A Review on Therapeutic Effect of Kirtan Kriya Yoga
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International Journal of Health Sciences and Research
Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021
Website: www.ijhsr.org
Review Article ISSN: 2249-9571
A Review on Therapeutic Effect of Kirtan Kriya
Yoga
Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari1,
Herath Kumara Bandarage Minrupa Suramraji Karunaratne2
1
Temporary Demonstrator, Kumari M.G.W.R., Department of Ayurveda Basic Principles, Gampaha
Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Yakkala , Sri Lanka.
2
Senior Lecturer, Karunaratne H.K.B.M.S, Department of Cikitsa, Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda
Institute, University of Kelaniya, Yakkala, Sri Lanka.
Corresponding Author: Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari
ABSTRACT
Kirtan Kriya is a meditation method which was mentioned in the Kundalini yoga. The main focus of
paper was on previous research on Kirtan Kriya. The main objective was to identify the therapeutic
effects of Kirtan Kriya. Sixteen research articles were found in google scholar. Improving cognition,
reducing Alzheimer’s disease, reducing dementia, changing cerebral blood flow, improving sleep,
improving memory, reducing stress, lowering anxiety, decreasing depression ,improving
psychological well-being, down regulate inflammatory genes, up regulate immune system genes,
improving insulin and glucose regulatory genes, increasing telomerase, reducing pain, help in PTSD
(Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome) patients, help in Mild Cognitive Impairment patients, improving
quality of life and improving concentration were the therapeutic effects which found in this study.
Improving cognition is the best therapeutic action of Kirtan Kriya according to the findings.
Key words: Cognition, Meditation.
INTRODUCTION systematic treatise of yoga which was
Yoga is a holistic philosophy written around the third century. Patanjali is
originated in ancient India. The word considered as the father of yoga. Raja yoga
“yoga” was derived from Sanskrit root “yuj” was described in patanjali’s yoga sutras. [2]
which means to connect, union or balance.
Yoga helps to endure happiness, sorrow, Post-Classical yoga period
victory and defeat equally in life. [1] Various yoga masters developed
History of yoga can be divided into Tantra yoga. The purpose of this tantra
four main periods. [2] yoga was to cleanse body and mind. [2]
Pre-classical yoga period Modern yoga period
Yoga was developed in Northern Swami Vivekananda, T.
India with Indus- Sarasvati civilization. In Krishnamacharya, Swami Sivananda and
this period, Bhagavad-Gita is the most Indra Devi are some of the popular yoga
famous yogic scripture. Karma yoga and teachers in India. Because of these teachers,
Jnana yoga were mentioned in Upanishad. yoga philosophy was spread all over the
[2]
world. Hatha yoga is popular in this era. [2]
There are several types of yoga such
Classical Yoga period as hatha yoga, raja yoga, karma yoga,
Patanjali’s yoga sutras were bhakthi yoga, jnana yoga and tantra yoga.
[3]
prominent in this period. It was the first
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 240
Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.
Yoga consists of eight main There are five niyamas.
components called as ashtanga yoga. They Saucha- purity of body, mind and speech
are Yama, Niyama, Aasana, Pranayama, Santosa – contentment
Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, and Tapas- self discipline
Samadhi. The first four of these are related Svadhyaya- study of self, study of moksha
to Sharira (Physical body), next three are Ishvarapanidhana- contemplation of god
related to Manas (Mind) and last one related ishvara
to Athma. Samadhi is the ultimate goal of
yoga. [4] Asana
Asana is the physical aspect of yoga.
[4]
Yama The steady and comfortable postures are
The first limb of ashtanga yoga is called as asanas.
dealing with our behavior and ethics. Asana should be hold for a period of
There are five yamas mentioned in time, relaxed and motionless. If any posture
the Patanjali yoga sutra. that causes pain, restlessness, it is not a yoga
Ahimsa-nonviolence asana.
Satya- Truthfulness Ancient yoga masters have outlined
Asteya-Non-stealing various number of yoga asana.
Brahmachaya- Continence Patanjali twelve seated meditation
Aparigraha- non-possessiveness postures.
Hatha yoga pradipika had
Niyama [4] mentioned 84 asanas.
Niyama is associated with self- There are twelve asanas in Swami
discipline and spiritual well-being. Niyama Wishnu devanada tradition.
related with koshas (sheath/ layers) and it In Babaaji method, eighteen postures
leads ourselves to the deep truth. had taught. [4]
Siddhasana Padmasana Sukhasana
Pranayama [4]
Nadi shodana pranayama Kapala bhahati pranayama Bhramari pranayama
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 241
Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.
“Prana” means breath.” Ayama” between the actor of meditation, the act of
means restraint or control. Prana also refers meditation and the subject of meditation.
to energy, life. The control of inhalation and There is a concept called Pancha
exhalation called as pranayama. Pranayama kosha in yoga. It was originated from
should do in a calm, peaceful place, in a Taittiriya Upanishad. Pancha kosha means
proper time, and after doing shad karma. five sheath. There are five layers of
There are for steps of pranayama called as awareness which all experience is filtered.
Purvaka (inhalation), Kumbhaka (pause the Atman or true self is in the center of these
breathing), Rechaka (Exhalation) and five sheaths. When these all five sheath are
thuriya (pause breathing with no air in the consolidate each other and balanced, it is
lungs). Various types of pranayama were called as wellbeing. [5]
taught by yoga acharyas such as Nadi Annamaya kosha, Pranamaya kosha,
shodana,Surya bhedana, Chandra bhedana, Manomaya kosha, Vijnanamaya kosha and
Kapala bahathi and Bhramari. Anandamaya kosha are the five pancha
kosha.
Pratyahara [4]
“Pratya” means to withdraw or draw Annamaya kosha (the food sheath)
back and “ahara” stand for anything we take The outermost sheath, related to the
in by ourselves. Pratyahara is the physical body which acquire the energy
withdrawal of senses. It a process of from foods and nourishment. To the well
retracting the sensory awareness from balance of annamaya kosha, asana practice,
external objects. It is a step of consciously dietary habits and lifestyle changes are
closing of mind to the sensory world. helped. [5]
Pratyahara helps to seek self-knowledge
and freedom of inner world. Pranamaya kosha (the sheath of vital life
force energy)
Dharana [4] Pranamaya kosha is associated with
The root of dharana is “dhar”. The prana (energy). It is connected with
meaning of the root is to hold, maintain, annamaya kosha and this sheath is
concentration, to keep. Dharana means responsible for liveliness of physical body.
concentration. In this state, person can hold Pranayama helps in well-being of
his mind onto a particular inner state or pranamaya kosha. [5]
subject without jumping from one topic to
another. The mind is fixed on the object Manomaya kosha (psychological sheath)
which wants to observe. Tratak, The mind called as Manomaya
visualization and focusing on breath are kosha and helps to control the perception of
practices of dharana. the world. Thinking pattern of human is
related to this sheath. Mindfulness helps for
Dhyana [4] the influencing the manomaya kosha [5]
Dhayana means meditation. It
includes Well train of thought, cognition Vijnanamaya kosha (The intellect sheath)
and flow of awareness. Dharana and This sheath is connected to inner
dhyana are related to each other. Patanjali wisdom and consciousness. [5]
was taught that dhyana is the mind process.
Anandamaya kosha (the bliss sheath)
Samadhi [4] This sheath is connected with Atman
Samadhi is the ultimate goal of and universal consciousness. If someone
yoga. It means bliss, enlighten or daily practice the meditation, he can attain
transcendence. In this state, no difference anandamaya kosha. [5]
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 242
Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.
disease. Mental health conditions such as
anxiety, stress, depression, Post traumatic
stress diseases, schizophrenia, Addiction
can be treated with yoga techniques. [7]
Surya namaskar helps in obesity,
depression, and improve flexibility, muscle
strength and balance, Hamsasana (Swan
pose), Mayurasana (peacock pose), Agnisar
asana is helped in abdominal weight
reduction, Bhujangasna helps in backache,
slipped disk and abdominal fat reduction,
Naukasana can be used in reducing waist
According to the yoga acharyas fat, Dhanurasana can be used in obesity and
there are about 70000 nadis in the wellbeing of kidney pancreas, liver and
pranayama kosha. Ida,Pingala and intestines, Trikonasana is used in reducing
Sushumna nadi are the basic nadi in human side waist fat, Tadasana is effective in
body. Ida is the nerve channel which is the increasing height and spine, ustrasana can
vital air passes on the left side of the be used in asthma and beneficial for
sushumna and through left nostril. Ida improving flexibility of spinal cord,
represents cool, white, feminine and moon. marjariasana helps in menstrual cycle
Ida also called as Chandra nadi. Pingala is problems and reproductive diseases.
the nerve channel which run on the left side Halasana helps in treating diabetes and
of sushumna and right nostril. Pingala constipation. [8]
represent yellow, red, masculine, active, sun Yoga nidra is a relaxation therapy
and rajasic quality of human. Sushumna which can be used in relaxation of physical,
nadi which is called as brahma nadi, is the mental and emotional system. Yoga nidra is
neutral energy flow which started from gained peace and wellbeing and helps in
muladhara chakra. Sushumna nadi helps in reducing stress, diabetes mellitus. [9]
balancing ida and pingala and awakening There are several yoga Meditation
Kundalini Shakti. [6] methods such as Sudarshan kriya yoga,
According to the international Kirtan kriya yoga and Vihangam yoga.
Association of Yoga Therapists, yoga Kundalini yoga is dealing with kundalini
therapy is the process of empowering energy which is transformation and
individuals to progress toward improved expansion of consciousness. In this yoga
health and well-being through the method, kundalini energy which is
application of the teachings and practices of symbolized as a coiled sleeping serpent, lies
yoga [7] at the base of spine is raising along the spine
Yoga is related with body and mind. through chakras which are the energy
In ashtanga yoga, yama and niyama helps to centers in body. [10]
keep healthy body and mind and pranayama Kirtan Kriya (KK) is a meditation
and asana can be used in therapeutic method mentioned in the Kundalini yoga. It
purpose for physical and mental diseases. also called as a singing exercise, because it
Examples for physical health conditions are involves singing the sounds. Kirtan Kriya
obesity, arthritis, insomnia, Alzheimer’s uses the five primal sounds- S T N M A.
disease, asthma, osteoporosis, back pain, The meaning of the words in Kirtan Kriya
hypertension, constipation, muscular is, SAA- Beginning, infinity, TAA- Life,
diseases, bronchitis, irritable bowel NAA-Death and MAA- Rebirth. Mudra is
syndrome, and chronic obstructive very important in this meditation type.
pulmonary disease, heart diseases, multiple While chanting this Mantra (words), each
sclerosis, diabetes mellitus and Parkinson’s
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 243
Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.
finger should be touched the tip of thumb for first 2 minutes, chant in normal voice,
with a firm and gentle pressure. [11] chant in whisper for next 2 minutes, chant
Procedure of Kirtan Kriya can be silently for next 4 minutes, then again, chant
described as follows; in whisper for 2 minutes, chant loud for last
Eyes should be closed while sitting 2 minutes. At the end, take a deep breath
comfortable position with spine straight. and stretch arms up, exhale and relax. [11]
Arms should be relax and place on thighs or
knees. Saa Taa Naa Maa sounds (Mantra) Justification
should be repeated. The sound flowing in Benefits of practicing Kirtan Kriya
through the top of head and out the middle are improving memory power and reducing
of forehead should be imagined. [11] stress according to the common opinion by
Yoga Acharyas at present. The therapeutic
effects of Kirtan Kriya must be identified by
the physicians who are practicing yoga
therapeutics.
Objective:
To identify the therapeutic effects of
Kirtan Kriya.
METHODOLOGY
Literature searches were carried out
using the words Kirtan Kriya, typed in to
popular search engines including Google
For SAA- index finger touches
and Google scholar to find out the
thumb, for TAA- middle finger touches
therapeutic effects of Kirtan Kriya within
thumb, for NAA- ring finger touches thumb,
the period of 06 months.
for MAA-small finger touches thumb and
RESULTS AND DATA ANALYZING
Sixteen research articles found in this research. They were analyzed as follows;
Researchers Research Topic Therapeutic effects of Kirtan Kriya
Khalsa D.S Kirtan Kriya Meditation: A promising technique Lowering anxiety
Newberg A,2011 for enhancing cognition in memory- impaired Lowering stress
older adults [12] Improve cognition
Improve psychological well-being
reducing Dementia
reducing Alzheimer’s Disease
Khalsa D.S,2015 Stress, meditation and Alzheimer’s disease Improve sleep
prevention: where the evidence stands[13] Decrease depression
Reduce anxiety
Down regulate inflammatory genes
Up regulate immune system genes
Improve insulin and glucose regulatory genes
Increase telomerase
Improves psycho-spiritual well-being
Maintenance of cognitive function
Prevent of Alzheimer’s disease
Moss A.S Effects of an 8-weeks meditation program on Positive changes in mood, anxiety and other
Wintering N mood and anxiety in patients with memory loss[14] neuropsychological parameters in memory loss
Roggenkamp H patients
Khalsa D.S Positive changes in cerebral blood flow
Waldman M.R
Monti D
Newburg A.B,2012
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 244
Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.
Table continued
Newburg A.B Meditation effects on cognitive function and Improve neuropsychological functions in memory
Wintering N cerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: a loss patients
Khalsa D.S preliminary study[15] Positive changes in cerebral blood flow
Roggenkamp H
Waldman M.R,2010
Poti K Effect of meditation and callisthenic exercise on Improve concentration
Upadhye J.A,2020 physiological and psychological variables[16] Improve memory in dementia patients
Reducing stress
Help in age-related memory loss and memory
retention problems
Innes K.E Meditation and music improve memory and Enhance subjective memory function in subjective
Selfe T.K cognitive function in adults with subjective cognitive declined(SCD) patients
Khalsa D.S cognitive decline: a pilot randomized controlled Enhance objective cognitive performance in SCD
Kandati S,2017 trial[17] patients
Weekes D.M,2019 Mindfulness and meditation for pain control and reducing pain in school-aged children
stress relief in the school age children: an integrative relaxation of school aged children
review[18]
Black D.S Yogic meditation reverses NF-kB and IRF-related Reducing activity of pro-inflammatory nuclear
Cole S.W transcriptome dynamics in leukocytes of family factor
Irwin M.R dementia caregivers in a randomized controlled
Breen E trial[19] Reducing stress of family dementia caregivers
St.Cyr N.M
Nazarian N
Khalsa D.S
Lavretsky H, 2013
Innes K.E Effects of meditation and music-listening on blood Alter plasma ab levels, TL and TA
Selfe T.K biomarkers of cellular aging and Alzheimer’s Improving cognitive function
Brundage K disease in adults with subjective cognitive decline: Improving sleep
Montgomery C an exploratory randomized clinical trial [20] Improving mood
Wen S Improving quality of life
Kandati S
Bowles H
Khalsa D.S
Huysmans Z,2018
Innes K.E Effects of meditation versus music listening on Improve well-being
Selfe T.K perceived stress, mood, sleep, and quality of life in Improve Sleep
Khalsa D.S adults with early memory loss: A pilot randomized Improve Quality of life with SCD
Kandati S, 2016 controlled trial[21] Decreasing stress and mood
Canete T Emotional and cognitive improvement with kirtan Decreasing negative mood, tension, hostility,
Boras G kriya meditation: A pilot study for mild cognitive confusion
Ramos S impairment patients in a catalan community[22] Improving memory
Khalsa D.S,2019 Improving psycho-emotional and cognitive health
Innes K.E A randomized controlled trial of two simple mind – Improving memory in dementia and AD
Selfe T.K body programs, Kirtan Kriya meditation and music Decreasing stress
Khalsa D.S listening, for adults with subjective cognitive Improving well-being
Kandati S,2016 decline: feasibility and acceptability[23] Improving sleep
Improving quality of life in adults with SCD
Sales E Yoga as advanced cognitive training : how Kirtan Help in PTSD
Chou Y,2019 Kriya in kundalini yoga changes the PTSD brain[24]
Lavretsky H A pilot study of yogic meditation for family Improving mental and cognitive functions
Epel E.S dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: Lowering depressive symptoms
Siddarth P effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase
Nazarian N activity[25]
St.Cyr N
.Khalsa D.S
Lin J
Blackburn E
Irwin M.R, 2013
Boneu M.B Mild cognitive impairment : the effect of kirtan Help in Mild Cognitive Impairment patients
Can T kriya meditation on psychological and cognitive Improving quality of life, Improving cognition
Castella J status[26] Improving memory
Ramos S
Pimpinela N
Khalsa D.S,2016
Williams J.R Mindfulness and meditation: treating cognitive Improving cognition
Jaroudi W impairment and reducing stress in dementia[27] Reducing stress
Perich T Increasing quality of life
Hoscheidt S Positive changes in cerebral blood flow
Haj M.E
Moustafa A.A,2018
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 245
Vol.11; Issue: 1; January 2021Maddegoda Gedara Wasantha Ramya Kumari et.al. A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya yoga.
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meditation versus music listening on Wasantha Ramya Kumari, Herath Kumara
perceived stress, mood, sleep and quality of Bandarage Minrupa Suramraji Karunaratne. A
life in adults with early memory loss: A review on therapeutic effect of kirtan kriya
pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of yoga. Int J Health Sci Res. 2021; 11(1):240-247.
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