A student's basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
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A student’s basic guide to
bibliographies and referencing:
APA Style
Version: May 2015
This publication is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and
requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 1 of 22Table of Contents
Topic Page
Introduction ............................................................................ 3
Bibliography and Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Acceptable abbreviation in the Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Examples
Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 – 9
Newspaper, Journal or Magazine articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Brochures, Pamphlets, Fact sheets& Government Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Conference papers &, Acts of Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Secondary Citations and Corporate Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Online material - general principles for web documents, sites & other electronic media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
eBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
Electronic Dictionary or Encyclopaedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Articles from Databases /Electronic Resources /Webpages . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 15-16
Webpages & Podcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Lecture notes & Theses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fact sheets / Brochures/Press releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Personal communications / Messages/ Forums /Lecture Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Wiki / Blog Posts/YouTube / TV& Radio Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Motion Pictures/ Videos/ DVDs/ Music Recording . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 21
Sample APA Bibliography/Reference List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 2 of 22Introduction
Why reference?
Most of the work you produce requires referencing to demonstrate that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in researching your topic or
presenting your argument.
Referencing is also necessary because it prevents you from plagiarising which can lead to an automatic fail result. Plagiarism is using someone else’s thoughts,
words or ideas and writing them as if they were your own. It is technically stealing and is a breach of ethics.
Referencing tells the reader where the original idea can be found.
What should be referenced?
Anything that you have read or heard that has influenced your writing:
• A concept or idea
• A paraphrased quote
• A direct quotation
• Personal communication
• Class notes
• Script or screenplay
• A contestable argument
General knowledge does not need to be referenced, for example:
Canberra is the capital of Australia.
But if you read that
‘The Yass-Canberra plains were chosen because of the snow in Dalgety …’ this would have to be referenced.
A contestable argument that would need to be referenced may be:
It is a fact that Lady Denman rather than the Surveyor Scrivener actually proclaimed the name Canberra.
In-text referencing
This is a short notation within the essay, report or written answer, indicating where the source of the information or idea can be found.
• Always include the author’s surname, the year of publication, and for quotations the page number(s) if available.
• If there is no author use the title of the work.
• If the author is not known but the organisation is known list the organisation as author.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 3 of 22What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References?
A bibliography is comprehensive as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading.
A list of references contains only the works you have cited in the text of your assignment.
Using referenced quotations
• Use quotes wisely and don’t use too many – no more than 10% of the essay or report.
• Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum.
Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not show any evidence that you have understood or evaluated what you have read.
Direct quotations (citations)
• Short Quotes
If the quotation is less than about 40 words, it should be contained within the text inside double quotation marks. Note: In the example below, the spelling
“behaviors” is only retained inside the quotation itself. Outside a direct quotation, words should reflect accepted spelling for the intended audience.
For example:
She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’… disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify
which behaviours were studied.
• Longer quotes (Block quotes)
Place quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 5-7
spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces
from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
For example:
Miele’s 1993 study found the following:
The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never
exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of researchers
at the hospital were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
Please note that paraphrased information – ideas, concepts, thoughts and arguments from someone else that you have put in your own words - must also be
referenced to acknowledge the source.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 4 of 22A range of bibliography and reference guides are accessible from the WSI library website.
Before using this referencing style check for the style preferred by the Course Coordinator.
Please note: Not all links in this guide will take you directly to the webpage cited. Some may require a login to access the
citation. Links may also become out of date.
The APA style is an author-date referencing system.
• APA requires a hanging indent (5-7 spaces) and double-spacing for its citations (for the purposes of this guide, single spacing is used).
• Book titles, journal titles, and journal volumes are italicised (but not journal issues numbers).
• In titles and subtitles of articles, chapters and books, capitalise the letter of the first word and proper nouns, except in in text citation.
• Provide city and state for US publications, e.g., Princeton, NJ. Provide city and country for all other publications. e.g. Sydney, Australia. Do not
give the name of the city or state if it is part of the name of a university as the publisher.
• Capitalise all words in journal, magazine & newspaper titles.
• Footnotes and references always finish with a full-stop, except when the reference ends with a URL or DOI.
• Entries are in alphabetical order by author’s surname or by title if no author, and double spaced.
• Use "p." and "pp." to indicate page numbers when citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit when citing journal and magazine articles.
• For web documents, sites & other electronic media, use retrieval (availability) statements where source material is likely to change over time.
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list include:
ed. Edition
Ed. ( Eds) Editor(s)
n.d. No date
p. (pp.) Page (pages)
Ser. Series
Suppl. Supplement
Rev. ed. Revised edition
Vol. or Vols. Volume(s)
No. Number
Trans. Translator(s)
2nd ed. Second Edition
Pt. Part
Tech. Rep. Technical Report
Chap. Chapter
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 5 of 22Examples
Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Books
One to two authors Robinson (2008, p. 25) has argued that... Robinson, M. (2008). Child development 0-8: A journey through the early years.
Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.
OR
This was seen in a study (Smythe & Jones, 2001)...
• References that are more than one line should be indented as shown above.
• Cite the names every time the reference occurs. •Details about edition, volume number, report number or chapter page range are
• Ampersand (&) can be used within parentheses, while placed directly after the title in parentheses, with the period after the parentheses,
“and” is used in sentences. e.g. (2nd ed.). or (vol. xvi).
• No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication.
• If there are two authors, include the last name of each Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname, Initials. (Year). Book title:
and the publication year in the order they appear. Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Three to five authors ...Curwen, Palmer and Ruddell (2000) demonstrated… Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy. (Brief
Therapies Series). London, England: Sage.
• For the first text citation of a work by 3-5 authors cite • List all author names.
all authors, subsequent citations include only the first
author surname followed by et al. eg (Curwen et al., • Author Surname, Initials., Author Surname, Initials., & Author Surname,
2000). If the work is cited more than once within the Initials. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
same paragraph, omit the year after the first citation.
6 -7 authors It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005) Churchill, R., Ferguson, P., Godinho, S., Johnson, N. F., Keddie, A., Lets, W., &
Mackay, J. (2013). Teaching: Making a difference. Sydney, Australia: John
Wiley & Sons.
• Include the first author followed by et al. and year for • Include all author names in the Reference List. • Use author rules as above.
the first and all other citations.
8 or more authors Paraphrase: (Berman et al., 2012) Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N. ...
Stanley, D. (2012). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing (2nd Aust. ed.).
Direct Quote: (Berman et al., 2012, p. 59) Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia.
• Include first author followed by et al. and year. • Include the first six authors’ names, then insert three ellipses and add the last
author’s name. eg 6th Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. ...
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 6 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
No author (Psychological effects, 1999) Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological
side of so-called "designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House.
• If there are no authors or editors, move the title to that position.
Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher.
No date (Douglas, n.d., p. 203)... Douglas, G. (n.d.). Studying at University: a student guide. Walcha, Australia:
Waupub.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (n.d.).Book title: Subtitle. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Two or more books in (Santrock, 2009a, 2009b) Santrock, J.W. (2009a). Child development (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
one year by same
author Santrock, J.W. (2009b). Life-span development (12th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
• Distinguish works by ‘a’ ‘b’, etc. after publication date. • List books in alphabetical order by title.
Edited books (Beckman & Ma, 2008) Beckman, K. R., & Ma, J. (Eds.). (2008). Still moving: Between cinema and
photography. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• Use author rules as listed above. Where there is editor instead of author, follow
author rules, but include the abbreviation 'Ed.' or 'Eds.' in parentheses.
Editor Surname, First Initial. Second Initial, & Editor Surname,. First Initial.
Second Initial. (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 7 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Edited books – The new Grove dictionary of music and Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians
Dictionaries and musicians (1980, p. 85) defined it as… (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London, England: Macmillan.
encyclopaedias.
Lindgren, H.C. (1994). Stereotyping. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 468-
469). New York, NY: Wiley.
Author Surname [of Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title. In
Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle
(# ed. edition, Vol. volume #, pp. page range of article). Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Book : chapter, essay or (Ogden, 2001) Ogden, J. (2001). Health psychology. In J. Naidoo & J. Willis (Eds.), Health Studies:
article in an edited An introduction (pp. 69-100). New York, NY: Palgrave.
book or anthology.
Bourke, (1989) argued that Bourke, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human:
memory. In H. L. Roediger III, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory &
consciousness (pp. 309 - 330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of the book. • When the editor’s name is not in the author position, do not invert the name;
use initials and surname.
Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], First Initial. Second Initial. (Year).
Article or chapter title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Surname
(Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. page range of article or chapter). Place of
Publication: Publisher.
• Use rules similar to those of Edited Books – Dictionaries and Encyclopedias.
Translated book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: for sport and manual therapies of everyday life.
(J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.
• Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle.
(Translator First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Trans.). Place of
Publication: Publisher.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 8 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Reprinted book (from (Newton, 1998/1999) Newton, W. (1999). Return to Mars. In C. Mari (Ed.), Space Exploration (pp. 32-41).
another source) New York, NY: H.W. Wilson. (Reprinted from National Geographic, pp. 2-26,
• If the work is reprinted, give both publication dates in August 1998).
chronological order, separated by a slash (/).
Journal, newspaper, or With author With author
magazine articles Mellers (2000) thought that…. Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological
Bulletin, 50(2), 49-52.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle.
Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range.
Kissane, K. (1998, September 5). Kiss or kill: Who is the victim when a battered
woman kills? The Age: Extra, p. 6.
• Provide full date for newspaper & magazine articles
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title:
Subtitle. Newspaper Title, page range.
No author – the title becomes the first entry.
Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.
Brochure, pamphlet & Southern Cross University, 2008 Southern Cross University. (2008). Copyright and you: A guide for staff. [Brochure].
fact sheet Lismore, Australia: Author.
• Treat as you would a book. Indicate the type of publication in square brackets
after the title, unless the publication type is included in the title. When the
publisher is the same as the author, write 'Author' as the name of the publisher.
Government (Queensland Health, 2005) Queensland Health. (2005). Health Systems Review Final Report. Brisbane, Australia:
publications Queensland Government.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 9 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Conference papers, (Bohrer, Zielke, & Freiburg, 1995) Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Integrated obstacle detection framework
symposia & meetings for intelligent cruise control on motorways. Paper presented at IEEE Intelligent
• Capitalise names of symposia, conferences & meetings.
• If there are more than two editors a comma is placed Vehicles Symposium. Detroit, MI: Piscataway.
before the ampersand.
Acts of Parliament Health Act 1985 With a number: Health Act 1985, 6270 Parliament of Victoria (1995).
Sex Discrimination Act 1984 Without a number: Sex Discrimination Act 1984, Commonwealth of Australia
(1994).
• When citing an Act of parliament give name and year
of the act as they appear in the title. No author required.
When one author refers Miller’s study (as cited in Agrios, 2005) ... Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.). Burlington, MA:
to another (Secondary Elsevier Academic Press.
citation)
• Acknowledge both the primary and secondary source • In the list of references, cite only the source where you found the citation (e.g.
of information. Include the primary source first then Agrios, 2005), not the original source (e.g. Miller).
insert "as cited in" before the secondary source.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial [of the source you read]. (Year).
Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Work by an A recent study (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2009). Indigenous housing needs 200: A
organisation or [AIHW], 2009) highlighted … multi-measure needs model, (AIHW cat. No. HOU 214). Canberra, Australia.
institution (corporate
author)
• If an organisation can be recognized by abbreviation, Name of Organisation/Department/Agency. (Year). Title: Subtitle. (Report No. xxx
cite the name first time in full, followed immediately by {if available}). Place of Publication: Publisher.
its abbreviation in square brackets.
Use acronym/abbreviation in subsequent in-text
reference/s:
The AIHW (2009) found that…
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 10 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Figures: Original Golden Summer, Eaglemont (Streeton, 1889) is an Streeton, A. (1889). Golden Summer, Eaglemont [Painting]. Canberra, Australia:
Australian idyll painted during a summer of drought… National Gallery of Australia.
(include Artworks,
Charts, Diagrams, • The original work, such as a painting viewed in a Gallery, not an online
Drawings, Graphs, representation.
Images, Paintings
Photographs, Prints,
Tables, etc)
...the painting ‘Mona Lisa’ (Gombrich, 1995, p. 203) ... Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art (16th ed.). London, England: Phaidon.
Figures : Text -
• When you refer to a figure in your work, but you don’t include the actual figure,
Mentioned, but not use the usual format for the source. For example, if the figure was sighted in a
included in-text book, use the book format in your reference list; if your figure was sighted in a
journal article, use the APA formatting for journal articles.
Figures : Text - When including a figure (artwork, image, chart, map, Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Henri Rousseau:
etc.) adapted or copied directly from another source, Jungles in Paris. By Claire Fresches et al. Washington, DC: National Gallery of
Included in-text include complete information about the original source Art. 232
as a Caption underneath the figure itself. Format the
information about the source as you would for end-of • Any image that is reproduced from another source generally needs to come with
text reference list/bibliography, and add a statement copyright permission; it is not enough to just cite the source. However, please
about copyright, as illustrated in the example below check with your teacher if this is necessary in your assignments
• If the figure is self-authored, such as a photograph, use the copyright author’s
name as per examples provided.
Caption under Figure
Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and NOTES ABOUT CAPTIONING
description. Reprinted [or adapted] from *Book title
(page number), by Author First Initial. Second * If you use a caption, there is no need to repeat this information in the end of
Initial. Surname, Year, Place of Publication: Reference list/ Bibliography.
Publisher. Copyright [Year] by the Name of
Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with • Use a running number when including multiple figures, e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2,
permission. etc.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 11 of 22Online material - general principles for web documents, sites & other electronic media
• As with any published reference, the goals of a citation to online material are to credit the author and to enable the reader to find the material.
• Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific documents
• The basic form of the citations follows the principles listed for print sources (see above)….
• name(s) of author(s)
• date/ year of publication
• title of publication
• format of item
• date item retrieved if the source material may change over time (e.g. wikis)
• name or site address on the internet
• The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update.
• Include the publisher’s identity as a part of the retrieval statement only if it is not clear from author’s name, URL, or database name
• The database name is no longer a necessary element of the reference, unless it is considered a hard-to-find item.
• No retrieval date is necessary for content that is not likely to be changed or updated, such as a journal article or book.
• Provide addresses that work where possible.
• Use "Available from" when the URL (internet address) leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself).
• The URL should not be underlined or a different colour; hyperlinks need to be removed.
• A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique numbering system assigned by the International DOI Foundation that identifies electronic resources (ebooks or
journal articles) and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet.
• Always use the DOI when available instead of URL or database name. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate content.
• It is often found with the bibliographic information, such as the journal title and volume, at the top or bottom of the first page.
• When citing entire websites, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text only (e.g. Comprehensive information about WSI Libraries can be found at
http://wsilibraries.tafensw.edu.au or the WSI Libraries website.)
• Give the home page or menu page URL for works whose full text is accessible by subscription only, for reference works such as online dictionaries or
encyclopaedias, and for materials presented in frames.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 12 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
(i) Standard format for citation:
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle [e-reader
book type]. Retrieved from URL or DOI
Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2010). Superfreakonomics: Global cooling, patriotic
eBook (Levitt & Dubner, 2010) prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance [Kindle
. version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
(ii) If the book was read or acquired through an online library (e.g., Google
Books, ebrary, NetLibrary) and not on an e-reader device, omit the bracketed
information from the Reference. Include DOI if available.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. DOI
Ehrman, M., & Shekhtman, B. (2005). Achieving success in second language
acquisition. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431/
(iii) Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain
the cited material (rather than to the material itself).
Tyler, G. W. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age. Available from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=46&page=2
• Provide the commercial URL of the ebook vendor, NOT the TAFE Library
website e.g. the correct URL for EBL titles is http://www.eblib.com.au
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 13 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
eBook : chapter or (Dadds, James & Verhulst, 2004) Dadds, M. R., James, R. C., Barrett, P. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (2004). Diagnostic issues.
article in an edited In T. H.Ollendick & J. S. March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in
eBook children and adolescents: A clinician’s guide to effective psychosocial and
pharmacological interventions (Part 1, pp.3- 33.) Retrieved from ebrary
database.
OR
Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.), Anthropologies of
modernity (pp. 21- 49). doi:10.1002/9780470775875.ch1/summary
• For a chapter in an e-book, include the chapter title and page numbers (if
available).
• Individual chapters may have their own DOI.
• Author’s last name, Initials. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Book
title: Subtitle. (pp. xx–xx). Retrieved from URL
Books downloaded to Tzu, S. (2011). The art of war [Kobo version]. Berkeley, CA: Shambhala.
mobile devices -no DOI
• For e-reader titles type Kindle version or Kobo version in square brackets, and
put http:www.amazon.com or http://www.kobo.com as the URL.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle [Version].
Place of publication: Publisher.
Entry from electronic (Community, 2009) Community. (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev
dictionary or ed.). Retrieved from
encyclopedia http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t8
8.e337
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
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Version: 2.8 Page 14 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Articles retrieved from (Zhao and Gasmuck, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1) Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital
databases / electronic empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 24(5),
sources / webpages – 1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
with DOI number** • For electronic sources such as web pages, provide a
reference to the author, the year and the page number (if • Provide the same information as you would for a printed journal article and add
it is a PDF document), the paragraph number if visible a retrieval statement that will identify the source of this information.
or a heading followed by the paragraph number.
• Generally it is not necessary to include database information.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial.
Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year).
Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page
range. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Articles retrieved from (Atherton, 2013) Atherton, J.S. (2013). Learning and teaching: Behaviour modification. Retrieved from
databases/ electronic http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm
sources /webpages – no
DOI number Kenneth (2000) stated that… Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of
Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
• Treat as for articles retrieved from databases/ Peters, M. (2000). Does constructivist epistemology have a place in nurse education?
electronic sources – with DOI number). Journal of Nursing Education, 39(4), 166-170. Retrieved from Proquest
database.
• Enter either the URL of the journal's website (for subscription journals), or the
full URL of the article (for articles available free on the web).
• Enter the same information as you would for a printed article and add a
retrieval statement that will identify the source of this information.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle.
Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. Retrieved from URL (or database
name).
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
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Version: 2.8 Page 15 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Articles retrieved from Behaviour modification, (2007) Behaviour Modification. (2007). Retrieved from
databases/ electronic http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm
sources /webpages – no • Treat as for articles retrieved from databases/
DOI number & no electronic- with DOI number.
author
• Use title instead of author name. Otherwise, treat as for Title. (Year). Retrieved from URL
other articles retrieved from databases/ electronic
sources/ webpages.
Webpage of a company Coles (2011) has been a Diamond partner of Landcare since Coles. (2011). Sustainability. Retrieved from
or organisation 2008… http://www.coles.com.au/AboutColes/Sustainability.aspx
(corporate author)
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Webpage name. Retrieved
from URL
Podcasts Powerpoint presentations are an effective way of capturing Png, V. & Dharmarajah, J. (Presenters). (2008, October / November). Effective
….(Png & Dharmarajah, 2008) PowerPoint presentations. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://mpa.monash.edu.au/compass-archives/OctNov08/podcast.html
• Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or primary
contributors (the director, presenter, producer, or all).
• Works without an author are listed by the first significant word in their title.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author screen name.
(Presenter). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio
podcast]. Retrieved from URL
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
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Version: 2.8 Page 16 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Lecture notes (Lewis, 2011) Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes. Toowoomba,
Australia: University of Southern Queensland.
• Treated like books if they are published, but like
personal communication if your own notes or OR
unpublished. Lecture notes are considered published if Bond, T. (2009). Lecture 7: Arrays and matrices ED1401: Foundations of education,
they have been copied and distributed in print or on the week 6 notes. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au
web with the instructor's permission.
• Do not include State if listed in University name.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Lecture title [Format].
Retrieved from URL.
Theses – Retrieved (Bozeman, 2007) Bozeman, A. Jr. (2007). Age of onset as predictor of cognitive performance in children
from database with seizure disorders. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Proquest
Dissertations and Theses. (UMI 3259752)
Theses - Unpublished (Imber, 2003) Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation
or Master’s thesis. (Doctoral dissertation or Master’s thesis). Retrieved
from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.)
Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and selection.
(Unpublished PhD thesis). Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation
or Master’s thesis. (Doctoral dissertation or Master’s thesis). Name of
Institution, Location.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
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Version: 2.8 Page 17 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Figures: Online • If no artist name is available, use the first few words of the image title.
(include Artworks,
Charts, Diagrams, Artist/Author last name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of work [Type of
Drawings , Graphs, work]. Retrieved from URL
Images, Paintings
Photographs, Prints,
Tables, etc)
Figures : Online - (Rose, 1994)… Rose, D. (1994). On the road to Oberon [Stencil Screenprint]. Retrieved from
http://cs.nga.gov.au/Detail-LRG.cfm?IRN=130305
Mentioned, but not
included in-text
(Tunbridge, 2003)
Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire Service lighting a back-burn
on the Mount Franklin Road, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12
January 2003 [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-
an24954626
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Figure title [Format].
Retrieved from URL
Figures : Online - • Refer to P.11 for instructions on captioning • None needed if captions used.
figures.
Included in-text
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
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Version: 2.8 Page 18 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Personal Mr E. Robbins, stated that the … (personal interview, 4
communications. email, January 2007)
interview, telephone
call or discussion list, OR
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2007) • Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview, blog or email, without
unpublished lecture supporting data is referenced in the text only, NOT included in reference list.
notes.
Fact sheets, brochures (Florek, 2003) Florek, S. (2003). Megafauna extinction: Patterns of extinction [Factsheet]. Retrieved
and press releases from http:// www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/megafauna.htm
online
Or if no author: (Title, Year). National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (n.d.). Professional boundaries
[Brochure]. Retrieved from
https://www.ncsbn.org/Professional_Boundaries_2007_Web.pdf
Apple Inc. (2007). iPhone delivers up to eight hours of talk time [Press release].
Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/18iphone.html
• Indicate type of publication in square brackets after title, unless the publication
type is included in title. When publisher is the same as author, write 'Author' as
name of publisher.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of publication [Format].
Retrieved from URL of specific document
Message posted to a (Blaire, 2007) Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership [Electronic mailing list
newsgroup, electronic message]. Retrieved from the Politics and Government electronic mailing list:
mailing list or online http://www.polgov.org/mail-archive/rp/msg7.html
forum
• Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion
board. Titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are
not italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place
identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets.
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month Day {of post}). Title of
message [Type of message]. Retrieved from Name of platform URL of
specific message
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
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Version: 2.8 Page 19 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Blog posts (Dean, 2008) Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log
comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport
• if it is the original blog post use [Web log post]. If it is a reply or comment made
to the original post, use [Web log comment].
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author screen name {as it
appears on the blog}. (Year, Month Day {of post}). Title of specific post
[Description of form]. Retrieved from URL of specific post
Wiki (no author, no (“Happiness”, n.d.) Happiness. (n.d.). In Psychwiki. Retrieved December 7, 2009 from
date) http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Happiness
• With Blogs and Wikis, no retrieval date is needed unless the source material is
likely to change over time.
• Anyone can contribute to a Blog or a Wiki - - no evidence that information is
reliable.
Title. (Year, Month Day; if not known, put n.d.). In Name of Wiki. Retrieved
month day, year from URL of specific document
- Online video (Davidson & Davidson, 1999) Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B. F. Skinner: A fresh
appraisal [Motion picture]. San Luis Obispo, CA: Davidson Films.
- YouTube (Norton, 2006) Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video
file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/IkMOd9PVuKg
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Author screen name. (Year,
Month Day {of video post}). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL
of specific video
- TV or radio program (Macintyre, 2002) MacIntyre, L. (Reporter). (2002, January 23). Scandal of the Century [Television series
episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), The fifth estate. Toronto, Canada: Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation.
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 20 of 22Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples
Motion pictures, videos (Kubrick, 1980) Kubrick, S.P. (Producer & Director), & Clarke, A.C. (Writer). (1980). 2001: A Space
and DVDs Odyssey [Motion picture]. Beverly Hills, CA: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Producer Surname, First Initial. Second Initials. (Producer), & Director Surname,
First Initial. Second Initials. (Director) & Writer Surname, First Initial.
Second Initials. (Writer). (Year). Title of movie [Format e.g. Motion picture
or DVD or videorecording]. Country where movie was produced: Name of
Studio.
Music recording (Wienhorst, 1999) Wienhorst, R. (1999). Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio.
Ex. 1: Music album
OR
Ex. 2: Music recording In "Seven Words of Christ on the Cross" (Wienhorst, 1999, Wienhorst, R. (1959). The seven words of Christ on the cross (Recorded by American
on an album track 10), the song ... Repertory Singers). On Sacred music [CD]. Boston, MA: Arsis Audio. (1999).
• In-text citation includes side and band or Bruelman, P. (1999). Au cafe des delices. On Juste Avant [CD]. Paris, France: MM
track numbers. Musique.
• List artist, year, album title, medium of recording, place & record label.
• If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in
parentheses after author, and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end
of the citation after period.
• If date of recording differs from written date, provide original date in after
author, and provide date for recording in parentheses at the end of the citation
after period.
Writer Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Copyright Year). Title of song
[Recorded by First Initial. Second Initial. Artist Surname, if different from
writer]. On Title of Album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette,
MP3, etc.]. City, State abbreviation: Label. (Date of recording if different
from song copyright date.)
TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute A student’s basic guide to bibliographies and referencing: APA Style
Created: 08/03/2012 Revised: 14/05/2015
Version: 2.8 Page 21 of 22Sample APA Bibliography / Reference List
Your Bibliography should appear on a separate page at the end of your assignment. List your sources in alphabetical order as in the example below.
If the source description is longer than one line, indent the second and subsequent lines
Advanced Education Council. (1982). Future perspectives for advanced education: A discussion paper. Canberra, Australia: Author.
Brookfield, S. (1985). Self-directed learning: A critical review of research. In S. Brookfield (Ed.), Self-directed learning: From theory to practice (pp.
5-16). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Brookfield, S. (1990). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. (1998). The characteristics and performances of higher education institutions. Canberra, Australia: AusInfo.
Department of Education, Science and Training. (2008). Higher education report for the 2000 to 2002 triennium. Retrieved from
http://www.dest.gov.au/archive/highered/he_report/2000_2002/html/1_1.htm
Employee Relations Act 1992, 83 Parliament of Victoria (1995).
Gawler, I. (Speaker). (1992). Deepening your meditation: Two profound exercises to practice. In The meditation tapes (Tape 12, Side B) [Cassette
recording]. Yarra Junction, Australia: Ian & Grace Gawler.
HBLL Multimedia Production Unit. (2010, July 15). New Spice: Study like a scholar, scholar [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ArIj236UHs
Peters, M. (2000). Does constructivist epistemology have a place in nurse education? Journal of Nursing Education, 39(4), 166-170.
Retrieved from Proquest database.
Pitkala, K., Mantyranta, T., Strandberg, T., Makela, M., Vanhanen, H., & Varonen, H. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to teach critical
scientific thinking to medical undergraduates. Medical Teacher, 22(1), 22-26.
Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/
0,23739,24949645-952,00.html
West, L., Hore, T., Eaton, E., & Kermond, B. (1986). The impact of higher education on mature age students. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Tertiary
Education Commission.
Wickert, R. (1991a). Maintaining power over the literacy agenda. Open letter: Australian Journal for Adult Literacy Research and Practice, 2(1), 40- 54.
Wickert, R. (1991b). You can get them to listen but can you control what they hear? Maintaining power over the literacy agenda. Paper presented at
the 16th National Conference of the Australian Reading Association, Adelaide.
Zharo, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior.
24(5), 1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
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