AQUATIC ARCHITECTURE DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University
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Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Bachelor of Architecture Theses - 5th Year Department of Architecture Spring 5-9-2022 AQUATIC ARCHITECTURE Jonathan Bonaparte Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/barch_etd Part of the Environmental Design Commons Recommended Citation Bonaparte, Jonathan, "AQUATIC ARCHITECTURE" (2022). Bachelor of Architecture Theses - 5th Year. 213. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/barch_etd/213 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Architecture at DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelor of Architecture Theses - 5th Year by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@kennesaw.edu.
Aquatic Architecture
FOR COASTAL CITIES DUE TO RAISING SEA LEVELS
Site: Tybee Island, Ga
Thesis Proposal is Presented to the
Faculty of the Department of Architecture
College of Architecture and Construction Management
Dr. William Carpenter
and
Dr. Arash Soleimani, Thesis Coordinator
Kathryn Bedette, Interim Chair of Department
By
Jonathan Bonaparte
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Architecture
Kennesaw State University
Marietta, Georgia
May 2022
AQUATIC ARCHITECTURE
AQUATIC ACHITECTURE FOR COASTAL CITIES DUE TO RAISING SEA LEVELS
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to start by thanking Dr. William Carpenter for his instruc-
tions and guidance that got me to the point of finalizing my Thesis. It was
through his coaching that I was able to put the final touches on my proj-
ect.
I would also like to thank Dr. Arash Soleimani for always being there for
me when I needed advice.
Finally, I want to say thanks to Professor Keif Schleifer. Even though it’s
her first year at KSU, every time she saw me walking around in a weird
mood, she always pulled me aside with a word of encouragement and last
but not least Dr. Selen Okcu who I met in the first semester and have
always been so caring and kind.
II
DEDICATIONS
To Dr. Carpenter, for always encouraging me to push forward and do bet-
ter.
To all of the professors who always offered a word of encouragement
during my time at KSU.
Lastly, to my parents who I wish was here to see me fulfill this dream of
getting a degree in Architecture
III
IV
CH/01
DESIGN THEOREM
Abstract
Literature Review
Sea Level Rise
Fall 2021
CH/02
RESEARCH
Case Studies
CH/03
SITE
History & Demographics
Site Analysis
Barrier Island Information
Land Use/ Site Character
CH/04
DESIGN/PROGRAM
Design Development
Master Plan
Design Iterations
CH/05
APPENDIX
Annotated Bibliography
Reflection
Bibliography
DESIGN THEORM
CH/01Abstract
Image # 1
For centuries, mankind has been
building their architectural cities
near or around water. It has its
advantages such as transportation,
convenience for the trade routes
and water survival. As the earth
gets hotter every year and the ice
glaciers continues to melts, the
ocean sea levels will continue to
rise.
Assuming that the projected sea
water levels for 2050 are correct,
95% of coastal cities around the
world are at risk from rising sea
levels and unpredictable storm
surges. The coastal cities are going
to have to adapt and change its way
of thinking with the encroachment
of the sea. Rather than simply Thesis Statement
build higher seawalls to hold back
the floodwaters, some architects
This thesis will explore a model of
and urban planners are turning
a self- reliant, modular sustainable
to floating and amphibious archi-
floating home which will enable peo-
tecture and finding ways to adapt
ple to survive the rising sea levels.
buildings to this new reality. In the
This proposal is for the coastal city
United States, almost 40 percent
of Tybee Island in Georgia. With the
of the population lives in relatively
models of the projected sea levels for
high populated-density coastal ar-
2050, it will put this entire area un-
eas. By the year 2050 it is predicted
derwater. This thesis design is not
that the entire eastern coast of the
just a solution for sustainable living
United States will be almost under-
on the water but also by duplicating
water. its concept, and strategic placement,
you can create a floating community
Image # 2
that can still function regardless of
water levels. In an inevitable future
of rising sea levels and the climate
changing, it is a form of a adapta-
tion strategie for urban coastal ar-
eas that would allow communities
to continue in what we call Salty
Urbanism.
1Image # 3
2Literature Review
History of Floating Homes
Floating structures have been relatively simple: At the beginning
around for a long time. People there were houseboats, which in
have been living on houseboats many cases were originally used as
for centuries in cities like Am- barges.
sterdam, while in Hong Kong,
thousands of people lived in
massive floating villages as re-
cently as the 1970s. Even today,
the flying eaves and sultry neon
of that city’s Jumbo Floating
Restaurant evoke a particular
kind of romance. Water has
always promised a sort of free-
dom, too. A libertarian organ- Image # 4
isation called the Seasteading
Institute is currently working
on plans for autonomous float-
ing cities that would roam in-
ternational waters, allowing
them to experiment with new
forms of governance.
In a world beset by rising sea
levels, where technology and
human behaviour seems to be
changing faster than ever, a
growing number of architects
believe floating architecture
could change the way we live.
The global history of floating
houses is very complex. The
technique and
architecture of these buildings
all over the world depend on the
climate boundary conditions,
the culture and the raw mate-
rials that were available at the
different local places. In Eu-
rope the historical situation is
3Image # 5
45
PRECEDENTS
CH/02
61. IJburg
Image # 6
I choose this precedent
because the Dutch who have
been faced with rising sea levels
have been designing and build-
ing floating homes for decades.
The floating communities in the
Netherlands have served as proof
that the concept of floating ar-
chitecture can withstand climate
change. Living on water is nor-
Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands mal for them.
Project Date: 2011
Type: Floating
Image # 7
7Image # 8
UP
DN
Image # 9
82
Little Island
Image # 11
This precedent even though it’s
a commercial project, clearly
demonstrates how a building can
be structurally supported being
constructed on water. It exists
on 2.3 acres on the Hudson river
west of Manhattan in New York
City. It consists of 132 pot-shaped
structure called Tulips suspended
above the water that stands on 280
concrete pilings extending into the
Location: New York City river bed. They call it a Floating
Project Date: May 2021 Oasis.
Type: Floating
Image #
9Image # 13
Image # 14
103
IJburg
Image # 15
Another project by the Dutch in
the Netherlands demonstrates how
they have design buildings to float.
The basements are constructed
with a light weigh concrete materi-
al with hollow walls, with Buoyant
concrete tubes filled with Styro-
foam, that allows the structure to
Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands float
Project Date: 2011
Type: Floating
Wood and Glass Frame Rectangular in shape
Buoyant Concrete
Circulation
11Image # 16
UP
Image # 17
UP
Styrofoam
Buoyant Concrete Tubs 124 MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL
Image # 18
This precedent was chosen to
demonstrate how a building can
float on barrels. It’s a floating
school, constructed using different
triangular shapes
Location: Lagos, Nigeria
Project Date: May 2013
Type: Floating
Image # 19
1314
15
SITE SELECTION
CH/03
16History of Site
Most historians believe “Tybee” derives from forever the way the world protected its
the Native American Euchee Indian word for coastal areas. Within 30 hours, the ri-
“salt” which was one of many natural resourc- fled guns had such a devastating effect
es found on Tybee. on the brick fort that it was surren-
Spanish explorers searching for riches in the dered and all forts like Pulaski were
New World in 1520, laid claim to Tybee Island considered obsolete
as part of Spain’s “La Florida”, an area that After the Civil War, Tybee began to
extended from the Bahamas to Nova Scotia. grow as a resort area for local Savan-
In 1605, the French came to Tybee in nah residents who wanted to escape
search of Sassafras roots, which were consid- the heat of downtown for the cooling
ered to be a miracle cure at that time. The breezes of Tybee Island. There were
Spanish fought the French in a naval battle very few years around residents be-
just off shore of Tybee to regain control over fore the 1870’s but by the 1890’s there
the area and for many decades later, pirates were over 400 beach cottages and other
visited the island in search of a safe haven buildings built for the “summer” resi-
and hiding place for treasure. dents.
Tybee was extremely important be- In 1855, Fort Screven was ordered
cause of its location at the mouth of the Sa- built on the North end of Tybee to
vannah River. In 1736, Oglethorpe had a provide a more modern system of
lighthouse and small fort constructed here to seacoast defenses. Six poured concrete
ensure control of river access. During the Rev- low profile gun batteries and a mine-
olutionary War, Tybee was the staging area field were ordered for Tybee along with
for French Admiral D’Estaing’s ill-fated 1779 hundreds of other military buildings.
“Siege of Savannah”, when combined multina- Gun Batteries, such as Battery Gar-
tional forces attempted to defeat the British land would be named to honor Amer-
held Savannah. During the War of 1812, the ica’s war heroes. From 1897 to 1947,
Tybee Island Lighthouse was used to signal Fort Screven would be an integral part
Savannah of possible attack by the British. of America’s Coastal Defense system.
Though no such attack took place, a “Martello Troops would train and stand guard on
Tower” was constructed on Tybee to provide Tybee through the Spanish American
protection in guarding the Savannah River. War of 1898, World War I, and World
By the outbreak of the American Civil War, War II. In 1947, the Fort was closed
Tybee would again play an important mili- and sold to the Town of Tybee and
tary role in U.S. history. First Confederates Tourism returned as a major part of
soldiers occupied the Island. In December of Tybee history.
1861, the Rebel forces would withdraw to Fort
Pulaski under orders from Robert E. Lee to
defend Savannah and the Savannah River.
Union forces under the Command of Quincy
Adams Gilmore took control of Tybee and be-
gan constructing cannon batteries on the west
side of Tybee facing Fort Pulaski about one
mile away. On April 11th, 1862, those can-
non batteries would fire a new weapon called
“Rifled Cannon” at Fort Pulaski and change
17Image # 22
Image # 20
Image # 21
18Tybee Island Water Levels
Image # 25
Image # 26
1920
SITE ANALYSIS
FIGURE GROUND MAJOR R
21ROADS VEGETATION
2223
DESIGN
PROGRAM
CH/04
24Propose Model
This is the sustainable mod-
ular architectural model
described in the thesis state-
ment. It is designed and
constructed using the tech-
nology that we get from the
Dutch in the Netherlands. It
consists of two sections, the
water flotation device (which
is actually the basement lev-
el of the unit) and the hous-
ing section.
The materiality of the
model also consists of two
different sections. The low-
er level that sits and floats
in the water is constructed
of a light weight buoyant
concrete material, where its
walls are hollowed and filled
with tubes of Styrofoam.
The upper levels are made of
multi-layers of extra strength
fiberglass, wood and glass
walls.
The units are modular,
so they can be constructed
according to specifications.
They can be design with just
one level, two or three lev-
els depending on the sizes
of the family in need. They
then can be duplicated and
strategically placed to form a
close shaped floating commu-
nity with its own municipal
buildings and hospital. Then
the entire floating city can be
recreated over and over.
2526
UP
UP
Under Water Level First Level
1
1. Photovaltaic
2. Roof Garden
3. Rain Water Collection
4. Food Garden 4
5. Floatation Device
6. Sea Farming
5
27UP
DN UP
Second Level Top Level
2
3
6
2829
30
31
32
Tybee Island
Flotation Device
Floating Device
Farm-
33Purpose Future Floating City
1 Medical Center
2 Food Market
7
3 Entertainment
4 Water Desalination System
5 School
6 Library/Media Center
7 Waste Treatment
3
2 4
1
6 5
3435
APPENDIX
CH/05
36Annotated Bibliography
1 https://climatekids.nasa.gov/climate-change-
2 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/29/climate/coastal-cities-underwater.html
3 https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/us-coastline-to-see-up-to-foot-of-sea-level-rise-by-2050
4 https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220202-floating-homes-the-benefits-of-living-on-water
5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Island_at_Pier_55
6 https://visittybee.com/article/get-to-know-tybee-islands-fascinating-history
7 https://www.tybeeisland.com/tybee-island-history/
37Images Index
1 https://archive.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/effects/coastal.html
2 https://www.google.com/search?q=pic+of+flooded+cities+by+2050&rlz=1C1RLNS_
3 https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2017/05/Amsterdam_Netherlands
4 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/319192692379502215/
5 https://www.dwell.com/article/a-new-book-for-those-who-dream-of-living-in-a-floating-home
6 https://www.archdaily.com/120238/floating-houses-in-ijburg-architectenbureau-marlies
7 https://www.archdaily.com/120238/floating-houses-in-ijburg-architectenbureau-marlies
8 https://www.archdaily.com/120238/floating-houses-in-ijburg-architectenbureau-marlies
9 https://www.archdaily.com/120238/floating-houses-in-ijburg-architectenbureau-marlies
10 https://www.luxisto.com/floating-village-plans-unveiled-london-docklands
11 https://www.luxisto.com/floating-village-plans-unveiled-london-docklands
12 https://psmag.com/environment/are-the-floating-houses-of-the-netherlands-a-solution-against-the-
13 https://www.dezeen.com/2021/05/21/little-island-park-thomas-heatherwick-new-york/
14 https://www.dezeen.com/2021/05/21/little-island-park-thomas-heatherwick-new-york/
15 https://www.dezeen.com/2021/05/21/little-island-park-thomas-heatherwick-new-york/
16 https://www.dezeen.com/2021/05/21/little-island-park-thomas-heatherwick-new-york/
http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/
17
18 https://www.google.com/search?q=floating+school+africa&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjdrbXz-
19 https://visittybee.com/article/get-to-know-tybee-islands-fascinating-history
20 https://visittybee.com/article/get-to-know-tybee-islands-fascinating-history
21 https://www.terraprints.com/products/tybee-island-georgia-satellite-poster-map
22 https://www.tybeeisland.com/tybee-island-history/
23 https://www.tybeeisland.com/tybee-island-history/
24 https://toolkit.climate.gov/image/397
25 https://www.oceanfrontcottage.com/things-to-do
26 https://grist.org/buildings/embracing-a-wetter-future-the-dutch-turn-to-floating-homes/
27 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/4855512069165241/
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