ALAMAU 2021 Assembly of Heads of State and Government - COVID-19 An Africa United: Fostering Resilience Post
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ALAMAU 2021
Assembly of Heads of State
and Government
An Africa United: Fostering Resilience Post-
COVID-19
Written by Michelle Siyabonga Khethiwe Hadebe
Edited by Maya Schkolne
Formatted by Kaylin Odonnell
African Leadership Academy, 2020
1
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………………………….....................4
Letter from the Chairperson …………………………………………………………………………………………......................5
About the Committee …………………………………………………………………………………………................................6
Statement of the Theme …………………………………………………………………………………………............................7
Current Trends …………………………………………………………………………………………........................................10
The Digital Wave in Health and Finance ………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
Pan-Africanist Collaboration in Education and Agriculture…………………………………………………………………….11
Social Media in Human Rights and Security Matters………………………………………………………………………………11
Alternative Opportunities in Energy Consumption and National Financing……………………………………………12
Ice Breaker Questions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
Questions an Action Plan Should Consider……………………………………………………………………………………………14
References.…………………………………………………………………………………………..............................................16
2
Acronyms and Abbreviations
African Leadership Academy’s Model African Union (ALAMAU)
Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO)
The Assembly of Heads of State and Government (AHSG)
The African Union (AU)
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
Women informal cross-border traders (WICBTs)
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
3
Letter from the Chairperson
Dear Delegates and Advisors,
Welcome to the African Leadership Academy’s Model
African Union (ALAMAU)! We believe that what makes
this upcoming conference unique is not just that it is
virtual, but also that it brings together a much larger
and diverse group of delegates and advisors! We are all
going to be there to deliberate on pressing issues on
the African continent. Our research team has spent a
significant amount of time collating content to help
you be better informed to engage and arrive at the
most appropriate solutions. This is particularly
important given the impact that COVID-19 has had on
Africa and the world.
My name is Michelle Siyabonga Khethiwe Hadebe and I am the Deputy Chairperson for ALAMAU 2021.
This year’s conference theme is ‘An Africa United: Fostering Resilience Post-Covid-19,’ which focuses on
securing a more robust future for Africa to withstand future crises. The global pandemic has exposed
important areas of growth, especially in health and economics, but has also exacerbated some challenges
in human rights and the educational sector. As such, Africa has to cultivate resilience to recover from
COVID-19 but even most importantly, to build a more robust future.
This Study Guide aims to link the topics covered at the conference to each other, as well as the overall
theme. It also aims to provide an overview of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. I hope
that through this, you will gain a better understanding of our theme and accordingly make meaningful
connections across committees. Moreover, I hope that this Assembly will encourage you to be more
intentional about building a nuanced perspective on COVID-19 and how it has affected Africa and the
world. You may then use that understanding to effect change on the continent! I anticipate you will leave
ALAMAU 2021 in a better position to contribute to the strengthening of Africa through your passions,
talents and ideas.
Kind Regards,
Michelle Siyabonga Khethiwe Hadebe
Deputy Chairperson
African Leadership Academy Model African Union, 2021
4
About the Assembly of Heads of State and Government (AHSG)
This Assembly is the supreme organ of the African Union (AU) and comprises the Heads of State and
Government from all fifty-five Member States. It functions to determine the AU’s policies, establish
priorities and monitor the implementation of its decisions. It is mandated to accelerate the political and
socio-economic integration Africa.
At ALAMAU 2021, the ten committees represented in this Guide as well as the Press Corps will deliberate
on their topics in different committee sessions. This will result in them drafting resolutions, which will be
voted on. The passed resolutions will then be presented to the AHSG and voted on. The country
delegations whose resolutions are passed in this session will then have to develop Action Plans to
theoretically implement the ratified resolutions.
At the AHSG, delegates are organised by the countries they represent, rather than by committees. In other
words, each delegate representing a particular country in a committee joins other delegates representing
the same country in other committees, to form the country’s delegation to the Assembly. These country
delegations collaboratively evaluate the resolutions presented by the various committee representatives
and vote on the proposals, the outcome of which is represented by selected presidents.
The AHSG, Johannesburg, South Africa. 2015.
https://www.acbf-pact.org/media/events/assembly-heads-state-and-government
5Statement of the Theme
Terminology
Resilience: as defined by the Oxford dictionary, resilience is the capacity to recover rapidly from difficulty.
1
For ALAMAU 2021, resilience is understood as the ability to recover from crisis and become much
stronger in the face of future crises. This applies to institutions, economies and societies.
Connecting Problems and Opportunities Highlighted by COVID-19
In 2020, the pandemic threatened up to twenty million jobs in Africa, 2 which does not even reflect a
portion of the other problems it has wrought. For a continent already facing severe socio-economic
challenges, the coronavirus is not just a threat; it has to be an opportunity for Africa to modify and improve
its economic, social and political trajectory. This year’s theme not only focuses on the areas most affected
by COVID-19 but instead, it highlights the openings that exist to foster restoration. In doing so, this theme
encourages technological advancements in health, business, and education; the bolstering of our
economic systems and energy sources; and the strengthening of our governance and security structures.
Rather than sink, the strength of this continent relies on unity and the ability to rise above this crisis.
Since the onset of this pandemic, it has become clear that health systems in Africa are in danger, especially
those that were already compromised by socio-political tensions. In 2015, the World Health Organisation
(WHO) reported on Somalia that “the health care system remains weak, poorly resourced and inequitably
distributed. Health expenditure remains very
low and there is a critical shortage of health
workers.” 3 This, of course, was prior to this
situation in which such countries have to battle
their own conflicts and COVID-19. Furthermore,
this pandemic has highlighted the vast gaps that
exist in medical research on the continent.
Currently, Africa is lacking the necessary
research to significantly help with the search for
a vaccine. To construct secure health systems
following COVID-19, countries need to
accelerate the progress they have made and
expand their reach. With Egypt, Mauritius and Africa Health Research Institute. https://bit.ly/2Uz57tG
1 Oxford University Press (OUP). “Resilience.” Lexico.Com, www.lexico.com/definition/resilience. Accessed 10 Sept. 2020.
2 AfricaNews. “AU Report Projects 20 Million Job Loses in Africa Due to Coronavirus.” Africanews, Africanews, 9 April. 2020,
www.africanews.com/2020/04/09/au-report-projects-20-million-job-loses-in-africa-due-to-coronavirus//.
3 World Health Organization. (2015). World Health Organization Humanitarian Response Plans in 2015.
https://www.who.int/hac/donorinfo/somalia.pdf
6South Africa taking the lead, there is hope that the health and wellness of Africans will be strengthened.
Among the many issues that
COVID-19 has shed light on, the
need for rapid digitalisation has
become more apparent,
especially in the e-commerce
and higher education sector. It
is estimated that only twenty
percent of the continent’s
adult population have access to
a mobile money account, Source: https://weetracker.com/2020/05/01/african-ecommerce-startup-investments/
compared to the world average of 4.4%. 4 In education, the pandemic has resulted in certain higher
education institutions opting to suspend learning because of digital gaps that make virtual learning
impossible for many students. A sustainable recovery will require a rethink of traditional methods of both
banking and teaching to mitigate digital barriers and propel growth.
COVID-19 has shaken African economies in a manner that little else has. However, we should use this
chance to practically, and not just theoretically, include and support women and youth in the informal
sector. For example, at the Busia border crossing between Uganda and Kenya, close to seventy percent of
informal traders are women. While they are also the breadwinners in their families, as stated by the South
African Institute of International Affairs, “The plight of women informal cross-border traders (WICBTs) has
long been on the margins of debates on improving regional trade and integration in Africa… it is clear how
even small changes to border infrastructure – such as night lighting and overnight lodging facilities – can
improve the everyday trading experiences of WICBTs and ensure their personal safety.” 5 This shows us
the need to empower women at the grassroots level to strengthen their economic status. On the issue of
economics, we have seen this pandemic push Africa towards a looming debt crisis. 6 African countries are
still committed to external debts, leaving them with very little resources to deal with the effects of the
pandemic and the devastating economic situation. To build a stronger economy, this continent ought to
reorient its continental policies to improve its public debt situation.
4 “Financial Inclusion on the Rise, But Gaps Remain, Global Findex Database Shows.” World Bank, 19 Apr. 2018,
www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/19/financial-inclusion-on-the-rise-but-gaps-remain-global-findex-
database-shows.
5 “Women traders in East Africa: The case study of the Busia One-Stop Border Post.” SAIIA, 3 Apr. 2020,
https://saiia.org.za/research/women-traders-in-east-africa-the-case-study-of-the-busia-one-stop-border-post/
6 Africa’s gathering debt storm. (2020, September 3). SAIIA. https://saiia.org.za/research/africas-gathering-debt-storm/
7As we strengthen our economies, we need to maintain our focus on Africa’s agriculture and energy
sources, which are the most vital economic
activities on the continent. As it stands,
farmer’s revenue and production streams
have seen a huge blow and the coronavirus
has placed immense pressure on our already
scarce energy sources. Through enforcing
strong agri-practices and green efforts, we
may see a steady yet strong recovery in these
sectors. Currently, countries such as Malawi ‘African Development Bank unveils strategy roadmap to safeguard
are taking steps toward this by partnering food security against impacts of COVID-19.’ https://bit.ly/32QTTp1
with smallholder farmers to help them with demonstration plots. Through these spaces, they can grow a
varieties of staple foods that are more resistant to natural disasters. 7 African states need to collectively
protect these two vulnerable industries to foster an Africa that is food-secure and energy-efficient.
The effects of the coronavirus are not just on the health systems and the economy; they are also on the
social wellbeing of our people. It appears that this pandemic has directly and indirectly made space for
human rights violations and extremism. Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Chad are a few examples of African
countries that have been battling both COVID-19 as well as extremism and humanitarian issues. Moving
past this pandemic, we need to sharpen our terrorism prevention strategies for lasting peace and a secure
future. Moreover, we need a more stringent approach to issues related to state policing powers. Our
continent needs to reevaluate our political and security structure to cultivate harmony by promoting the
dignity of citizens and protecting them against extremism.
Conclusion
It is imperative that we do not merely stop at a recovery, but that we build resilience rooted in unity. As
such, ALAMAU 2021 will work towards building an Africa that will stand strong; socially, economically, and
politically, in the face of adversity. An Africa united will emerge, even more powerful than before.
7 2021 Committees. (2020, June 23). ALAMAU. http://www.alamau.org/alamau-2021-committees/
8Current Trends
There have been continental trends across sectors that have exposed threats towards, and opportunities
for a robust recovery from COVID-19. This section specifically examines opportunities to lead Africa
towards a holistic recovery through digitalisation, effective use of the media, Pan-Africanist collaboration,
as well as shifts from traditional to alternative models within distinct sectors. Connecting these trends
show us that much ground needs to be covered to build continental resilience. Nevertheless, the
foundation has been laid and we are gradually moving towards a secure and more prosperous post-
COVID-19 future.
The Digital Wave in Health and Finance
The world is going digital and so should Africa. Over the years, many African countries have digitised their
health and financial sectors. Given the impact of COVID-19, many more states have been forced to
digitalise. Although digitisation of services has exposed discrepancies such as internet connectivity
challenges and digital illiteracy, it also presents untapped potential in service delivery on the continent. A
good example of this is in digital data collection for healthcare facilities. This systematic means of
capturing, evaluating and interpreting medical information has gained momentum on the continent,
especially in South Africa. Since 2010, the South African Department of Health has been working to
migrate from manual filing systems, or paper, to digital filing systems. This step has resulted in significant
improvements in healthcare service delivery, monitoring, and research. 8 Similarly, certain startups
leveraged the progress of digitalising African medical data through using Pan-African applications to
advance health care services. For instance, InstaHealth has partnered with medical institutions in Kenya
and Nigeria to allow Africans to access and transfer their medical information using their smartphones
anywhere on the continent. 9
In the same way, banks such as Tyme Bank in South Africa and
Attijariwafa Bank in Morocco are contributing to Africa’s digital
revolution in finance. As some of the first fully virtual banks on
the continent, these two present innovative solutions to foster
financial inclusion and opportunities to improve financial
resilience. They offer lower account creation fees and higher
interest rates than traditional banks, and since they do not have
physical branches or headquarters, they can allocate money
spent on fixed costs, such as rent and electricity, to raise
interest rates up to ten percent 10 compared with a maximum ‘The New World of Virtual Banks: Profitable
Growth will Define Success.‘
https://bit.ly/2KgaJqX
8Sheikh, Mohamud. "Digital Health Information System In Africa’s Resource Poor Countries: Current Challenges And
Opportunities". Journal Of Health Informatics In Developing Countries, vol 8, no. 1, 2014, (Accessed 23 Sept 2020)
9 Ibid
10 TymeBank. Money | How To Make More Money With Tymebank Goalsave | Online Banking | Tyme Bank | South Africa. 2020,
https://bit.ly/36enbAD.( Accessed 23 Sept 2020)
9of six percent for physical banks. 11 These advantages not only make virtual banking appealing, but also a
viable opportunity for Africa’s financial recovery.
Pan-Africanist Collaboration in Education and Agriculture
Over the past couple of years, the African Agenda 2063 has set up initiatives that advance its Pan- African
Agenda, particularly in the areas of education and agriculture. In the education sector, African states have
advanced the aim towards providing quality and innovative education through partnerships with
neighboring countries and community-based initiatives. A good example is the Tunisian-based Arab
League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO), which facilitates educational and
cultural activities to advance regional integration. 12 During the pandemic, it launched a virtual learning
option to avoid the disruption of learning and teaching, which was built on partnerships with experts in
the tech field and with ten North African countries. 13 The President of the Tunisian Association for e-
Learning, Allouch, emphasized that the work of ALECSO is to “share its expertise in technology to enhance
education for students and facilitators and guide university teachers [ Across and beyond the continent]”.
14
Resilience in agriculture is also closely related with government and in this case, farmer-to-farmer
collaboration. In the past, small-scale farmers would find themselves competing among each other in
local, rural markets. To overcome this, there have been waves of partnerships among small scale farmers
and the government. In 2008, the Rwandan government rolled out a policy for participation in such
partnerships, which were fully optional but incentivised. 15 Research conducted in 2014 to track the
progress of this approach indicated a positive correlation between agriculture consolidation and
smallholder production. For the small scale farmers involved, this meant increased profit margins and
sustainable production. This collaboration advances Africa towards Agenda 2063 and paves the way
towards a more agri-resilient future.
Social Media in Human Rights and Security Matters
Now more than ever, social media is raising awareness about the happenings in African and the world. It
is clear that social media has evolved, not just as a communication platform but as an advocacy and
diplomacy tool to spread information about human rights and to advance peace and security. From
#Blue4Sudan and #ICANTBREATHE, the role of social media has grown exponentially. Most recently, these
have highlighted issues such as police brutality, which have always existed in poor communities but have
been exacerbated by the social impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns regulations. This was exemplified by case
11 "Hong Kong Digital Bank Offers Market Beating 6% Interest Rate". Finextra Research, 2020, https://bit.ly/3kGRvrl. (Accessed
23 Sept 2020)
12 “Arab League’s Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization.” UNESCO, 22 Feb. 2018, uil.unesco.org/partner/library/arab-
leagues-educational-cultural-and-scientific-organization-alecso-tunisia.( accessed 30 September 2020)
13 Ibid
14 Ibid
15 Nilsson, Pia. “The Role Of Land Use Consolidation In Improving Farm Yields among Farm Households in Rwanda”, the journal
of development studies, https://bit.ly/2EstzZt, (accessed September 23, 2020)
10in South Africa 16 of an unlawful
encounter with the police that resulted in
the death of fourty-year-old Collins
Khosa, the officers of which went
unpunished. This case triggered
shockwaves on social media, with
hashtags such as #justiceforkhoza leading
to nationwide protests in Johannesburg,
Pretoria and Cape Town. Arguably,
without social media it is likely that his
story would have gone unnoticed.
Similarly, earlier in 2020 Zimbabwe made
waves on social media after several Members of the Not In My Name SA Movement protest in solidarity
with Zimbabweans in August 2020. https://bit.ly/3pBsvoz
videos circulated of security forces
beating and torturing citizens in broad
daylight. 17 Although social media does not have a considerably strong influence in policy-making, it does
however have the capacity to bring communities together to debate issues on human rights and safety,
acting virtually as a non-physical town hall for the continent, and the world. But it is crucial to note that
social media does also have the capacity, on the flip side, to create polarisation and spread fake news.
Towards its most positive ends, social media has the capacity to act as an educational tool against
extremism and violence, leading us towards the mandate of the ‘Silencing the Guns’ initiative. As it stands,
Africa’s most prominent terrorist groups, Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab, rely on social media platforms such
as Facebook and Twitter to reach young people. 18 It is therefore paramount that African’s counter-
terrorism strategy itself uses this medium to focus on young people who are more susceptible to extremist
groups. As such, the United Nations Development Program’s Regional and Multi-Country Project,
established in 2016, uses social media and technology as a disrupter to extremist narratives and to engage
with youth on the intentions of extremist groups. Focusing on Mali, Nigeria and Somalia, as well as their
neighboring countries, this social media strategy has been effective in fostering dialogue and conflict-
prevention to counter extremism.
Alternative Opportunities in Energy Consumption and National Financing
Recent trends highlight a migration from brown energy; non-renewable and harmful energy, to green
energy, as well as debt crisis to sustainable national financing. These trends seem to point toward
untapped, alternative opportunities. Given the past failures in Africa’s energy sector as well as national
16 “Report Clearing Soldiers in South African Man's Death Sparks Anger.” Voice of America, www.voanews.com/africa/report-
clearing-soldiers-south-african-mans-death-sparks-anger (Accessed 30 September 2020)
17 Ibid
18 Kambela, Lweendo. ‘Terrorism in Africa: a manifestation of new wars’. ACCORD. 2019. https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-
trends/terrorism-in-africa/. (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
11financing, alternative methods in these sectors are not only sustainable but offer good prospects for a
more robust recovery.
For the continent to meet its high-power supply with massive growth and keep up with environmental
protection, the use of renewable energy is necessary. Over the years, there has been a gradual move
toward renewable power microgrids, which are decentralised electrification systems comprising
renewable energy sources such as hydropower, solar power, and biomass, as well as local distribution
lines. These microgrids have lower energy costs and produce large amounts of steady energy. On the
continent, the use of off-grid solar power is the most common example of mini-grids. In the Annobon
Island in Equatorial Guinea, residents only have reliable electricity for five hours per day, but the
installation of microgrid projects can provide them with electricity for twenty-four hours a day, seven days
a week.19 In the long run, the global off-grid solar sector is estimated to provide seventy-three million
African households with sustainable electricity. 20 Gradually moving toward microgrids could possibly light
Africa, leading towards a more viable and green future.
African governments have long sought alternative means of financing rather than developmental and
infrastructural loans from China and the West. Recently, African states have turned to domestic debt
markets as a source of funding rather than the traditional loans. With this alternative method,
governments issue substantial treasury bonds that are bought by investors within the country, while the
investors earn interest from the government. The benefit of such debt structures is that the bonds are
issued in the local currency, hence the governments can effectively control their debt status. In countries
such as Nigeria, this model of domestic debt has grown rapidly in recent years to over ten trillion Nigerian
Naira as of 2016. 21 While domestic debt markets remain a viable alternative to external debt, it is
important for countries to issue longer maturity bonds and prevent crowding out of private sector
investments. Regardless, this national financing model places Africa at an advantage in terms of debt
sustainability, thus building towards greater economic resilience and less economic reliance on China and
the West.
Conclusion
Much of the groundwork for a more resilient Africa has been laid. Trends in the digital revolution in health
and business, pan-African collaboration in education and agriculture, social media in human rights and
peace and security, as well as alternative models in energy and national finance need to be advanced.
Continental efforts towards a stronger Africa need each state to commit to a vision of a sustainable
recovery.
19 Goman, Cara. “Annobon Island Microgrid.” Microgrid Knowledge, 10 Sept. 2015, microgridknowledge.com/annobon-island-
microgrid. (Accessed 30 September 2020)
20 International France corporation 2017, “2018 Off Grid Solar Market Trends Report Full” https://www.lightingafrica.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/2018_Off_Grid_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_Full.pdf (Accessed 20 September. 2020)
21 Titus, Okwu et al. "Domestic Debt And Economic Growth In Nigeria: Data-Based Evidence". Research Gate, 2016,
http://doi.org/10.15580/GJEA.2016.1.101516164. (Accessed 23 Sept 2020)
12Ice Breaker Questions
1. Coronavirus has shaken the world in a way that little else has. How has it affected you, your family,
your school, your city or district, or your country? Could you pinpoint three problems in your
communities that have been created or highlighted by this pandemic? And what are the key ways
that you think COVID-19 has affected Africa?
2. What has COVID-19 taught you about socio-political or socio-economic issues in your country or
the continent? What can we learn from this?
Questions an Action Plan Should Consider
1. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of many developing economies.
More specifically , SMEs are responsible for fifty-two percent 22 of jobs held by women and youth
in emerging countries. Based on this, what do you think African governments could do at this
stage and in the future to strengthen the position of women and youth in the economy to foster
greater business and job opportunities?
2. In April 2020, a team of scientists, students and professionals from Honoris United Universities;
the largest Pan-African association of Higher Education institutions, developed a prototype for
new, non-invasive respirators, as well as medical protection equipment that is cost-effective and
accessible. 23 With this in mind, how do you think Pan-Africanist collaboration in health and
scientific research could help strengthen public health systems?
3. During the pandemic, the continent has experienced a rise in E-Wallet in East Africa, better known
as Impesa, 24 and the migration to online learning by many institutions. 25 Nonetheless, it is clear
that access has not been shared equally across the continent. Accordingly, how can digital
inclusion the areas of education and banking lead the continent into a digital transformation?
4. Africa has seen a rise in extremism as well as human rights violations in countries such as
Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Niger, committed by non-state and state actors. Key rights to
22 Muriithi, Samuel. “AFRICAN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) CONTRIBUTIONS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS.”
Reaearchgate, 2017,
www.researchgate.net/publication/315516536_AFRICAN_SMALL_AND_MEDIUM_ENTERPRISES_SMES_CONTRIBUTIONS_CHAL
LENGES_AND_SOLUTIONS.
23 “COVID-19 Innovations from Pan-African University Network.” Medical Brief, 15 Apr. 2020,
www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/covid-19-innovations-from-pan-african-university-network/.
24 Opinion. (2020, August 17). Now's the perfect time for SA to tap into power of digital wallets and E-payments. Retrieved
September 02, 2020, from https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/nows-the-perfect-time-for-sa-to-tap-into-power-of-digital-
wallets-and-e-payments-c2d518dc-2959-4e9b-8e6c-6ac9f32073b5
25 The Star . “covid -19 universities say online has improved class attendance”, Accessed September, 02, 2020 for Covid-19:
Universities say online learning has improved class attendance
13assembly, expression and movement have been suppressed by the police and extremist groups,
among others. Given this, what impact do you think community based structures can have in
protecting civilians from state police as well as extremism?
5. Due to the ongoing conflict and unstable political structures in Libya, only four hospitals are
currently functional, and at seventy-five to eighty percent of their capacities. 26 Similarly, in South
Sudan; another country experiencing conflict, only about 120 medical doctors and a hundred
nurses are registered for an estimated population of nearly nine million. 27 Given these figures,
what support is needed in the health systems of countries such as Libya and Sudan to ensure that
civilians in conflict zones receive quality healthcare?
6. Agriculture and energy are undoubtedly crucial to African economies. As such, the mitigation of
issues connected to renewable energy supplies, responsible energy consumption and sustainable
agricultural practices are fundamental to Africa’s economies and livelihoods. How should African
states empower these sectors to be viable while sustainable?
7. By 2018, nineteen African countries had exceeded the sixty percent 28 debt to Gross Domestic
Product threshold set by the African Monetary Cooperation Program for developing economies.
Given this alarming statistic, when do you think it is necessary for African countries to borrow
money and when is it not? How can African states use this knowledge to re-evaluate its debt
sustainability policies to support an economic recovery post-COVID-19?
26 World Health Organization. 2020. Libya Health Situation Reports. [online] Available at:
[Accessed 2 September 2020].
27 “South Sudan: Desperate Struggle for Health Care in World’s Newest Nation.” International Committee on The Red Cross,
www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/news-release/2012/south-sudan-news-2012-07-06.htm. Accessed 2 Sept. 2020.
28 Onyekwena, Chukwuka. “Is a Debt Crisis Looming in Africa?” Brookings, 11 Apr. 2019, www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-
focus/2019/04/10/is-a-debt-crisis-looming-in-africa.
14References
AfricaNews. “AU Report Projects 20 Million Job Loses in Africa Due to Coronavirus.” Africanews, 9 April.
2020, www.africanews.com/2020/04/09/au-report-projects-20-million-job-loses-in-africa-due-to-
coronavirus//.
ALAMAU. 2021 Committees. 2020, June 23. http://www.alamau.org/alamau-2021-committees/
Finextra Research. "Hong Kong Digital Bank Offers Market Beating 6% Interest Rate". 2020,
https://bit.ly/3kGRvrl. (Accessed 23 Sept 2020)
Goman, Cara. “Annobon Island Microgrid.” Microgrid Knowledge, 10 Sept. 2015,
microgridknowledge.com/annobon-island-microgrid. (Accessed 30 September 2020)
Independent Online. (2020, August 17). Now's the perfect time for SA to tap into power of digital wallets
and E-payments. Retrieved September 02, 2020, from https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/nows-the-
perfect-time-for-sa-to-tap-into-power-of-digital-wallets-and-e-payments-c2d518dc-2959-4e9b-8e6c-
6ac9f32073b5
International France Corporation. 2017, “2018 Off Grid Solar Market Trends Report Full”
https://www.lightingafrica.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/2018_Off_Grid_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_Full.pdf (Accessed 20
September. 2020)
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “South Sudan: Desperate Struggle for Health Care in
World’s Newest Nation.” www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/news-release/2012/south-sudan-
news-2012-07-06.htm. (Accessed 2 Sept. 2020)
Kambela, Lweendo. ‘Terrorism in Africa: a manifestation of new wars’. ACCORD. 2019.
https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/terrorism-in-africa/. (Accessed on 24 September 2020)
Medical Brief. “COVID-19 Innovations from Pan-African University Network. 15 Apr. 2020,
www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/covid-19-innovations-from-pan-african-university-network/.( Accessed
1 October 2020)
Muriithi, Samuel. “AFRICAN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) CONTRIBUTIONS, CHALLENGES
AND SOLUTIONS.” Researchgate, 2017,
www.researchgate.net/publication/315516536_AFRICAN_SMALL_AND_MEDIUM_ENTERPRISES_SMES_
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