STOP THE FLOOD OF PLASTIC - A guide for policy-makers in Croatia - REPORT 2019 - WWF
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REPORT 2019 STOP THE FLOOD OF PLASTIC A guide for policy-makers in Croatia
CROATIA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TO REDUCE ITS PLASTIC POLLUTION,
CROATIA SHOULD FOCUS ON
CROATIA’S PLASTIC VALUE CHAIN
LEADS TO 40KT OF PLASTIC
CROATIA’S MEDITERRANEAN
COASTLINE EXPERIENCES FURTHER REDUCING CONSUMPTION,
WASTE LEAKED INTO NATURE NEGATIVE IMPACTS FROM IMPROVING COLLECTION AND
EACH YEAR. PLASTIC POLLUTION. INCREASING RECYCLING.
Croatia generates 400kTs of plastic Around 4kT of plastic enters the
waste each year, or 96 kg of plastic Mediterranean from Croatia, In 2019, Croatia imposed a ban on the free
per capita. It has the 3rd highest including 18% from sea-based distribution of plastic bags. Beyond this, Croatia
per capita waste generation in the sources, such as ghost finishing should aim to implement the EU single-use
region. Tourism is a key factor in nets and equipment. Half of this directive, enforcing bans on additional plastic
this waste generation, increasing waste makes its way back to pollute items. To reach its target of 50% separate
waste substantially in summer Croatian coastlines each year. collection by 2020, Croatia should provide
months. The majority of waste in This plastic pollution causes an additional technical and financial resources for
Croatia has a linear fate, as 67% estimated €8M loss to the Croatian municipalities to conduct waste collection. This
of waste is sent directly to landfill, Blue Economy, including tourism, includes developing seasonal waste management
and 6% is incinerated. Only 16% fishing and shipping. plans for regions receiving high tourism influx,
of waste is recycled, due to low to ensure additional collection capacity. Finally,
collection rates, contaminated waste Croatia should grow its recycling industry to
streams, and limited recycling reach EU recycling targets, by setting more
infrastructure. Uncollected waste ambitious targets and improving the economics
is the main cause of plastic leakage of markets for recycled materials.
into nature, leading to 40kT of
plastic ending up in nature each
year.
page 2 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
INDEX
Front cover
© Shutterstock / John Cuyos / WWF
1. MAPPING THE LIFECYCLE OF PLASTIC IN CROATIA
Value chain analysis of plastics’ lifecycle from production to waste
management
Published in June 2019
Evaluation of the main sources of plastic leakage into Nature
By WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature
(formerly World Wildlife Fund)
2. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF PLASTIC
Any reproduction in full or in part
must mention the title, the lead author, Overview of the impact of plastic on the country’s environment and
and credit the above-mentioned publisher economy
as the copyright owner.
Spotlight on the top Mediterranean hotspots
Citation of this report:
Dalberg Advisors, WWF Mediterranean Marine
Initiative, 2019 “Stop the Flood of Plastic: How
3. EVALUATING THE POLICY LANDSCAPE REGARDING PLASTIC
Mediterranean countries can save their sea”
Review of the existing policy landscape and initiatives to curb plastic
pollution
Authors: Roadmap to recommended future interventions
Dalberg Advisors, and the team comprised of
Wijnand de Wit, Adam Hamilton, and Arianna
Freschi.
ANNEX
Communications:
Stefania Campogianni, WWF The plastics value chain and stakeholders
Editing:
Glossary
Alona Rivord
Methodology Overview
Design/Layout/Infographics:
Bianco Tangerine Snc Plastic waste system activities causing controlled and mismanaged waste
page 3 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
OVERVIEW
Country facts: Plastic footprint overview:
population global plastic goods production
4.2 MILLION 0.1% PRODUCED IN CROATIA
REGISTERED CITIZENS (2016) 0.5 MT PLASTIC GOODS PRODUCED (2016)
14th BIGGEST MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRY
BY POPULATION SIZE
end of life management
CROATIA IS THE
€ economy
€42 BILLION 0.4 MT PLASTIC WASTE GENERATED
10th LARGEST GDP (2016)
78th LARGEST NOMINAL GDP
(of which 89% are collected)
0.3 MT UNDERGOES LINEAR
PLASTIC GOODS IN THE WORLD (2018) WASTE TREATMENT (landfill and incineration)
0.1 MT COLLECT FOR RECYCLED (2015)
PRODUCER AND 10th LARGEST ECONOMY IN THE REGION
THE 10th WASTE
GENERATOR IN THE
territory
56,594 km2 OF TERRITORY
REGION 5,835 km OF COASTLINE
ON THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
page 4 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
PLASTIC LIFECYCLE
PLASTIC PLASTIC WASTE MISMANAGED
PRODUCTION USAGE MANAGEMENT WASTE
0.51 0.11
0.40 0.04
0.36 0.07
0.02
0.27
PLASTIC GOODS PLASTIC GENERATED UNCOLLECTED COLLECTED RECYCLED INCINERATED CONTROLLED UNCONTROLLED OPEN
PRODUCTION STILL IN USE
1 2
WASTE 3 WASTE WASTE LANDFILLS LANDFILLS DUMP
Two main actors are needed to produce plastic goods for consumption: i. Virgin plastics producers; and ii. Manufacturers/converters of virgin plastic into a plastic good.
1
This total production figure includes all plastic products manufactured using local and imported virgin plastic material
2
These are plastic goods produced with a mean product lifetime greater than 1 year, and/or exported for consumption in another country
3
This figure includes waste with a mean product lifetime from 1 year (or less) to 35 years
Source: PlasticsEurope 2018, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), European Environmental Agency, 2014, “Horizon 2020 Mediterranean Report. Dalberg analysis. ADEME, « Déchets. Chiffres Clés », 2017
page 5 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
PLASTIC LIFECYCLE FOOTPRINT
PLASTIC PLASTIC WASTE MISMANAGED
PRODUCTION USAGE MANAGEMENT WASTE
PLASTIC GOODS PLASTIC WASTE CONTROLLED WASTE RECYCLED MISMANAGED RECOVERED PLASTIC LEAKAGE
PRODUCTION GENERATION TREATMENT MATERIALS WASTE LEVELS MISMANAGED PLASTIC IN NATURE
COUNTRY 1
(of 22 countries) (of 22 countries)
RANKING
0.51 MT 0.40 MT 0.36 MT 0.07 MT 0.04 MT 0.00 MT 2 0.04 MT
10 th 10 th 8 th 8 th 15 th 15 th 15th
CAPITA 1
PER
MED COUNTRY % OF ANNUAL RANKING
112.6 kg 95.6 kg 85.4 kg 15.6 kg 10.3 kg 1.0 kg 9.2 kg
4 th 3 rd 2 nd 5 th 19 th 19 th 19 th
GENER. PER
n/a 100% 89% 16% 11% 1% 10%
(kg/person/year)
RANKING WASTE
highest 155 121 115 29 100 10 90
123 96 94 17 2 0 2
lowest 21 12 0 0 1 0 1
Ranking calculated from highest to lowest amount, out of the 22 countries with coastlines on the Mediterranean
1
2
Number too low to be displayed using 2 decimals rounding
8.1 years Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), European Environmental Agency, 2014: Horizon 2020: Mediterranean Report
average:
page 6 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for5.5 years
policy-makers in Croatia16% OF CROATIAN
CROATIA PLASTIC WASTE IS
RECYCLED, WHILE
PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT 74% HAS A LINEAR
FATE BY LANDFILL OR
INCINERATION
he Croatian waste management system planning is led by the
T recycling rates are still too low
Ministry of the Environment through a national waste management (18%) to comply with the waste
plan (2017-2022). hierarchy and with the 50% set in
he operational responsibility of waste management is led by
T the EU Waste Framework Directive (WFD).
municipalities, including collection, transport and disposal of waste. The separate collection system is organized by establishing a system of
he service may be provided by the municipalities, or delegated to a
T bring points (individual or co-mingled containers or grouped in “green
public agency of intercommunal cooperation or to a private group. islands”), and while 24% of plastics is subject to separate collection in
Croatia, a mere 18% ends up being properly collected for recycling.
he country is moving from decentralized disposal of non-treated
T
waste on numerous local sub-standard landfills within counties to cen- Around 8 ERP mechanisms currently exist in Croatia, covering different
tralized waste management and Waste Management Centers (WMC) types of wastes, financed through the Environmental Protection and
serving the needs of one or several counties. Energy Efficiency Fund.
In 2017, 130
Statistics show that landfilling rates in Croatia are very high (73%) and Waste collection for separated landfills were
waste is done through bring operational in
points, with door-to-door Croatia, as well
RECYCLED PACKAGING MATERIAL 0.07 MT waste collection available
on an experimental basis
as 20 biological
treatment plants,
in selected districts. Large and 23 energy
In Europe, less than 60% of the plastics collected variations are observed recovery facilities
for recycling is recycled. 40% is considered between regions
not recyclable (e.g. due to additives preventing
recycling)
INCINERATION 0.02 MT
PLASTIC PRODUCED WASTE GENERATED WASTE COLLECTED
0.51 MT 0.40 MT 0.36 MT LANDFILL 0.27 MT
Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), ADEME (2017) :
NOT COLLECTED
« Déchets chiffres clefs », ADEME (2017) : « REP Panorama », CNID (2019)
0.04 MT
page 7 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA PLASTICS LIFECYCLE:
4.2 KT OF PLASTIC
PLASTIC DEBRIS Sea based Rivers Coastal
activities
Sea bed Coastline LEAKED INTO THE SEA IN
sea
surface
2016, AND 45% ENDS UP
4.2 kT/year OF PLASTIC ENTERS THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA ON THE COAST WITHIN A
YEAR
SEA-BASED
Fisheries, aquaculture and
shipping result in 18% (0.7kT)
SEABED
of plastic debris. Items include 11% of plastics are deposited
crab pots, mussel nets, shipping 11% on the sea bed. Waste on sea beds
containers, etc. 18% becomes almost impossible to clean
up.
RIVERS 3%
Rivers carry 3% (0.1 kT) of
Croatia’s marine plastic. The COASTLINE
largest water bodies of Croatia 45% 45% (1.9 kT) of the plastic
drain into the Black Sea, while Krka pollution leaked into the
basin is Croatia’s largest in the Mediterranean by Croatia
Mediterranean. washes back onto its shores
within a year.
COASTAL ACTIVITIES
Coastal activities cause 79%
(3.4kT) of plastic inputs into 79%
the sea resulting from poor city 44% SEA SURFACE
waste management practices,
tourism and recreational activities. 44% of plastic pollution
The coastal cities which produce remains on the sea surface
the highest amount of plastic waste and shallow waters 1 year after
per year include: Ploče and Neretva leakage, taking up to a decade
Delta, and the Rijeka Bay coastal to reach its final destination.
area.
Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2014), World Bank (2018), Liubartseva et al “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”, UNECE “Second
Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters”, 2011, World Bank “Rapid Assessment of Pollution Hotspots for the Adriatic Sea”, 2011.
page 8 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA CROATIA’S COASTS
PLASTIC IMPACT EXPERIENCE BELOW
AVERAGE PLASTIC
The environmental impact of Croatia’s production and iubartseva et al, (2018) found
L POLLUTION DUE TO THE
consumption of plastic is lower than the Mediterranean average much lower concentration of
floating plastic in Croatian
NATURAL SEA CURRENTS
Croatia consumption requires the equivalent of 7M barrels of oil in
energy, and emits 2.8 MT of CO2
waters compared to surrounding AND DRIFTS
countries.
he environmental impact of pollution varies at a local level, either
T
owever hotspots exists, such as the Ploče and Neretva Delta and the
H
because of the local biodiversity (e.g. Krka National park) or because of
Rijeka Bay coastal area
the sea current patterns concentrating waste in some areas
he Croatian coast is polluted by waste coming from surrounding
T
Plastic debris accumulation along the coast of Croatia is below
countries, such as Albania or Bosnia and Herzegovina. This waste
the Mediterranean average despite its large coastline relative to
represents around 30% of waste ending up on the shore of Croatia
population.
according to Liubartseva et al, (2018).
PLASTIC WASTE MISMANAGED WASTE
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
€ €
ENERGY CONSUMED CO2 ANNUAL COASTLINE DAILY PLASTIC DEBRIS ECONOMIC COST
IN OIL EQUIVALENT EMISSIONS 4 PLASTIC POLLUTION 1
FLUX PER KM OF COASTLINE OF POLLUTION 2
CROATIA
7M barrels 2.8 MT 1.9kT 0.9 kgs/km $8 milion
average: 5.1 kgs/km
MED IMPACT
% OF TOTAL
1.4% 1.4% 3% n/a 2% 3
1
Total plastic debris ending up on the country’s coastlines each year, as showcased on the right-hand graph on slide 8
2
Economic impact of plastic pollution on Tourism, Fisheries, and Maritime Trade. Total excludes the cost of clean-up
3
Calculated based on the total economic cost of pollution for all 22 Mediterranean countries
4
Total CO2 lifecycle emissions from production, recycling and incineration (See Annex III for further details)
page 9 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in Croatia Sources: S. Liubartseva et al, 2018: “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”, Dalberg analysis.WASTE COLLECTION
CROATIA IS MOST EFFECTIVE IN
MEDITERRANEAN HOTSPOTS MAINLAND OF CROATIA,
WHILE THE SOUTH
RIJEKA BAY
Waste production LAGS BEHIND
ijeka is the largest port in Croatia
R
Rijeka Bay aquatic system behaves as an essentially closed system with
a slow exchange of water masses
Waste management
The municipal waste is disposed at the non-sanitary landfill Viševac
(65,000 t/y) and a few other smaller non-sanitary landfills in the
vicinity
About 250,000 t of hazardous solid and liquid waste disposed
at the Sovjak dump present a great risk of groundwater and sea
contamination
Pula Bay Waste production
PLOČE &
NERETVA DELTA ommercial port of Ploče and intensive agricultural activities in the
C
Neretva Delta
Sector of tourism, with sharp seasonal increase in waste production
rom June to September
Zadar Channel
Untreated municipal wastewaters from upstream Neretva River
Šibenik and Krka’s Waste management
estuary Split and Kaštela One of the highest number of active landfills in the country and a large
Bay number of illegal landfills, especially on the islands.
PRIORITY POLLUTION Non-sanitary landfills in the area gather approximately 20,000 t of
HOTSPOTS
Dubrovnik waste per year
OTHER POLLUTION
Dubrovnik Neretva Region still hasn’t established County Centre for
HOTSPOTS Waste Management, a process started in 2008
Sources: Dalberg analysis, S. Liubartseva et al, 2018: “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”,
World Bank “Rapid Assessment of Pollution Hotspots for the Adriatic Sea”, 2011.
page 10 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
CROATIA’S BLUE
PLASTIC ECONOMIC IMPACT ECONOMY LOSES OVER
EUR 8 MILLION ANNUALLY
TO THE EFFECTS OF
Plastic pollution might compromise tourist flow to particular marine areas,
and threaten new private sector investment in hotel developments, etc. in
TOURISM
these areas.
PLASTIC POLLUTION
The tourism industry often bear the cost of clean up to ensure locations
ESTIMATED IMPACT: remain attractive for tourists.
€ 7.2 MILLION
Marine pollution can clog boat engines and fishing nets leading to disruption of the fishing industry. The
largest cost to the industry is related to vehicle damage and additional maintenance caused by collision
FISHERIES with plastic debris, and delays caused by fishing nets filling up with plastic rather than fish.
ESTIMATED IMPACT: Marine plastic pollution reduces both the supply of, and demand for, seafood due to animal deaths and
€ 0.2 MILLION concerns that animals have ingested plastic.
Transport is particularly vulnerable to collisions with plastic pollution, entanglement of floating objects
with propeller blades and clogging of water intakes for engine cooling systems. Costs are incurred by vessel
MARITIME TRADE downtime, delays and additional maintenance costs.
ESTIMATED IMPACT: Port facilities are also at risk of damage from plastic pollution, including clogging port waterways,
€ 1.5 MILLION creating delays incurring clean up costs.
Shoreline cleaning range costing under €100 per ton collected by volunte- THE IMPACT AND COSTS OF MARINE
COST OF CLEAN-UP er-led initiatives, to in excess of €18,000 per ton for dense waste and heavy PLASTIC POLLUTION ARE NOT
ESTIMATED IMPACT: fishing gears. TYPICALLY BORNE BY THE POLLUTERS,
€ 4.2 MILLION McIlgorm et al. found that the average shoreline clean-up cost BUT BY COASTAL COMMUNITIES,
estimate across studies has an average of US$1500/ton LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES AND DIRECTLY
(~€1300/ton). AFFECTED INDUSTRIES.
ECONOMIC LOSS POTENTIAL COST
Cost to industry is calculated based on the methodology used in McIlgorm et al, 2011. , taking the proxy of cost to the fishing and shipping industries from Takehama, 1990.
Sources: Union for the Mediterranean: ‘Blue Economy in the Mediterranean’, WEF, 2017: ‘Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report’
page 11 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaPOLICY LANDSCAPE: CROATIA’S
CROATIA IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS WASTE
CURRENT POLICIES REGARDING PLASTICS MANAGEMENT PLAN CURRENTLY FALLS
SHORT OF ITS GOALS
PLASTIC PLASTIC WASTE MISMANAGED
PRODUCTION USAGE MANAGEMENT WASTE
WMP 2017-22: by 2019, Compulsory payment for HR ZOGO 2013: mandatory separate collection of waste HR ZOGO 2013: legal framework setting waste
lightweight plastic bags at retail outlets and the charging of waste collection services by amount disposal standards in line with the EU standards
Goal: Comply with EU SUP directive for all Croatian municipalities
Goal: comply with EU WFD 2008 target of 50% separate
collection by 2020.
Announced: ban on single use items according
national level
to EU SUP directive: HR ZOGO 2013: extended Producer Responsibility
EXISTING INITIATIVES
- By 2021, plastic cutlery, cotton buds, straws, for 8 waste tracks including tyres and packaging,
balloon rods, and stirrers, polystyrene cups and financed through the Environmental Protection and
those made from oxo-degradable plastics. Energy Efficiency Fund
- By 2025, plastic bottles should be made of 25%
WMP 2017-22: introduction of a waste tax on landfilling
recycled content, and by 2029 90% of them should
Goal: Municipal Solid Waste disposed of to landfills less
be recycled.
than 25% of municipal waste
WMP 2017-22: local waste reduction programs WMP 2017-22: croatian municipalities to meet landfill
diversion targets and set up ‘pay-as-you throw’ schemes
local level
Goal: reduce the total amount of municipal waste
by 5%
industry policy-makers consumers to be implemented
1
HR ZOGO: NN 94/13 Act on Sustainable Waste Management and subsequent decrees of application // 2 WMP 2017-22 : National Waste Management Plan 2017- 2022 // 3 EU WFD 2008 :
2008 EU Waste Framework Directive // 4 EU SUP Directive : 2018 EU Single Use Plastic Directive
Sources: Dalberg analysis, European Parliamentary Research Service(2018) “Towards a circular economy – Waste management in the EU”, Croatia week, “Croatia to eradicate single use
plastics’, 2019 (link), European Commission, “Assessment of separate collection schemes in the 28 capitals of the EU – Croatia factsheet”, 2015, Interreg Danube, “Extended Producer
Responsibility Schemes and their influence on innovation in the TransDanube region”, 2017, European Commission, “Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)”,
2014, European Commission, “Environmental Implantation Review – Croatia”, 2019
page 12 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaPOLICY LANDSCAPE:
CROATIA CROATIA SHOULD LOOK TO BEST
POLICY ROADMAP PRACTICES ACROSS THE VALUE CHAIN,
INVOLVING DIFFERENT TYPE OF ACTORS
GOALS Reducing demand: less single use plastic is produced and consumed Closing the loop: all waste is circular No leakage: zero plastic in nature
PLASTIC PLASTIC WASTE MISMANAGED
PRODUCTION USAGE MANAGEMENT WASTE
PRIORITY
Focus on upstream actions to reduce Implement EU requirements in existing Implement EU requirements by developing EPR Support municipalities who struggle
plastic produced, develop alternatives, plastic bans to reduce consumption and create incentives to invest into plastic waste with waste collect on capacity and increase
and ensure the effective design of products and develop the deposit refund scheme recovery and recycling accountability against illegal waste dumping
Develop eco-design requirements Implement single-use item bans and Develop and improve existing ERP channels, Ensure conformity of existing
on the recyclability of plastic packaging restrictions focusing on developing the packaging EPR, by landfills and create accountability
- By 2021, plastic cutlery, cotton buds, - setting up explicit collection and recycling mechanisms,
Develop requirements for straws, balloon rods, and stirrers, minimum rates or encouraging producers to set up - focusing on areas with aging or
minimum recycled plastic content, polystyrene cups and those made from oxo- new not for profit EPR substandard systems,
in line with EU targets
EXAMPLE BEST PRACTICE INITIATIVES
degradable plastics. - increasing the fee paid by producers to ensure the - by implementing a more refined fine
- By 2025, plastic bottles should be made of full cost of collection services is covered system, taking into account the unlawful
national level
Improve data reporting and 25% recycled content, and by 2029 90% of economic benefits of non-compliance
availability, through systematic audits them should be recycled. Implement pay-as-you-go schemes
on companies providing data on the mechanism, through the development of Ensure separated waste collection
amounts of packaging placed on the guidelines with technical and organizational details management standards are
Consider an integrated deposit-
market and on waste implemented
refund scheme on some plastics
packaging Implement and gradually increase landfill
taxes to phase-out landfilling of recyclable and
recoverable waste
Provide support at a local scale to Development of a set of national Support and coordinate municipalities in need of support, specifically in the South of
SME’s in their transition away from communications materials to raise Croatia, to improve cost-effective collection, sorting, and treatment, and create localised targets for
single use plastics awareness on plastic use at a local level accountability, for instance using EU LIFE funding
local level
Develop seasonal waste management plans for
islands and coastline with particularly high tourist
influx
industry policy-makers consumers Sources: Dalberg analysis, European Commission, “Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)”, 2014 Interreg
Danube, “Extended Producer Responsibility Schemes and their influence on innovation in the TransDanube region”, 2017, UN Economic
Commission for Europe, “Environmental Performance Review – Croatia”, 2014, European Commission “Early warning report for Croatia
page 13 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in Croatia on the implementation of EU waste legislation” 2018CROATIA
ANNEX I ‒ THE PLASTICS VALUE CHAIN AND STAKEHOLDERS
PLASTIC PLASTIC WASTE WASTE SECONDARY
PRODUCTION USAGE COLLECTION TREATMENT MARKETS
Manufacturing of virgin Use of plastic from Recovering disposed Treatment of sorted Reuse of plastic within
DESCRIPTION
plastic from fossil fuel conversion of material plastic waste from plastic waste through an economy after
chemicals by a process into specific products end-users and sorting various methods reprocessing waste into
of polymerization or until disposal waste into various such as landfilling, a secondary material
polycondensation of product as waste streams for treatment incineration, recycling
by the end-user and dumping
Petrochemical Plastic converters 1 End customers Local and national Plastic recyclers
KEYSTAKES HOLDERS
companies authorities
End customers Local or national Plastic converters
Oil & gas companies (individual, authorities Regular bodies
institutional,
Waste management Plastic producers
and commercial)
companies
Waste management
Plastic converters companies
Plastic converters
1
Manufacturers of plastic products in all plastic markets (e.g. packaging, building and construction, transport) that convert
virgin plastic into a specific products for use within the economy.
These plastic products can be combined with other non-plastic materials during the conversion process
page 14 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
ANNEX II ‒ GLOSSARY
TERMS
Controlled landfill A landfilling process which is subject to a permit system and to technical control procedures in compliance with
the national legislation in force.
Uncontrolled landfill A landfilling process which fails to meet certain standards and technical control procedures, and therefore is at
risk of leakage or contamination.
Open dump Illegal land disposal sites at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not protect the
environment, and are therefore susceptible to leakage, open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors,
and scavengers.
Controlled waste treatment All legally compliant waste treatment operations, including controlled landfilling, waste-to-energy
(incineration) and recycling.
Secondary material production The total amount of secondary plastic product extracted from the plastic recycling process, averaging at 55% of
the material inputted for recycling.
Recycling All plastic collected for recycling from the waste stream. This figure is not adjusted for actual material losses
during reprocessing into a secondary material. These material losses result from collected plastic considered as
not recyclable due to additives preventing recycling or food contamination, etc.
Mismanaged waste All plastic left uncollected, openly dumped into nature, littered, or managed through uncontrolled landfills.
Recovered mismanaged waste Mismanaged waste that re-enters the controlled waste management process through waste-pickers, clean up
operations, or any other method.
Bio-degradable A product that can be broken down by microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) into water, naturally occurring gases
like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and biomass.
Blue Economy Represents all economic activities related to oceans, seas or coastal areas. It covers established sectors such as
fisheries, shipbuilding and tourism as well as emerging industries, including ocean energy and biotechnology.
page 15 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
ANNEX III ‒ METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALCULATION OF EACH DATA METRIC IN THIS GUIDEBOOK
SECTION METRIC METHODOLOGY
Plastic produced Collected national-level data on total production of PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, PCV and PS. Plastics are used in
many products that are imported and exported and limited public data exists separating these goods into their
raw materials used. This plastic goods production data by country is not adjusted for international trade (import
and export) of these products. If national plastic goods data unavailable, calculated based on the ratio of global
plastic production to plastic waste for 2016 in the WWF global plastics report (78%).
Waste Generation Collected national-level data on total plastic waste generation per annum, or total waste MSW waste generation
and Management and percent composition of plastic within MSW. Also collect national-level data on plastic management
(percentages of plastic waste collected landfilled, incinerated, recycled or openly dumped). Data validated with
relevant WWF national offices.
Mismanaged waste Calculated by adding the total waste which goes uncollected, openly dumped and sent to uncontrolled landfills.
PLASTIC Data on uncollected waste is taken from the World Bank ‘What a Waste 2.0’ Database.
LIFECYCLE Waste recovered or Calculated using the proxy of 90% of mismanaged waste ending up in nature, based on the study completed by
(MT) leaked into nature Jenna Jambeck Research Group, 2015. We assume the rest of the waste is recovered through clean-up operations,
etc.
Waste leaked into - For countries whose coastline are only on the Mediterranean, this figure is calculated based on the proxy that
the Mediterranean 10% of plastic waste becomes marine litter, as found in the analysis completed by Jenna Jambeck Research
Group, 2015.
- For countries with multiple coastlines, this figure also takes into consideration the proportion of waste
generated by regions with coastlines on the Mediterranean.
Waste leaked by Collected data on sea-based sources and major rivers from S. Liubartsevaa et al, 2018. Where data is missing
source for other major rivers, annual plastic flux is calculated as a ratio between the Po River’s drainage basin, and its
(sea-based, rivers, annual plastic flux. Coas tal sources represent the remainder of annual leakage.
coastal)
page 16 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
SECTION METRIC METHODOLOGY
Energy consumed Calculated based on the weighted average of energy required to make a kilogram of global plastic
in oil equivalent (PP, PET, HDPE, PS, PCV), converted into barrel of oil equivalent.
(M, barrels)
Average age of Calculated based on national data collected on the production of plastic per industry, and the average lifetime of
plastic life (years) plastic goods in each industry, as found in peer-reviewed research completed by Roland Geyer et al, “Production,
Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made”, 2017
CO2 emissions Calculated based on the average CO2 emissions caused by plastic production, incineration and recycling,
(MT) as reported by SITRA, 2018: “The Circular Economy a Powerful Force for Climate Mitigation”.
PLASTIC Annual coastline Calculated based on the daily plastic debris flux (kg/km) multiplied by the total length of the coastline and
IMPACT plastic pollution 365 days. This differs from the total plastic leaked into nature as it doesn’t include plastic on the sea -bed
(kT) and sea-surface.
Daily plastic flux Collected data from S. Liubartsevaa et al, 2018: “Tracking plastics in the Mediterranean: 2D Lagrangian model”.
(kg/km)
Economic cost of Calculated based on the methodology used in McIlgorm et al, 2011 to estimate the cost of plastic pollution to the
pollution (M, €) APAC region, which takes the proxy of cost to the fishing and shipping industries from Takehama, 1990.
Cost of waste Calculated based on the proportion of waste generation caused by tourists, which was calculated based on
generated national statistics on tourist arrivals and departures. The cost uses the World Bank estimated cost
by tourists (M, €) of $50-100/T of waste in an advanced system.
page 17 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in CroatiaCROATIA
ANNEX IV ‒ PLASTIC WASTE SYSTEM ACTIVITIES CAUSING CONTROLLED AND MISMANAGED WASTE
CATEGORY MANAGEMENT DESCRIPTION
PROCESS
Managed disposal of waste on land with little or no pre-treatment.
CONTROLLED Site meets requirements for gas monitoring, site compacting and land
LANDFILL covering
CONTROLLED
WASTE INDUSTRIAL Combustion of plastic in a controlled and closed industrial process with
TREATMENT INCINERATION exhaust gases adhering to environmental emission regulations
RECYCLING Plastic collected from the waste stream and reprocessed into a
secondary material 1
PLASTIC
WASTE
UNCOLLECTED Unrecovered plastic from the end-user via a waste collection system and
does not enter a formal waste treatment process
WASTE
MISMANAGED UNCONTROLLED Absence of control of the disposal operations of plastic and lack of
WASTE OR UNSPECIFIED management of the landfill site
LANDFILL 2
Discarded plastic directly on land, freshwater or marine areas.
OPEN DUMPING Alternatively, littering or any form of unregulated plastic waste
management such as open burning
1
Not accounting for plastic losses during the recovery process
2
Unless explicitly specified as “controlled” or “sanitary”’ landfills, we consider all other landfills as uncontrolled.
Source: Dalberg analysis, Jambeck & al (2015), World Bank (2018), SITRA (2018), European Commission (2001)
page 18 | CROATIA Stop the flood of plastic − A guide for policy-makers in Croatia40
kT/year of plastic waste is leaked
3rd
from Craotia into nature
• A PLASTIC SYSTEM GUIDEBOOK FOR CROATIA
waste per capita
generator in the region
50%
waste collected
by 2020
€8
mill/year Croatia’s Blue
Economy loss due to
plastic pollution
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