BATTERY ATLAS 2022 SHAPING THE EUROPEAN LITHIUM-ION BATTERY INDUSTRY Heiner Heimes (editor), 1st edition - PEM
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BATTERY ATLAS 2022
SHAPING THE EUROPEAN
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY INDUSTRY
Heiner Heimes (editor), 1st edition
Battery Cell Manufacturers
Module and Pack Manufacturers
Equipment Suppliers
Active Material Suppliers
Recycling Companies
Battery Test Centers
For a free print contact us:
info@pem.rwth-aachen.de
WWW.BATTERY-ATLAS.EU
PREFACE 4
INTRODUCTION 5
BATTERY CELL MANUFACTURERS 6
MODULE AND PACK MANUFACTURERS 8
EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS 10
ACTIVE MATERIAL SUPPLIERS 12
RECYCLING COMPANIES 14
BATTERY TEST CENTERS 16
SUMMARY 18
2 3PREFACE INTRODUCTION
INITIAL POSITION OBJECTIVES In this Battery Atlas, six areas of consideration are ad- It is also significant that active material suppliers are
In 2019, John Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham This Battery Atlas aims to meet the challenges de dressed. It starts to outline the situation of the battery cell currently establishing themselves in Europe. These
and Akira Yoshino were honored with the Nobel Prize in scribed above by providing as detailed as possible an manufacturers. While in the past many companies de companies have recognized that cell production
Chemistry for their work on lithium-ion batteries. These insight into the individual topics of the lithium-ion bat cided not to manufacture their own battery cells, from a depends on stable supply chains with active material
scientists laid the foundation for a “rechargeable tery. For this purpose, the Battery Atlas shows the com- European perspective it is well known that this situation for anode and cathode. Stability in these supply chains
world.” Since the development of the operating princi- petence carriers and classifies them on the European has changed completely. Currently, many companies see cannot be guaranteed by European locations, but it can
ple of the lithium-ion battery, both the product and the map. It is important to mention that the Battery Atlas the battery cell as a core component whose production be significantly increased. It should also be mentioned
associated production technology have evolved signifi- cannot claim to be exhaustive, but does provide an has to be mastered. The battery cell manufacturers also that, in addition to active materials, the supply of in
cantly. In the beginning, lithium-ion battery cells were overview that is as comprehensive as possible. play a key role. It is thanks to them that other industrial active components such as separators or cell housings
only manufactured in small formats, which were mainly sectors such as mechanical and plant engineering (see is of great importance too. Currently, many recycling
used in the “consumer electronics” sector. In the past Dear readers, I would like to invite you to use this Bat figure) are establishing themselves in Europe. Mechani- companies are being established in Europe. With these
years, further development of the lithium-ion battery tery Atlas to get an overview of the European battery cal and plant engineering in particular relies on being able companies, it may be possible to establish closed-loop
has made batteries with larger capacities possible. Due industry. I sincerely hope that this information will help to provide appropriate references. These can be built up approaches in Europe in the medium term. Companies
to this further development, the current change from you to orientate yourself in the market and to make the much more easily if the customers (battery cell manu- are looking forward to achieve high recovery rates of
conventional powertrains to electric mobility is taking right decisions in the interest of a strong European bat- facturers) are also located in Europe so that the advanta- materials with efficient recycling processes.
place at a high speed. tery industry. ges rising from local proximity can be used.
Whereas at the beginning of this change the battery cell Let us continue to work towards positioning Europe
was often still regarded as a purchased part, this view strongly in the field of lithium-ion batteries for making a Battery Cell Manufacturers Module and Pack Manufacturers Equipment Suppliers
has changed fundamentally in the last years. Currently, great contribution to all industries that depend on this Battery projects
Published by: NW: 125 GWh + X SE: 110 GWh + X LV: X GWh DE: 493.6 GWh + X Battery system Published by: SE: LV: FI: DE:
Battery equipment
Poland Sweden Finland Germany
manufacturing
most vehicle manufacturers see the lithium-ion battery core component.
as of 2022, Kirchardt manufacturers
2024, Agder 2025, 2024, Döbeln as of 2022, Salo
July 2022 202X, Germany 2021, Leipzig
Up to 32 GWh Skelleftea, 20 GWh Up to 5 GWh July 2022 2023, Södertälje 2025, Göteborg 2022, Riga 2024, Uusikaupunki 2022, Regensburg
as of July 2022
202X, Riga
Gothenburg & X GWh 2020, Dingolfing 2023, Bitterfeld
EU: 13 GWh + X 2028, Mo i Rana 2024, Rogaland NW:
Borlänge
202X, Europe Up to 83 GWh 10 GWh 110 GWh + X 2020, Willstätt 202X, Salzgitter Denmark Published by:
2023, Europe Up to 40 GWh 2019, Trondheim 2021, Arnstadt
X GWh Up to 2.5 GWh 2020, Thale
cell as a core component of electric mobility. This is I also warmly invite you to contribute your experiences.
1 GWh + X Σ = 1,432 GWh + X | +8% (as of March)
GB: 2025, Göttingen
2026, Kaliningrad 202X, Europe
Up to 12 GWh X GWh 2024, Tübingen 2025, Erfurt 2016, Stockdorf
2
Great Britain
0.1 GWh + X Up to 100 GWh 2012, Kamenz Electrode manufacturing
GB: 145 GWh + X 2020, Untertürkheim
2021, Hams Hall 2021, Sunderland Cell assembly
1
2022, Brühl 2008, Thale
2030, Sunderland 2023, Überherrn 202X, Grünheide 20XX, Sindelfingen Cell finishing
2023, GB BE:
why success in the aforementioned industry will de- The Battery Atlas is planned as a continuous publica
Netherlands
10 GWh + X Up to 35 GWh 24 GWh Up to 200 GWh Module & pack production
2021, Ludwigsfelde 2022, Grünheide
1
2025, Coventry 2023, Blyth 2030, Kaiserslautern 2026, Ellwangen
Up to 60 GWh Up to 40 GWh + X 2020, Gent 2018, Brüssel 2000, Karlstein
Up to 40 GWh Up to 2 GWh 2013, Braunschweig 1 1
2022, Gent
4 1
FR: 121.5 GWh 34 38
pend on the mastery of the battery cell. tion, in which additions and completions are always
2026, Heide FR: 2010, Wildpoldsried 20XX, Ingolstadt 1 1
2030, Dunkirk Up to 60 GWh
2030, Douvrin Up to 50 GWh Belgium 9 12
Up to 40 GWh 2019, Sachsenheim 2023, Heusweiler 1
PL: 70 GWh 2021, Leipzig 1 1
2021, Poitiers 2023, Billy-Berclau 2
20XX, Quimper 2029, Douai 2024, PL 2022, Wroclaw 2 1
4
Up to 1.5 GWh Up to 30 GWh 5 GWh Up to 65 GWh
Authors: Gerrit Bockey & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University) CH: 2025, Nürnberg
2008, Darmstadt France
welcome. Therefore, please do not hesitate to contact
ES: 100 GWh + X IT: 118 GWh CH: 7.6 GWh CZ: 15 GWh + X SK: 10 GWh 2018, Schwyz 11
2020, Bratislava PL:
1 1
2025, Navalmoral 2020, Jawor 1 2 1
202X, 10 GWh
de la Mata 2024, Frauenfeld ES: 2022, Danzig
Authors: Gerrit Bockey & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University)
2026, Sagunt Up to 30 GWh 202X, Termoli 2024, Terevola 7.6 GWh X GWh
Authors: Gerrit Bockey & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University)
40 GWh 40 GWh Up to 8 GWh HU: 87.3 GWh AT: 2019, CR: CZ: SK: 2020, Trnava
SB: 16 GWh
2021, Valencia
Spain Switzerland Austria Italy
CHALLENGES
Bad Leonfelden 6
2028, Komarom &
us with questions and comments. We will be pleased to
2027, Noblejas 2027, Spain 2024, Italy 20XX, Horní Suchá 2015, 2016, 2023, HU:
2029, Subotica 2021, Göd Ivancsa Page 8 © PEM Motion GmbH 2021
2021, Figueruelas 2024, Iváncsa
20 GWh 10 GWh Up to 70 GWh 16 GWh Up to 15 GWh Premstaetten Sveta Nedelja Mladá Boleslav
Up to 40 GWh Up to 47.3 GWh 2019, Göd
Mastering the lithium-ion battery is challenging be be at your disposal.
cause a variety of different competencies is required
and the lithium-ion battery industry scene is developing Best regards, Active Material Suppliers Recycling Companies Battery Test Centers
at a very rapid pace. As in the past years Europe has Vianode ein - electrive.net
Battery active materials
Published by:
NW: 172,000t
2025, Mo i Rana 2023, Porsgrunn 2021, Kristiansand
SE: 40,000t 2025, Borlänge
Up to 40,000t*
LIB recycling
projects EU:
Published by:
Corresponds to
100,000 t/a of
Sweden 202X, Europe
X t/a
Finland
Battery testing
Published by:
Sweden Poland Finland Germany
(extract) as of as of
been focussing especially on reducing the knowledge
installed and Installed, Ikaalinen
30,000t 50,000t 92,000t Cathode July 2022*BATTERY CELL MANUFACTURERS
Published by: NW: 125 GWh + X SE: 110 GWh + X LV: X GWh DE: 493.6 GWh + X
Battery projects
as of Growth rate of European Origin of company to build up battery
2024, Agder 2025, 2024, Döbeln
July 2022 Up to 32 GWh Skelleftea, 202X, Riga
202X, Germany
20 GWh Up to 5 GWh battery production capacity [GWh] production factories in the EU (size in GWh)
Gothenburg & X GWh
EU: 13 GWh + X 2028, Mo i Rana 2024, Rogaland Borlänge
202X, Europe Up to 83 GWh 10 GWh 110 GWh + X 2020, Willstätt 202X, Salzgitter
2023, Europe X GWh Up to 2.5 GWh Up to 40 GWh
1 GWh + X
2026, Kaliningrad
Σ = 1,432 GWh + X | +8% (as of March) 200
202X, Europe
Up to 12 GWh X GWh 2024, Tübingen 2025, Erfurt 2020 ~25
0.1 GWh + X Up to 100 GWh x50
GB: 145 GWh + X
202X ~1,000
2023, GB 2030, Sunderland 2023, Überherrn 202X, Grünheide
10 GWh + X Up to 35 GWh 24 GWh Up to 200 GWh 841
Top 3 battery production countries in the 391
2025, Coventry 2023, Blyth 2030, Kaiserslautern 2026, Ellwangen
Up to 60 GWh Up to 40 GWh + X Up to 40 GWh Up to 2 GWh EU [GWh]
FR: 121.5 GWh
2026, Heide
494
2030, Dunkirk Up to 60 GWh
2030, Douvrin Up to 50 GWh
Up to 40 GWh 145
PL: 70 GWh
20XX, Quimper 2029, Douai 2024, PL 2022, Wroclaw
Up to 1.5 GWh Up to 30 GWh Authors: Gerrit Bockey & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University)
5 GWh Up to 65 GWh
125 Europe Asia North America
ES: 100 GWh + X IT: 118 GWh CH: 7.6 GWh CZ: 15 GWh + X SK: 10 GWh
2020, Bratislava
2025, Navalmoral 10 GWh
de la Mata 2024, Frauenfeld 202X,
2026, Sagunt Up to 30 GWh 202X, Termoli 2024, Terevola 7.6 GWh X GWh
40 GWh 40 GWh Up to 8 GWh HU: 87.3 GWh
SB: 16 GWh
2028, Komarom &
2027, Noblejas 2027, Spain 2024, Italy 20XX, Horní Suchá
2029, Subotica 2021, Göd Ivancsa
20 GWh 10 GWh Up to 70 GWh 16 GWh Up to 15 GWh
Up to 40 GWh Up to 47.3 GWh
Source: www.battery-atlas.eu; abstract, no claim of completeness ANALYSIS OUTLOOK
Compared to 2020 with 25 GWh production volume per Europe is currently in transition on its way to becoming a
year, an increase to approximately. 1,300 GWh is ex- battery cell production hotspot. In addition to the cell
INITIAL POSITION pected to be realized in Europe in 2030. Therefore the manufacturers and joint ventures already existing in the
Until recently, Europe has not played a major role as a The goal of those newly planned battery cell production production capacity is increasing by a factor of 50 due Asian and American markets, a large number of new
production location for battery cells – but technical inno- factories is to decrease further production costs and to the planned activities in Europe. companies and joint ventures are being established in
vation and stable as well as promoting political frame- therefore the cell costs to improve the competition of the It can be said that the majority of the planned battery Europe. The challenge for European players is to build
work conditions are making Europe more and more electric vehicle against the internal combustion engine. cell capacities will be covered by European players. up the production factories and achieve a fast ramp-up
attractive as a new market place for battery production. Important factors are the scrap rate reduction through European projects account for around 725 GWh of the to keep up with the production speed in Asia. A main
Due to the importance of the battery cell along the out the process, the processing improvement of higher planned activities. In comparison, Asian cell manu- price reduction of the European battery cell is to be
process chain of an electric vehicle and Europe's OEM energy material (e.g. nickel-rich cathode material), facturing companies are planning to install 368 GWh achieved through the design and optimization of the
density, Europe will become the next hotspot. In order to and the reduction of CO2 emission within the production and Americans 200 GWh. Compared to the other areas production process. Digitization and process parameter
meet the increasing demand for battery cells in the auto- process. It is already becoming evident that a character of origin, Asia and America, the European cell manu- optimization in particular play a decisive role.
motive sector alone, 900 GWh of battery capacity1 could istic of the European factories will be a high degree of facturing companies are planning overall smaller pro- Therefore the production plants have to be designed by
be needed in 2030 in the automotive sector. digitization to tackle the addressed goal and to improve duction projects in relation to the total capacity to be including new digitization concepts and strategies.
the production process. produced. The planning projects of the Asian and Amer
Therefore, around 40 battery cell production factories ican cell manufacturing companies are characterized So far, only a minority of European companies have pro-
are being planned or are already under construction. The But those planning activities are facing also some by fewer but larger planning projects. Approximately 25 duced a battery cell “made in Europe” and some planning
planned activities are spread throughout Europe. In challenges during the planning and ramp-up of the of the 40 planning projects in Europe are attributable to projects in Europe have already been cancelled. The
addition to European manufacturers, manufacturers production factories. The main challenges regarding European, nine to Asian and one to American players. coming years are decisive for the development of Europe
from Asia and America also want to help shape the bat- building up those battery cell production factories in as a location in the battery sector and thus also for the
tery world in Europe. Compared to the Asian cell manu- Europe are the following topics: The top three countries where battery cell production competitiveness of the battery cell “made in Europe”.
facturing companies, who mostly concentrate on the • Limited availability of production technologies factories are being built are Germany with 462 GWh,
production of cells, the European market sees many for a gigafactory followed by the UK with 135 GWh and Norway with 125
collaborations and joint ventures between large car • EU environmental standards to be met, GWh. Other activities are planned in Italy, France, Hun- Battery cell production in Europe is
manufacturers and cell producers. In addition, there are including the use of low-carbon power sources and gary, Spain, Poland, Serbia and Slovakia.
picking up speed to meet the growing
new start-ups from Europe. From Asia, it is mainly cell sustainable production standards
manufacturers already established at home that are • Raw material supply on the long term in Europe
domestic demand for battery cells.
entering the European market.
1 www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/nachhaltigkeit/elektromobilitaet-europa-droht-eine-batterie-blase/27748868.html?ti-
6 cket=ST-2064609-P4bVgujytMjMoh6fqdng-cas01.example.org 7MODULE AND PACK MANUFACTURERS
erg
Battery system Published by: SE: LV: FI: DE:
manufacturing
2022, Kirchardt Growth in battery system Breakdown of module and pack
as of 2022, Salo
July 2022 2023, Södertälje 2025, Göteborg 2022, Riga 2024, Uusikaupunki
2021, Leipzig
2022, Regensburg
production in Europe production sites by manufacturer type
2020, Dingolfing 2023, Bitterfeld
NW:
2019, Trondheim 2021, Arnstadt
2020, Thale
GB: 2025, Göttingen x6
2016, Stockdorf 27% 29%
2012, Kamenz
2021, Hams Hall 2021, Sunderland 2020, Untertürkheim >25 companies
2022, Brühl
20XX, Sindelfingen
2008, Thale 49
BE:
Locations
2021, Ludwigsfelde 2022, Grünheide
2020, Gent 2018, Brüssel 2000, Karlstein
2013, Braunschweig
2022, Gent
FR:
4 companies
2010, Wildpoldsried 20XX, Ingolstadt 45%
2019, Sachsenheim 2023, Heusweiler
2021, Poitiers 2023, Billy-Berclau 2021, Leipzig 2010 2022
CH:
2008, Darmstadt 2025, Nürnberg Cell manufacturer OEM Supplier
2018, Schwyz
PL: 2020, Jawor
ES: Authors: Gerrit Bockey & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University)
2022, Danzig
2021, Valencia
AT: 2019,
Bad Leonfelden
CR: CZ: SK: 2020, Trnava ANALYSIS OUTLOOK
Page 8 © PEM Motion GmbH 2021 2015, 2016, 2023, HU: 2024, Iváncsa
As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, some Currently the joining to modules and packs is done one
2021, Figueruelas Sveta Nedelja Mladá Boleslav
Premstaetten 2019, Göd
companies already have module and pack manufactur after the other. In addition, the topic of “Cell to Pack” or
Source: www.battery-atlas.eu; abstract, no claim of completeness ing as they source or have sourced their cells externally “Cell to Chassis” or even “Cell to Vehicle” is strongly
and are assembling them into modules and integrating discussed.
them into packs. From this the market of module and pack production
INITIAL POSITION Some of this manufacturing is done by OEMs. However, it can change strongly. When considering large volume
European market currently has a growing number of about eleven production steps, ranging from an initial should be emphasized that these have only started man‑ cells, any interconnection is no longer necessary or is
cell manufacturers and battery cell plants. As men inspection of the cells to an end-of-line inspection. ufacturing modules and packs in the last few years or will greatly reduced.
tioned before, there is a large gap to the Asian manu- be doing so in the future. Other companies are or were The use of cells as an integral component of the electric
facturers. In terms of module and pack production, this The processes differ depending on the type of battery active here earlier. In 2010, only four companies were ac- vehicle can also influence the process sequence and
gap between Asian and European manufacturers is cell used. Due to regulations, low-voltage modules are tive in this area. Since then, the demand but also the sup- thus affect the market. The direct integration of cells
narrowing. usually handled, from which the packs are ultimately ply of manufacturing sites has increased significantly. In into the vehicle can consolidate the position of the
This is particularly evident in the automotive groups assembled by connecting the modules in series and 2020, there were already 19 that we can identify on this automobile manufacturers, but suppliers could also
which have active supply contracts for battery cells parallel. map. By 2024 the total number of manufacturing sites by integrate cells into components and continue to
from Asia to meet the demand for electric vehicles In comparison to the cell production, it is recognizable these companies may grow to over 40. This means that participate in the market.
(EVs). When analyzing the registration numbers in rela- that a large part of these companies operate in the the number of manufacturing sites by these companies It therefore remains to be seen which trends will prevail
tion to the population of electric vehicles, it becomes country where they have their headquarters or already has more than quintupled from 2010 to 2020 and more in the cell formats and what changes such a radical
apparent that Europe allows significantly more EVs. had a production factory. than doubled in the following four years. development will lead to. There is no doubt that module
Since the use of individual cells in electric-powered It is difficult to establish a clear measurement parame- When looking at the companies, one not only notices the and pack production is directly dependent on the bat
vehicles is limited, these cells must be bundled into ter due to the data situation, as the companies inconsis much talked about OEMs, but also battery cell manu- tery cell and the respective cell chemistry, which in turn
modules and packs. Individual companies, as well as tently publish information on this. This usually includes facturers that produce their own modules. This takes has an influence on a large number of components.
cell manufacturers and direct end users, have special the country and location as well as the start of produc place both at the direct manu-
ized in these processes. tion. Other information includes square meters, number facturing location of the cells and
In this map, these end users are manufacturers of cars, of employees, investment, number of units, annual at other locations in Europe. As in
The number of production sites for modules
buses, and trucks as well as stationary energy storages. capacity of modules or packs as well as the origin of the other maps, Germany is a center
Accordingly, it is not surprising that a large number of cells and the cell chemistry. of concentration for many compa-
and packs of automotive and cell manufacturers
the companies shown here already have existing plants For reasons of clarity and consistency, this has been nies, whereas the Scandinavian is steadily growing and is able to further increase
and are not yet in the planning or design phase. removed and only a presentation of participating com- countries have high potential and the market shares of OEMs through new cell
In general, module pack production can be divided into panies and locations is provided. in some cases larger plants with formats.
higher capacities.
8 9EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS
Poland Sweden Finland Germany Number of European equipment suppliers Market demand for production equipment
Battery equipment
manufacturers along the battery production process chain of lithium-ion batteries [billion €]
as of June 2022
+446%
Denmark Published by:
39,3
2 43 8,4
Great Britain Electrode manufacturing 49 24,7
Cell assembly 12,6
Cell finishing
1
5,3
Netherlands
Module & pack production 7,9
7,2 12,4
1 1,5 7,8
13 2,3 1,1 5,9
1 1 2,3 3,7
4
28
1 19
37
2022 2025 2030
1 1
Belgium 8
10
1
1 1 2
2 4 Electrode manufacturing Cell assembly Cell finishing Module and pack assembly
France
11 11
1 2 1
ANALYSIS OUTLOOK
Authors: Gerrit Bockey & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University)
Spain Switzerland Austria Italy
In Europe, more than 100 established and newly emerging Since most of the Asian battery cell equipment manu-
Page 2 © PEM Motion GmbH 2021
equipment suppliers have already successfully entered facturers are already heavily booked with requests,
the battery market. they may prioritize orders from established customers.
Source: www.battery-atlas.eu; abstract, no claim of completeness The market demand for lithium-ion battery production As a result, European battery cell manufacturers and
equipment will increase from around €6 billion in 2022 to OEMs entering the market are likely to face equipment
a projected €33 billion. supply shortages that jeopardize their production
INITIAL POSITION Especially in the area of electrode manufacturing, where ramp-up. Securing equipment supplies is a critical suc-
The rising global demand of electric vehicles led to a steps and process atmosphere requirements, the some processes such as coating are either unique or cess factor while criteria such as sustainability and
huge jump in need for batteries. Various battery pro- equipment is typically fully interlinked in order to ensure specific to battery cell manufacturing, more than 40 com- quality will become more and more important in the
duction sites are ramping up to match these demands. the necessary throughput and product quality. After the panies have been able to transfer their expertise from procurement process, not just because of the EU Bat-
To serve European battery manufacturing, established battery cell is fully assembled, it is charged for the first other sectors like the textile and packaging industry to tery Regulation coming into force. The announcements
battery cell companies and emerging start-ups have time within the formation process and examined in a battery cell production. Specific solutions and techno by battery cell and system manufacturers offer great
announced plans to meet the regional growing de- series of monitoring mechanisms and the end-of-line logical innovations enable various companies to enter the potential for equipment suppliers.
mands. New battery production facilities will require a test. Most electrochemical properties are set during cell market. • Cell finishing: This procedure forms a large part of
large amount of machinery and equipment accounting finishing, which requires a profound process under- Germany is playing a pioneering role in the development the overall market in cell manufacturing. Only 5-10%
for about 60% of the total investment. The battery cell standing. of battery production systems, where numerous compa- of the European companies can serve this market.
production process chain is divided into three sections: While only a few years ago the majority of machinery nies in a wide variety of formats are involved in the further • Delivery times: It is expected that equipment manu-
electrode manufacturing, cell assembly, and cell fin was largely provided by Asian equipment suppliers, development of battery production. facturers will not be able to increase their capacities
ishing. Some of the processes require a high level of more and more experts are establishing themselves in The cell assembly and handling processes are often in in line with demand. Already now, delivery times for
technological expertise and high-precision manufactur Europe to capture a share of the revenue by becoming a scope of general automation and manufacturing, allow- some core processes are more than one year.
ing equipment. key supplier for battery manufacturers. European play ing established companies to convert and apply their • The numerous specialists in the European equipment
Beginning with electrode manufacturing, the active ma- ers seeking to enter or expand into the battery market equipment systems here accordingly.2 industry should be able to act as general contractors in
terial is mixed with the solvent to form a slurry. Subse- can leverage their geographic benefits which facilitates In Europe, only a few companies are currently able to the coming years in order not to leave the market to the
quent process steps are performed mostly on various installation and ramp-up times as well as support and make a name for themselves in the field of cell finishing for currently dominant Asian manufacturers.
role-by-role production systems where large metal foils service for equipment. Suppliers for industries whose productions on a gigafactory
are coated with the slurry and dried, followed by calen- operations are comparable to battery cell production scale.
dering and cutting the produced electrodes to the de are in a particularly advantageous position to capitalize The numerous specialists in the European
sired dimensions. on technological opportunities. Furthermore, suppliers equipment industry should be able to act as general
In cell assembly, the fabricated electrodes are formed for module and pack production equipment are also
contractors in the coming years and focus on
into a cell roll or stack together with the separator and focusing on innovative solutions for high automation,
then placed in the cell housing and wetted with the increased productivity and quality management – from
modular systems in order to shorten delivery times.
electrolyte. Given the number of sequential process cell level all the way to the module and pack.
2 https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/unlocking-the-growth-opportunity-in-battery-manufactu-
10 ring-equipment 11ACTIVE MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
Vianode ein - electrive.net
Published by:
Supply chain risks: Resource allocation with major political risks
NW: 172,000t SE: 40,000t 2025, Borlänge
Battery active materials
2025, Mo i Rana 2023, Porsgrunn 2021, Kristiansand Up to 40,000t* Supply of new raw materials, 2020 [% share of world market] *
(extract) as of 50,000t 92,000t
30,000t Cathode * China is shown
June 2022 Co Li Ni 70%
LFP Graphite Nickel sulfate
FI: 71,000t separately.
GB: 91,000t DK: 200t 10% Excludes data from
2025, Finland 2022, Harjavalta 2% 1% 6% countries that
6,000t* X,000t 1% 5% 2% 0% contain either low
20XX, Cornwall 20XX, Basington 2026, Basington 2023, Basington 0% 0% 0% 1%
Nickel sulfate Cathode
21,000t 20,000t 50,000t 200t 5% volume or
Lithium carbonate Lithium chemicals Lithium chemicals LNMO USA Europe Russia 12% proprietary data.
2025, Finland 2022, Kokkola 7% 2%
EU: 64,000t + X 50,000 t 15,000t Source:
Σ = 739,700t + X,000t 76%
Anode Lithiumhydroxide
China Metastudy PEM
20XX, Europe 2030, Europe PL: X,000t 2023, Nysa with data from:
Up to X,000t Up to 64,000t* X,000t 54% 35%
32% 55% CATL, Avicenne
Cathode Cathode Cathode
Energy, IEA Global
DE: 102,000t + X CZ: X,000t 20XX, TBA 7%
X,000t 9% Electric Vehicle
3% 0% 16% Indonesia Outlook 2022,
Lithium hydroxide 18% 17%
2024, Spremberg 2022, Schwarzheide 20XX, Shevchen- 0% 1% 7% United States
UK: X GWh South America 0%
4,000t X,000t kivske X,000t Geological Survey,
Aluminium oxide Cathode Lithium hydroxide Africa Pacific Roland Berger,
HU: 108,000t 2025, Debrecen McKinsey
2024, Guben 2021, Weimar 108,000t
24,000t 4,000t Cathode Graphite Manganese Nickel Cobalt Lithium
Lithium hydroxide LFP
RU: 24,000t 202X, TBA
24,000t
2023, Bitterfeld- 2025, Erzgebirge Lithium hydroxide
Wolfen
20,000t
10,000t
Lithium hydroxide
AU: 10,000t 2022, Wolfsberg
10,000t
ANALYSIS OUTLOOK
Lithium hydroxide
*Calculated mass assuming NMC111 Authors: Gerrit Bockey & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University) Lithium hydroxide The highly unbalanced distribution of raw materials for Due to high demand, global raw material prices for NMC
PT: 38,000t 2026, TBA ES: 19,500t 2023, San Jose IT: X,000t 2023, Cesano
2025, Insheim
40,000t
Page 4
202X, Wiesbaden
X,000t
© PEM Motion GmbH 2021 2017, Leixões 35,000t 19,500t X,000t lithium-ion batteries means that individual states are de and LFP batteries have increased in the first half of 2022
Lithium hydroxide Lithium hydroxide Lithium hydroxide
Lithium hydroxide Graphite 3,000t Lithium oxide facto single source suppliers of certain resources. The (NMC by 300% and LFP by 700%). However, as global
Source: www.battery-atlas.eu; abstract, no claim of completeness 5 global raw material distribution of the most important ac- production volumes increase and new supply chains are
tive materials in 2020 is shown in the figure above. established, overall material prices are expected to nor-
malize.6
INITIAL POSITION • According to the data, 72% of the graphite for the This can be seen, for example, in the market forecast of
A lithium-ion battery consists of several cells, each of • Class I nickel and Class II nickel are nickel laterite world market is extracted in China as natural the European suppliers of active materials. As can be
which has a negativ anode and positiv cathode. Both, and sulfide, which are required for the cathode and graphite in traditional mining. seen in the figure on page 12, the production capacity of
anode and cathode, consist of a current collector which currently the most important material for lithium-ion • Manganese ore is mainly mined in South Africa (54%) active materials in the EU is expected to rise to a total
is different for the positiv and negativ electrode (copper batteries. and Australia (18%) from where it is amount of 656,000 tons per year. Main materials are
or aluminum foil) and an active material. This active ma- • Cobalt concentrates (hydroxides) are mainly transported to China for further processing. Lithium products with up to 197,500 tons per year and
terial can have different compositions and combined in by-products of nickel and copper mining and usually • Nickel shows the greatest scatter in resource distri- cathode material with up to 212,000 tons per year.
various ways. Most common material mixtures are extracted in small mines. bution. Nickel laterite and nickel sulfide are mined in This trend could at least partially reduce the current high
Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) or Lithum-Iron- • Lithium can be extracted in two processes that are more than 30 countries worldwide.5 risks in the global supply chain and dependence on
Phosphate (LFP) for the cathodes in combination with economically relevant: extraction from hard-rock However, Indonesia and Russia are the two largest certain countries. This trend is expected to be further
graphite anodes. The active material combination mines or from salars. Hard rock minerals are further nickel producers with 10% and 35% market share, reinforced by technological innovations that will reduce
determines the cell chemistry of a battery and is deci- processed to lithium hydroxide, lithium chloride and respectively. the demand for critical materials.7
sive for the amount of raw material required in produc lithium carbonate. Salar lithium is further processed • 76% of cobalt is produced in the Democratic Republic The currently dominant supplier countries can also
tion. into lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, both of the Congo, making this nation the world‘s dominant benefit from this trend, as they have to comply with higher
The raw materials used in a lithium-ion battery are of which are used as cathode material.3 supplier. standards in order to be accepted on the world market.
among others graphite, manganese, nickel, cobalt, and • Lithium is mainly available in Australia (55%) and South This reduces precarious production conditions and
lithium4. All these described resources are distributed very un America (32%). Australia mainly mines hard rock increases the countries‘ prosperity, of which Botswana
evenly among the different countries of the world, lithium, while South America extracts it from salars. or Chile are good examples.8
• Graphite can be obtained either as a by-product of resulting in a global supply chain with few suppliers.
oil refining (synthetic graphite) or in traditional mining Combined with the precarious social and political con-
operations. ditions in some countries, this leads to a vulnerable Global raw material distribution for active materials is unbalanced, with
• Manganese is either extracted by open pit mining or supply chain. These risks play an important role in the
individual countries dominating market shares. Production capacity in
deep mining. The ore can be further processed in assessment and selection of supply chain stakeholders
metallurgical or chemical processes to intermediate and determine the ecological and social footprint of the
Europe for active materials will increase in the near future (2025) and will
products for battery production. lithium-ion battery production.4 reduce the risks associated with current battery material supply chains.
5 + 8 GIZ + BGR, “Rohstoffe für die E-Mobilität”, 2021,
3 GIZ + BGR, “Rohstoffe für die E-Mobilität”, 2021 6 “Lithium ion Battery Raw Material Price Index”, [Online]. Available: https://is.gd/XnuYRJ [Access 06-01-2022],
12 4 “Why Europe can secure enough critical raw materials”, [Online]. Available: https://is.gd/cYOOsI [Access 06-01-2022]. 7 “Why Europe can secure enough critical raw materials”, [Online]. Available: https://is.gd/cYOOsI [Access 06-01-2022]. 13RECYCLING COMPANIES
Published by:
Growth in EU battery recycling compared Top 3 recycling markets in the EU
LIB recycling
projects EU:
Corresponds to
100,000 t/a of
Sweden 202X, Europe
X t/a
Finland
to EU battery production [thousand t/a] [thousand t/a]
installed and Installed, IkaalinenDevelopment of the number of BEV variants Overview on test methods for
BATTERY TEST CENTERS introduced annually on the European market
Thermal cycling
battery homologation
Salt spray
Fire test Altitude
Published by: 80 High temperature Water
Sweden Poland Finland Germany
Battery testing resistance immersion
as of 70
Damp heat Internal
July 2022 Stockholm Södertälje Warsaw Uusikaupunki Aachen Aachen 60 Loss of battery resistance
Number of BEV
cooling Capacity
Norway 50
Salzbergen Ludwigsburg
Low temperature Battery Life cycle
variants
40 resistance testing Initial power
Halden Freiburg Kaufbeuren
Vibration methods Charge
30
Netherlands Mechanical retention
Sandersdorf-Brehna Garching 20 resistance External short
10 Drop test circuit
Arnhem Enschede München Loxstedt-Stotel
Preset charge Deep discharge
0 cycles
Blomberg Saarbrücken Internal short
Spijkenisse 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Charging cycles circuit
Great Britain Kaufbeuren Stuttgart Year of market launch in the European Union Performance test Overcharging
Offenbach Seilauf
Bedford Leatherhead
ANALYSIS OUTLOOK
Nürtingen
Wednesbury Nuneaton
Plattling
The existing test capacities for lithium-ion battery The foreseeable increase in demand for test infra-
France Bochum, Nürtingen, Bad Friedrichshall, systems are currently concentrated in central Europe, structure for lithium-ion battery systems represents a
Unterschleißheim Weihenbronn
especially in Germany. In direct comparison, there are central requirement along the development of a fully
Bordeaux, Chambéry,
significantly fewer test capacities in Southern Europe integrated battery value chain in Europe.
Saint Quentin
en Yvelines Grenoble, Le Cheylas München Aschaffenburg
Authors: Niklas Kisseler & Dr. Heiner Heimes (PEM RWTH Aachen University)
Spain Switzerland Italy Austria
Karlstein Hartberg and Eastern Europe. Due to the rapid development in the field of battery
The expected growth in demand for battery testing technology and the updating of standards, this trend is
Page 10
Tolosa
© PEM Motion GmbH 2021
Valladolid Biel/Bienne Turin Wien Graz Betzigau 11
within Europe results in a forecast growth in sales of foreseeably intensified. This opens up the opportunity
Source: www.battery-atlas.eu; abstract, no claim of completeness battery electric test equipment of up to 24% to approxi- for companies to position themselves strategically
mately €148 million by 2027 compared to 2022.18 within this field and to build up know-how, as can
A variety of different battery tests exists for electrical, already be increasingly observed at the present time.
INITIAL POSITION thermal or mechanical stress scenarios. A predominant In this context, it is important for existing and upcoming
Each lithium-ion battery must pass various abuse and homologation requirements, test capacities are also share of the currently available test capacity is limited to test centers to anticipate developments in the product
performance tests after completion of its initial develop- needed to carry out further quality-relevant performance the testing of battery cells and small format battery area as well as to be able to design test capacities that
ment before it is approved for use within specific applica- tests on battery systems. This includes, for example, the modules. In particular, abuse testing of large-format meet requirements and are economically efficient.
tions. These tests are performed depending on the (long-term) characterization of battery systems during battery packs with high energy content has so far only This requires intensive monitoring of developments on
respective performance and safety requirements from different product development phases. been possible at a comparatively small number of test the market for battery system applications as well as
standards or additional extensive manufacturer require- centers due to the high performance and safety require- cooperations between battery test centers and manu-
ments at battery cell, module, and/or system level. At the current time, it can be observed that the number ments for the test infrastructure and test environment as facturers of battery systems in order to be able to
of companies that are simultaneously developing new well as the high initial investment costs required. address future demands efficiently.
For example, the approval of energy storage systems for lithium-ion battery systems are increasing rapidly. As a
electrically powered vehicles according to ECE-R100 direct consequence, there is a correspondingly high Against the background of the expected further The further development of the relevant standards
(from revision 3) requires the successful completion of a demand for testing capacities. Often the required test increase in energy content at system level, challenges for testing battery systems represents an additional
total of ten tests including thermal, mechanical, and capacities exceed those available on the market. There arise here in particular for the existing test capacities, challenge for the operators of battery test centers. Thus,
electrical stress investigations. These include vibration is a risk that a lack of testing capacity will result in which are limited in their applicability to battery systems the supraregional expansion of the applicability of the
and mechanical shock tests, tests to ensure thermal inefficiencies in the product development. In addition to with comparatively low energy content. Another Chinese standard GB 38031-2020 and the thermal
shock and fire resistance, and verification of protection fulfill the test scopes required for the approval of battery challenge is the centralized availability of test capacities propagation test contained therein is to be expected.
against overcurrent, overcharging and deep-discharging. systems in Europe, there is also a need to cover in order to be able to perform all test scopes of
additional test requirements in order to be able to ap corresponding standards bundled in one place.
A selection of other standard specifications particularly prove products in other regions of the world (e.g. China).
relevant to battery storage applications include UN T 38.3
as a requirement for transporting battery storages by In this context, the map of test centers is intended to The increasing number of battery development projects in Europe requires
road, rail, sea or air, and IEC 62133-2, which defines help visualize the availability of potential test capacities
the establishment of sufficient test infrastructure in order to be able to
safety requirements for portable gas-tight lithium-ion as well as the establishment of upcoming service
secondary cells and batteries for use in portable devices. providers in Europe.
cover the demand efficiently and to meet developing requirements from
In addition to the tests defined in standards and safety standards.
16 18 Business Market Insights (2022): Europe Battery Testing Equipment Market Forecast to 2027 17SUMMARY IMPRINT
BATTERY CELL MANUFACTURERS
1. To meet the demand for battery cells in the automotive sector in Europe, 900 GWh of battery
production capacity are needed in 2030.
2. Main players on the European cell production market are Asian cell manufactures, European cell PEM | RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY VDMA | BATTERY PRODUCTION
manufacturers/start-ups and joint ventures between car manufacturers and cell producers. The chair “Production Engineering of E-Mobility VDMA Battery Production addresses the production
3. To improve the production process, digitalization will be an important characteristic of European factories. Components” (PEM) of RWTH Aachen University technology of batteries, with focus on lithium-ion tech-
has been active in the field of battery production of nology. Our member companies supply battery produc-
lithium-ion battery technology for many years. PEM's tion solutions along the entire process chain (for
MODULE AND PACK MANUFACTURERS activities cover both automotive and stationary electrodes, cell, modul/pack and battery components).
applications. Due to a multitude of national and interna- For an overview of the expertise of our member compa-
1. The module and pack manufacturer market consists of cell manufacturers, automotive manufacturers, and suppliers. tional industrial projects in companies of all stages of nies see our industry guide “Keys to Battery Production”
2. Cell manufacturers are planning to increase module and pack production, while automotive manufacturers the value chain as well as central positions in renowned on our website. It also includes companies which offer
are converting existing production facilities. research projects, PEM offers extensive expertise. components for machinery and plants.
3. In module and pack production, vertical integration is currently taking place in some cases, but classic supplier
relationships still exist.
EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS
1. Germany is playing a pioneering role in the development of production equipment for future battery production.
2. European equipment manufacturers should focus on modular systems in order to shorten delivery times and
adapt to customer demands. WWW.PEM.RWTH-AACHEN.DE WWW.VDMA.ORG/BATTERIEPRODUKTIONSMITTEL
3. The numerous specialists in the European equipment industry should be able to act as general contractors in the
coming years. AUTHORS CO-AUTHORS
Heiner Heimes, Achim Kampker, Benjamin Dorn, Sarah Michaelis, Jörg Schütrumpf
Christian Offermanns, Gerrit Bockey, Sarah Wennemar,
ACTIVE MATERIAL SUPPLIERS Henning Clever, Konstantin Sasse, Janis Vienenkötter,
Marc Locke, Natalia Soldan, Niklas Kisseler
1. The worldwide geographic and company owned battery raw material distribution is unbalanced.
2. Battery manufacturers are striving to further reduce costs, which means that active materials with good availability Editor Other image sources
and low costs are attracting attention. Heiner Heimes, Freepik.com (pages 2 and 3)
Production Engineering of E-Mobility Components Battery-News.de (maps)
3. The production capacity of active materials in the EU is expected to rise to a total amount of over 656,000 tons per year. (PEM) | RWTH Aachen University PEM | RWTH Aachen University (diagrams, page 19)
VDMA-Collage: Industrie-Partner GmbH,
Bohr 12 | 52072 Aachen Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co. KG,
Phone +49 241 80 230 29 Schunk GmbH, TRUMPF SE + Co. KG (page 19)
RECYCLING COMPANIES E-mail info@pem.rwth-aachen.de
Web www.pem.rwth-aachen.de Disclaimer
Information from the chair of “Production Engineering of
1. There is no standardized process chain for battery recycling established on the market. The authors are solely responsible for the contents of E-Mobility Components” (PEM) of RWTH Aachen Univer-
2. Battery capacities are growing, but many of the existing recycling companies only recycle up to the black mass. the publication. sity is obtained from selected public sources. In providing
3. The recycling capacities announced in Europe are still mainly pilot lines in terms of battery volume and will have to be this service/information, PEM and its affiliates assume
Primary content research Gerrit Bockey that the information used comes from reliable sources,
scaled up in the near future to cope with the fast growing EV market. Editing Mischa Wyboris but do not warrant the accuracy or completeness of such
Concept and layout Patrizia Cacciotti information which is subject to change without notice,
and nothing in this document should be construed as
such a warranty. Statements in this service/document
TEST CENTERS This work, including its parts, is protected by copy- reflect the current views of the authors of the respective
right. articles or features and do not necessarily reflect PEM’s
views. PEM disclaims any liability arising from the use of
1. The high demand for battery test capacities leads to capacity bottlenecks and delays in the battery development process. Cover/back this document, its contents, and/or this service. Image
2. The increasing number of battery development projects and evolving battery standards require additional testing capacity. PEM | RWTH Aachen University rights remain at all times with the respective creator. PEM
3. At the present time, there are only a few test centers that can offer all the necessary certification tests from a single source. is not liable for any damage resulting from the use of the
information contained in the “Battery Atlas”.
PEM of RWTH Aachen / VDMA Battery Production (own print), 1st edition, EN, ISBN: 978-3-947920-18-1
18 19www.Battery-Atlas.eu
PEM of RWTH Aachen / VDMA Battery Production (own print), 1st edition, EN, ISBN: 978-3-947920-18-1You can also read
