A Continuous Commitment - Creating a sustainable future for wildlife and for people around the world - St. Louis Zoo
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Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute
2020 Annual Report
A Continuous
Commitment
Creating a sustainable future
for wildlife and for people
around the world
A
Contents
The Need for Conservation
Never Takes a Day Off
WildCare Institute Overview 1
A Letter from the Directors 2
WildCare Institute Locations 4
WildCare Institute Centers 7 We are dedicated to conserving and caring
Fieldwork from Missouri to Kenya 10
for animals. This commitment has never
Restoring Ecosystems Through Reintroductions 14
Adapting Conservation Efforts to a COVID-19 World 16 wavered — not even in light of COVID-19.
Advocacy and Research 20
Conservation Programs 22
The pandemic certainly presented us with
Conservation Council 27 new challenges as international travel
Donor Spotlight – A Gift to Help Conserve African Painted Dogs 27
Financial Highlights 28 became nearly impossible, lockdowns were
Financial Overview 29
enforced and social distancing required us
Donor Spotlight – A Helping Hand for Hellbenders 29
Center Partners 31 to rethink some of our fieldwork. However,
Honor Roll 33
with help from our conservation partners,
we were able to mitigate many challenges
and pivot our efforts to help both animals
and communities during COVID-19.
About the Saint Louis Zoo
WildCare Institute
The Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute
is the field conservation branch of the
Saint Louis Zoo. The WildCare Institute
works with partners across the world to
help animals and communities that are
the most vulnerable. The ultimate goal
of the WildCare Institute is to create a
sustainable future for wildlife and for
people around the world.
B 1
A letter from the Directors
Dear Friends, Then in mid-March, the Zoo had to shut its Malagasy master’s and Ph.D. students consisting of partnership, a devotion to
doors to guests for 80 days. Zoo employees published papers and defended their wildlife and commitment. Our successes
As it was with the rest of the world, in Ecuador, who were there for amphibian theses. Remote learning continued with are grounded in your support, whether
2020 was a year like no other for the conservation work, were called home to our partners in Saipan. Communication it is through a donation, a partnership,
Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute. St. Louis, as our partners there also started and collaboration with Native American a collaboration or simply through the
COVID-19 quarantine restrictions. In St. Louis, partners persisted through online sharing of our stories. Thank you for your
January started out strong with the release
the continuous integrated science program communications. There were advancements interest in the Saint Louis Zoo WildCare
of 15 critically endangered addax antelope
with the School District of University City had in advocacy efforts to address the wildlife Institute and for supporting our dedication
in Chad. We awarded nine grants to Zoo
to go on hold as schools across the nation trade and invasive species management. to create a sustainable future for wildlife
employees to participate in conservation
went to online classrooms. In Tanzania, our and for people around the world.
work across the globe, including Armenia, Animal reintroduction, translocation
partners at the Ruaha Conservation Project
Ecuador, Kenya, the Pacific Islands, Peru and head-starting efforts still occurred
reported record flooding compounding
and Sumatra. Six additional Zoo employees among addax, Saharan red-necked ostrich,
impacts from the pandemic.
went to the remote area around Laisamis scimitar-horned oryx, hellbenders and
in northern Kenya to participate in the Remarkably, however, our conservation American burying beetles. Field conservation Elizabeth Kelley, Ph.D.
biennial Grevy’s zebra census, known as efforts persisted. research in Botswana progressed with Executive Director
Saint Louis Zoo
the Great Grevy’s Rally. The Saint Louis Zoo innovative, non-invasive methods for
Multiple partners shifted their skills to focus WildCare Institute
was one of only two zoological institutions mitigating conflict between African painted
on local community health. For example,
that sent a representative to the 2020 dogs and livestock farmers. Biodiversity
the Grevy’s Zebra Trust’s Nkirreten Project
Biennial Meeting of Parties in Longyearbyen, studies and a new canid project began
switched from making reusable sanitary
Norway. We were proud to have our at the Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Park.
napkins for girls and women to making face
WildCare Institute Arctic Program Bob Merz
masks. In the Galápagos, those who had In closing, despite all of last year’s
represented, as well as the Zoo’s Assistant Director
trained through the decades on wildlife challenges, the conservation work of the
commitment to polar bear conservation Saint Louis Zoo
health pivoted their expertise to become WildCare Institute persevered. This is in WildCare Institute
and climate change solutions.
a COVID-19 testing site. large part due to the deep roots that
have grounded the WildCare Institute,
2 3
WildCare Institute Locations
Polar Bears
Animals supported by WildCare Institute Centers
Animals supported by Conservation Programs
funded by the WildCare Institute
Mountain Vipers
Grevy’s Zebras
Addaxes
Scimitar-Horned Oryx
Saharan Red-Necked Ostriches
Polar Bears
Congo Apes Hirolas
North American Songbirds
Okapis Black Rhinos
Box Turtles
Pollinators African Carnivores
Snapping Turtles
American Burying Beetles
Hellbenders
Botswana Painted Dogs
Spring Peepers
Black Rhinos Lemurs
and White Rhinos
Cuban Crocodiles
Andean Bears Pacific Island Birds
Ecuadorian Amphibians
Galápagos Birds, Tortoises Asian Turtles
Orangutans
Humboldt Penguins
Asian Elephants
Anoas, Babirusas,
Bantengs
Partula Snails
What is a Center? What is a Program?
A Center is an initiative that has focused
Tasmanian Devils
conservation efforts with long-term partnerships.
A Program is an initiative that is either new or
smaller in scope than a center.
4 5
17 Centers. One Goal.
The WildCare Institute is comprised of Centers, each of which is focused on particular animals and habitats
that need our help. We follow three key pillars to guide our conservation efforts: wildlife management
and recovery, conservation science, and support of the human populations that coexist with wildlife.
The Botswana Center for African Painted Dogs
Through this Center’s primary partner, Botswana
Predator Conservation, this Center is supporting
work to minimize human/painted dog conflict, using
innovative research that includes both fieldwork and
chemical analyses in the laboratory. Learning more
about scent marking in this species is the key to using
artificial chemical signals to keep them safely inside
protected wildlife areas.
Center for American Burying Beetle Conservation
In decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation,
American burying beetles are “nature’s recyclers”;
they eat dead animals and release decomposing
components back into the environment. Through this
Center, Zoo employees raise the threatened species
at the Zoo. Then, with help from Zoo volunteers, the
beetles are released into the wild, where employees
monitor their progress.
Center for Asian Elephant Conservation
This Center and its partners focus on Asian elephant
management, recovery and conservation science.
Rewilding retired logging elephants in Myanmar and
establishing corridor habitat in India are among
ways this Center helps save endangered Asian
elephants from extinction.
Center for Avian Conservation in the Pacific Islands
The inspiration behind this Center was the accidental
introduction of the brown tree snake on the island
of Guam, which devastated the island’s forest bird
species. Now, this Center helps save native birds
by moving them to safe islands, among other
conservation efforts.
Center for Avian Health in the Galápagos Islands
The Galápagos Islands are home to unique species
(including many species of birds) that can be found
nowhere else. The growing effect of the human
population and the introduction of diseases pose
a threat to the wildlife on the islands. This Center
helped develop the first-ever avian health program
in the Galápagos.
6 7
Center for Chelonian Conservation Center for Conservation in Madagascar
Headed by the Saint Louis Zoo Institute for This Center, through its core partner, the Madagascar
Conservation Medicine, the Center team works Fauna and Flora Group, is spearheading research on
to conserve turtles and tortoises by studying their population size, demographics, health and habitat
health and movements. This research increases use of two critically endangered lemur species at
our understanding of environmental factors that Betampona Natural Reserve in eastern Madagascar.
affect the health of turtle populations and that The results will guide a management plan that aims
may have implications for humans. to prevent their local extinction through translocations
of unrelated groups into the reserve.
Center for Conservation of Carnivores in Africa Center for Conservation in Punta San Juan, Peru
Africa is home to several endangered carnivores, Punta San Juan is home to the largest breeding
including cheetahs, lions and hyenas. Part of colony of Humboldt penguins in Peru. The guano
conserving carnivores in Africa is helping to of sea birds is often harvested and sold as fertilizer,
mitigate conflicts that arise between communities but this can negatively affect penguins. This Center
and animals. This Center works with several partners conducts an annual census of penguins and
to find solutions so people can better coexist participates in sustainable guano harvests.
with wildlife.
Center for the Conservation of Congo Apes Center for Conservation in Western Asia
This Center is an evolution of the WildCare Institute’s Over the past 17 years, Saint Louis Zoo employees
multi-year program support for the Goualougo have studied Armenian vipers, which have
Triangle Ape Project in the Republic of Congo. The experienced population declines due to habitat
ultimate goal is to develop conservation policies and loss, livestock grazing and persecution. The
local leadership to ensure the long-term survival of Center’s research team continues to analyze the
chimpanzees and gorillas in the Congo Basin. Armenian viper’s habitat use, genetic diversity
and population structure both in the field and also
at the Armenian Conservation Breeding Center.
Center for Conservation in Forest Park Center for Native Pollinator Conservation
This Center utilizes Forest Park in St. Louis for Pollinators are critical for our lives. Many mistakenly
conservation education. The Center works to get think that pollinators will always be around.
more children outdoors, especially children in urban However, our actions of altering pollinators’ habitats
areas who have limited access to parks. The Center’s and the misuse of pesticides have impacted many
goal is to develop empathy in participating students species. This Center works to save pollinators by
toward animals and nature through activities in the planting habitat and developing conservation and
park, as well as classroom visits. education programs.
Center for Ecuadorian Amphibian Conservation Ron Goellner Center for Hellbender Conservation
Amphibians are disappearing at an exponential rate, A Missouri native, the hellbender is the largest
and Ecuador ranks third in the world for amphibian species of salamander in North America. Over the
diversity. This Center and its partner are working to past 40-plus years, hellbender populations have
conserve amphibians in Ecuador from extinction experienced a 70% decline. The Ron Goellner
through field surveys, habitat protection, research Center for Hellbender Conservation established
and conservation-breeding programs. a conservation breeding program to help save
these unique amphibians.
Center for Conservation in the Horn of Africa Saharan Wildlife Recovery Center
This Center plays a key role in sustaining critically This Center focuses on addressing the Sahara’s
endangered species in Africa, particularly Grevy’s silent crisis of extinction by linking zoo expertise
zebra. By supporting community-based coalitions and resources with conservation action. Work
and establishing conservation, research and includes using animals raised in human care to
education programs, this Center strikes a balance restore critically endangered species to the wild,
between the needs of community members and like addax, Saharan red-necked ostrich and
the imperiled existence of rare species. scimitar-horned oryx.
8 9
Fieldwork from Missouri to Kenya
Fieldwork not only provides our Zoo team with Martha Fischer, Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Animal care experts have also been studying
the opportunity to collect important data and Park General Curator; Tim Thier, Curator of animals of the dog family, such as foxes and
help save animals in the wild; it also provides Mammals/Antelope-River’s Edge; John Clark, coyotes, through strategically placed cameras
opportunities for our team to see how natural Zoological Manager of the Children’s Zoo; across the WildCare Park. The photos collected
environments function and deepens their and Children’s Zoo Keepers Jamie Lombardo, from these cameras tell researchers which
appreciation for conservation and for the Nicole Brown, Maddison Syberg and species are present and may allow them to
animals in their care. While COVID-19 required Cora Munroe were part of a 16-member team estimate the number of animals of each
many conservation Centers to temporarily halt from seven different zoos accredited by the species using the property. The photos also
or modify fieldwork, the pandemic couldn’t Association of Zoos and Aquariums to survey help researchers understand which parts
stop us entirely! the northernmost subpopulation of zebras in of the property these native species prefer.
remote Laisamis in northern Kenya. In 2020, the cameras took 32,000 photos
Grevy’s Zebra Census in Kenya
There are several areas of study, including of wildlife.
This event occurs every two years and is
organized by the Grevy’s Zebra Trust, one of health studies of aquatic turtles, as well as Other areas of study include birds, bats,
the WildCare Institute’s long-time conservation surveys of coyotes and foxes. reptiles, invertebrates and plants.
partners. By gathering data on the Grevy’s Leading the study of aquatic turtles are Zoo Wildlife Populations Increase and Sustainable
zebra populations, we will be in a better employees representing the Center for Chelonian Guano Harvests Continue in Peru
position to understand how to save them Conservation, who are experts in veterinary
from extinction. and conservation medicine. Data collected Despite COVID-19 challenges and
on the turtles include: the number of turtles country-wide restrictions in Peru, the Center
Studying Biodiversity at the
found (283 in 2020) and where they live on the for Conservation in Punta San Juan, Peru, and
Grevy’s zebra are an endangered species; Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Park
property; the turtles’ exposure to environmental its partners were able to acquire a census of
it is estimated that fewer than 3,000 of these
Our Zoo team is studying the native animals toxins, like pesticides, lead and arsenic; and Humboldt penguins, Peruvian fur seals and
animals are left in the wild due to competition
and plants living on and migrating through the presence of infectious diseases of South American sea lions at Punta San Juan.
with livestock, habitat loss and climate
the site of the Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Park, conservation concern. In 2020, researchers Happily, the animals’ numbers are at the
change. To save these animals, Zoo team
located in north St. Louis County. The WildCare discovered that the WildCare Park ponds highest they’ve been in the last four years,
members representing the Center for
Park, anticipated to open as early as 2026, support a large number of turtles from a variety with 1,256 Humboldt penguins, 2,004 Peruvian
Conservation in the Horn of Africa participated
will offer both public experiences and a of different species. Some turtles use multiple fur seals and 5,332 South American sea lions
in the Great Grevy’s Rally in northern Kenya
Conservation and Animal Science Center to ponds, moving from one pond to another and recorded in 2020.
in January and February 2020.
help advance our wildlife conservation efforts. traveling long distances. Most of the species
Monitoring the animals’ populations helps
During the Rally, scientists and citizens Data collected will allow the future WildCare are small, such as red-eared sliders, but the
us gauge their health and conservation
worked together to count the endangered Park operations to exist in harmony with native snapping turtles are the most impressive,
status, especially for the penguins, which
zebra population. animals and plants using this land. weighing up to 24 pounds.
can be vulnerable to harvesting guano
10 11
Fieldwork from Missouri to Kenya 2020 Numbers at a Glance
34
illnesses, and our partners have been Rare Toad Discovered in Salinas, Ecuador
implementing preventative health and safety
measures for several years to reduce the
possibility of disease transmission between Gorillas habituated/monitored
humans and wild ape populations. Due to
by Congo partners
COVID-19-related challenges, a new team
was asked to assist with field monitoring
at Mondika Gorilla Tracking to ensure the
well-being of habituated gorillas. The team
readily accepted this important task and
1,256
learned an expansive network of forest trails
and gorilla groups at Mondika. While these
We often rely on local communities to assist
team members have extensive experience in
us with monitoring and caring for wildlife.
implementing health and safety protocols, Humboldt penguins
(excrement) for fertilizer. The Center participates In 2020, local people in Salinas, Ecuador,
in sustainable guano harvests to help the discovered rare Guanujo stubfoot toads counted in 2020
penguins, and was able to do so in 2020, with (Atelopus guanujo) in the wild. This is a major
some safety modifications. Prior to entering accomplishment; this frog was last collected
the Punta San Juan National Reserve, the in the wild in April 1988. These unique
100 guano harvest workers showed their rapid orange-brown toads have gone to Centro
tests for the COVID-19 virus, and everyone Jambatu, an amphibian conservation
wore masks and practiced social distancing
while working.
organization that partners with the Center
for Ecuadorian Amphibian Conservation,
to start an assurance colony for the species.
32,000
Monitoring Great Apes in the Photos of wildlife taken
Republic of Congo for the WildCare Institute
As COVID-19 spread, wearing masks and social Canid Conservation Initiative
working in a different forest with new groups
distancing became the norm. Fortunately, of apes is challenging. Thanks to the
partners of the Center for the Conservation dedication of the field teams, chimpanzees
of Congo Apes that are studying habituated and gorillas have been safely monitored
western lowland gorillas in northern Republic at field sites during the pandemic. In all,
of Congo were already familiar with these
1988
34 gorillas are being habituated and/or
practices. Apes can be susceptible to human monitored by our partners in Congo.
The last time the rare Guanujo
stubfoot toad (Atelopus guanujo)
was discovered in the wild,
before a local partnering
Ecuadorian community
discovered it in Salinas in 2020
12 13
Restoring Ecosystems Through 2020 Numbers at a Glance
Reintroductions
13,000
Animal care is the heart of what we do. Part of everyone drove separately, remained socially Over 1,000 Hellbenders Released Into
that care sometimes entails raising animals in distant on the three release sites and wore Native Ozark Rivers
human care, then releasing them to the wild masks when they were in close proximity.
so they can help re-establish their wild American burying
Critically Endangered Addax Antelope
populations and bring balance to their
Reintroduced in Chad beetles produced at the
local ecosystems.
Saint Louis Zoo
The large white addax antelope now numbers
American Burying Beetles Released
fewer than 200 in the wild. In 2020, the
In Southeast Missouri
Saharan Wildlife Recovery Center and its
partners worked to reintroduce addax to the
wild in Chad using animals raised in human
Behind the scenes at the Saint Louis Zoo’s
care from UAE. Fifteen satellite-collared addax
Charles H. Hoessle Herpetarium is a
97
were released in January 2020; the collars
32-foot-long, man-made Missouri stream
help animal care experts track the addax
for breeding hellbenders. Zoo employees
once released. An additional 25 addax were
representing the Ron Goellner Center for
released in July 2020. Because of the
Hellbender Conservation breed groups of American burying
The Saint Louis Zoo is a world leader in caring pandemic, the team responsible for collaring
adult hellbenders and head-start the young beetles released in
for American burying beetles. As of 2020, these 25 animals was unable to enter the
hellbenders for their eventual release into
the Zoo’s colony has produced over 13,000 country. Ultimately, the decision was made to southeast Missouri
Missouri rivers, their native home. In 2020,
beetles. And for the last nine years, the Center release these animals without collars, while
over 1,000 Ozark and eastern hellbenders were
for American Burying Beetle Conservation has grazing conditions were still favorable. Despite
released in Missouri river systems. The animals
reintroduced them to their native Missouri the lack of telemetry to help locate this second
were released by the Missouri Department of
habitats, with an additional 19 years of cohort, the Chadian monitoring team has done
Conservation, in cooperation with the Zoo and
surveying for them in the wild. In June 2020, an admirable job of tracking their movements
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. To ensure social
Bob Merz, Associate Director of the WildCare as they explore and mingle with the first cohort
40
distancing, the animal transfers from our
Institute; Invertebrate Keeper Renée Hazen; released. With calving underway, the number
Zoo team to the Missouri Department of
and Bird Keeper Melissa Miller were joined by of wild addax is now at 54 and growing in this
Conservation herpetologist occurred in
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and released region of Chad. A third release of 25 more
open-air parking lots. Crews releasing
97 American burying beetles at Taberville collared animals is planned for October/ Addax reintroduced
hellbenders also were reduced and limited
Prairie. All beetles were provisioned with a November 2021. The monitoring of these in Chad
to two individuals per boat. Since 2008,
dead quail and buried in underground chambers re-wilded addax is supported in part by
more than 8,600 Zoo-raised endangered
where they will raise their young. Due to a generous anonymous donation to the
hellbenders (664 eastern and 7,977 Ozark)
COVID-19 social distancing requirements, Saharan Wildlife Recovery Center.
have been reintroduced to the wild in Missouri.
1,000
Hellbenders released into
native Ozark rivers
14 15
Adapting Conservation Efforts
to a COVID-19 World
When the pandemic hit, we knew there would stable source of food and the wonderfully Encouraging Tree Regrowth in the making face masks for communities in Kenya.
be an impact on wildlife conservation efforts. weird characteristics of American burying Pacific Islands The Grevy’s Zebra Trust’s Nkirreten Project
We also knew the pandemic would have a beetles. These happy hours were recorded usually makes reusable sanitary napkins for
In 2015 and 2018, Super Typhoons Souledon
dramatic effect on the communities that and are viewable at stlzoo.org/happyhours. girls and women in Samburu using zebra-
and Yutu, respectively, caused widespread
coexist with wildlife. Helping them mitigate striped material. In March 2020, the Trust’s
Promoting Bird Conservation in the devastation in the Northern Mariana Islands,
COVID-19 economic and health issues has seamstresses pivoted quickly from producing
Pacific Islands via Virtual Education including the widespread loss of trees and
been critical. Our Centers and partners were sanitary pads to producing reusable cloth
other vegetation. Keri Lammering, Saint Louis
able to mitigate several pandemic-related masks, which are given away free. The masks
Zoo Conservation Education Liaison, was able
challenges through ingenuity, years of are given to Grevy’s Zebra Trust team members
to collaborate virtually with the Micronesia
dedicated partnership and sheer tenacity. and their families, as well as to elderly and
Islands Nature Alliance (MINA) to discuss any
vulnerable people in the communities.
STAYING CONNECTED VIRTUALLY support that the Center for Avian Health in
In addition to the 5,000 masks sewn and
the Pacific Islands could provide to help tree
WildCare Virtual Happy Hours distributed, the seamstresses were also able
regrowth. The Center was able to help with
to make 600 reusable sanitary napkins.
MINA’s Bring the Trees Back campaign, which
supports native tree plantings around the Viruses and Vaccinations in Madagascar
areas that were most heavily impacted by the
typhoons. MINA discovered that early tree
plantings were trampled by beachgoers and
A top priority to help native birds in Saipan
run over by vehicles. The Center was able to
is to reach public school teachers and
help install new fencing to help protect new
students and encourage the birds’
tree plantings. To date, 697 trees have been
conservation through education initiatives.
In this era of social distancing, remaining planted at 13 different sites on Saipan.
To reach students in a COVID-19 world,
connected has never been more important.
the Center for Avian Conservation in the HELPING COMMUNITIES STAY HEALTHY
Throughout 2020, we hosted four virtual happy
Pacific Islands and its partners created virtual AND OVERCOME CHALLENGES Madagascar has the dual distinction of being
hours and invited guests age 21 and older to
programs for K-12 students. These virtual one of the poorest nations in the world, while
join us. As attendees sipped their adult Creating Reusable Face Masks for
programs focused on aspects of ecological also one of the most biologically diverse.
beverage of choice, Zoo employees representing Communities in Kenya
and basic bird awareness. Another focus was The economic hardships from Madagascar’s
different Centers shared stories about animals
using community science apps that allow Face masks have become a health necessity COVID-19 lockdown were disproportionately
and conservation work. These engaging happy
the students to contribute by sharing their during the pandemic. Team members of the felt by the poor. Endangered species, killed for
hours covered a variety of topics, including
observations of birds, thus helping scientists Grevy’s Zebra Trust, a principal partner of the bushmeat, were also among its victims. Well
Humboldt penguin censuses in Peru, helping
with bird censusing. Center for Conservation in the Horn of Africa, before COVID-19, the Center for Conservation
provide communities in Madagascar with a
pivoted from making reusable sanitary pads to in Madagascar contributed to a program aimed
16 17Adapting Conservation Efforts 2020 Numbers at a Glance
to a COVID-19 World
4
at benefiting people and wildlife by reducing testing laboratory facility on the Galápagos Helping to Improve Food Security for Native
pressure on Betampona Natural Reserve’s Islands, the Agency for Biosecurity Galápagos, Tribes via Pollinator Conservation
endangered species as a source of protein became a site for COVID-19 testing. The Zoo’s
or income. Newcastle disease, a highly Senior Scientist and University of Missouri- WildCare Virtual Happy
transmissible airborne avian virus, is the St. Louis Professor, Patty Parker, Ph.D.,
Hours hosted
primary constraint on family chicken advised the local team that conducted this
production in Africa. A Newcastle disease work during their initial phases and training.
vaccination program targeting 12 villages
Cheetah Children’s Book Issued to
was initiated in May 2018 when the average
Children with Reduced Access to Schools
number of chickens owned by households
Throughout 2020, the Center for Native
5,000
was just over nine. That number increased
Pollinator Conservation continued to prioritize
steadily to an average of 23 by September
the Native Foods, Native Peoples, Native
2020. Our objective was to demonstrate that
Pollinators initiative, which helps develop
vaccinations pay for themselves. Our next
pollinator-related programs suited to the Reusable face masks made
objective is to facilitate the cost and
desires of partnering Native American nations from the Grevy’s Zebra Trust’s
management of a Newcastle disease
and tribes. Examples of outreach include Nkirreten Project
vaccination program to the communities.
supplying fruit and vegetable seeds to tribes
Animal Care Experts Pivot Work and or developing education programs. Earlier in
Help with COVID-19 Testing 2020, Center Director Ed Spevak, Ph.D., along
with his Washington University Buder Center
Cheetah Conservation Botswana, a partner of for American Indian Studies practicum
23
the Center for Conservation of Carnivores in student, Eric Pinto (Zuni/Choctaw), visited the
Africa, published a children’s cheetah book, Winnebago Tribe’s reservation in Nebraska.
“Xabe the Cheetah Hero,” which was funded While there, they met with the Ho-Chunk Food
by the Center. The book was produced as an Sovereignty Task Force to discuss improving Average number of chickens
adaptation in place of Cheetah Conservation food security and sovereignty and increasing owned by households
Zoo employees representing the Center for Botswana’s reduced access to schools and pollinator habitat. They also supplied fruit
participating in a Newcastle
Avian Health in the Galápagos Islands were in students during the COVID-19 pandemic. and vegetable seeds to the tribe and installed
Ecuador in March 2020 and were sent home It tells the tale of a young boy who rescues a bee hotels around an apple orchard on the
disease vaccination program
early due to the pandemic. The Galápagos cheetah cub from poachers. We hope it will reservation. Throughout the pandemic, (up from 9)
Islands were soon on lockdown. Work soon inspire young people in Botswana to care for Dr. Spevak also collaborated virtually with
pivoted to helping the community stay healthy wildlife. There will be 1,250 books going to representatives from various native tribes
during COVID-19. The first animal disease schools across the country. about pollinators and food production.
8
Partnering native tribes
that participate in pollinator
conservation efforts
18 19Advocacy and Research 2020 Numbers at a Glance
7
Our animal care experts, scientists, completed a novel analysis of wild elephant these cameras. African wild dog social and
researchers and partners are dedicated to movement based on GPS tracking data. spatial organization focuses on shared
solving conservation challenges. We take Specifically, he assessed how human activities scent-marking sites, where packs advertise their
action by conducting research in labs, in are affecting home-range size, distances moved occupation of home ranges, dispersers leave IUCN resolution co-sponsors
the field, at the Saint Louis Zoo and among and movement in relation to human landscape scent messages for potential mates and dogs
(including the Saint Louis Zoo),
communities. We also strive to make our features. Results suggest that wild elephants that have lost their packs reunite with them.
aiming to prevent invasive
voices heard and advocate for animals and in Myanmar move more and have larger home Shared scent-marking sites are used by up to
the habitats they need to survive. ranges in landscapes that are fragmented by six groups, and packs visit these sites multiple species in Madagascar
agriculture. The analysis provides critical times daily; their most frequent activity after
Motion Passed to Strengthen Conservation
baseline understanding of the needs of elephants hunting. Some sites outlive the packs that use
Protections in Madagascar
and will be useful in determining area and space them and may secure range boundary locations
Many of Madagascar’s plant and animal species, requirements for rewilding elephants. across generations. From camera trapping,
behavioral scientists can study the complex
52,000
like the highly endangered lemurs, are found
Scientists Study COVID Anthropause Impacts
nowhere else in the world. Invasive species interactions of various packs of painted dogs
on Tortoise Health in the Galápagos Islands
are a primary cause of biodiversity loss and throughout the seasons.
degradation of ecosystem function, especially Animal care experts representing the Center
Planning Armenian Viper Blood Collections Estimated number of Asian
in island ecosystems. When alien species are for Chelonian Conservation began a study to
elephants in Southeast Asia
accidentally introduced into a new ecosystem, examine COVID-19 anthropause impacts on The Saint Louis Zoo has supported conservation
native species could be completely wiped out. tortoise health in the Galápagos Islands. In this and research in Armenia for over 17 years in 13 range countries
The Saint Louis Zoo co-sponsored an International case, anthropause refers to when human activity and is a recognized leader for its husbandry
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) resolution, was reduced when the pandemic hit. As part and breeding of the Armenian viper at the
which passed at IUCN Conservation Congress of this study, researchers collected samples to Charles H. Hoessle Herpetarium at the Zoo.
2020, to help biodiversity in Madagascar. assess hormonal and behavioral changes in Zoo employees representing the Center for
The resolution calls upon the government of tortoises influenced by tourist presence. Conservation in Western Asia are making
Madagascar and international invasive species
specialists to take several steps to eliminate
threats of invasive alien species, including
Studying African Painted Dogs’
Scent-Marking Sites
plans to collect bloodwork from wild vipers.
This bloodwork will help provide data on
vipers pre- and post-brumation (a time when
8
Wild dog packs that our
government action and creating a countrywide Camera trapping at African wild dogs’ reptiles are dormant during low temperatures),
database and reporting system. as well as help us compare data on wild vipers partnering organization
shared scent-marking sites has given us
new perspectives on these endangered, versus vipers in human care at the Zoo. is researching
Studying Wild Elephant Movement in Myanmar
social super-predators. Botswana Predator While this bloodwork was planned for 2020,
The Center for Asian Elephant Conservation’s Conservation Trust, a partner of the Botswana it was postponed due to COVID-19 and is
joint doctoral student, Aung Nyein Chan, recently Center for African Painted Dogs, is placing slated for 2022.
17
Years the Saint Louis Zoo
has supported Armenian viper
conservation in Asia
20 21Conservation Programs
Action Indonesia Conservation Alliance (ABCA) since 2012. Asian Turtle Conservation Program Crocodile Conservation and Research in Cuba
The ABCA works to tackle conservation threats
Crocodiles are indicators of ecosystem health.
using a multifaceted approach, which includes
They are both apex predators (animals at the
field research to better understand bear ecology
top of the food chain with no natural predators)
and distribution. It also uses engagement of
and habitat engineers (organisms that create,
local protected area management to establish
modify or maintain habitats). Working with
and scale conservation plans on population
Cuban conservation experts, this Program
monitoring and capacity-building projects.
supports the conservation of the critically
Arctic Program endangered Cuban crocodile, a flagship species
for the conservation of the Zapata Swamp
Babirusa Asian box turtle ecosystem in Cuba. With ongoing field studies,
habitat conservation efforts, and conservation-
Indonesia is one of the world’s biodiversity A hot spot of turtle diversity, Southeast Asia breeding for population augmentation in the
hotspots and three of its iconic species—anoa, boasts over 90 species. Many are evolutionarily wild, this Program is taking a One Health
babirusa and banteng— are threatened with distinct and highly threatened. Asian freshwater approach to conservation in Cuba.
extinction. The WildCare Institute supports turtles are harvested unsustainably to meet
HUTAN – Kinabatangan Orangutan
Action Indonesia, which was created in 2016 to demands from food, pet and medicinal trades,
Conservation Programme
ensure the long-term survival of these imperiled causing massive population declines. The Asian
species in the wild and in human care. Action Turtle Conservation Program supports efforts
Indonesia formed the first ungulate Global to develop sustainable assurance colonies,
Species Management Plans and is utilizing this focusing on species from Vietnam. The Saint
unique framework to take meaningful steps to Louis Zoo Department of Herpetology manages
Polar bear
conserve these unique species. five species of Asian turtles for the Association
of Zoos and Aquariums through Species Survival
Andean Bear Conservation Alliance The Zoo has partnered with six Alaska Native
Plans (plans that help ensure sustainable
villages to work toward a common goal of
animal populations). The Zoo also collaborates
climate change mitigation and polar bear
with the Turtle Survival Alliance and the Asian
conservation/co-management. Key priorities
Turtle Program to further contribute to the
also include education outreach and youth
conservation of these imperiled taxa.
support, subsistence awareness, and
Traditional Ecological Knowledge awareness.
Sumatran orangutan
Zoo employees regularly travel to villages
in Alaska to provide STEM (Science,
HUTAN, a French NGO created by Drs. Isabelle
Technology, Engineering and Math) and
Lackman and Marc Ancrenaz, has been operating
conservation-based educational programming.
Andean bear in Sabah, a Malaysian state in the northern part
The Zoo also offers free distance learning
of Borneo, since 1998. Their primary area of
programs with the villages to stay connected as
Andean bears, an important flagship species for operation is the lower Kinabatangan floodplain,
much as possible throughout the year. The Zoo
the Tropical Andes ecosystem in South America, a biodiversity hotspot, harboring a remarkable
works with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
face a number of threats, including habitat diversity of wildlife including iconic species
and the Alaska Nannut Co-Management
reduction and fragmentation, and high mortality such as the orangutan, proboscis monkey,
Council to learn more about the status of
caused by anthropogenic factors. The WildCare Bornean gibbon, Bornean elephant, clouded
Alaska’s polar bears and polar bear research.
Institute has supported the Andean Bear Cuban crocodile leopard, sun bear, eight species of hornbills,
22 23Conservation Programs
and a wide array of other primates, birds, and promote planting native plants that support Annually, the Zoo sponsors World Okapi Day programs for Partula snails, in zoos around
more incredible animal and plant life. HUTAN caterpillar food sources for songbird chicks, celebrations in St. Louis and in Democratic the world. Through this cooperative effort, the
staff operate in many projects, including the encourage citizen science projects to aid Republic of Congo. At the Zoo, keepers share WildCare Institute provides funding for staff,
orangutan research unit, elephant and hornbill in valuable research that helps support okapi conservation messages with guests; equipment for field surveys, the construction
conservation teams, swiftlet recovery group, songbird conservation, and develop critical while in Africa, educational programming and and monitoring of predator exclusion reserves,
reforestation unit, wildlife survey and protection partnerships that will amplify conservation 10K World Okapi Day races are sponsored in and reintroduction efforts. The Zoo has been
teams, and environmental education programs. efforts. The Saint Louis Zoo also is a North five different villages within the okapi’s range. an active participant in reintroductions since
All of these projects research and conserve American Songbird SAFE (Saving Animals From Thanks to the World Okapi Day events, an 2015 by providing both snails raised at the
wildlife, as well as work with people and Extinction) program partner. The SAFE programs estimated 15,000 children and adults participate Zoo and employees to assist with their
industries to foster peaceful sharing of the harnesses the collective expertise of zoos and across the four territories each year. reintroduction to the wild.
habitats. The WildCare Institute began their resources to save species and promote
Partula Snail Conservation Polar Bears International Program
supporting HUTAN with the opening of the conservation efforts.
Donn and Marilyn Lipton Fragile Forest and
Okapi Conservation
provides integral core program support, plus
funding to help with primate surveys and
monitoring orangutan corridor use including
by bridges over manmade tributaries of the
Kinabatangan River.
North American Songbird Program
Partula snail
Okapi
Partula snails once populated the South Pacific
Okapis are an elusive relative of the giraffe, Islands, from Palau to the Society Islands,
native only to the Democratic Republic of including Tahiti and Moorea. These snails,
Congo. The Saint Louis Zoo is dedicated to however, experienced a devastating decline
the care of okapi in zoos and in the wild. when the predatory rosy wolf snails (Euglandina Polar bear
The WildCare Institute supports the Okapi rosea) were introduced to the islands in the
Northern cardinal
Conservation Project with its work to secure 1970s as a form of biological control. The WildCare Institute partners with Polar Bears
Many North American songbird populations a protected area for okapi in one of the most International (PBI)—a non-profit organization
In 1990, the Zoo initiated the Partula Species
are in drastic declines. In fact, it is estimated biologically diverse places on Earth, the dedicated to worldwide conservation of the
Survival Plan (SSP) to manage the Partula
that we have lost approximately 2.9 billion Ituri Forest. It also supports local communities polar bear and its habitat. The WildCare
populations on a national scale, and Zoo
songbirds throughout the U.S. and Canada by training and equipping wildlife guards, Institute supports PBI’s maternal den study
employees continue to coordinate this plan.
since 1970. This Program seeks to raise providing community assistance (clean water, conducted by scientists in Svalbard, Norway,
The WildCare Institute works closely with the
awareness of the threats to songbirds, such as medical services, school supplies, etc.) to the to document the denning behavior of polar
International Partula Programme Conservation,
building collisions, free-roaming cats and light people living next to the reserve, and offering bear mothers that are choosing to den on
coordinated by the Zoological Society of
pollution, just to name a few. Zoo employees conservation education. land, possibly sensing that the sea ice is too
London, which is involved in breeding
unstable for their dens.
24 25Conservation Programs Donor Spotlight
A Gift to Help Conserve African Painted Dogs
Rhino Conservation Program The Tasmanian devil was once common Conservation Council In 1995, Donald Slavik founded The Donald Slavik Family
throughout the island state of Tasmania; Foundation because he believed that living in peace with our
The role of the Conservation natural world was the most important thing we as humans
however, the species has experienced a rapid
Council is to provide the could do. In 2020, that ethos led to a $100,000 investment
decline since the 1990s due to the rare devil
Saint Louis Zoo WildCare by the foundation into the Botswana Center for African
facial tumor disease that has spread throughout
Institute with greater insight Painted Dogs, whose central partner, the Botswana Predator
the population. The Save the Tasmanian Devil
and understanding of the Conservation Trust, works to minimize livestock predation
Program (STDP) was established in 2003 by
Black rhinoceros conservation issues being by African painted dogs and other African carnivores.
the Tasmanian government in response to the
addressed by the Zoo, and
rapid decline of the animals. The STDP joined Compared to other predators in Africa, painted dogs have a
The black rhino is critically endangered with to develop stronger advocacy
forces with universities and zoos worldwide in very complex scent marking behavior. When a pack approaches
approximately 5,000 black rhinos remaining among the Zoo’s boards for
their effort to halt the effects of this disease. another’s territorial markers, they do not cross each other’s
in the wild. The greatest threat to black rhinos its conservation mission.
The WildCare Institute has provided financial bio-boundary. Through the support of The Donald Slavik Family
is illegal poaching for their horns, which are The Council also provides
support to the STDP since 2015. The Zoo has Foundation, the Center has been able to expand an innovative
in demand for traditional medicine in Asia. financial oversight to the approach that combines two different scientific disciplines—
had ambassador devils in its care since 2016.
The horns are sold illegally on the black WildCare Institute budget. behavioral ecology in the field with the principles of chemistry
These charismatic ambassadors help raise
market and are currently valued to be worth We thank these members in the laboratory—to create a solution that will dramatically
awareness about the challenges facing wild
more than gold pound for pound—even for their service. reduce the threat of human and wild dog conflict. According
Tasmanian devils.
though rhino horn is made of keratin, the to Lisa Kelley, Ph.D., Executive Director of the Saint Louis Zoo
same protein that makes up hair and Spring Peeper Program Patrick J. Moore, Chair WildCare Institute, “Conflict with humans due to fears that their
fingernails. The WildCare Institute supports livestock will be killed is the biggest threat for this endangered
Caryl Flannery, Vice Chair
conservation initiatives for the black rhino in canid. The African Wild Dog Bioboundary Project could be the
Michael Abbene catalyst to save this species for the future.”
Kenya and Zimbabwe. New waterholes and
Erica Agnew
solar-powered water pumps have been The daughter of Donald Slavik, Susan Williams, serves as the
installed in the Northern Rangelands Trust’s Jeff Demerath
foundation’s trustee, along with her husband, Felix Williams.
Rhino Sanctuary in the Sera Conservancy in Marguerite Garrick Susan has previously served on the Saint Louis Zoo
northern Kenya. Here, anti-poaching teams Judith A. Harris Association Board of Directors, and she and Felix have been
and rhino monitoring rangers protect the black advocates for the Saint Louis Zoo for many years. “We are
Steve King
rhinos that were reintroduced to the sanctuary so fortunate that Susan, Felix and The Donald Slavik Family
Katie Lineberry Foundation share the same values and beliefs of the Saint
in 2015. In Zimbabwe, the WildCare Institute
supports the International Rhino Foundation’s Spring peeper Matt MacEwan Louis Zoo - that a world without wildlife is not one worth living
Stop Poaching Now initiative by purchasing Charlie Merz in,” says Jeffrey Bonner, Ph.D., Dana Brown President & CEO.
Based on a national study, there is an estimated
equipment, such as binoculars, cameras Stan Niemann, DVM The Saint Louis Zoo is grateful to The Donald Slavik Family
2 to 3% decline in frog and toad populations
and GPS devices, to support black rhino Foundation for its support on our efforts to save this beautiful
across the Midwest, which began in the 1990s. Mike Polleti
conservation and anti-poaching efforts. and unique canid species.
Observations from local frog and toad Jason Sapp
Save the Tasmanian Devil Program community science projects indicate a possible
Thomas Tyler
absence or decrease of three members of the
Virgil Van Trease
hylidae family (spring peepers, chorus frogs
and cricket frogs) within the area of St. Louis. Mercedes Vasquez
This Program’s goal is to identify, maintain and Tina VonderHaar
increase current urban populations of these Susan Williams
three local frog species via crowd-sourced
monitoring and focused acoustical surveys
Tasmanian devil The Williams family on safari in Africa
to track frog populations.
26 27Financial Highlights Financial Overview Donor Spotlight
A Helping Hand for Hellbenders
Funding Sources Expenses Funding Sources: $1,529,949 For the past eight years, the Edward K. Love
Conservation Foundation has provided a helping
The Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute has Conservation Activities: 73%
4% 3% 0% and extremely generous hand to the Saint Louis
five primary funding sources, shown here. A majority of the WildCare Institute budget
Zoo to save endangered hellbenders. Missouri
goes to direct support for conservation activity 10%
Endowment: 54% has the unique distinction of being the only
in the field, or is directly related to the field.
This amount is the harvest from the endowment state with both sub-species of this large aquatic
This covers not only the Centers’ individual
that was created in 2003 by a $16,000,000 gift salamander—the Ozark and the Eastern.
budgets but also includes any projects approved
from the Saint Louis Zoo Friends Association
through Field Conservation or Field Research
(now the Saint Louis Zoo Association). An The Foundation has been a generous supporter
Conservation Grants. Field Conservation and
additional anonymous $100,000 gift, plus of the Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute and the
Field Research Conservation Grants are
unspent WildCare Institute funds from the first Ron Goellner Center for Hellbender Conservation
competitive grants that provide additional 54%
four years of the organization’s operations, 29% since 2013, providing more than $725,000 to
support for conservation projects in the field
have been added to the endowment. Additional
and are eligible to any partner that collaborates this conservation project. “The Center is the first
gifts from generous individuals have allowed the
with a WildCare Institute Center or Program. in the world to successfully breed hellbenders
endowed pool to grow, including the Guinn
Conservation membership and range-country in human care. Since the Foundation began its
Cheetah Fund, Dexter Conservation Field Work
community engagement programs are also investment in our efforts, the Center team has
Fund and Hecker Conservation Fund. As of Endowment Harvest $ 830,325 54%
included in this category. released 8,633 hellbenders back into their native
December 31, 2020, the WildCare Institute Charitable Gifts $ 439,874 29%
endowment has grown to over $30 million. Salaries and Fringe Benefits: 21% Missouri water systems,” said WildCare Institute
Carousel $ 150,269 10%
This is the cost of salaries and fringe benefits Change For Conservation $ 65,133 4% Executive Director Lisa Kelley, Ph.D.
Charitable Gifts: 29%
(including pension, FICA, and insurance) Grants $ 39,348 3%
Donations fund over one quarter of the
associated with WildCare Institute employees. Other $ 5,000 0% Andrew “Andy” S. Love, Jr. is the lead member
WildCare Institute’s wildlife conservation efforts.
of the Board of Governors of the Foundation and
While some of these donations are unrestricted, Consulting: 3% Total $1,529,949 100%
has been a Zoo supporter and advocate though
many support specific Centers and projects. Several Centers, such as the Center for
These generous donors are listed separately Conservation in Madagascar and the Saharan the decades. Andy’s grandfather, Edward K. Love,
in the 2020 Honor Roll section of the report. Wildlife Recovery Center, provide financial was a sportsman, financier and one of the early
Funding comes from private individuals and support to contract employees, who serve Expenses Total: $1,529,949 members of the Missouri Conservation Commission,
organizations. leading roles in managing in-range wildlife later renamed the Missouri Department of
conservation research. 3% 2% 1% Conservation. He established the Edward K. Love
Mary Ann Lee Conservation Carousel: 10%
Conservation Foundation in 1938 to aid in the
Proceeds from this attraction help support Travel: 2%
Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute conservation Cost of travel to field site locations and protection and conservation of wildlife in Missouri.
21%
initiatives in the U.S. and around the world. conservation meetings.
The Foundation is recognized at the Zoo with
We are forever grateful for Mary Ann Lee’s
Other: 1% the Edward K. Love Conservation Foundation
generosity. Cypress Swamp exhibit in the 1904 World’s
Includes cost of postage, satellite telephones
Change for Conservation: 4% and some small field equipment. Fair Flight Cage and was the recipient of the
Saint Louis Zoo Award in 2004. We are deeply
Our Change for Conservation program offers Zoo
appreciative of the support of Andy Love and
guests an opportunity to donate a dollar or more
the Edward K. Love Conservation Foundation.
to support conservation with select purchases.
Grants: 3% 73%
The Zoo is fortunate to partner with government
and private organizations that support our
conservation efforts through grant funding, Conservation Activities $ 1,115,662 73%
including the Missouri Department of Salaries & Fringe Benefits $ 320,798 21%
Conservation’s ongoing support for our Consulting $ 43,981 3%
Travel $ 28,471 2%
hellbender and American burying beetle
Other $ 21,037 1%
conservation efforts.
Total $ 1,529,949 100%
28 29Center Partners
Botswana Center for African Principia School, Town and Country Center for Conservation
Painted Dogs Tyson Research Center, Washington in the Horn of Africa
Botswana Predator University in St. Louis AZA Giraffe Saving Animals From
Conservation Trust Wildlife Rescue Center – St Louis Extinction Program
Saint Louis University Department Grevy’s Zebra Trust
Center for American Burying of Biology Houston Zoo
Beetle Conservation Washington University in St. Louis Ishaqbini Hirola Community
Missouri Department of Conservation Conservancy
Turtle Survival Alliance
The Nature Conservancy IUCN Antelope Specialist Group
Wildlife Conservation Society
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Kalama Community Wildlife
Center for Conservation Conservancy
Center for Asian Elephant of Carnivores in Africa Kenya Wildlife Service
Conservation Cheetah Conservation Botswana Laikipia Forum
International Elephant Foundation
Cheetah Conservation Fund-Namibia Lewa Wildlife Conservancy
IUCN Asian Elephant Specialist Group
Lion Landscapes-Ruaha Carnivore Marwell Wildlife
AZA Asian Elephant Saving Animals Project - Kenya/Tanzania
From Extinction Program Mpala Research Centre
Range Wide Conservation Program
Smithsonian Conservation Northern Rangelands Trust
for Cheetah and African Wild Dogs
Biology Institute Princeton University
Tanzania Carnivore Center
Wildlife Trust of India Ruko Community Wildlife
Tanzania National Parks Association
Conservancy and Giraffe Sanctuary
Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute
Center for Avian Conservation Sera Wildlife Conservancy and
in the Pacific Islands Wildlife Conservation Society Rhino Sanctuary
Association of Zoos and Aquariums Zoological Society of London Wild Me
Commonwealth of the Northern WildBook
Center for Conservation
Mariana Islands’ Division of Fish Wildlife Direct
of Congo Apes
and Wildlife
Goualougo Triangle Ape Project
Pacific Bird Conservation Center for Conservation
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Madagascar
Center for Conservation
Association Vahatra
in Forest Park
Center for Avian Health in the Atsinanana Region, Madagascar
Galápagos Islands Forest Park Forever
Centro de Investigação em
Agency of Biosecurity for Galápagos St. Louis Department of Parks
Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos
Charles Darwin Foundation The School District of University City
CIBIO/InBio
Galápagos National Park
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
University of Missouri-St. Louis Center for Ecuadorian Amphibian
Conservation Durrell Institute of Conservation and
Zoological Society of London
Ecology, Kent University
Fundacion Jambatu
Global Environment Facility
Center for Chelonian Missouri Botanical Gardens
Conservation IUCN Environmental Law Centre
Universidad TecnÓlogica Indoamerica
Charles Darwin Foundation IUCN Invasive Species
Specialist Group
Ecology Project International Ron Goellner Center for
Hellbender Conservation IUCN SOS Lemurs
Galapagos Conservation Trust
Arkansas Game & Fish Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group
Galapagos National Park Directorate
Missouri Department of Conservation Mahaliana
Houston Zoo
Ozark Hellbender Working Group Madagascar Institute for Conservation
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of Tropical Environments
Universidad Europea de Madrid
Madagascar National Parks
Max Planck Institute for Animal
Madagascar Voakajy
Behavior
Ministry of the Environment and
Forest Park Forever
Sustainable Development,
Little Creek Nature Area Ferguson-
Madagascar
Florissant School District
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