picture of what life as a teen/young Confidential, free pregnancy test Single parent support network La Leche League Canada mom is like. A group to encourage, promote and www.youngmommies.com Peer counselling Daycare resources for student provide mother-to-mother Pregnancy options information mothers breastfeeding support and Contact your local community and counselling educational opportunities. services branch to find out about For a complete list of pregnancy www.lllc.ca services offered in your area such Maternity and baby clothing/ resource centres in North America: as pre-natal classes, instruction on baby furnishings www.optionline.org Cozy Bums Diapers breastfeeding, nutritional 1-877-88WOMAN This is an alternative for moms who information or drop-in educational Post-abortion counselling want to use cloth diapers, a more sessions with childcare provided. affordable option in the long run. Labour support person Other Services This Canadian company provides Childbirth classes There are many services offered by products that are both earth- individuals and organizations that friendly and convenient. Fetal development information exist to assist a new mother. The www.cozybums.ca Abortion procedures and risk following is a list of just a few: information BC Midwifery Association Healthy Choices in Pregnancy Midwives are experts with extensive Community referrals This website provides resources training that focuses on pregnancy, Ongoing support and information to expectant birth and the postpartum for both mothers about ensuring a healthy mom and baby. Midwives are a safe pregnancy. and recognized choice for maternity www.actnowbc.ca care. www.bcmidwives.com SI G N A L HILL www.canadianmidwives.org All photos are used for illustrative purposes only. 11 11
Adoption In the past, adoption has been shrouded in secrecy and birth As a birth mother, mothers had few or no rights regarding their children. you have several Thankfully, this is no longer the case. Adoption is a valid option for rights concerning women experiencing an unplanned pregnancy. There is no denying your child’s adoption: that placing your child for adoption is one of the hardest decisions you 1. You have the right to choose may ever make but it can also be your child’s adoptive family* one of the most liberating and rewarding. and the option of taking an active role in just about every This is not something you have to stage in the adoption process.13 navigate on your own. There are adoption professionals you can turn to for help. They will walk with 2. Prior to placing your child for you every step of the way by adoption, you have the right to providing free counselling, helping change your mind at any time you learn about your legal rights as a birth mother and helping you to and to have your child decide on the right family and how temporarily placed with a best to communicate with them as the years progress. All of the costs caregiver while you continue associated with the adoption are with your decision-making assumed by the adoptive parents. tasks. 14 The key is to go slowly and to gather as much information as 3. Once you place your child for possible. Taking your time selecting adoption, you have the right to the adoptive family and being involved in the adoption process request ongoing contact with will help ensure that your child will the adopting family and your receive the best care and a positive child. 15 future with a loving family. *Adoptive families will need to be approved by government guidelines to ensure your child’s safety. ..................................................................................... S I G N A L HI LL 1 3 13. Adopting in Canada. Canada Adopts. Retreived on Nov. 23, 2009, from http://www.canadaadopts.com/canada/open.shtml#ten. 14. ibid. 15. ibid. All photos are used for illustrative purposes only.
Adoption Open Adoption Here are some important things to remember: 16 As the birth mother you are 1. Realize you have choices concerned about the long-term well being of your child. It’s a natural and 2. Understand your rights admirable desire to want the best for 3. Educate yourself on the him or her. Open Adoption is a way to do just that. Although it might process sound intimidating, an open adoption 4. Professionals in the field exist simply refers to any situation where the adoptive parents and the birth to help you mother know each other and 5. No one can make this exchange identifying information. decision for you The depth of the exchange can vary and plans for future communication 6. This is not an emergency. are discussed either with the parents Take the time to fully consider at the time of interview or through the designated adoption practitioner. all of your options You have many rights in this process Here are some of the most and you take an integral role in comprehensive websites in Canada interviewing the future parents. You which will provide you with the choose the best couple for your child information you need including a and take an active role at just about registry of parents that are waiting every stage of the adoption process. to adopt a baby: Both the birth mother and biological www.adoptionconnections.ca father are entitled to independent www.canadaadopts.com legal counsel whose costs are paid www.hopeadopt.org for by the prospective adoptive www.sunriseadoption.com parents. Even if in the end, you Find out more about adoption by choose not to place your child for calling Adoption Connections at adoption, there will be no cost to the 1-519-514-9993 or writing to birth parents at all. info@canadaadopts.com. ......................................... S I G N A L HI LL 1 5 16. Birth Mothers. Canada Adopts. Retreived on Feb. 5, 2010, from http://www.canadaadopts.com/birthmothers/professionals.shtml#mistakes All photos are used for illustrative purposes only.
Abortion “You have the right to know all of the facts regarding the The physical side-effects of abortion will vary depending on the type of potential physical or psychological effects of abortion.” abortion procedure used and the ..................................................................................... length of the pregnancy prior to abortion. In general, the risk of complications increases with gestational age past eight weeks.18 Some physical complications appear in the first hours following the abortion, while others may take days, weeks and even years to make themselves known. For more information on the potential physical and psychological side effects of abortion, turn to pages 20 and 21. All photos are used for illustrative purposes only. It is important that you are not pressured or coerced into an abortion. Often women, even those Following their abortion, some women These emotional complications can whose pregnancies are a result of report feeling immediate relief. Others last for a very long time and some rape or incest, choose to abort never experience any physical or women don’t recognize them until because of external pressures and psychological effects following an years later. later regret that decision.19 abortion. But many women do report having emotional complications arise Web-sites and counselling centres Sometimes women fear parental in the weeks, months or even years exist to help these women deal with disapproval or the loss of a following the procedure.17 the emotional after-effects of relationship. Others fear losing their abortion: job, housing or personal safety. You If you choose to proceed with this www.afterabortion.com may feel like you don't have any legal medical option, we believe you www.onlinecare.ca options. But there is help available. have the right to know all of the facts This resource has been created to regarding the potential physical or provide you with valid options and psychological effects of abortion. practical support. .................................................................................... 17. Coleman PK et al., Induced abortion and anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders: Isolating, Journal of Psychiatric Research (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.10.009 18. Mishell, Daniel R. et al., “Induced Abortion: Family Planning” The Merck Manual for Medical Professionals (Merck Research Laboratories, 2006 - 2008) 19. Victims and Victors (Springfield, Acorn Books, 2000) p. 19-20 1 7
Abortion Types of Abortions: There are two types of abortions: number of days following the Dilation and Curettage (D&C) Dilation and Extraction (D&X) medical (or chemical) and surgical. procedure. Follow-up is required to This method can be used up to 12 Late-term abortions take place in ensure successful evacuation. An weeks of pregnancy. After dilation Canada although they are rare. alternative procedure may be Medical Abortions: required in the event of an of the cervix, a curette, or looped shaped knife is used to scrape out Recent reports indicate over 300 happen per year.29 This method incomplete abortion. 23 A medical abortion can only be the contents of the uterus (embryo uses medications injected into the performed within the initial seven or fetus and pregnancy tissue). This vagina or amniotic sac to induce weeks of pregnancy. This procedure Surgical Abortions: procedure may also be used as a follow-up to incomplete abortions labour. Prior to complete delivery, the skull of the fetus is requires methotrexate and after other procedures.26 decompressed to allow delivery of misoprostol to empty the contents Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) the head. This procedure is not of the uterus. This is the most common method available in all provinces.30 Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) of abortion and it can only be Methotrexate is a chemotherapy performed during the first trimester. This second trimester abortion is drug that inhibits the replication of rarer than MVA or D&C simply Hysterotomy Abortion Most women will require cervical the human cell. 20 Given to pregnant dilation which can be done using because earlier abortions carry This method of abortion is women, it prevents the embryo from dilators or medications prior to the fewer risks than mid or late-term extremely rare. The abdomen and continuing its development. It is procedure or metal rods during the abortions. The cervix is dilated the the womb are opened surgically like given by injection or taken orally.21 procedure.24 Local anesthetic or day before the procedure using in a caesarean section. 31 A small medication may be used to reduce osmotic dilators or medications. incision is made and the contents A few days later, the second pain and the risk of blood loss or Local anesthetic or medications are of the womb (fetus and pregnancy medication, misoprostol, is infection. A long thin tube is given to reduce pain and the risk of tissue) are removed. As it is major self-administered as vaginal tablets inserted through the cervix and into blood loss or infection. Medical abdominal surgery, this procedure or oral pills. It causes the muscles the uterus. Suction is used to instruments and suction are used is only used when other procedures of the uterus to contract, pushing separate the tissues from the to separate the contents of the have failed or are medically out the contents of the uterus which uterine wall and empty the contents uterus (fetus and pregnancy tissue) unadvisable. include the embryo and pregnancy of the uterus which include the and ensure the pieces are small tissue.22 Pain medication is used to embryo or fetus and pregnancy enough to safely extract.27 ease cramping and abdominal tissue.25 Additional products of conception discomfort as the embryo is are removed with forceps.28 expelled and is often taken for a .................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 20. Abortion. Online Care. Retrieved on Nov. 20, 2009, from www.onlinecare.ca/OptionAbortion.aspx. 26. Abortion. Online Care. Op Cit. 21. Frequently Asked Questions about Medical Abortions. Willow Women’s Clinic. Retreived on Nov. 13, 2009, from http://www.medicalabortion.ca/faqs.htm#q13. 27. In Clinic Abortion Procedures. Planned Parenthood. Retrieved on Nov. 20, 2009, from /http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/abortion/in-clinic-abortion-procedures-4359.htm. 22. Abortion. Online Care. Op Cit. 28. Davis, Victoria. Op Cit. p1022. 23. Davis, Victoria. (2006, November). Induced Abortion Guidelines. SOGC Clinical Practice Guidelines. Retrieved Oct. 28, 2009, from http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/documents/gui184E0611.pdf. 24. ibid 29. Statistics Canada. July 2007. Therapeutic Abortion Survey. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Health Statistics Division. 30. Abortion. Online. Care. Op Cit. 1 9 25. Surgical Abortions by Manual Vacuum Aspiration. Willow Women’s Clinic. Retreived on Nov. 13, 2009, from http://www.medicalabortion.ca/surgical%20abortions.htm. 31. Davis, Victoria. Op Cit. p1024.
Abortion Emotional & 2. Higher Rates of Depression, 4. 30% Higher Risk of Some Physical Risks Substance Abuse, Suicidal Behavior Generalized Anxiety Disorder Psychological Risks of After Abortion of Abortion Researchers compared women Abortion 32 In a New Zealand study, women who had no prior history of The potential physical effects of Abortion, like most medical who had abortions subsequently anxiety and who had experienced abortion vary from immediate procedures, carries risks. Although experienced higher rates of a first, unintended pregnancy. complications to long-term issues. some women may experience no substance abuse, anxiety disorders, Women who aborted were 30% These risks increase the further you physical or psychological effects and suicidal behaviour than women more likely to subsequently report are in pregnancy prior to abortion. from abortion, it is extremely who had not had abortions, even all the symptoms associated with They also increase with general important for you to know what the after controlling for pre-existing anesthesia. The list of a diagnosis for generalized anxiety potential effects on your health conditions. Approximately 42% of complications includes but is not disorder, compared to women might be. The following is a sample women with a history of abortion limited to: 37 who carried to term.36 of some published data: had experienced major depression Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2005 in the last four years which is nearly - Very heavy bleeding 1. 65% Experienced Multiple double the rate of women who had - Blood clots Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress not been pregnant and 35% higher - Infection Disorder (PTSD) than those who carried to term.34 95% of Canadians - Perforated uterus Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, - Cervical injury In this study comparing American 2006 agree that women - Incomplete abortion and Russian women who had 3. Significantly Higher Risk of should be - Undetected ectopic pregnancy experienced abortion, 65% of - Anesthesia complications American women studied Clinical Depression informed about - Rh sensitization 38 experienced multiple symptoms of Compared to women who carry their the potential - Future miscarriage 39 post-traumatic stress disorder - Possible link to breast cancer 40 (PTSD), which they attributed to first unintended pregnancy to term, women who abort their first physical and (further epidemiological studies are warranted) their abortion. Slightly over 14% pregnancy are at significantly higher psychological reported all the symptoms A study published in a major necessary for a clinical diagnosis of risk of clinical depression as measured an average of eight years health risks of medical journal found that 31% of abortion induced PTSD and 84% after their first pregnancy.35 abortion. women surveyed who had said they did not receive adequate undergone abortions had health British Medical Journal, 2002 counselling. 33 complications.41 Medical Science Monitor, 2004 Angus Reid Strategies Poll August 2008 To find out more about women’s All photos are used for illustrative purposes only. health after abortion go to: www.thesignalhill.com .................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 32. Used with permission from the Elliot Institute www.afterabortion.org. 36. DC Reardon, JR Cougle, “Depression and Unintended Pregnancy in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: A Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal 324:151-2, 2002. 33. VM Rue et. al., “Induced abortion and traumatic stress: A preliminary comparison of American and Russian women,” Medical Science Monitor 10(10): SR5-16, 2004. 37. In Clinic Abortion Procedures. Planned Parenthood. Op Cit. 34. PK Coleman et. al., “Induced abortion and anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders,” Journal of Psychiatric Research doi:10.1016/jpsychires.2008.10.009, 2008. 38. Blood test for Rh Status and antibody screen. Baby Center. Retrieved on Oct. 28, 2009, from http://www.babycenter.com/0_blood-test-for-rh-status-and-antibody-screen_1480.bc. 35. DM Fergusson et. al., “Abortion and mental health disorders: evidence from a 30-year longitudinal study,” The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193: 444-451, 2008. 39. Yuelian, Sun et al. “Induced abortion and risk of subsequent miscarriage” International Journal of Epidemiology 2003;32:449-454 40. Abortion. Online Care. Op Cit. 2 1 41. VM Rue et. al.,“Induced abortion and traumatic stress: A preliminary comparison of American and Russian women,” Op Cit.
In The End... In the end we are right back where The most important thing to we started. You are in fact pregnant remember is that you are not alone, and you have a life-changing that your life is not over and that decision to make. It may be one of there are people who can help you the hardest you will ever face and no if you take some simple steps to one can make it for you; no one can reach out. Think through your walk a mile in your shoes. None of choices and ensure you are not your options – not parenting, pressured or coerced in any adoption or abortion – will take back fashion. or erase this part of your life. Our hope is that the content of these You deserve to have pages has given you a clearer sense of the options and resources all of the facts. available to you so that you can Make sure that you make the healthiest decision for yourself and your pregnancy. take your time and Take the time to examine your own examine all of your state of mind and deeply held beliefs. What are your true desires, options. both for yourself and your growing You are not alone. For more pregnancy? Try to identify your fears information and assistance, call: and consider each one carefully. 1-877-88WOMAN or visit www.thesignalhill.com for the option of online care. You Are Not Alone 5
SEPARATING SIGNAL FROM NOISE We’re Here For You If you or someone you know is experiencing an unplanned pregnancy or suffering the pain of a past abortion, there is compassionate, non-judgemental support available. Online Helpline Visit www.thesignalhill.com for pregnancy You can call our 1-877-88WOMAN options, online counselling, information on helpline to receive counsel and support. fetal development, post-abortion help and practical resources in your area. Support is only a phone call away. ............................ To order more copies of this resource, please contact Signal Hill: P.O. Box 848 STN. A. Abbotsford BC V2T 7A2 Tel: 1-877-7SIGNAL Email: info@thesignalhill.com Web: www.thesignalhill.com All photos are used for illustrative purposes only.
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