Austrian Research, Development & Innovation Roadmap for Automated Vehicles - FFG
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Klaus Austrian Research, Development & Innovation Roadmap for Automated Vehicles Klaus An Initiative of ECSEL Europe, supported by bmvit, ITS Austria, ECSEL- Austria, A3PS, AustriaTech, ASFiNAG, ÖBB, FFG, Austrian industry, and Austrian research & academia 1
With contributions from: Josef Affenzeller Erwin Schoitsch ECSEL Austria, Vienna, Austria AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria Andreas Eckel Daniel Watzenig TTTech, Vienna, Austria VIRTUAL VEHICLE Research Center, Graz, Austria Johannes Liebermann, Martin Russ Mark-Michael Weltzl, Reinhard Pfliegl AustriaTech, Vienna, Austria A3PS, Vienna, Austria Johann Massoner Infineon, Villach, Austria ECSEL-Austria Members Michael Paulitsch, Peter Tummeltshammer Thales Austria GmbH, Vienna, Austria AustriaTech Partners Michael Paulweber A3PS Members AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria Werner Rom IESTA, Graz, Austria 2
Preface The automotive industry faces the most sig- from the mobility sector and the ICT sector initiated nificant changes in its history. Electrification and the creation of this Austrian RDI roadmap for the digitalization are the new challenges. The latter ma- development of components, parts, services, infra- jor trend will lead to new driver assistance systems, structure, pilots and test areas for automated vehi- partially and fully automated vehicles and con- cles. ECSEL Austria is coordinating this activity. nected mobility systems bringing unprecedented The digitalization has stimulating effects for comfort and safety to the users of vehicles. New other sectors in transport industry as well. Drones technologies extend classical automotive engineer- will change from remotely controlled systems to ing with new sensors, information and software partially or fully automated devices. Trains and air- technologies. The Austrian automotive supply in- planes are already in the process of conversion to dustry represents a significant share of the Austrian more and more automated vehicles. Digitalization gross national product. It is important to stimulate not only effects the vehicles themselves, but it also this transformation towards automated vehicles in transforms the road infrastructure too. Intelligent the Austrian industry and research arena. The value vehicles take advantage of IT cloud services which of automotive parts and components exported from get their information from sensors and communica- Austria is higher than the accumulated value of im- tion systems along the roads. ported vehicles. The automotive sector accounts for about 14% of all researchers in the industrial sector, We would like to thank all experts from the which is the the highest share of researchers in the Austrian industry and academia working together in Austrian industry. It is therefore important to initi- several workshops to create this “Austrian Re- ate strategic support of the necessary research and search, Development and Innovation Roadmap for development activities in order to secure Austria’s Automated Vehicles” to ensure the continuation of competitiveness in this field. Austria’s success in the mobility domain. The experts within the Austrian Federal Min- istry for Transport, Innovation and Technology Vienna, Graz, Villach February 2016 bmvit Andreas Dorda Lisbeth Mosnik Michael Wiesmüller Roadmap CoreTeam Josef Affenzeller Andreas Eckel Wolfgang Kriegler Johann Massoner Michael Paulweber Horst Pflügl Werner Rom Martin Russ Erwin Schoitsch Daniel Watzenig 3
Table of Content 1 SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 7 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................7 Objectives of the document ........................................................................................................................9 Relation to other roadmaps (whitepapers, visions and strategies) ........................................................... 11 2 TOWARDS AUTOMATED VEHICLES IN AUSTRIA ............................................. 15 Automated Vehicles for Tackling Societal Needs ...................................................................................... 15 Background 15 Societal needs and expected impact 16 Goals of Austrian industry in Automated Vehicles .................................................................................... 19 State-of-the-Art / Areas of Excellence....................................................................................................... 22 Electronics-based systems in Austria 22 Partner landscape 22 State-of-the-art 22 Knowledge available 22 Areas of excellence 25 Relevant products, procedures and services 27 Expected Impact ....................................................................................................................................... 28 3 APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................................... 30 Applications in automotive on-road vehicles ............................................................................................ 30 Applications in off-road equipment .......................................................................................................... 31 Applications in mobility infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 33 Applications in aerospace ......................................................................................................................... 33 Applications in railways ............................................................................................................................ 34 Applications for waterways ...................................................................................................................... 37 4 AUSTRIAN RDI ROADMAP FOR AUTOMATED VEHICLES .............................. 38 Task fields of activities / RDI topics........................................................................................................... 38 Timeline and relation of main RDI topics to national and European funding programmes........................ 40 Timeline for different levels of automation 40 Relation of main RDI topics to national and European funding programmes 41 5 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 43 5
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles Procedure of roadmap development ........................................................................................................ 43 Appendix: Questionnaires 44 Appendix: Workshops 45 Appendix: Consolidation and Harmonization 46 Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ 47 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Table of Abbreviations & Acronyms.......................................................................................................... 49 6
1 Summary and Introduction Executive Summary The present “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Auto- · To send a strong signal at international level mated Vehicles” is a technology roadmap driven by of the Austrian strengths and RDI interests in Austrian industry with support from the Austrian re- the area of automated vehicles search community, and reflects the view of the main Austrian players in ICT and mobility. It covers Tech- nology Readiness Levels (TRLs) from 1-8 and a time This document is contains 5 chapters. span of about 15 years and beyond. The aim of this roadmap is not to “re-invent” existing European and The first chapter provides a detailed overview of national roadmaps, but rather to align with them and to the objectives and a thorough analysis of the relation of identify specific areas and focusses and related re- the “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles” search, development and innovation (RDI) needs and to numerous other European and national roadmaps. topics for the Austrian automated vehicles community The second chapter focusses on the benefits and (see Figure 1). impact of automated vehicles in tackling societal needs, elaborated on the detailed goals of Austrian industry in automated vehicles, and provides an overview on the The “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Ve- Austrian state of the art in this area, including available hicles” serves several purposes: strengths in knowledge, areas of excellence as well as products, procedures and services. · To give a joint view of experts and stake- holders from ICT and mobility, necessary to The third chapter addresses different areas of ap- tackle the challenges of automated vehicles plication of automated vehicles (automotive on-road, off-road equipment, mobility infrastructure, aerospace, · To prepare the ground for an Austrian contri- railways and waterways) and related challenges. bution to establish a „European platform for leadership in automated vehicles“ The fourth chapter, being the “core” of this roadmap, identifies the main RDI task fields and topics · To provide inputs to the future Austrian tech- of interest. This is complemented by timelines for the nology as well as transport policy, and par- different levels of automation and the relation of the ticularly to future RDI funding programs identified RDI topics and needs towards national and · To be a guide for small and medium-sized European funding programs. enterprises (SMEs), thus expanding the re- Chapter five contains several appendices with lated Austrian eco-system particular focus on the procedure of how the “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles” was devel- oped. 7
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles Figure 1: Positioning of the „Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles“ with respect to other Austrian Roadmaps (see also Section 1.3 F), G), and H)) 8
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles Objectives of the document Enhanced automation of vehicles (trains, cars, lanches or even during nuclear incidents (e.g. Fuku- trucks, ships, airplanes etc.) will be one major enabler shima). The applications and benefits of automated to master the Grand Societal Challenges. In particular cyber-physical systems are countless. highly automated driving functions will increase traffic It is commonly accepted that the automated driv- safety, reduce traffic jams, increase passenger comfort, ing functionality will not come overnight to our vehi- reduce CO2 pollution and energy consumption but also cles, trucks, off-road machines, ships or airplanes. In help disabled or elderly people to extend their mobility, some areas automated functions have already been in independence and quality of living. use for many years as autopilots in airplanes. In other Automated vessel navigation systems can avoid areas only the first starts have been made to introduce collisions and groundings, protect the environment, re- automation. Concerning car traffic, ADAS systems (the duce bunker consumption, and improve the maritime driver is still fully responsible) will become more and traffic flow as well as intermodal transportation. Un- more sophisticated up to the moment when the auto- manned automated vehicles can perform heavy and mated car will also be capable of taking over full re- dangerous tasks in harsh environments, such as mainte- sponsibility from the driver (SAE level 5, see Figure 2). nance services on airplanes or underwater construction, Estimations expect such a function to become opera- or in catastrophic scenarios including mudflow, ava- tional in standard cars by 2030 or even later. Figure 2: SAE levels of automated driving [1] SAE defined five different levels which are com- automotive expert group from the ERTRAC technol- monly used to describe the degree of automation in ve- ogy platform predicts the introduction of the next levels hicles [1] [2], see Figure 2. in automation according the roadmap depicted in Fig- ure 3. Already today OEMs market vehicles with sev- eral automated driving functions of different levels. The importance of the new technology of auto- Many vehicle manufacturers promise to deliver more mated vehicles for Europe’s industry is clearly shown automated driving functionalities in the next years. An 9
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles in a proposed lighthouse initiative to develop a Euro- strong presence of European industry, academia and re- pean platform for leadership in automated vehicles. search institutions in cyber-physical systems, smart This proposal has been made by industry stakeholders systems integration and MEMS as well as low power in the framework of the ECSEL-JU (European Joint- and secure components. They shall enable closer coop- Undertaking “Electronics Components and Systems for eration between Europe’s key actors in innovation and European Leadership”). regulation contributing to the overall goal of the ECSEL JU. Most important is the goal to strengthen Lighthouse initiatives are clusters of high-impact Europe's position in key parts of future digital value projects that develop, test and deploy innovations in es- chains and digital platforms. sential areas of key importance to Europe in ecosys- tems or along the value chain. They also involve legal, The specific lighthouse initiative proposal on au- ethical and financial stakeholders creating a framework tomated vehicles mentioned above emphasizes Eu- for fast market acceptance, regulation and standardiza- rope’s leading position in developing highly automated tion, including de facto standards when relevant. This vehicles such as cars, airplanes and trains. To maintain shall unlock barriers and facilitate large scale deploy- and extend this leadership, potentially enhancing it ment. They will require considerable efforts from the with respect to other players in this field, it is important private partners and therefore deserve the support of the that a solid base for the development and validation of ECSEL JU. highly automated vehicles is available for European ve- hicle developers and manufacturers. In this manner, Notably this will materialize in platforms for European industry aims to establish worldwide stand- "Smart X" markets by building on and combining the ards to support its leadership in this domain. Figure 3: Deployment path for automated driving in passenger cars [1] 10
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles The Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation · ECSEL-Austria (coordinator of this docu- and Technology (bmvit) recognized the importance for ment) Austrian society of the radical new technology required for “automated vehicles”. In addition, these new tech- · A3PS nologies can be expected to provide substantial oppor- · AustriaTech tunities for the Austrian high-tech community consist- ing of related industry, academia and research institu- · the Austrian high-tech community consisting tions, but also for SMEs, thus expanding the related of related industry, academia and research in- Austrian eco-system in the area of automated vehicles. stitutions Therefore bmvit has indicated its intention to support This roadmap focusses on the RDI activities nec- the ECSEL lighthouse initiative. In addition, this essary to support the Austrian high-tech community in roadmap document is intended to provide substantial their efforts to strengthen market and technology lead- input to the future Austrian technology and transport ership required to build automated vehicles. This initi- policy, and in particular future national funding pro- ative shall ensure that the Austrian economy benefits grams. from the trend towards “automated vehicles”. It will The topic of automated vehicles and related tech- create new, secure high-tech job opportunities in Aus- nologies needs the combined efforts of ICT (infor- tria for the benefit of Austrian society in general. It may mation and communication technologies) and mobility be stated that security aspects will also play a central technologies at least. Thus, the two groups in the min- role when it comes to automated vehicles in order to istry responsible for the different technology areas successfully defend against the threat of hostile intru- jointly asked the relevant Austrian high-tech commu- sion and control by unauthorized individuals. nity in October 2015 to develop one research, develop- It shall be noted that this roadmap is not intended ment and innovation (RDI) roadmap for Austria, to cover efforts concerning the roll-out of the necessary providing information on how the Austrian high-tech infrastructure for automated driving (cars, ships, trains, community’s expertise would best support European airplanes) in Austria and the required investment to im- efforts to propel the introduction of automated driving plement such automated traffic in Austria. It covers functions in next generations of vehicles. only the RDI efforts to develop the necessary infra- It should on the one hand analyse where the Aus- structure. trian high-tech community can contribute valuable Complementary to this roadmap, A3PS analysed knowledge and developments. On the other hand, Aus- the necessary steps and investments to bring automated tria has proven to be most successful in specific areas vehicles to Austrian roads. The “Austrian Eco-Mobility in ICT, automotive, rail, maritime or aerospace do- Roadmap 2025plus” [3] by A3PS describes the path for mains. Therefore this “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Au- the radical change for Austrian roads and cities from tomated Vehicles” shall explore research opportunities conventional vehicle concepts (SAE level 0) to fully for the Austrian high-tech community, where available automated driving vehicles (SAE level 5) in the long knowledge and technology can support the European term. Actually, the huge effort being spent by Austrian efforts in creating new technologies (electronic compo- high-tech community in participating in and leading nents and systems, required (embedded cyber-physical) numerous research projects, prototype and systems de- software, tools and methods for automated vehicles and velopment will lead to an “electronic revolution” with the necessary infrastructure for a successful launch in significantly reduced fatalities for vehicle occupants the markets for autonomous vehicles). and other road users. The following expert groups and specialists helped to create this RDI roadmap: Relation to other roadmaps (whitepapers, visions and strat- egies) In 2014 and 2015, numerous European and Aus- requirements of the Austrian industry, the folowing trian Whitepapers, Visions and Strategies (all of them documents (A-E on European level, F-H on Austrian being or including some sort of roadmaps), exclusively level) have been thoroughly analyzed and taken into dedicated to or highly relevant to automated vehicles consideration during the creation of the present “Aus- and/or automated driving, have been issued or pre- trian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles”. pared. Therefore, to avoid duplication and to facilitate the optimum alignment of identified strengths and RDI 11
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles A) ECSEL – 2015 Multi Annual Strategic Re- · TRL: Research & Development [TRL 2-4], search and Innovation Agenda MASRIA Demo [TRL 5-8], Production & Market [TRL (2015)1 9] · Document on electronic components and · Automation: according to SAE levels [SAE systems (technologies and applications) J3016] · Numerous areas of application / industrial · State of the Art mainly shown by research and domains covered innovation projects funded by the EC and a brief overview on demonstrations · Dedicated sub-chapter and roadmap on electronic components and systems for highly EPoSS - the European technology Platform on automated and autonomous transport (key Smart Systems integration - is an industry-driven pol- application area “Smart Mobility”) icy initiative, defining R&D and innovation needs as well as policy requirements related to smart systems in- · Industry-driven document tegration and integrated micro- and nanosystems. It · Roadmap focus (concerning automated driv- comprises major industrial companies and research or- ing): Technologies and applications / mobility ganizations from more than 20 European Member services States, bringing together European private and public stakeholders in the area of smart systems integration. · Roadmap timeline: 2015-2030 · TRL: Research and Innovation Actions (TRL 2-5), Innovation Actions (TRL 4-8) C) ERTRAC - Automated Driving Roadmap (2015)3 · Automation: according to SAE levels [SAE J3016] · Dedicated document on automated driving from a general road transport point of view · No description of state of the art · Emphasis on automotive applications (incl. in- ECSEL – Electronic Components and Systems frastructure and legal & regulatory framework) for European Leadership - is a partnership (joint under- taking) between the private and the public sectors for · Document driven by all relevant stakeholders electronic components and systems in Europe. Mem- · Roadmap focus: Technologies, applications / bers are i) the European Union (through the Commis- mobility services and regulation/standardiza- sion); ii) Member States and Associated Countries to tion the Framework Programme Horizon 2020 on a volun- tary basis; iii) three associations (EPoSS, AENEAS and · Roadmap timeline: 2014-2025 ARTEMIS Industry Association) representing the main · TRL: Technological Research (TRL 2-4); European actors from the areas of micro- and nano- Pilots and large scale demonstrators (TRL 5-7); electronics, smart integrated systems and embed- Industrialization (TRL 8-9) ded/cyber-physical systems. These actors draws up and regularly update the Multi-Annual Strategic Research · Automation: According to SAE levels [SAE and Innovation Agenda (MASRIA). J3016] · State of the art description on European and non-European level. Description of Austrian B) EPoSS – European Roadmap Smart Systems level is quite similar to the one given in the “C- for Automated Driving (2015)2 ITS Strategie Österreich” (see below) · Dedicated document on automated driving ERTRAC - the European Road Transport Re- from a smart systems integration point of view search Advisory Council - is a European technology · Emphasis on automotive applications platform which brings together road transport stake- holders to develop a common vision for road transport · Industry-driven document research in Europe. These stakeholders comprise auto- · Roadmap focus: Technologies (and legal motive, energy / fuel supply, road infrastructure, ITS, frameworks) public authorities (EU, national bodies, cities, regions), research, service providers, and users. · Roadmap timeline: 2014-2030 1 3 http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/docu- http://www.ertrac.org/uploads/documentsearch/id38/ER- ments/publications/2015%20ECSEL%20MASRIA.pdf. Ac- TRAC_Automated-Driving-2015.pdf. Accessed February cessed February 2016. 2016. 2 http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/docu- ments/publications/EPoSS%20Roadmap_Smart%20Sys- tems%20for%20Automated%20Driv- ing_V2_April%202015.pdf. Accessed February 2016. 12
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles D) 5G Automotive Vision (2015)4 · Roadmap focus: Technological challenges and milestones categorized according to complexity · Document on connected and automated driving / costs and importance / impact and new mobility services from a 5G communication point of view · Roadmap timeline: 2015 – 2025/2030+ (10 to 15 years) · Emphasis on automotive + telecom industries (incl. business and regulatory/standardization · TRL: no usage of TRL aspects) · Automation: no automation levels used · Numerous connections to automated driving / vehicles incl. specific use cases on automated · State of the art description: general world-wide driving assessment + SWOT analysis on European strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and · Industry-driven document threats · Roadmap focus: mainly technologies, but also The European Commission (EC) Directorate business and regulatory/standardization aspects General Communications Networks, Content & Tech- nology (DG CONNECT) manages the Digital Agenda · Roadmap timeline: 2014-2025 of the EU. The work of the DG focusses on ensuring · TRL: no usage of TRL (but KPIs, and - that digital technologies can help deliver the growth according to the C2C Communication which the EU needs. DG CONNECT provides input to Consortium Roadmap - 5 Phases up to accident- the Digital Single Market Project Team, led by EC Vice free driving) President Andrus Ansip, through Commissioner Gün- · Automation: According to SAE/VDA levels ther Oettinger. [SAE J3016] · State of the art description on limitations of F) AustriaTech - C-ITS Strategie Österreich existing communication technologies used in (2016) C-ITS (To be published in Q1/2016.) ERTICO ITS Europe – the European Road Transport Telematics Implementation Coordination - is · Document on Cooperative ITS based on V2X Europe's Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) or- (i.e. vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infra- ganization that promotes research and defines ITS in- structure) communication dustry standards. It is a network of ITS and services · Emphasis on automotive field incl. infrastruc- stakeholders in Europe, connecting public authorities, ture industry players, infrastructure operators, users, na- tional ITS associations and other organizations. · No dedicated section on and only a few direct connections to automated vehicles / driving 5G PPP - the 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership - has been initiated by the European Com- · Policy-driven document mission and industry manufacturers, telecommunica- · Roadmap focus: Applications / Mobility tions operators, service providers, SMEs and research- services (demand-oriented) ers. The 5G PPP will deliver solutions, architectures, technologies and standards for the ubiquitous next gen- · Roadmap timeline: 2016 – 2020 eration communication infrastructures of the coming · TRL: no usage of TRL decade. · Automation/V2X: 5 Phases up to accident-free driving according to the C2C Communication E) EC – Next Generation Computing Roadmap Consortium Roadmap (see also “5G Automotive Vision (2015)” above) (2014)5 · General document on next generation compu- · State of the art description on C-ITS projects ting (IT) and applications / mobility services on European and non-European levels. No · Numerous areas of application / industrial description concerning automated vehicles / domains covered; 7 main scenarios of the future driving (incl. intelligent transport) AustriaTech is a private company whose mission · Dedicated section(s) on intelligent transport is to maximize the societal benefits of new transport incl. autonomous systems and cars technologies. It is a 100% owned subsidiary of the Fed- 4 5 http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/docu- https://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/5G-PPP- White-Paper-on-Automotive-Vertical-Sectors.pdf. Accessed ment.cfm?doc_id=6636. Accessed February 2016. February 2016. 13
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles eral Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technol- development, deployment). A3PS members include ogy (bmvit). AustriaTech assists the bmvit by pursuing partners from both Austrian industry and the research a long-term strategy for developing and implementing community. sustainable transport solutions. Furthermore, Austria- Tech is responsible for ITS planning and national im- plementation of the European ITS Directive. H) Austrian Unmanned Aerial System for Civilian Missions (in progress) This activity is currently underway in the course G) A3PS – Eco-Mobility 2025plus Technology of the project “Austrian UCM”, supported by bmvit Roadmap (2015)6 and led by FH Joanneum. The goal is to establish a re- · Document and website on future vehicles and search agenda pertaining to unmanned aerial systems energy carriers for civilian missions in Austria. This activity is driven by all relevant stakeholders from industry and research · Emphasis on automotive applications organizations. So far only a tiny share of all research · Dedicated section on automated driving / vehi- activities identified can be linked to automated and au- cles (advanced vehicle control systems) incl. in- tonomous aircraft and flight. frastructure aspects · Document driven by industry and research community I) Other roadmaps and initiatives · Roadmap focus: Technologies incl. TRLs, type Numerous other national roadmaps and initiatives of required projects, R&D measures and targets bear relevance to the area of automated vehicles and have been taken into consideration when creating the · Roadmap timeline: 2015 – 2025+ present roadmap: the Smart Cities initiative of the Aus- · TRL: 1-9 trian Climate and Energy Fund7, the Technology Roadmap for the ICT of the Future program8, or the · Automation: According to SAE levels [SAE Roadmap on Complex Systems9. J3016] Furthermore, a dedicated new roadmap entitled · No state of the art description Embedded Systems in Automated Driving, coordinated A3PS - the Austrian Association for Advanced by the international SafeTRANS ("Safety in Transpor- Propulsion Systems – was founded by the Austrian tation Systems") Competence Cluster10, combining re- Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Tech- search and development expertise in the area of com- nology (bmvit) as a PPP and addresses all advanced plex embedded systems in transportation systems, is in drive train technologies contributing to the improve- preparation (planned publication in 2016).Several members of the core team of the present roadmap are ment of energy efficiency and reduction of emissions directly involved in contributing to the SafeTRANS (for example hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell vehicles as well as advanced fuel technologies including biofu- roadmap. els) and supports the whole innovation cycle (research, 6 8 http://www.a3ps.at/site/sites/default/files/images/down- https://www.bmvit.gv.at/service/publikationen/innova- loadfiles/a3ps_roadmap_eco_mobility_2025plus.pdf and tion/downloads/conquering_data__in_austria.pdf. Accessed www.roadmap.a3ps.at. Accessed February 2016. February 2016. 7 9 http://www.smartcities.at/founding/climate-funds-initia- https://www.bmvit.gv.at/service/publikationen/innova- tive-on-smart-cities/. Accessed February 2016. tion/downloads/komplexe_ikt_loesungen.pdf. Accessed February 2016. 10 http://www.safetrans-de.org/. 14
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles 2 Towards automated vehicles in Austria Automated Vehicles for Tackling Societal Needs Automated vehicle technology has the potential of fundamentally changing mobility as we experience it today. Automated / autonomous vehicles (AAV) of- Background fer solutions to many of today’s grand societal chal- Public authorities around the world recently pre- lenges. In the automotive domain many benefits are ex- sented action and innovation plans to facilitate the de- pected ranging from improved safety, congestion-free velopment and stepwise introduction of automated ve- traffic and increased comfort, social inclusion, lower hicles. Current midterm research is targeting intelligent emissions, and better road capacity utilization due to driver assistance functions and highly automated driv- optimal integration of private and public transport. Ro- ing modes while long-term research is aiming at fully bots used in medical interventions will improve medi- automated driving systems that are able to handle any cal care because complex surgeries can be offered not possible traffic and emergency situation safely without only in specialized clinics. Unmanned autonomous ve- relying on human supervision [4]. Many cars sold to- hicles (UAV) can perform heavy and dangerous tasks day are already capable of some level of automation in harsh environments, such as maintenance services on while more advanced automated prototype vehicles are airplanes or underwater construction. AAV applica- continuously tested on public roads especially in the tions and benefits are countless and we are only begin- United States, Europe, and Japan. AAV technology has ning to understand the new markets, business models, arrived rapidly on the market and future deployment is and products of this emerging technology. expected to accelerate over the next years. As a matter Over the last two decades, vehicle automation has of fact, most of the core technologies required for fully been an active research and innovation field. AAV are autonomous driving (SAE level 5) are available to- often discussed as a so-called “disruptive technology” day.Many are mature and some are already on the way with the ability to transform transportation infrastruc- to being deployed in commercially available vehicles ture, expand access, and provide benefits to a variety of [5]. users and customers. In this context, AAV are not only Automated driving is the next logical step to- disruptive in a technical sense, but also in a social sense wards future mobility that would build on maturity of as we hand over part of our responsibility to the ma- demonstrated advanced environment perception sys- chine with all benefits and all the risks associated with tems such as radars, laser scanners, cameras, and other automation. What AAV from different industry sectors sensors. In that context, automated driving requires in- have in common is that they use complex sensing to vehicle real-time decision making and planning capa- gain an understanding of their operational environment bilities as well as interaction with other vehicles, road in order to either support humans in complex, often infrastructure, and other third party services. Figure 4 safety critical control tasks or even to make decisions illustrates the general micro architecture of an auto- where the human user is no longer in the loop. This mated vehicle. During operation, automated systems poses completely new challenges for the required func- typically encompass the three constantly executed tasks tionality, quality level, and reliable operation of these of sensing, planning, and (re)acting. The corresponding systems, because they have to perform their tasks with- macro architecture features a system of in-vehicle, cen- out the fall back option to hand over control to the user tral and roadside systems that work in concert to pro- in critical situations – as e.g. in today’s driver assis- vide the optimal solution for AAV on a micro and tance systems. macro level. Although the present roadmap technologically addresses all relevant application domains covered by Austrian industry, in the following the automotive do- main is exemplarily chosen to discuss the expected so- cietal impact. 15
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles Figure 4: System architecture of an automated vehicle (Source: ECSEL Project proposal RobustSENSE) traffic jams and less waiting time at intersections and traffic lights are expected to Societal needs and expected improve the traffic throughput by 80 %. impact · Comfort: Enable user’s freedom for other activities when automated systems are active. Automated driving is seen as one of the key tech- nologies and major technological advancements influ- · Better public transport: AAV are ideal for encing and shaping our future mobility and quality of delivering passengers to or from public life. Automated driving will, in the long term, contrib- transport systems. They can coordinate pickup ute to the reduction of road fatalities and to social in- and delivery with the actual timetable of the clusion, and add value in terms of energy efficiency and public transportation system. the protection of the environment. Many predictions · Social inclusion: Ensure mobility for all, have been released over the last five years in the auto- including elderly and impaired users. The over- motive industry stating (on average) a limited availa- 65-years segment is growing 50 % faster than bility of (highly) automated driving functions (low the overall population. speed and high speed applications) by 2020 with wide availability to the public by 2040. The main drivers for · Emergency response: AAV may also perform a higher levels of automated driving are [1], [6]: special role in an emergency. They might be able to switch into an emergency mode and · Safety: Reduce accidents caused by human deliver anybody to the nearest hospital at errors. 90 % of all accidents are caused by maximum speed. human errors. In 2010, the European Commission launched a new EU road safety Figure 5 summarizes and quantifies the top five programme which aims at halving the number expected societal impacts for AAV in the automotive of road deaths by 2020 [7]. domain. · Efficiency: Increase transport system efficiency and reduce time in congested traffic. Fewer 16
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles Figure 5: Expected impact of automated functions in the automotive domain In early 2016, the Austrian government released of a driver/operator and also as a road user, when inter- the figures of road fatalities in 201511. In total 475 per- acting with automated vehicles. sons died on Austrian roads, which is a 10% increase Knowledge and theories from social, psychologi- compared to 2014 (430 road fatalities). As a main state- cal and behavioural sciences are useful to understand ment, approximately 70% of all accidents are caused by how humans interact with such systems. Depending on driver distraction, inadequate speed, and failure to yield the level of autonomy (cf. SAE levels), a human driver to traffic having the right of way. All of these issues are will occasionally have to drive the car manually and actually manageable by AAV, emphasizing the societal simultaneously operate different autonomous function- impact of such systems (Figure 6). Nevertheless it is alities (i.e. turn on and off ADAS, switch control from worth mentioning that due to the missing legal frame- and to the vehicle). These interactions and handovers work and the technological state-of-the-art, high speed (both driver- and system-initiated) will have to be ef- (e.g. highway pilots) and low speed functions (e.g. park fective, efficient, trustworthy, safe, and easy to be assistance, traffic jam pilot) are industrial priorities. learned. Apart from that it is to be expected that, with Figure 7 impressively depicts that a comparatively low an increasing number of autonmated vehicles, de-skil- number of incidents (50 fatalities) happened on high- ling of drivers in their manual driving skills is likely to ways while most deadly accidents occur on federal occur over time.12 highways and rural roads. However, AAV for those scenarios are under development despite the lack of test Efforts toward full automation tend to follow one methods and test infrastructures. of two incremental paths. The first involves gradually improving the automated driving systems available in Concluding from the numbers, causes, and loca- conventional vehicles so that human drivers can shift tions of road fatalities in 2015, it becomes obvious that more of the dynamic driving task to these systems the driver has to be unburdened. Human drivers are (SAE level 3 and 4). The second path involves deploy- confronted with, and usually manage, an incredible va- ing vehicles without a human driver and gradually ex- riety of contexts (geographic areas, roadway types, panding this operation to more contexts (SAE level 5, traffic conditions, weather conditions, and events/inci- e.g. robot taxi, UAV, autonomous trains). Figure 8 il- dents) for which automated vehicles have yet to be de- lustrates midterm and long-term research and develop- signed and demonstrated. Human factors in automation ment. relate to understanding the interaction(s) of humans with all aspects of an automated road transport system (ART), both from within a vehicle, when taking the role 11 Austrian Ministry of the Interior (BM.I), Austrian Press 12 MadSAV, Maintaining Driving Skills in Semi-Autono- Agency, January 2016. mous Vehicles. http://www.madsav.org. Accessed 17 Feb 2016. 17
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles 28% 32% 3% 11% 26% Driver distraction Inadequate speed Priority injury Alcohol influence Any other reasons Figure 6: Road fatalities in Austria 2015 111 50 198 116 Highways Federal highways Rural roads Other roads Figure 7: Accident location of road fatalities in Austria 2015 Future advances and acceptance of AAV will di- · Shared vehicle fleet repositioning rectly rely on safe and secure communication with · Driverless urban goods pickup and delivery other road users and the infrastructure. Examples which will directly increase end-user acceptance are · User-centred design and evaluation approaches to include user requirements in the design pro- · Automated lane merging of vehicles cess · Emergency stopping and warning (e.g. In addition, safety, security and privacy have to temporary construction areas) be taken into account as societal needs expected by · Obstacle and object avoidance consumers [8]. At present, large quantities of personal- ized data are already collected via navigation systems, · Truck platoons with short spacing to reduce smartphones, or during vehicle maintenance. Auto- drag and save energy mated vehicles are capable of recording and providing · Multiple vehicle automated platoons with short large amounts of data that might assist crash investiga- separations, to increase capacity tions and accident reconstructions. Such data is highly relevant for improving active safety systems and sys- · Speed harmonization to maximize traffic flow tem reliability, but also for resolving liability issues. · Speed reduction when approaching a queue, for Furthermore, cybersecurity (vulnerability to hacking) safety reasons has to be considered in order to avoid the vehicle or driver losing control due to hacking attacks. 18
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles Figure 8: Relevant midterm and long-term scenarios based on [9]. Current UN R 79 allows above 10 kph only corrective steering (lateral assistance). Therefore steering capability of today‘s Level 2 functions is still limited (*). The global race for highly automated systems and been presented by European market leaders in the au- ultimately fully autonomous systems in many domains tomotive, farming or rail sector as well as by global (automotive, farming, rail, maritime, health, and aero- competitors. Today all demonstrations have been in- space) has already begun. Big competitors and global vestigated and tested under well-controlled conditions conglomerates are entering this race in all domains. Re- in well-defined environments. AAV will only succeed cently, the transport sector has gained special attention and be accepted by society if they will perform safely as new competitors from cross-cutting domains such as and securely in any situation at any time in any envi- Google and Apple - to name just two - compete for ronment. these future markets. Impressive demonstrations have . Goals of Austrian industry in Automated Vehicles The goals of the various industrial domains for 2) Flexible and highly secure communication different types of automated vehicles show a number of among vehicles and infrastructure. Ad-hoc broadband commonalities concerning the needs and are thus com- and individual communications between vehicles and parable in many aspects. However, each industrial do- between vehicles and infrastructure will play a crucial main has its own specific needs as well as partially spe- role in applications such as traffic optimization or cific views of the common goals. Therefore, we believe “swarm harvesting” (see 3.2). Any risk of abusing such that describing both the common goals and the domain- communication for, e.g. causing misbehavior of vehi- specific goals for automotive, aerospace, off-highway cles has to be minimized. and railway applications seems most appropriate. 3) Efficient means for assuring required de- (a) Goals Common to all Domains pendability (safety, security, reliability). State-of-prac- tice V&V methods are insufficient for highly auto- For enabling full automation of vehicles, the fol- mated vehicles, at least in an efficient way. We will lowing goals are pertinent for all industrial domains: need a smart combination of analysis, simulation, vir- 1) Robust environment perception and scene un- tual and real testing, and formal verification, incorpo- derstanding (situation awareness). Every moving vehi- rating new methods, coverage measures – and, finally, cle has to recognize its near environment and under- standards – for achieving this goal. stand at least aspects essential for its mission. Environ- 4) Ensuring a high level of user acceptance of the ment, objects in it, and aspects may differ from domain applied technology among all user groups regardless of to domain, but all automotive vehicles have to possess differences in e.g., gender, age, or level of education. capabilities such as object detection and classification (e.g. category, obstacle) as well as understanding whether collisions or other dangerous situations (may) emerge. 19
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles (b) Goals for Automotive Domain Automated 9) Provide means and platforms that allow seam- Vehicles less integration of applications for multi/many core de- vice architectures. Such an approach shall also support The goals for the automotive domain foresee a the use of different operating systems on the same de- seamless integration of mobility into so-called “smart vice. mobility concepts” (SMC). SMC visions predict auton- omous cars that will most likely be based on e-vehicles 10) Wireless connection (Car2Infrastructure, (compare: Toyota predicts that no combustion engine Car2Car …) in order to allow services and safety mech- driven cars will be on the market by 205013) that are no anisms beyond the individual decision level (i.e. colli- longer privately owned and still satisfy “private traffic sion avoidance in urban intersections controlled by needs” based on car sharing. Such vehicles will be tied centralized stations based on trajectory data transmitted into overall traffic concepts where individuals purchase by each vehicle and processed outside the vehicle) the kilometer of distance to travel, regardless of which 11) Integrated security measures designed to means of transportation is selected. Such a scenario avoid unauthorized intrusion into the mission computer might start with a car sharing vehicle taking you to the of the vehicle. railway station and from there you use railway services and change to a plane later on. The final part of the (c) Goals for Aerospace Domain Automated journey may then be done by a car sharing offer again Vehicles taking you from the destination airport to your final destination. All these means would be paid for as a These goals are mainly intended for the integra- combined single price and appropriate “fares” would tion of UAVs and drones to be operated in the same be distributed by these “umbrella organizations” organ- airspace as civil and general aviation in a single Euro- izing mobility. From the automotive viewpoint, this pean (world-wide) sky, flying free trajectories rather than on pre-defined standard routes. process will result in the driverless, autonomously op- erated car. For this purpose the following challenges 1) Autonomous ATM (air traffic management) need to be tackled in advance to make an autonomous command execution: Technologies that allow UAVs car a reality: and drones to fly their routes as programs via GPS way- points but accepting and executing general ATM com- 1) Today’s technologies for autonomous driving have been integrated into the first impressive demon- mands. In order to use the same infrastructure (airports, strator prototypes (compare i.e. Audi piloted driving on airspace etc.) as civil and general aviation, they must the Hockenheimring). Learning from aerospace, the au- also be observed by air traffic control. tomotive industry is also aware that bare triple redun- 2) Security: Technologies that avoid unauthor- dancy with dissimilar designs will significantly exceed ized intrusion into ATM command communication re- reasonable price levels. Thus concepts must be identi- quiring autonomous decisions for maneuvers in shared fied that provide sufficient safety at an acceptable cost. airspace 2) Centralization of ECUs in order to increase 3) Appropriate on-board computer equipment computing power using multi/many-core devices. and software implementing the technologies defined 3) Reduction of implemented different networks above. in the vehicle (d) Goals for Off-Highway Domain Auto- 4) Miniaturization of ECU core electronics to re- mated Vehicles duce cost and increase computing power Even if such vehicles will not have to satisfy re- 5) Reduce complexity by reduction of individual quirements in the sense of an SMC, goals will be almost ECUs and diversity of networks. Potential network to identical to those defined in the automotive domain. be used as a backbone as in aerospace may be automo- Nevertheless, the off-highway domain will require sig- tive Ethernet nificant enhancements and adaptations, since the infra- structure used will be significantly different. This will 6) Increase maintainability by diagnostic rou- even have to be split w.r.t. different application areas, tines and service request routines prior to breakdown such as agriculture, forestry, heavy duty construction, and municipal equipment for uses including fire- 7) Increase reliability in order to allow vehicles fighting, garbage disposal and garbage collection, air- to drive more kilometers (since the majority will be op- ports, harbors or industrial applications in industry 4.0 erated by car sharing organizations rather than private domains. owners) Apart from the commonalities between the auto- 8) Pricing will be based on the number of miles motive and the off-highway domains, different types of used rather than a purchase price, as is the case for an sensors and surveillance strategies and techniques to owner (similar to truck concepts) 13 http://www.wsj.com/articles/toyota-maps-out-decline-of- conventionally-fueled-cars-1444824804. Accessed February 2016. 20
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles provide significant situation awareness need to be de- 5) Synergy with solutions available from other veloped. automated vehicle domains (automotive) Furthermore, the off-highway domain will re- (f) Goals of Inland Waterway Domain quire fleet coordination in order to allow different ve- The goal for the inland waterway domain is to use hicles to cooperate autonomously. up-to-date technology for improving the safety, reduc- The different environments will potentially also ing the operating cost and enhancing the user attractive- require special drones to provide data for sufficient sit- ness of inland waterborne transport uation awareness and proper trajectory control capable To reach these goals, both the vehicle itself and of avoiding unexpected obstacles. its surrounding ground infrastructure will have to be (e) Goals for Railway Domain Autonomous adapted or renewed. Vehicles Increased assistance for nautical operation to- The goal for the railway domain is to apply up-to- wards more automation should: date technology for improving the safety, reducing the · limit or avoid the risks inherent to human operating cost and enhancing the user attractiveness of behavior in the monitoring & controlling tasks the rail transport system. of ship staff or traffic controllers To reach these goals, both the vehicle itself and · offer the right balance between investment in its surrounding ground infrastructure will have to be new systems and reduction of operating costs adapted or renewed. · offer new or improved services for passengers The operation of automated railway vehicles and freight transport should: The following challenges need to be tackled in · limit or avoid the risks inherent to human advance to make autonomous/assisted river ships a re- behavior in the monitoring & controlling tasks ality: of drivers or traffic controllers 1) Developing dependable and cost effective · offer the right balance between investment in technical solutions for new vessels and for ret- new systems and reduction of operating costs rofitting existing vessels · offer new or improved services forpassengers 2) Considering the existing telematics infrastruc- and freight transport ture (RIS – River Information Service) The following challenges need to be tackled in 3) Clarifying the legal and normative frame for advance to make an autonomous railway vehicle a re- automated/assisted vessels operation ality: 4) Generating a positive stakeholder acceptance 1) Developing dependable and cost effective (public authority, cargo owners, passengers, technical solutions for new vehicles and for ret- ship personnel, commercial shippers and lei- rofitting existing vehicles sure boaters) 2) Minimizing the impact on the railway infra- In terms of technical development for the in- structure and wayside ground systems creased assistance/automation of inland vessels, the fo- 3) Clarifying the legal and normative frame for cus should be on: automated vehicle operation in a new railway · Selection of the right mix of sensors category (cargo locomotive, tramway…) 4) Generating a positive stakeholder acceptance · Optimization of the sensor fusion (passengers, railway personnel, pedestrians, · Development of secure real time video & data car drivers…) transmission systems In terms of technical development for the auto- · Development of safe, reliable, available and mated railway vehicle itself, the focus will have to be maintainable systems and components with placed on: attractive cost/benefit relation 1) Selection of the right mix of sensors · Synergy with solutions available from other automated vehicle domains (automotive) 2) Optimization of the sensor fusion · Integration of assistance systems into the legal 3) Development of secure real time video & data framework of inland navigation transmission systems 4) Development of safe, reliable, available and maintainable systems and components 21
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles State-of-the-Art / Areas of Excellence · a broad research community, comprising both Electronics-based systems universities as well as non-university research institutions in Austria · several road, rail as well as waterway operators Since one of the motivations of the current such as ASFiNAG, ÖBB, Wr. Linien, viadonau roadmap is to support ECSEL and its lighthouse initia- · public and semi-public authorities, institutions tive on automated vehicles (see e.g. Section 1.2), the and associations such as AustriaTech, A3PS, Austrian electronics industry and research environment ECSEL-Austria, or Austrian automotive clus- shall be loosely examined. A recent study on “Electron- ters ics-based systems in Austria, facts and figures”, initi- ated by bmvit and carried out by Joanneum Research provides comprehensive facts, figures and data for electronics-based systems (EBS) in Austria. It provides State-of-the-art a comprehensive SWOT analysis concerning both in- All partners participating in the creation of the dustry and research in particular w.r.t. to other Euro- Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles were pean countries, and includes recommendations for pol- asked to provide information on the current state of the icy makers in Austria. art, i.e. current level of technology/knowledge, and The main results of this study are: area(s) of excellence relevant to the roadmap, based on the following criteria: · About 510,000 employees and researchers generate a turnover of close to 170 billion Euros · Current level of technology/knowledge in the in Austria. area of “Automated Vehicles” in the partner’s company or research institution itself (incl. · Most actors are present in global international projects, patents) markets and provide best in class solutions, products, and services · Description of the main relevant area(s) of excellence which can be used to contribute to · EBS in Austria supports elements of various the area of “Automated Vehicles” supply chains including but not exclusively: re- search, components, systems and related SW up · Relevant products, procedures or services of the to services levels and new business models. partner’s company/company group or research institution in the area of “Automated Vehicles” · Industry 4.0, Internet of Things IoT, mobility, that are already on the market / will soon be energy efficiency, connected living and health introduced into the market have been identified as major drivers for future growth in the EBS sector also for Austria. Below (Sections 2.3.3.1 to 2.3.3.3) is a summary of detailed partner inputs received. Partner landscape Knowledge available Concerning vehicles as such, Austria basically has no full vehicle manufacturers (there are exceptions R&D projects to this in specific niches such as drones or powered Austrian industrial and research partners have an two-wheelers) but there are numerous, world-re- excellent position in the European research landscape nowned Tier1, Tier2 and specific component suppliers (ECSEL-Austria) and are leaders or participants in nu- as well as engineering companies - mainly active in the merous European (ARTEMIS, ECSEL, FP7, Horizon automotive (road and off-road vehicles) and rail areas, 2020 etc.) and Austrian national RDI projects (KIRAS, but also in aeronautics. Therefore, either close cooper- ICT of the Future, Mobility of the Future) as well as ation with foreign OEMs and/or close cooperation non-funded projects. Topics comprise among Austrian partners to jointly design, develop and build up platforms and demonstrators for automated · Automated vehicle testing vehicles is required (see Section 4.1, TF_5: Applica- tions & Field tests). · Testing and validation of ADAS/ADF This is substantially complemented by · Radar sensor stimulation for automotive ap- plications · excellent industrial partners concerning road and rail technical infrastructure (incl. commu- · Robust sensor platforms and sensor data fu- nication and signage) sion 22
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