UN-HABITAT COUNTRY PROGRAMME MOZAMBIQUE 2018-2021
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UN-HABITAT COUNTRY PROGRAMME
MOZAMBIQUE
2018-2021
United Nations Human Settlements Programme
151 Macombe Makossa, Sommerrschield - Maputo, Mozambique
Tel. +258 21492579 | email:unhabitat- moz@un.org
UN-Habitat Country Programme Aerial view of Maputo City. Source: UN-Habitat / Fellix Vollmann Post-disaster school reconstruction in Nampula using the methodology “Build Back Better”, 2019 (photo on the right) : UN-Habitat / Juan Martinez 02 |
2018-2021
The process of urbanization development when the necessary
historically has been associated infrastructure is not developed or
with other important economic and when policies are not implemented to
social transformations, which have
ensure that the benefits of city life are
brought greater geographic mobility,
lower fertility, longer life expectancy equitably shared. Today, despite the
and population ageing. Cities are comparative advantage of cities, urban
important drivers of development areas are more unequal than rural
and poverty reduction in both urban areas and hundreds of millions of the
and rural areas, as they concentrate
world’s urban poor live in sub-standard
much of the national economic
activity, government, commerce and conditions. In some cities, unplanned or
transportation, and provide crucial inadequately managed urban expansion
links with rural areas, between cities, leads to rapid sprawl, pollution, and
and across international borders. environmental degradation, together
Urban living is often associated with with unsustainable production and
higher levels of literacy and education,
consumption patterns. Urbanization is
better health, greater access to social
services, and enhanced opportunities integrally connected to the three pillars
for cultural and political participation. of sustainable development: economic
Nevertheless, rapid and unplanned development, social development and
urban growth threatens sustainable environmental protection.”
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division (2014)l.
| 03UN-Habitat Country Programme
1. INTRODUCTION
1. UN-Habitat is the United Nations Nampula and Quelimane on projects growth of urban areas as a result of
programme working towards a better concerning seven provinces. During migration from rural to urban areas
urban future. Its mission is to promote the past 15 years, amongst others, - is inevitable. Urban development,
socially and environmentally sustainable the following areas were supported: however, is not sustainable without
human settlements development and urban planning and infrastructure, considering rural development, since
the achievement of adequate shelter disaster risk reduction, rehabilitation there is a strong relation between rural,
for all. and advocacy for urban resilience, peri-urban and urban areas.
housing and informal settlements
2. UN-Habitat has been working in 4. This UN-Habitat Country Programme
upgrading, improving access to basic
Mozambique since 2002. Throughout Document (HCPD) is the framework
facilities and various training, studies
the past years, UN-Habitat has built along which UN-Habitat in Mozambique
and policy development support to the
a strong position in the country proposes to support the Government
Government of Mozambique.
and has worked closely with the and the People of Mozambique to reach
Government of Mozambique and 3. Although development support in their goals as stated in the five-year
its partners. Currently UN-Habitat is Mozambique has a strong emphasis on government strategy, provincial, district
working with teams based in Maputo, rural areas, urbanisation - the physical and municipal development plans.
2. KEY TERMS USED IN THIS COUNTRY
PROGRAMME
5. The following key terms, that during has many short links, numerous The definition of ‘urban’ varies from
the preparation lead to discussion, intersections, and minimal cul-de- country to country, and, with periodic
are used in this country programme sacs. As connectivity increases, reclassification, can also vary within
document. The UN definition is being travel distances decrease and route one country over time, making
used. Accessibility options and travel modes increase, direct comparisons difficult. An
allowing more direct travel between urban area can be defined by one or
A general term used to describe the
destinations, creating a more more of the following: administrative
degree to which a product, device,
accessible and resilient system. criteria or political boundaries (e.g.,
service or environment is available
area within the jurisdiction of a
to as many people as possible. The Density
municipality or town committee), a
physical access to a space or service
Urban density can be explained as threshold population size (where the
is one of its components and the one
the number of people in a given area minimum for an urban settlement
used in this document.
or space. Measuring urban density is typically in the region of 2,000
Connectivity consists of three components: people, although this varies globally
population, occupancy and residential between 200 and 50,000), population
Street connectivity refers to the
density, which are interrelated and density, economic function (e.g.,
density of connections in a street
mutually dependent. where a significant majority of the
network and the directness of links.
population is not primarily engaged in
A well- connected street network Urban areas
agriculture, or where there is surplus
04 |2018-2021
employment) or the presence of Is the capacity to adapt when exposed
urban characteristics (e.g., paved to a hazard or systemic change in
streets, electric lighting, sewerage). order to maintain an acceptable level
In Mozambique, all municipal areas of functional organization.
are considered urban areas.
Disaster risk reduction
Public Space
The decrease of the threats caused
Public spaces are all places publicly by the climatic events and natural
owned or of public use, accessible and disasters.
enjoyable by all for free and without a
Informal settlements and slums
profit motive
The terms are frequently
Urbanisation built to specific standards but which,
interchangeable. A slum is a
over time, have become physically
An increase in a population in cities settlement made up of households
deteriorated, overcrowded and
and towns versus rural areas that lack one or more of the following
inhabited by lowest income groups
five conditions: access to potable
Adequate housing only. There is no single definition of
water, access to hygienic sanitation
the term “informal settlement”. It
For a home to be adequate, one must facilities, sufficient living area per
generally refers to unplanned squatter
take into account many factors: Where person (not more than three people
areas that lack street grids and basic
is it located, its affordability and the sharing the same room), structural
infrastructure, with precarious shacks
availability of basic services such as quality and durability of dwellings and
erected on unsanctioned subdivisions
water, sanitation and drainage. security of tenure. The term “slum”
of land or without the consent of the
originates from affordable housing
Urban resilience landowner.
schemes that were planned and
3. PROGRAMME RATIONALE
6. Mozambique has been one of urbanisation rate (3.3% per year) areas (80.6% vs 37.0%) and people
Africa’s fastest growing economies will lead to a fast growth of urban using improved sanitation is 42.4%
throughout the past years, driven by areas, being a combination of natural (urban) vs 10.1% (rural)6.
investments related to the exploration growth and rural-urban migration4.
8. “Throughout the past 30 years,
of natural resources. Many of these By 2040, it is expected that 50% of
investments in the major urban
(foreign) investments are located in the Mozambican population will live in
areas were limited7 leading, in most
the so called ‘development corridors’. cities (based upon the official Census
cases, to continuous degradation
While prospects for economic growth 2007, the actual growth seems to
of the built-up areas and sub- urban
remain positive, falling commodity be a little higher than projected).
developments. However, in the
prices, delayed investment decisions, This means that in the coming 25
last ten years, more real estate
and rising public debt have exposed years urban areas in Mozambique
investments are seen in and around
the economic and financial fragility of will continue growing rapidly and will
the formal centres. On the other hand,
the country1. have to accommodate 80 thousand
the suburbs never stopped growing,
new households annually. Although a
7. Out of the estimated 28,751,0002 in the purest informality, which in
high number of the urban population
inhabitants, 32.2%3 live in urban most cases means a complete lack of
is living in informal settlements
areas - in absolute numbers 9,3 million formal registration and authorization
(approximately 80%)5, access to
people. The rapid overall population of municipal authorities, a major
improved drinking water in urban
growth (2.8% per year) and the disruption, poor sanitation, and
areas is twice as high than in rural
| 05UN-Habitat Country Programme
inadequate infrastructure for health”8. The housing finance system is the living place, work place and basic
Frequently these informal settlements underdeveloped; there is a structural facilities (school, hospital, etc.) makes
are located in low-lying areas subject lack of long-term funding and very low it difficult to exploit the full potential
to flood risk, mosquitoes and erosion. level of public investment. Security of offered by urban areas.
land tenure in both urban and rural
9. Most urban areas are located 13. At the municipal level, the number
areas is poor – not many people hold a
either near the sea or rivers; urban of staff that is working in the field of
DUAT (direito de uso e aproveitamento
settlements follow waterways and sustainable urban development and
da terra), which in general would
infrastructure. It is estimated that housing is limited. Larger cities such as
stimulate investments by individuals
around 60% of Mozambicans live along Maputo, Beira and Nampula have staff
and enable local governments in
the Indian Ocean coastline or in river trained as urban planners/ developers
strengthening their budgets. Apart
flood prone areas. This makes these or housing experts, however most of
from the municipalities, DUATs in rural
areas vulnerable to flooding, seasonal the municipalities lack capacities. The
areas are issued at the provincial level.
cyclones and chronic drought. The root cause of this is the difference in
Recently, Mozambique’s President
latter affects agricultural yields in remuneration between the public and
declared that, within the next 5 years,
rural areas, causing more migration the private sector.
5 million new DUAT’s should be
towards cities, and with negative
issued. 14. Most data currently used dates
impacts on the quality and quantity
from 2007 and does clearly distinguish
of available food. Furthermore, there 11. “The economically active
rural from urban population. The
are serious solid waste management population in urban areas is high at
census 2017 will give a new insight
problems in Mozambican cities and 84.9% while in the rural areas it is
in the current population and growth
towns. The combination of lack of at 90.3%. The employment rate is
rates. In Mozambique there is no
solid waste management (blocking increasing compared to previous data;
formal definition of ‘urban area’ other
the drainage systems, often causing in 2015, the average in the country
than being a municipality. According
urban flooding) and the high likelihood was 67.2% (68.2% for men and 66.4%
to the 2007 Territorial Planning Law,
of flooding cause waterborne diseases for women) taking into account the
urban land (solo urbano) is defined as
that spread easily in densely occupied INE (Insitituto Nacional de Estatística)
the entire area within the perimeter
urban areas. Due to the country’s definition. Despite the fact that a
of municipalities, towns and villages
vastness and the low average large part of the economically active
(headquarters of administrative
population density (36.6 people/ population has some form of job,
posts and localities), legally
km2)9 the connectivity between only a minority of workers are fully
established13. Therefore, ‘urban’ and
urban areas, small and large, and the employed, suggesting a serious deficit
‘municipal’ development are used
rural areas is poor. of decent work, low productivity
interchangeably in Mozambique.
and low quality”11. The latest family
10. The demand for housing in When talking about ‘urban
budget survey12 shows that total
Mozambique is growing, especially areas’, currently 53 municipalities
employment is much higher in rural
in cities like Maputo, Nampula, Beira, (‘autarquias’) are recognized, of which
areas, for both men and women, and
Nacala and Tete, where natural 23 cities and 30 towns. At the time
the gender gap in employment rates
resource extraction is driving the of the approval of the municipal laws
is led mainly by gender differences in
population growth and economic (1997) there were 23 classified cities,
urban areas (see table “Employment”
development. It is estimated that including Maputo, the 10 provincial
below).
80% of the population has no access capitals, and twelve others. In addition,
to dignified housing. According to 12. Looking at the diversity and the the government proposes that one
the United Nations Committee on quality of jobs (remuneration), there town (i.e. one district capital) in each
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, is (far) more diversity in the urban province becomes a municipality
the right to adequate housing should areas. Amongst the main concerns every 5 years. The number of
not be interpreted in a restrictive sense of the urban population is the poor municipalities in Mozambique then
such as merely having a roof over one’s grows gradually. After the next
head; it includes guaranteeing (a) EMPLOYMENT municipal elections (Q3 2019) there
legal security of tenure; (b) availability will be 63 municipalities, then after
of services, materials, facilities and MEN WOMEN TOTAL 5 years 73, and so on. Municipalities
infrastructure; (c) affordability; (d) URBAN 57,4% 48,7% 52,9%
are responsible for managing day-
habitability; (e) accessibility; (f) to-day local development and are,
RURAL 74,3% 75,6% 75,0%
location; and (g) cultural adequacy10. amongst others, responsible for
An additional 1.2 million housing units TOTAL 68,2% 66,4% 67,2% spatial development, urban land
would be needed to accommodate management, construction, roads,
the population growth between 2016- schools, health, housing, basic
2026, much of which so far has been connectivity between work and the services and infrastructure, local
either self and informally provided or living place. Since public transport is economic and social development.
not provided at all, as the supply level limited and expensive, travel costs Each municipality has the obligation
in the formal market remains very to reach the work place are generally to have a Structure Plan (Plano de
low. Majority of the stock is informal, high and in some cases represent up Estrutura Urbana), partial plans – per
built incrementally on public land to 40% of the household income. neighbourhood / or (Planos Parciais
and drawing on household savings. The lack of connectivity between de Urbanizaçāo) and detailed plans
06 |2018-2021
(Planos de Pormernor). that the exploration of natural the main fields of the Sustainable
resources and production activities Development Goals (SDG’s). Central
15. The Government of Mozambique
minimize the negative impact on to the UNDAF is the vision: ‘The
has defined five key priorities in its Five
the environment and communities. population of Mozambique, especially
Year Programme 2015-2019 (Programa
Urban and territorial planning should those living in the most vulnerable
Quinquenal de Governação - PQG): (i)
strengthen the implementation conditions, enjoys prosperity through
Consolidation of national unity, peace
of government ambitions. Strong equitable access to resources and
and sovereignty, (ii) Development
emphasis is placed on reducing quality services in a peaceful and
of Human and Social Capital,
the impact of hazards and climate sustainable environment.’ The PQG is
(iii) Stimulation of employment,
change adaptation: communities, a strategy for the period of 2015-2019,
productivity and competitiveness, (iv)
the economy and infrastructure will it was reviewed and recent/actual
Development of social and economic
need to become less vulnerable, topics or topics that receive more
infrastructure and (v) Sustainable and
while national, sectorial and local political attention, such as access
transparent management of natural
capacity should increase to become to affordable housing and climate
resources and the environment.
more ‘resilient’. Therefore, a national change adaptation are included.
Within these priorities, the following
cadastre should be developed,
expected achievements/activities 18. UN-Habitat has a long experience
land use management and control
planned by GoM touch the working in Mozambique and has gained trust
and implement land tenure rights
field of UN-Habitat: and credibility from the government
ought to be strengthened, territorial
and different partners for its work in
• Under priority ii: a better planning will need to be implemented
the field of Disaster Risk Reduction
performance of basic social services, and monitored, high risk zones need
(DRR), urban planning and resilience
access to education, health risks, to be mapped, a knowledge centre
and housing. The work carried out
water, sanitation and housing require for climate change and disaster risk
translates into technical advisory and
the development of fundamental reduction should be operationalized
normative services, a broad array
human capacity to improve social and communities, private sector and
of publications, pilot construction
and economic well-being. Therefore, civil society organisations will need
projects (school, health posts, radio
the Government intends to increase to gain a better understanding of
station and housing, mainly), slum
the provision and access to water, climate change relate risks and natural
upgrading projects, plan and policy
sanitation, transport, communication disasters.
development and training of local,
and shelter; improve public space
16. Various ministries within the provincial and national staff. UN-
in urban areas and promote self-
government of Mozambique bare a Habitat adopts a strong community
construction of housing and
responsibility in the urban domain: the based and participatory approach in
improve the plan development and
Ministry of State Administration and all its activities. The country office is
implementation of infrastructure in
Public Facilities (MAEFP) is the primary working in close collaboration with
urban and rural areas.
focal point of municipalities and is UN- Habitat thematic branches,
• Under priority iii: the promotion of responsible for municipal finance and being: Urban Planning and Design,
sustainable and inclusive economic local administration; the Ministry of Urban Economy, Urban Basic Services,
growth supported by infrastructure Public Works, Housing and Water Housing and Slum Upgrading, Urban
that aims to increase productivity in Resources, (MOPHRH) is responsible Legislation Land and Governance,
sectors that are engines of growth, for housing and infrastructure Research and Capacity Building, Risk
such as agriculture and fishery. development; the Ministry of Land, Reduction and Rehabilitation.
Furthermore, industrialization that Agriculture and Rural development
aims to modernize the economy and (MITADER) is responsible for urban
increase exports is being promoted. and land use planning; the Ministry of
Economy and Finance (MEF); and the
• Under priority iv: sustainable
National Association of Mozambican
expansion and improvement of socio-
Municipalities (ANAMM). Since Urban
economic infrastructures that support
development is a transversal topic
private sector production activities
rather than sectorial, the responsibility
and increase the capacity of the
for ‘urban development’ lies with all of
public sector to provide basic social
these stakeholders, among others.
services to the public. Therefore, the
Government intends to increase the 17. The United Nations work as
access to and quality of energy that is One UN with the Government of
needed for socio-economic activities, Mozambique. Based upon the PQG,
domestic use and export; the road in late 2015 the United Nations
1. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, 2015
network should be expanded, the Development Assistance Framework 2. and 3. United Nations Statistics Division 2016 and 2015
capacity of the water network should (UNDAF) for Mozambique was drafted 4. In general in Sub-Saharan Africa the urban growth is 56% caused
by natural growth
be improved. and endorsed by the Government 5. Programa de Desenvolvimento Municipal (PRODEM)
6. United Nations Statistics Division 2015
of Mozambique. The UNDAF is 7. and 8 Mozambique Habitat III report
• Under priority v: strengthen 9. United Nations Statistics Division 2016 10. Human Rights Council,
structured in four main pillars in 2013
territorial planning and adaptation 11. Source: ILO, Igor Felice
Mozambique: Prosperity, People, 12. IOF2014/15, done by INE
of new technologies to ensure 13. Lei de Ordenamento do Território, 2007
Peace and Planet – the same as
| 07UN-Habitat Country Programme
4. UN-HABITAT’S VISION FOR MOZAMBIQUE
19. UN-Habitat aims to support UN-Habitat believes urban areas in 24. With relation to access to
Mozambique to manage and develop Mozambique offer many possibilities affordable housing, it is believed
its urban and peri urban areas to to bring prosperity, sustainable that the relation between housing
increase their resilience to natural development and reduction of and land, and those government
hazards and ability to accommodate inequalities, if cities were better entities that are working on both
urban growth by reducing inequalities. managed, planned and developed. topics, need to develop a common
This includes making housing more approach. Dignified housing does not
22. UN-Habitat is convinced that
affordable and securing land tenure solely depend on creating access to
people will continue living and moving
rights, especially for the urban poor, finance or improving materials, but
towards those areas that potentially
with special consideration for women is a result of good urban planning,
have the most and best opportunities
and youth. creating access to basic facilities and
to make a living. In Mozambique, since
the availability of a well working land
20. The absolute number of urban agricultural and fishing are still primarily
system.
dwellers in Mozambique is growing sources of income, often these areas
rapidly. The positive side of this is are prone to natural hazards. Instead 25. This requires, among other
that for the majority of the future of trying to encourage people to move aspects: (i) a better understanding
urban population, the villages and away from those zones, for example of the current municipal set up and
cities still need to be developed (until by moving infrastructures such as stronger community involvement
2050 for 21 million) people. In other schools and hospitals to higher lands, in urban development processes;
words: if managed well and learning UN-Habitat is promoting adaptation (ii) the need to promote a national
from current mistakes and challenges, to floods, cyclones and droughts, for discourse and agenda for sustainable
the positive opportunities can be example through programmes such as urbanisation in Mozambique, in
concretised. UN-Habitat is therefore ‘living with floods’. particular by strengthening urban-
placing emphasis not only on the rural linkages; (iii) an improved urban
23. To foster the national debate on
already existing urban areas, but also governance capacity and coherence
urban development, it is critical to
in those rural areas that are most likely throughout all concerned government
get a common understanding on
to urbanize rapidly. institutions, at the different levels;
what is ‘urban’, what is not and what
and (iv) better plans, strategies and
21. The positive opportunities that is ‘urbanisation’ to ensure that leaders
legal frameworks that include urban
urban areas have to offer are not at all tiers of government approach
resilience and disaster risk reduction,
sufficiently considered – in fact, current and future urban areas in
meant to accommodate future social,
debates on cities and urban areas tend such a way it increases equity and
economic and population growth in
to focus mainly on the challenges. resilience.
cities/urban areas.
5. PROGRAMME PRIORITIES
26. Based upon the needs defined land management, access to basic 27. The three pillars are based
by the Government of Mozambique, services and housing, and disaster upon the government’s priorities
meetings with government risk reduction, three programme and are contextualised into global,
representatives at central and local pillars are defined: regional and national development
level, UN- Habitat’s past and on- frameworks, including UN-Habitat’s
1. Sustainable Urbanisation
going projects, programmes and seven focus areas, namely: (i) Urban
experiences, and an assessment 2. Disaster Risk Reduction and Legislation, Land and Governance, (ii)
carried out in 2015 that showed that Climate Change Adaptation Urban Planning and Design, (iii) Urban
UN-Habitat’s added-value is the Economy, (iv) Urban Basic Services, (v)
3. Security of Land Tenure and
highest in the fields of urban planning, Housing and Slum Upgrading, (vi) Risk
Affordable Housing
Reduction and Rehabilitation and (vii)
08 |2018-2021
1. Sustainable Urbanisation
PILLARS OF
THE UN-HABITAT
COUNTRY
2. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
PROGRAMME:
3. Security of Land Tenure and Affordable Housing
Research and Capacity Development. growth and reduce risks are aspects this situation can be improved
Globally, reference is made to the that justify greater attention to through better territorial planning and
Sustainable Development Goals regional development and planning. management. The latter would likely
(SDGs) and especially SDG 11: ‘Make lead to increased socioeconomic
30. The process of urbanisation and
cities inclusive, safe, resilient and development, by improving access
the migration from rural to urban areas
sustainable’. to basic services, infrastructure and
is difficult to predict and impossible
jobs, decreasing travel time and
28. At the national scale, there is to steer. However, government can
transportation costs, and through
currently no common approach create the conditions under which
stronger urban-rural linkages. In
for urban development. Various urbanisation is better controlled.
terms of regional/territorial planning
ministries have designed and Currently, in Mozambique, the
and economic development, there is
developed different programmes perception of what is “urban” is unclear.
a need to increase the focus on food
that improve some aspects related Regardless of the exact definition,
security, especially in (peri-)urban
to urbanisation, with a specific focus urban areas are growing; unlike other
areas. Promoting Local Economic
such as roads construction, electricity countries, Mozambique has not yet
Development (LED) is also important.
and water supply, sanitation, been able to fully benefit socially and
The Government of Mozambique
municipal finances, etc. However, a economically from this irreversible
acknowledges the importance of
coordinated and coherent approach, trend. ‘Rural’ and ‘urban’ areas have
regional development and therefore
in which economic development and not yet been clearly defined from a
designed programmes for establishing
resilience also play a key role, as well functional perspective. Assessing the
development corridors. However,
as the definition of a territorial system situation, creating an understanding
the need to build a stronger linkage
of cities with reinforced urban-rural of the formal and informal relations
between rural and urban development
linkages, is still missing. Coherence between cities, towns and villages,
has not yet been made explicit.
between urban planning and design, agriculture and industry, where to
urban finance and economy, and build and what to protect, and the 32. During the past years UN-
a legal framework to support impact of rapid growth could serve Habitat has been working in close
implementation and enforcement as basis for elaborating a strategy collaboration with the Government
should constitute the foundations for territorial development, where of Mozambique and municipalities to
of a sustainable urban development people can benefit more equitably improve urban development in cities
framework from the locational potentialities. throughout the country by supporting
Improving the system of urban and plan development, delivering
rural will benefit both, however, a clear training and promoting community
understanding on the functioning of participation processes. Getting a
a regional spatial system is critical to better understanding of the territorial
Sustainable Urbanisation know where and what to invest in. context, the need to preserve the
quality of the environment, the need
31. Urban population growth does
to mitigate the negative impact of
29. Making urban areas resilient and not automatically lead to more equal
economic/ urban growth and to reduce
sustainable requires a comprehensive opportunities, considering the high
risks, all justify a stronger focus on
understanding of national and local unemployment rate in urban areas.
regional planning and development.
spatial realities, in order to adapt to Nevertheless, the urban areas are
For example, UN-Habitat’s experience
the needs regarding socioeconomic growing mainly because of people
showed that there is a need for a legal
development the prevention, looking for a job, better income
framework that enables neighbouring
preparation and mitigation of risks. opportunities, better services, and
municipalities and districts to prepare
Therefore, insight in the territorial also to move away from remote/
joint development /land use plans.
context, the needs to preserve the isolated areas where the living
UN-Habitat has therefore proposed
environment, the needs to mitigate conditions are difficult due to political
the elaboration of an inter- district
negative impacts of economic / urban crises, food insecurity, etc. However,
land use plan (Plano Interdistrital de
| 09UN-Habitat Country Programme
Uso de Terra – PIDUT) for the Special • Enhance local revenue collection • A project on urban mobility with
Economic Zone of Nacala. Since local in order to increase investments in greater Maputo area
capacity is limited and the focus is basic facilities and infrastructure at
often on short term interventions, municipal level.
Disaster Risk Reduction and
the number of proposed actions in
Climate Change Adaptation
• Support to improving public spaces,
territorial planning and development
focussing on safety of youth and
should be limited to a handful of key
women 34. In Mozambican urban areas,
transformative actions that are well
approximately 80% of the urban
explained and communicated. In During the period of implementation
population live in informal
addition, UN-Habitat’s community of the HCPD, we foresee development
settlements. The absence of effective
participation approach leads to of the following projects/ programmes
land use management and planning
for a more sustainable process to (not limited):
systems to meet the needs of the
develop and implement urban plans,
• Develop a National Urban Policy; largely informal poor urban dwellers
as it increases the buy-in and the
may ultimately hinder the capacity
understanding of the concerned • Scale up the preparation of city-wide
to sustain crucial and ecosystem-
populations. development strategies (such as the
dependent industries, such as fishing
ones elaborated for Nampula, Nacala
33. During the coming five years UN- and tourism. In Maputo alone, some
and Tete) to other municipalities, in
Habitat intends to build upon the 75% of the urban population lives in
collaboration with ANAMM;
good results of past experiences and ‘bairros informais’ with limited or no
to initiate the following programmes: • Develop a guide supporting services and poor housing conditions.
municipalities to improve urban In other larger municipalities,
• Foster the national debate for
planning (if possible in cooperation unregulated informal settlements
strengthening Local Economic
with other Lusophone African make up roughly 90% of the municipal
Development in urban areas;
countries), in collaboration with territory14.
• Strengthen advocacy and dialogue MITADER, ANAMM and IMPFA
35. Unplanned urbanization can create
for re-defining the urban agenda in (Instituto Medio de Planeamento
or increase vulnerability to disasters.
Mozambique; Fisico e Ambiente).;
Fast-paced urban growth is often
MAIN DISASTER RISKS IN MOZAMBIQUE
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010 |2018-2021
uncontrolled in sub-Saharan Africa, the full leadership of municipalities of Mozambique and UN-Habitat.
since the waves of newcomers (mostly themselves. Furthermore, UN-Habitat It is also a very complex topic that
poor) face important challenges to has placed a lot of effort in developing comprises many aspects, among
access land within cities. Many need adequate and easy to understand others: security of land tenure,
to resort to informal mechanisms awareness-raising materials at the financing, building materials and
to access land, settling in high-risk different levels: at the community basic infrastructure provision. Since
vulnerable areas. As a consequence, level through games, movies and the scale at which interventions are
urban vulnerabilities are exacerbated public debates; at the technical level needed to provide adequate housing
by the increased impact of disasters in through tailored trainings and tools; to all Mozambicans is tremendous,
cities/towns. Mainstreaming disaster at the political/decision- making level and current policy interventions
risk management practices within through the elaboration of national/ target the individual, making a notable
urban planning is crucial to build urban local strategies and regulations. difference is complicated. UN-Habitat
resilience and reduce risks urban areas. is therefore suggesting an approach
38. In the coming five years UN-
Sustainable urban planning that takes that targets a more systematic change
Habitat envisions to implement
into account the threats from natural in combination with pilots that give
further activities urban resilience
disasters, through preparedness more (private) parties an insight in the
and development (all development
and mainstreaming of disaster actual needs and possibilities.
should be resilient!). This means that,
risk reduction and climate change
besides the on-going programmes 40. Progress has been made with
adaptation, should be introduced into
related to safer schools and housing the support from UN-Habitat in
land use management instruments15.
development, a stronger focus will formulating a National Housing
36. To reduce the impact of natural be on further developing and piloting Policy, which was approved in 2010.
hazards such as flooding and cyclones tools and delivering training on However, little development has been
in urban areas, maintain access urban resilience and the sustainable seen in terms of operationalizing and
to arable lands and benefit from development of urban areas in implementing this policy. In part, this
economic opportunities that derive Mozambique. is due to the poor coordination within
from proximity of facilities, housing and between responsible Ministries.
During the coming years, the following
and jobs, the urban development In particular, this refers to the
programmes are foreseen:
process should become resilient Department of Housing and Urban
at all levels and from different • Further piloting and scaling up of the Development (Direcção Nacional de
angles. For example, by developing City Resilience Action Planning Tool; Habitação e Urbanismo - DNHU) and
methodologies to reinforce the National Housing Fund (Fundo
• Making resettlement programmes
critical buildings, such as school, de Fomento da Habitação- FFH),
more human and sustainable, by
health posts and administrative which hold prerogatives respectively
working in close collaboration with
facilities, by identifying needs for in the areas of policy/regulation,
MITADER and the International
improvement (e.g. physical, legal and execution/finance of housing. In
Organization for Migration (IOM).
and/or training needs) at the scale addition, the lack of technical capacity
of the municipalities or districts, or During the period of implementation and of a housing finance strategy also
by estimating future risks to better of the HCPD, we foresee development undermines the implementation of
plan mitigation measures. Urban of the following projects/ programmes the National Housing Policy.
resilience, however, is a much broader (not limited):
41. Access to secure land tenure
concept than just improving buildings
• Continuation of the Safer School is a basic condition for developing
and urban planning. In particular, it is a
programme and support to the adequate housing and ending slums.
process that requires the buy-in from
Ministry of Education and Human International experience shows that
the communities and other key local
Development; people that have access to secure
stakeholders, which should therefore
land rights are more likely to invest
be bottom-up and participatory in • Development of a toolkit that
in their house and improve their
nature. promotes urban resilience through
neighbourhood. When the land
urban development and smart
37. During the past few years, tenure is clear, municipalities will also
interventions at the city level;
UN-Habitat in Mozambique has be better equipped to collect local
been working extensively with the • Implementation of actions to build fees and taxes that can be used to
government and partners in the field capacity and increase urban resilience improve their city/town.
of urban resilience, especially through in Chokwe through Adaptation Fund.
42. UN-Habitat is supporting the
key programmes such as Safer Schools
Government of Mozambique to
or the establishment of the sub-
improve its Housing Policy by
regional Technical Centre for Disaster
focussing on the identification of
Risk Management, Sustainability and
Urban Resilience (DiMSUR). With Secure Land Tenure and proper housing finance mechanisms.
the latter, UN-Habitat has developed Affordable Housing For the coming years the following
programmes are foreseen:
an enabling tool to quickly assess
risks and define concrete actions to 39. Access to adequate housing is • Improve Government understanding
increase resilience, the City Resilience a basic human right that is high on and recognition of citizens’
Action Planning (CityRAP) Tool, under the agenda of both the Government expectations in order to plan concrete
| 011UN-Habitat Country Programme
measures for the housing sector; and economic housing; During the period of implementation
of the HCPD, we foresee development
• Collaborate with MOPHRH to • Prepare a project related to land
of the following projects/ programmes
improvement the Housing Policy and tenure security;
(not limited):
in the definition of a concrete and
• Stimulate the use of local materials
viable implementation of the same • Elaborate a Housing Sector Profile.
in housing construction;
strategy;
• Follow up to Participatory Slum
• Develop mechanisms for low-cost
Upgrading Programme in Nampula.
housing development and a better
Per 31/12/2016 the current
financing mechanism for sustainable
programme finished. 14 and 15. UNDAF Mozambique preparation documents 2015,
prepared by UN Mozambique
6. CROSSCUTTING
ISSUES 7. ORGANIZATION
43. Throughout the whole programme, UN- 44. UN-Habitat Mozambique is part of the UN family
Habitat will pay specific attention to the following and works in close collaboration with other UN
crosscutting issues: Gender Equality, Youth, Climate Agencies in the country, such as UNICEF, UNDP, WFP,
Change and Human Rights. It is not UN-Habitat’s UNHCR FAO, UNESCO and IOM, among others. UN-
intention to initiate specific programmes for these Habitat contributes to development platforms, for
crosscutting issues (although not ruled out at all), example on resilience and early recovery. UN- Habitat,
but rather more these issues will be considered being a non-resident agency, is organised under the
throughout everything UN-Habitat is doing. For each Regional Office for Africa (ROAf) based in Nairobi,
programme or project, is possible, aggregated data Kenya. Throughout the passed years, UN- Habitat
on participants will be collected; in pilot projects and Mozambique has increased its cooperation with
working with communities attention will be paid to other Lusophone country offices, leading to more
give a voice to all members of society.. publication and planning tools available in Portuguese.
012 |2018-2021
ANNEX: ALIGNMENT BETWEEN UNDAF, COUN-
TRY PROGAMME AND FOCUS AREAS
This table shows the (intended and not limited) programmes and projects in Mozambique for the coming 4 years and their
relation with UNDAF and UN-Habitat’s Focus Areas:
FA1: Urban Legislation, Land and Governance
FA2: Urban Planning and Design
FA3: Urban Economy
FA4: Urban Basic Services
FA5: Housing and Slum Upgrading
FA6: Risk Reduction and Rehabilitation
FA7: Research and Capacity Development
UNDAF PROPOSED UN-HABITAT’S INTERVENTIONS (2016-2020) CORRESPONDING
FOCUS AREAS OF
THE UN-HABITAT
STRATEGIC PLAN
RESULT OUTCOMES PILLAR(S) INTENDED PROJECTS 2014-2019*
AREAS
Development of City Wide Development FA1, FA2, FA3
strategies for cities in Nacala corridor and a
possible upscale to other municipalities (with
the municipalities of Tete, Nacala, Nampula
and ANAMM)
Development of a National Urban Policy All
Spatial-Economic integration of Maratane FA2, FA3
refugee camp (Nampula) province into the
greater Nampula area, focussing amongst
others on the improvement of agricultural and
non-agricultural value chains (in cooperation
with WFP and UNHCR)
Sustainable Urbanisation Fostering the national dialogue on urban FA1, FA2, FA3, FA7
Outcome 2:
Poor people development, by supporting the preparation
Disaster Risk Reduction of National Urban Fora, the elaboration of the
benefit
and Climate Change Maputo Declaration
Prosperity equitably from
Adaptation
sustainable
economic Capacity development programme on urban FA7
Secure Land Tenure and management and development, targeting
transformation
affordable housing both technical staff, city leaders, provincial
and central government staff. In close
collaboration with ANAMM
A project around Secure Land Tenure FA1, FA2, FA3
City Prosperity Index (CPI) for 9 cities based FA2, FA3, FA7
on the Central Government’s classification
(Big, Medium and Small Cities for North,
Centre and South Region of the country)
Spatial Economic development strategies for FA2, FA3
rapid growing cities and the rural areas around
the city, for example Quelimane
| 013UN-Habitat Country Programme
UNDAF PROPOSED UN-HABITAT’S INTERVENTIONS (2016-2020) CORRESPONDING
FOCUS AREAS OF
THE UN-HABITAT
STRATEGIC PLAN
RESULT OUTCOMES PILLAR(S) INTENDED PROJECTS 2014-2019*
AREAS
Housing Policy and Housing Sector Profile: FA5
support the ministry of Public Works,
Housing and Water Resources to improve
and elaborate Mozambique’s housing policy,
paying special attention to housing financing.
Outcome A joint project with the Housing and Slum
6: People Upgrading Branch.
equitably Follow up to Participatory Slum Upgrading FA5
access and Programme in Nampula: by 31/12/2016
use quality the current programme finishes. A new
health, water programme will need to be developed.
and sanitation
services Sustainable Urbanisation Training programme for urban management FA7
and urban development with ANAMM, the
Disaster Risk Reduction association for municipalities.
Outcome 7: and Climate Change
People
Adolescents Adaptation
and youth
actively Secure Land Tenure and
engaged in affordable housing
Fast Track Cities Initiative (FTCI): provide the FA1, FA2
decisions that
technical assistance to the consultants in
affect their
developing the FTCI technical implementation
lives, health,
strategy integrating the spatial analysis of HIV/
well-being and
AIDS within urban areas (Matola, Maputo and
development
Xai-Xai)
opportunities
Public Spaces for Children: improving the FA1, FA2
quality of public space for children’s use and
giving equal opportunity to girls and boys to
be heard about matters affecting their daily
lives and influencing decisions about their city
and strengthening children safety.
School Reconstruction and Safer Schools: FA1, FA6
programmes in cooperation with MINEDH,
World Bank and UNICEF around the
development of school buildings that can
withstand common hazards. Programmes
include training of municipal staff,
constructors, piloting and mainstreaming of
rules and regulation into national legislation.
In the same line a programme around safer
hospitals could be developed with the
Canadian Embassy
Outcome 10:
Communities Sustainable Urbanisation Development of an urban resilience FA1, FA2, FA6
are more programme targeting capacity building and
Planet resilient to Disaster Risk Reduction pilot projects.
the impact of and Climate Change
climate change Adaptation Mainstreaming actions to improve resilience FA1, FA2, FA6
and disasters in urban areas through scale up of the
CityRAP Tool to other Mozambican cities and
through cooperation with other donors, such
as PRODEM and the Swedish Cooperation.
Urban Resilience toolkit: Promoting urban FA2, FA6
resilience through urban development and
smart interventions (at city level, not at the
scale of individual buildings) in collaboration
with MITADER and ANAMM
014 |2018-2021
REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE
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