The Potential of Pasak Bumi as a Food Supplement to Improve
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The Potential of Pasak Bumi as a Food Supplement to Improve
Spermatogenesis in Mice Model of Malnutrition
Ida Yuliana1*), Triawanti2, Didik Dwi Sanyoto3, Husnul Khatimah4, Asnawati5, Rayatul Aminah6
1
Biomedic Departement, Histology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University
2
Chemsitry and Biochemistry Departement, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University
3
Biomedic Departement, Anatomy Division, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University
4
Biomedic Departement, Biology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University
5
Biomedic Departement, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University
6
Medical Education Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University
Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Corresponding Email: iyuliana@ulm.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Malnutrition causes disruption of spermatogenesis in children. Pasak Bumi has the potential to
increase spermatogenesis due to malnutrition. Aimed of research is to proved Pasak Bumi as a food
supplement to improve spermatogenesis disorders due to malnutrition in malnourished rats. The
research method used analytical observational method by observing the histological preparations of
the testes of malnourished rats. Observations using a binocular microscope were analyzed with
Optilab Camera and Image Raster software. There are 5 groups of experimental: M: malnutrition
without intervention; P1: malnutrition + standard feed + PB 7.5 mg/kgBW; P2: malnutrition + standard
feed + PB 15 mg/kgBW; P3: malnutrition + standard feed + PB 22.5 mg/kgBW; P4: malnutrition +
standard feed + PB 30 mg/kgBW; Research parameters were number of seminiferous tubules, primary
spermatocytes and Leydig cells. Data analysis used the Anova One way test with a confidence level of
95%. The results showed number of seminiferous tubules, primary spermatocytes and Leydig cells in
the M group was less than the P1-P4 group. This suggests malnutrition causes disruption of
spermatogenesis. Conclusion the administration of Pasak Bumi extract at various doses increased
spermatogenesis in malnourished.
Keywords: Pasak Bumi, malnutrition, seminiferous tubules, primary spermatocytes, Leydig cells
65
Yuliana I. et al. The Potential of Pasak… 66
INTRODUCTION their effect on increasing spermatogenesis by
South Kalimantan was ranked 10th in the increasing the number of spermatogenic cells,
national level in 2017 for cases of malnutrition Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells in mice. 6,7 The
and malnutrition at the age of 0-23 months with research by Maria (2003) shows that the extract
a percentage of cases 3.60% (national numbers of Pasak Bumi can increase spermatogenesis
3.50%) and the number of cases of malnutrition in mice.8 Thus, it is assumed that Pasak Bumi
12.90% (national numbers 11.30%).1 The can also be developed as a supplement to
nutritional imbalance factor is one of the causes increase spermatogenesis after malnutrition.
of reproductive system health problems besides This research has a beneficial value for society
age, exercise, obesity, caffeine, the to overcome the problems and impacts of
temperature in the scrotum of clothing, hot malnutrition, especially on male reproductive
water, and even cell phones. This has an disorders.
impact on spermatogenic cell quality and DNA
damage caused by reactive oxygen species METHOD
(ROS). Malnutrition due to protein deficiency The research method used was analytic
also interferes with the synthesis of enzymes observational research. This study observed
that act as antioxidants, causing antioxidant research samples from testicular histological
deficiency and oxidative stress in the organs. preparations of malnourished rats under a
Changes in the balance between the microscope. The testes used as histological
antioxidant system and oxidative stress can preparations for HE staining (done at BVET
lead to impaired development of Banjarbaru) were derived from the testes of
spermatogenesis, abortion, congenital malnourished mice whose treatment was
disorders, and cancer in children.2 carried out in the Biochemistry Laboratory FK
Nutrition plays a very important role in ULM. For the observation process using a
the process of growth and development of the binocular microscope, and as a research
reproductive system. There is a lot of new observation tool using Image Raster and
research evidence in studies on animal and Optilab Camera computer software (done at the
human populations showing that the maturation Histology Laboratory FK ULM). The total
process of the reproductive system and its number of mice used was 32 male rats (based
function is heavily influenced by malnutrition. on Federer's formula). The experimental animal
Clinically, malnutrition is known in several group was divided into 5 groups, namely:
forms, including malnutrition, mild to moderate M: malnutrition without other intervention
protein deficiency and/or lack of energy which is P1: malnutrition + standard feed + PB 7.5 mg/
the most frequent cause of disruption in the kgBW
maturation process and reproductive system P2: malnutrition + standard feed + PB 15 mg/
function.2,3,4 kgBW
The testes as the main organ of male P3: malnutrition + standard feed + PB 22.5 mg/
reproduction are very important to maintain the kgBW
physiological environment in order to produce P4: malnutrition + standard feed + PB 30 mg/
sufficient spermatogenic cells and hormones for kgBW
male fertility. The testes consist of seminiferous The research variables studied were:
tubule components (TS) which contain 1. Pasak Bumi as a food supplement
elements of spermatogenic cells, supporting (independent variable)
cells and interstitial cells. If the testicles are 2. Number of seminiferous tubules, primary
damaged anatomically, for example, due to the spermatocytes and Leydig cells (dependent
impact of malnutrition in childhood, the process variable)
of forming spermatogenesis and the production Observation through a light microscope
of the hormone testosterone will be disrupted, using a 100x and 400x magnification lens. The
so the risk of the tendency to experience data collection process was carried out based
infertility will increase. Anatomical abnormalities on the variables measured in this study,
can be a decrease in the number of namely:
spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig 1. Method of counting the number of
cells, or a decrease in the number of seminiferous tubules. The TS is calculated
seminiferous tubules.5 in 5 fields of view at 100 x magnification and
South Kalimantan has various potential the average was taken.
natural resources to overcome the problem of 2. Method of calculating the number of primary
spermatogenesis. Research shows that giving spermatocytes. The TS was calculated in 5
Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack)
originating from South Kalimantan can increase
the hormones testosterone, FSH and LH and
67 Jurnal Berkala Kesehatan, Vol . 7, No. 1, May 2021: 65-71
DOI: 10.20527/jbk.v7i1.10526
fields of view at 400 x magnification and the between control data and treatment data. This
average was taken. study used a confidence interval of 95% and a
3. Method of counting the number of interstitial significance value of ρ
Yuliana I. et al. The Potential of Pasak… 68
M M
P1 P1
P2 P22
2
P3 P3
P4 P4
Figure 1. Microscopic morphology of testes (M-P4), black circles (leydig cells), black dots (primary
spermatocytes); HE staining; Magnification of 100 x and 400 x, Optilab camera; Image
Raster, light microcope
69 Jurnal Berkala Kesehatan, Vol . 7, No. 1, May 2021: 65-71
DOI: 10.20527/jbk.v7i1.10526
The conception process (embryo/fetus development of the reproductive system. Many
and associated membranes) requires water, research reports on this have been done and
amino acids, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and the results show a link between protein-calorie
vitamins for growth and development. Prior to malnutrition in men with several dangerous
placentation, the embryo receives nutrients health complications including the reproductive
from uterine secretions and oxygen from the system. A study in a group of experimental
surrounding environment. These secretions, animals that experienced protein deficiency for
including glucose and amino acids (eg, 75 days showed tubular atrophy with extensive
arginine, leucine, proline, and glutamine), play degeneration of testicular tissue, it was seen
an important role in activating cell signaling and that the seminiferous tubules atrophy were
metabolic pathways necessary for protein marked by the depletion of germ cells,
synthesis and cystoskeletal remodeling in the decreased numbers of spermatogonia cells and
conceptus. Lack of nutrition during this period Sertoli cells.13 Maternal malnutrition (70 days of
or the inability of conception to respond to gestation to term) is reported to reduce the
nutrition can result in abnormal development or number of Sertoli cells in the testes of newborn
even death of conception. sheep.14 Male sheep are malnourished during
The placenta transports nutrients, the first 95 days of pregnancy, which also show
respiratory gases and their metabolic products an effect on the reproductive system in the form
between the maternal and fetal circulation. of a decrease in ovulation rate.15
Dietary macronutrients (glucose, amino acids, Oxidative stress is the abundance of
and fatty acids) are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a deficiency
substrate energy during fetal growth.10 In of antioxidants16. The imbalance produced by
pregnant women and their developing fetuses, ROS causes cell damage. The detrimental
glucose is the main source of energy for red effects of spermatozoa damage have been
blood cells, brain, retinal cells, and renal known since the 80s.16 However, excessive
medullary cells. , and other cells. Meanwhile, numbers are pathophysiological and lead to
the heart of the mother and fetus uses glucose DNA damage and even apoptosis.17,18
and lactate. In addition, the small intestines of Endogenous or exogenous factors can cause
the mother and fetus oxidize glutamate, high ROS levels. The effect of endogenous or
aspartate and glutamine to meet most of their exogenous factors, especially malnutrition, is
energy needs. Through b-oxidation, fatty acids evident from the results of this study, the
are the main energy substrate for the mother's number of seminiferous tubules (Figure 1;
liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and kidneys.11 Table 1), the number of primary spermatocytes
Amino acids are also needed to function (Figure 1; Table 2) and Leydig cells (Figure 1;
not only as building blocks of protein, but also Table 3) were insufficient in the treatment group
as important precursors for the synthesis of triggers a high ROS level. Due to a decrease in
many physiologically important molecules, the number of seminiferous tubules, primary
including hormones, small peptides (for spermatocytes and Leydig cells will trigger
example, glutathione), neurotransmitters, nitric infertility disorders because the seminiferous
oxide, creatine, carnitine, and polyamines. In tubules function as gametocyte cells for the
addition, through multiple cell signaling continuation of the spermatogenesis process,
pathways, amino acids regulate major while Leydig cells act as a producer of the
metabolic pathways essential for human health, hormone testosterone which plays a role in the
growth, development and reproduction. In fertility process in men or men. If there is a
particular, several amino acids (histidine, disturbance in the two structures, it will result in
methionine, glycine, serine) pate in the infertility conditions in the male reproductive
metabolism of one-carbon unit, which is system.
essential for DNA synthesis, as well as cell Many natural substances are known to have the
growth and development. So that if there is a potential to increase oxidative stress in organs
deficiency of one element, especially protein, it such as the testes. One of the natural
will cause significant changes in the formation ingredients based on local wisdom in South
and function of organs during the embryo Kalimantan is Eurycoma longifolia Jack (EL).
period, including the testes.12 Pasak Bumi herb found in Southeast Asia has
Factors that can cause changes in the been widely used in traditional medicine. This
balance between the antioxidant system and plant belongs to the Simaroubaceae family and
oxidative stress can lead to developmental is known locally as 'Tongkat Ali' or 'Pasak Bumi'
damage to spermatogenesis, abortion, in Malaysia and Indonesia.
congenital abnormalities, and cancers of the The results of this study also indicate that
reproductive organs in children. Malnutrition is malnutrition can be improved by providing
one of the important causes of disorders in the Pasak Bumi as a dietary supplement (Figure 1;Yuliana I. et al. The Potential of Pasak… 70
Tables 1, 2 and 3). The administration of Pasak REFERENCES
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