The 1st Nigeria Total Diet Study: Presentation of Report 2015-2018 - National Food Safety Stakeholders Workshop on Total Diet Study Abuja, Nigeria ...
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The 1st Nigeria Total Diet Study:
Presentation of Report
2015-2018
National Food Safety Stakeholders
Workshop on Total Diet Study
Abuja, Nigeria
7 November, 2018
Contents • Introduction to the rTDS-Project and TDS • Methods and Methodology • Results: Occurence & Concentrations • Consequences and Health Effects
PART - A
Introduction to TDS and the Regional
Total Diet Study (rTDS) Project
- A. O. Adegboye
Contents • Introduction to TDS • Significance of TDS • Background to r-TDS • Journey till date • Next Steps....
Total Diet Study • A globally accepted method for screening chemical contaminants in the overall diet of a population. • A scientific method of gathering evidence on a population diet that will inform areas of priority attention.
Objective of TDS To assess actual dietary exposure of key chemicals such as: • Pesticide residues • Radionuclides • Veterinary drug • Industrial residues Contaminants • Mycotoxins • Nutritients • Toxic metals • Additives
Importance of TDS • Determine which food groups or a particular group contributes more to the exposure of a contaminant i.e. Used as a Screening Tool • Evaluate any potential health risks to gender/groups of population for proper management and communication • Provides actual baseline records of actual levels and dietary exposures
Importance of TDS • Establish appropriate national risk management activities. • Provide robust and accurate scientific data to key stakeholders • Direct risk communication to appropriate audience • Provide useful data to the international risk assessment and standards setting bodies.
Tolerance Ratio of Global, Regional and National
Food Standards
NIS
Regional TDS: 4-Participating Countries
R-TDS objectives 6 EXPECTED OUTPUTS: 1. Strengthened capacity to conduct TDS at country level 2. TDS food lists are elaborated 3. Food contamination data are generated 4. Risk assessment of residues and contaminants 5. Knowledge shared 6. TDS outcome translated into risk management
Project Activities & Milestones
2014: Kick off Meeting and Commencement of Project at
Yaoundé Cameroon
2015: 1st Stakeholders Meeting in Abuja
2015: Collation of Available Food Records, Consumption
Pattern and Household Spending Data
2015 Compilation of Analytes of Interest
2015: Elaboration of National Food List
2015: Regional Training of Country Statisticians
2015: Perfection of Methodology and Sampling Plan
2016: Training of Field Officers on TDS Sampling and Field
Confirmation in Lagos
2016: Training of Field Officers on TDS Sampling and Field
Confirmation in Kano.2017: Screening and Selection of a suitable location to serve as
TDS Kitchen
2017: Season 1 Sample Procurement and Conveyance to the
Kitchen Lab
2017: Sample Preparation, Pooling and Preservation
2017: Conveyance and Delivery of Prepared Samples at the Testing
Labs
2018: Season 2 Sample Procurement and Conveyance to the
Kitchen Lab
2018: Sample Preparation, Pooling and Preservation
2018: Conveyance and Delivery of Prepared Samples at the
Regional Collation Centre
2018: 2nd FAO Regional Meeting at Yaounde Cameroon
2018: 2nd National Stakeholders MeetingProject Deliverables/Facts The RTDS Project has been able to: • Create awareness on Total Diet Study in Nigeria • Assemble group of national stakeholders on food safety both in 2015 and 2018 • Develop core food list for the country • Train 2 statistician on TDS Food Data • Train 37officers on TDS Food Sampling: 9 (Kano) and 26 (Lagos)
Some Participants at Lagos Rtds Training on Food Sampling
Project Deliverables/Facts...
• The RTDS Project has been able to:
• Sample a total of 3456 individual foods from 2 study centres
in Nigeria in accordance with 13 categories of FAO Food
Groups and Water.
• Deliver 288 homogenised pooled samples
• Generate a total 30,106 data on contaminants and
micronutrients in Nigeria
• The project has been coordinated so far by 3 Nominees of
DG(N):
• Mrs Jane Omojokun
• Mrs Stella Denloye
• Dr. Abimbola AdegboyeKitchen laboratory in Lagos
PART - B Methods and Materials - Prof S. B. Adebayo
Methods and Materials – (1) • Food Consumption Data were extracted from Household Budget Survey (HBS): Benin, Cameroon, Mali & Nigeria • The data include both the estimated value of food produced by Households (Hh) for their consumption and the amount spent for each food commodity recorded over a 2 week period
Methods and Materials – (2)
• To generate comparable food consumption data among
the 4 countries, 2 additional & harmonized levels were
added
– 84 food sub groups from where core foods were selected
– 13 food groups taken from WA Food Composition Table (Ref
FAO,
• To obtain a standardized unit to measure energy intake,
sex & age of Hh was recorded & converted into adult
male equivalents (AME) – See Table 1Table 1: Concept of Adult Male Equivalence - Age and sex recorded for each household member in Household Budget Surveys - Individual consumption impossible to assess within a household - Household is the smallest unit taken into consideration - Each individual is converted into adult male equivalent (AME) thanks to scale above
Methods and Materials
• Food consumption data were estimated as daily
consumption of food as consumed in gram (g) per
AME per day from these steps:
– Food expenditure & food produced by Hhs for their own
consumptions in local currency recorded over a 2 week
– Quantities of raw food commodity purchased/ produced for
Hh consumption converted into daily qty of edible raw food
commodity with edible raw fraction conversion factors in WA
Food composition Table
– Quantity of edible raw food converted into daily amount of
food as consumed with yield factorsStatistician’s Workshops: Methodology
Collection of available food expenditure data from household budget surveys (10.000 –
40.000 households per country) and food price databases
Unit price
Identification of edible conversion fraction and yield factors (West Africa Food
Composition Table FAO 2012)
Edible fraction Yield
Quantity of food
consumed by
householdMethod and Materials • Biases due to under or over reporting were selected within the range from 1,200 kcal/AME/day to 5,100 kcal/AME/day • Under- and over reporting households were discarded from the datasets • Four national core food lists were established (1 per country) as the result of a selection process from a harmonized list of 84 food sub groups
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5
0
100
300
500
700
900
1200 Kcal/AME/day
1100 (energy requirement for low
1300 physical activity level -3SD)
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
Number of households (ECAM 2 - 2006)
4300
4500
Distribution of households per energy intake
4700
4900
5100
5300
5500 5100 Kcal/AME/day
5700 (energy requirement for high
5900
physical activity level +3SD)
6100
6300
6500
6700
6900
7100
7300
7500
7700
7900
Method and Materials
8100
8300
8500
8700
8900
9100
9300
9500
based on energy consumption VS energy requirements (FAO, 2001)
9700
Over/under reporting households data were discared from datasets
9900
10100
10300
Kcal/AME/dayR-TDS Food Classification Hierarchy
13 (FAO) food groups
Level 1
84 regional (R-TDS)
food subgroups
Level 2
123 (Mali) – 284 (Cameroon) food items
Level 3Sampling Method At the National Level • Sampling was done at the wholesale markets in the two study centres of Lagos and Kano • Sampling covered the 13 FAO Food Groups including water used for cooking • For each of the selected core foods from the FAO food groups, subsamples were identified • 12 samples from each subsamples were procured from the wholesales market
Analytical Methods
Sample Preparations
• At national kitchen laboratory sample preparation
was done with best practices to avoid external
contaminations
• For Pesticide Residues, QuEChERS (AOAC) screening
procedure employed followed by confirmatory test
• For Instrumentation: AOAC methods using-
–LC-MSMS, GC-MSMS, GC-HRMS & ICP-MSPART - C
Results: Occurence & Concentrations
- Dr. Charles NwachukwuAn Overview of the Lab Test • For mycotoxins: – 102 homogenised samples screened – 145 analytes • For Pesticides: – 34 homogenised samples screened – 47 analytes positive – 37 confirmed
An Overview of the Lab Test...
• For Heavy Metals:
– 66 homogenised samples from 792 pooled food samples
screened
– 30 analytes
• From 16 homogenised samples drawn from 192
pooled food samples screened -
❖Dioxins: 35analytes
❖PAHs : 21 analytes
❖PFOS: 14 analytesAn overview of the lab tests...
Homogenise No of Analytes No of No of
d Samples Pooled Screened Detection Confirmatio
Tested Matrix n
Mycotoxins 102 1224 145 NA 145
Pesticide 248 2976 47 47 37
Residues
Heavy 66 792 30 NA 30
Metals
Dioxins 16 192 35 NA 35
PAHs 16 192 21 NA 21
PFOS 16 192 14 NA 14Mycotoxin Results: Rainy Season Samples STANDARDS FUMONISIN µg/kg AFLATOXIN µg/kg NIS 2 10 EU 2 4 CODEX 2 10 ❖ Results shows high levels of Aflatoxin B1 (10.384 µg/kg), Fumonisin B1 (332.48 µg/kg), Fumonisin B2 (88.3µg/kg), Fumonisin B3 (45.64µg /kg), Fumonisin B4 (37.86 µg/kg) Citrinin (50.28 µg/kg). in maize
RAINY SEASON SAMPLES CONT’D ❖ Similar high levels of various Mycotoxins were obtained for maize sampled from Lagos during the Rainy season. ❖ Peanuts from Kano presented high levels of Aflatoxin B1 (64.576 µg/kg) Aflatoxin B2 (11.848 µg/kg). ❖ Groundnuts oil showed high level of Aflatoxin B1 (14.576 µg/kg).
DRY SEASON SAMPLES ❖Maize sampled in Kano showed high levels of : Fumonisin B1 (477.04 µg/kg), Fumonisin B2 (150.16 µg/kg), Fumonisin B3 (60.704 µg/kg) Fumonisin B4 (44.16 µg/kg). Similar high level of Fumonisins were obtained from maize samples from Lagos.
DRY SEASON SAMPLES CONT’D ❖Sorghum sample from Lagos showed a high level of: Fumonisin B1 (19.44 µg).
TAB. 1:LEVEL OF FUMONISINS IN MAIZE (RAINY SEASON)
TAB. 2:LEVEL OF FUMONISIN IN MAIZE (DRY SEASON)
TAB.3: AFLATOXIN B1 & B2 CONTENT OF PEANUT
70
64.576
60
50
40
µg/kg
30
20
10 10 11.848
10 4
0 0 0
CODEX
NIS
KANO(AF B1)
KANO(AF B2)
EU
LAGOS(AF B1)
LAGOS(AF B2)METALS ❖ Several metals were analyzed for samples from the 2 centres. ❖ These include Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ba, Hg, Pb. ❖ Heavy concentration of Sodium (up to 243,580mg/kg) in Bouilons and ❖ Presence of most other heavy metals (Chromium, Manganese, Arsenic, Mercury, Al, Mg, Ti, etc) In Bouillon samples is a call for closer study
METALS ❖ Lead in high concentrations in yam (dry) products, sorghum, beef and other vegetables are calls for closer studies.
PESTICIDE RESIDUES ❖ High levels of pesticide residues were detected in some of the samples from the centres. ❖ These include, Permethrin, (Nuts, Chilly/pepper, palm oil). Chlorpyriphos ethyl (groundnut oil, vegetables). Dichlorvos (industrial Fermented drinks, vegetables, beans, citrus, rice, cassava fresh, melon/water melon, tomatoes, rice, Maize, beans, cocoyam, yam fresh, plantain, beans, onions and garlic, wheat/bread, maize, peas, yam dry.
PESTICIDE RESIDUES CONT’D Carbendazim (Peas) Thiabendazole (Citrus) Acetamiprid (vegetables) Dimethoate, O-methoate (vegetables, Peas maize, beans, cocoyam, yam fresh plantain, beans, onions & garlic, wheat/bread, maize, peas, yam dry
PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONT’D Carbendazin(Peas, maize, beans, cocoyam, yam fresh, plantain, beans, onions & garlic, wheat/bread, maize, yam dry. ❖The Concentration of these pesticide residues are high and in few cases higher than the minimum residual limit especially dichlorvos.
Dioxins, PCBs & PFOS • Total Dioxins detected in: • Palm oil sampled in Kano (101.094pg/g of fresh wt) and Lagos (11.989 pg/g); • Bouillion 1.955ppt (Kano) and 1.944ppt in Lagos • Groundnut oil in Kano 21.086ppt and Milk in Lagos 2.388pg/g. • Other vegetables combined in Lagos recorded 37.263 ppt.
Remarks It is hoped that the total diet studies will be sustained and the outcome and identified priorities be utilized to make Food safer for human consumption in Nigeria.
Part - D
Consequences and Health Effects
- Godwin AkwaIntroduction • Health effects of the identified contaminants in the local food supply chain is enormous • They are in multiple occurrences and in values above acceptable limits. • Principal among the contaminants were: ✓ Mycotoxins and other metabolites ✓ Pesticides. ✓ Dioxins, PAHs, PCBs and PFOS. ✓ Heavy metals.
Health Effects of Mycotoxins & Other
Metabolites.
• Global impact of mycotoxins in human and
animal health has long been established.
• Ingestion of food contaminated by mycotoxins
can cause:
– acute gastrointestinal poisoning
– long term immune deficiency
– chronic liver disease and
– cancer as a result of DNA mutation.Health Effects of Mycotoxins & Other
Metabolites.
• Generally, symptoms associated with regulated
mycotoxins contamination include:
– Fatigue & weakness
– Headache & nausea
– Vomiting & diarrhoea
– dizziness & drowsiness
– poor memory & difficulty in concentration,
– morning stiffness & joint pains
– unusual skin sensation, tingling & dumbness, sinuses
and chronic cough.Health Effects of Pesticide Residues • Pesticide residues in food identified in the study, at levels higher than maximum limits, such as chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, permethrin, etc have negative impact on public health. • Acute poisoning can cause seizures, rashes and gastro intestinal illness.
Health Effects of Mycotoxins & Other
Metabolites.
• Long term exposure can result in:
– cancer
– adverse reproductive outcomes as well as
– nervous disorders such as:
• cognitive and psychomotor dysfunctions.Health Effects of PAHs, PFOS AND PCBs... • Heavy doses of these groups of contaminants in food portend danger to public health. • Though for some there are no serious negative health implications, • Studies in animals have shown that they may be of public health concern.
Health Effects of PAHs, PFOS AND PCBs...
• PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons):
- The body usually breakdown PAHs into metabolites
that are excreted in urine and faeces.
- However, several of the PAHs when ingested over a
long time, may lead to cancer of the lung and heart
problem.
• PFOS (Perfluorooctane Sulfonate):
- Exposure over certain levels may affect the
development of foetuses or breastfed infants
- low birth weight, accelerated puberty, testicular/kidney
problems.Health Effects of PAHs, PFOS AND PCBs... • PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls): - Clear relationship between PCBs exposure and effects in humans is not established due to observed differences but evidences associate exposure with increased risk of cancer of the digestive tract, liver and skin. -Also with reproductive deficiencies, retarded growth and lower immunity.
Health Effects of Dioxins This includes: - Hormonal problem - Infertility, - Cancer - Diabetes. - The hallmark of prolonged high level of exposure to dioxins is chloracne – severe acne-like lesions mainly on the face and upper body. - The > 1X101 difference between total dioxins concentration detected in Kano and Lagos palm oil samples calls for focussed study
Health Effects of Some Heavy Metal Contaminants. • Sodium: - Stroke, heart failure, osteoporosis, stomach cancer. - At risk are diabetics, high or elevated Bp patients, • Chromium (Hexavalent Compoud): - Respiratory irritation, lung and nasal obstruction, asthma, sinus cancer, etc.
Health Effects of Some Heavy Metal Contaminants... • Arsenic: - Acute poisoning – diarrhoea, vomiting blood, blood in urine, hair loss, etc. - Chronic poisoning – increased risk of lung, bladder & skin cancer. - Kidney and liver damage. • Mercury: - CNS/digestive system disorders, lung and kidney damage, may be fatal.
Remarks • The R-TDS results as relate to Nigeria revealed multiple occurrences of pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals and PAHs, often, in a single composite food as eaten. • The results partly and covertly explained the reasons for the prevailing indices of public health challenges in the country – rising incidences of cancer, hypertension, reproductive dysfunctions, diabetes, asthma, etc.
Remarks...
• It may also tried to explain the high rate of
rejects of our agricultural exports in
international trade.
• These might just be justification for:
– more focused studies in the identified areas of the
study,
– need for immediate public awareness and
sensitisation to issues identified.
– Closer studies to our health and trade standards
and regulationsRemarks... There is need for stakeholders to pay more attention to the following areas, among others: ▪ Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). ▪ Safe and proper use of pesticides and disposal of containers. ▪ Safe storage and preservation of agricultural commodities. ▪ Domestication of TDS.
Contents • Introduction to TDS • Significance of TDS • Background to r-TDS • Journey till date • Next Steps....
Conclusion
PROJECT SWOT ANALYSIS
Strenght: Opportunities:
Sensitivity (level of detection ppm -First time broad-knowledge of chemicals in our
ppb ppt) food including micronutrients & trace metals
Number of analytes - Data based communication amongst partners
Sampling size is ideal - Science to direct areas of further attention
Exposure of Sharp and Hidden - Science to speak to our policies,standards and
Practices regulations
- Baseline data for trends to build on
Weaknesses: Threat:
- No individual consumption data - Sustainability
- Only two study centres (though - Cooperation and Collaboration
cosmopolitan & big markets) - Funding
- Only 2 seasons samplingAcknowledgements
OTHER
MDAs NAFDAC
STAKEHOLDERSThank you
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