STONE FRUIT FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES - Updated June 2020 - EGVV
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
STONE FRUIT FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Updated June 2020
Aim of document
Table of Contents
This document aims to be a management
guideline for fruit fly on stone fruit, and is the Introduction to Fruit Flies
supporting document to the stone fruit fruit fly
protocol, intended for use by growers, technical
advisors and anyone along the supply chain. Fruit Damage by Fruit Fly
Target Fruit General Fruit Fly Life Cycle and
Stone fruit for export to the EU
Plums, pluots and prunes Apricots and apriums Biology
Peaches and nectarines Cherries
Species Identification
Target Fruit Flies
Mediterranean fruit fly - Ceratitis capitata Fruit Fly Monitoring Guidelines
(Wiedemann)
Natal fruit fly - Ceratitis rosa Karsch / Cape fruit
fly - Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Fruit Fly Control Options
Virgilio sp. Nov., previously part of Ceratitis rosa
(Natal fruit fly)
Appendices
Oriental fruit fly - Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel),
previously known as Bactrocera invadens Please click on the colour tabs to navigate
Introduction to Fruit Flies
Fruit flies cause extensive damage to stone fruit worldwide, and pose a serious threat to South African
stone fruit producers, both through yield loss, and through the loss of market opportunities, as they are
phytosanitary pests. Fruit flies attack at least 19 different fruit crops, with many alternative wild hosts. These
hosts may be able to sustain small fruit fly populations for extended periods.
The main fruit fly species of concern for the stone fruit industry of South Africa have been summarised in
Table 1. The presence of these fruit flies in consignments to sensitive target markets may result in severe
economic repercussions, including restrictions on international fruit trade with South Africa.
Table 1. Origin of four economic fruit fly pests of South Africa
Species Name Common Name Origin
Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean fruit fly Sub-Saharan Africa
Ceratitis rosa / Ceratitis quilicii Natal fruit fly / Cape fruit fly Sub-Saharan Africa
Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Asia
Bactrocera dorsalis - Female
Fruit Damage by Fruit Fly
Fruit flies oviposit eggs underneath the skin of
ripening fruit and in some cases green fruit as
well.
Puncture marks may be visible as one or more
dark, brown dots.
Up to 20 eggs can be deposited per site.
Fruit fly larva leaving a nectarine Fruit rot, caused by fruit fly on a
At high fruit fly densities, unripe fruit may also fruit, ready to pupate in the soil. nectarine.
be attacked.
(Credits: © Aty Burger – Corteva)
After hatching, larvae feed on the fruit pulp
and burrow deeper into the fruit.
Early infestation may be visible as localised
brown discolouration of fruit while larvae feed.
Penetration sites are initially inconspicuous,
thus infested fruit may be packed without
detection. Browning spots on the skin of the Symptoms of fruit fly damage on
fruit, indicating decay, caused peach.
When fruit flies lay eggs, fruit rotting bacteria by fruit fly.
(Credits: © Aty Burger – Corteva)
are also deposited into the fruit, causing it to
decay, making it easier for the larvae to feed.
Fruit flies must be controlled as early as
possible, with special attention given to their
breeding sites (alternative hosts, home
gardens and contaminated orchards).
Fruit damage caused by fruit fly larvae on peach.
(Credits: © Julien Haran – CIRAD)
General Fruit Fly Life Cycle and Biology
LIFE CYCLE NOTES
Female egg laying Fruit fly developmental time is
temperature related.
Banana shaped eggs laid underneath Fruit flies stop flying at
General Fruit Fly Life Cycle and Biology
ON ALTERNATE HOSTS
The management of neglected fruit orchards,
home gardens and other fruit fly hosts is of the INTERESTING BEHAVIOURAL FACTS
utmost importance to manage fruit fly In summer, fruit flies are active in the early morning
populations effectively. and late afternoon, while they seek shelter in shady,
leaf-dense trees during midday.
Important alternate and wild hosts include: If the requirements of fruit flies are met i.e. sufficient
Jambos (Syzygium jambos) food, mating partners and shelter, they will not travel
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) large distances and will remain 100-200m from their
Wild prune (Harpephylum caffrum) pupation site.
Kei apple (Dovyalis caffra) Males have been found to travel up to 3 kilometres
Bug weed (Solanum mauritianum) Larger distances will be travelled if egg laying sites
are not available.
Guava (Psidium guajava) Fruit flies can live up to 3 months.
Mango (Mangifera indica)
INTERESTING BIOLOGICAL FACTS The general temperature ranges of
Females can lay up to 300 eggs in their lifetime.
Females may puncture fruit multiple times before
fruit flies
egg laying.
Puncture sites can be exploited by secondary pests Description Temperature (°C)
and diseases. Lower temperature limit for
9°C
development
Fruit flies use alternate hosts outside of orchard Upper temperature limit for
habitats to persist in low densities during times 33°C
development
when no fruit is available in orchards, e.g. in Optimum temperature for
winter. Evergreen trees may be utilised as refuge 28°C
development
sites, due to their year-round supply of food Lower lethal temperature
-2°C to -3°C
(honeydew, plant sap and bird or lizard faeces) for adults and larvae
and shelter. Fruit flies will disperse from these Upper lethal temperature
37°C for 8 hours
environments when fruit in orchards become for adults and larvae
susceptible for egg laying.
Mediterranean fruit fly
Ceratitis capitata
Clubbed hairs (setae) - only male
Blue/green eyes Distribution
All provinces
Host range
Extremely polyphagous (attacks fruit and vegeta-
bles from multiple families)
Other Facts
Sustained by more than 250 commercial & wild
hosts.
Black and silver-white
Attacks almost all fleshy fruit including stone fruit,
markings on upper thorax
Yellow and brown markings
on wings loquat, guava, citrus and grapes, as well as bug
weed, strawberry, crab apple and young apple.
Ceratitis capitata - Male
Mediterranean fruit fly female (Credits: © Antoine
busy laying her eggs Franck – CIRAD)
Natal fruit fly and Cape fruit fly males can be distinguished
from Mediterranean fruit flies by the hairs/socks on their
0 125 250 500 Kilometers mid-tibiae. Please see Natal fruit fly facts on how to distinguish
between Natal fruit fly males and Cape fruit fly males.
Natal fruit fly / Cape Fruit Fly
Ceratitis rosa / Ceratitis quilicii
Distribution
Natal fruit fly currently present in Mpumalanga and
Limpopo.
Cape fruit fly present in all provinces.
Host range
Polyphagous; recorded from over 100 plant species
Other Facts
Belongs to a species complex, which includes Ceratitis
anonae, C. fasciventris, C. quilicii and C. rosa.
Natal fruit fly and Cape fruit fly adult females cannot
Ceratitis rosa - Female
be separated morphologically.
The males can be identified based on the black
feathering on the mid-tibiae (see below): Credits: ©
RMCA
0 125 250 500 Kilometers
Natal fruit fly (male) © RMCA Cape fruit fly (male) © RMCA
Oriental fruit fly
Bactrocera dorsalis
Distribution
Yellow “racing stripes” Present at low prevalence: North-West and
Kwa-Zulu Natal Midlands; Present and subjected to
official control: Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Gauteng,
Kwa-Zulu Natal East-Coast.
Host range
Polyphagous; recorded from over 40 plant species
Clear wing with continuous dark band
on edge
Other Facts
Attacks fleshy fruit and are major pests of mango,
Dark T-shape marking
sweet orange, banana, papaya and guava.
Bactrocera dorsalis
- Female
0 125 250 500 Kilometers
Female Oriental fruit fly laying eggs (Credits: © Antoine Franck – CIRAD)
in a fruit using her ovipositor
Species Identification
If a grower is unsure about a
species identification, he/she
can make use of the Insect ID
service of the IPM Initiative at
Stellenbosch University: Contact
Caro Kapp (ckapp@sun.ac.za) or
Pia Addison (pia@sun.ac.za) prior
to submitting a sample.
Send the sample to Room 2021, JS
Marais building, Victoria Street, Stellen-
bosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600.
Label the sample with the contact person,
date, location, fruit kind and cultivar. Write
this information in pencil on a piece of paper,
and put it inside the container.
In case of isolated larvae, do the following before
submitting a sample:
Submerge larvae in close to (but not) boiling
water for 5 – 10 seconds.
Remove larvae from water.
Cover larvae in 75% alcohol or stronger (avoid
methylated spirits).
High percentage alcohol can be obtained from a
pharmacy.Fruit Fly Monitoring Guidelines
MONITORING Objectives of monitoring
Adult fruit flies can only be monitored with lures To determine the presence/absence of fruit fly
and traps. Trap catches only indicate fruit fly To determine the spread of fruit fly (extent)
activity and is not a measure of fruit damage.
Therefore, fruit damage assessments need to To determine the density of fruit fly (hotspots /
accompany fruit fly trapping. Furthermore, there problem areas)
are currently no scientifically-based fruit fly To track fruit fly population spread and density
trapping thresholds. Therefore, it is suggested over time
that fruit fly registered control measures in To evaluate control methods
orchards should be implemented as soon as
To facilitate early detection of new
sustained average daily temperatures of ≥ 15°C
introductions
are experienced. The timing of when to start
implementing fruit fly control measures will differ
between different climatic regions. See Appendix 1 for fruit fly management checklist for
print out.
Type of lures to be used
Parapheromones Food-based lures
Facts Lures Facts Lures
Male attractants Methyl eugenol Attracts both males Liquid protein
Species-specific Trimedlure® and females Yeast products
Capilure ® Not species-specific Ammonium salts
Terpinyl acetate Lower efficacy than Three component lure
Enriched Ginger Oil (EGO) parapheromones in (putrescine,
lure catching males ammonia and
Effective in low trymethylamine), e.g.
populations Biolure 3CFruit Fly Monitoring Guidelines
Trap maintenance and servicing Type of traps to be used
Service traps weekly, and on the same day, if
possible.
Replace food-based lures every 4 – 6 weeks
(follow label instructions).
Replace parapheromone lures every 6 weeks
(follow label instructions).
Replace insecticides e.g. DDVP every 6 weeks
When using a sticky pad within a delta trap,
replace sticky pad when covered with dust or Bucket trap
flies (> 40 flies). used with DDVP as killing agent
Normally used with food-based lures i.e. Biolure
Data gathering
Count the number and species of fruit flies, per
trap per week.
If using a bucket trap, discard the flies after
identification and counting.
If using a delta trap with a sticky pad, count
the number of flies each week.
Remove flies from sticky pad and stir the sticky
pad to remove unwanted dust. Delta trap
Record important data for each trap and used with sticky pad as killing agent
monitoring event: see Appendix 2 for Normally used with parapheromones i.e. Trimedlure
monitoring sheet as is required for uploading
to PhytClean
Replace lures in winter once within 8 weeks
E.g. new lure on 31 May – replace 1 August or when sustained winter daytime temperatures reach > 15°CFruit Fly Monitoring Guidelines
Trap Monitoring Assessment Diagram Use latex gloves when
Monitor per orchard, from petal drop until leaf drop. 1 2 loading traps
2
Monitor in other fruit-bearing orchards (e.g. citrus), home
gardens, riverbeds and any other alternative hosts,
throughout the year.
Keep traps fixed – do not move traps around
Steps Ha
Place one trap per 2 hectares for C. capitata,
C. rosa and C. quilicii. See Addendum 1
Official requirement is to place 1 ME bucket
traps per PUC or per 100 hectares – preferably
1 per 25 hectares for B. dorsalis.
Use latex gloves when loading traps, 3
especially when working with two types of
lures, to prevent trap contamination.
Place trap in the middle of canopy-dense
Branches and leaves must
trees. not touch the trap
Place trap at approximately 1.5 m above
ground on the eastern side of the tree.
Branches and leaves must not touch the trap.
Smear grease/petroleum
Smear grease/petroleum jelly on the hanging jelly on the hanging wire
wire to prevent ant access to trap.
Mark trap and row for locating trap again.
Label traps according to block and trap Place trap at approximately
1.5 m above ground on the
number. eastern side of the treeFruit Fly Monitoring Guidelines
Fruit Damage Assessment Diagram
1 2 3 4
Select and clearly Randomly select 10 If a fruit shows any All fallen fruit from
mark 25 evenly fruit per marked tree signs of damage marked trees should
spaced trees per and inspect for any the fruit should be also be inspected
2 ha block damage symptoms cut open to inspect for damage
for eggs or larvae
5 6
Conduct a damage assessment Record the data of each damage
once every 2 weeks, using the assessment event as follows:
same marked trees See Appendix 3
NB: Start fruit damage assessments 6 weeks before harvest - at least three fruit damage assessments must be done per
cultivar (including a pre-harvest assessment 10 days before harvest):
1) 6 weeks before harvest
2) 4 weeks before harvest
3) within 10 days before harvestFruit Fly Control Options
The objective of any fruit fly control program is to
prevent fruit flies from infesting vulnerable fruit, Orchard Sanitation
and to suppress the population. An integrated Orchard sanitation and proper management
fruit fly management approach is practices, not only in orchards, but also in
recommended, making use of all available alternative hosts such as home gardens, are
control options. The subtle shift in mind-set crucial factors for the successful and effective
should be from damage control to population control of fruit fly.
control.
Orchards and vineyards need to be picked
Control Thresholds clean – remaining fruit may be infested with
Traps: fruit fly.
Registered control measures should be
implemented in orchards as soon as sustained All infested and dropped fruit must be
average daily temperatures of ≥ 15°C are collected weekly and destroyed by finely
experienced. When fruit fly activity is recorded mincing or leaving in plastic bags in the sun, or
in home garden hosts or natural hosts, these buried a minimum of 30 cm below the soil.
habitats should be controlled, using registered Fallen fruit may also be placed in an
control measures, as they serve as refuge and augmentorium – a structure with ± 2mm mesh
breeding sites for fruit flies when no fruit is openings that allows parasitoids to escape
available in orchards. into the environment, but keeps fruit flies
Fruit damage assessments: inside, i.e. a natural way of mass-rearing
If any fruit fly damage is recorded in an parasitoids. Augmentoriums can take any
orchard then registered control measures form or size, e.g. a hole in the ground covered
should be applied. with a mesh.
If any live fruit fly larvae or eggs are found in Poorly managed and abandoned orchards
fruit during the pre-harvest damage will result in a significant build-up of fruit fly
assessment then it is recommended that the populations.
orchard be withdrawn for the EU and fruit
should be submitted to an alternative market.Fruit Fly Control Options
Alternative hosts SIT basics
Alternate hosts include fruit trees in home SIT is an area-wide fruit fly control technique,
gardens such as peach, loquat, and guava. applied across multiple farms.
All fruit must be disposed of suitably (either in Very successful to suppress fruit fly populations
augmentorium or buried). if base population is low.
Ideally, fruit trees and other hosts of which the SIT is ideal to use as part of an integrated fruit
fruit will not be used, must be cut down. fly management approach, combined with
compatible control methods and proper
Non fruit-bearing trees are not attacked by orchard sanitation.
fruit fly, but they may temporarily harbour flies
that are in search of shelter or food. SIT available through Fruit Fly Africa (Pty.) Ltd
Mechanical fruit protection Bait Sprays
Fruit may be wrapped, bagged or sleeved, Bait sprays consist of a fruit fly attractant, e.g. a
prior to their ripening, to prevent adults from protein source, and an insecticide. The main
laying eggs on fruit. objective is to attract and kill female fruit flies
before they are able to lay eggs (Fruit Fly Control Options
Bait spray procedure: Pro’s
Bait sprays are typically repeated weekly Less Labour Less harmful to
during the season and monthly during winter. beneficial insects
Simple equipment
Apply bait in localised spots within the Lower cost
orchard, avoiding fruit. Less residue issues
Bait sprays should be directed at the MAT blocks
underside of leaves in the middle of the tree The aim of the Male Annihilation Technique
where fruit flies find shelter. (MAT) is to reduce male fruit flies to low enough
Can be applied using a knapsack, ground levels so that mating does not occur, or does so
machinery or aircraft. at very low levels. MAT devices are similar to bait
stations targeting male fruit flies. Compressed
Repeat application after heavy rain. fibre board blocks, string or cord, soaked in a
male attractant and insecticide mixture can be
Follow product label instructions to the letter.
used.
Bait Stations
NB regarding MAT blocks
A bait station is loaded with bait and insecticide
and hung in the orchard or surroundings. Fruit Essential for Oriental fruit fly eradication or
flies are attracted by the bait, feed on the suppression.
insecticide and die. Bait stations typically do not Normally deployed on periphery of orchard.
retain fruit flies. The M3® bait station is most
commonly used. Typically applied at a rate of 400 units per km2
Procedure: or 4 units per hectare.
Hang the bait station in the orchard at a Should be replaced every 6 – 8 weeks.
concentration suggested by your chemical
representative. Please see Appendices 4 and 5 for more info
on Oriental fruit fly monitoring guidelines and
Note: not to be used as a standalone approach, only action plan.
as part of an integrated management approach.Fruit Fly Control Options
Biological control options Parasitoid wasps must be used as part of an
Biological control options involve the use of IPM programme.
beneficial organisms e.g. entomopathogenic
Parasitoid wasps must be considered when
nematodes and -fungi, parasitoids and other
planning spray applications, as they are often
natural enemies to control insect pests.
more sensitive to pesticides than the targeted
Entomopathogenic nematodes and –fungi (EPNs fruit fly species.
& EPFs)
The conservation of naturally occurring
Used for fruit fly suppression in pupal and adult parasitoid wasps in the ecosystem must be
form. prioritised – vegetation within and around the
For example, Metarhizium anisopliae shows orchard may be used as a refuge and food
promise as biological pesticide. source.
Fungal applications are compatible with Other natural enemies
some pesticides and other IPM techniques. Other natural enemies include spiders, ants
and beetles, which may contribute to the
Nematodes show potential as biopesticides, overall suppression of fruit fly populations.
but commercial products are not yet Cover sprays
available in South Africa.
With cover sprays, insecticides are applied to all
Parasitoids trees at different time intervals prior to harvest.
Parasitoid wasps lay their eggs inside the eggs
Cover spray options are available, however,
of fruit flies. The emerging wasp then kills by
due to increasing restrictions on the use of
consuming the fruit fly within the egg,
chemical insecticides on export fruit, and its
develops, and emerges as an adult wasp.
potential negative non-target and
Parasitoids may establish to provide persistent environmental effects, other control measures
control. are preferred. Please ask your chemical
representative regarding cover spray options
There is little risk of fruit flies developing for fruit fly control, but remember to observe
resistance against parasitoids. residue limits.Fruit Fly Control Options
A list of control options can be found in From here they may spread to adjacent
Appendix 6. All control measures must be used orchards, vineyards or alternative hosts, in
in accordance with product registration in terms search of shelter, food and oviposition sites,
of the Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural where they will be able to persist until the
Remedies and Stock Remedies Act no. 36 of following season.
1947, as amended.
Post-harvest control is required for export fruit
Post harvest control due to quarantine restrictions.
Control methods, e.g. bait applications, must Packhouse delivery inspection
not be stopped after harvesting, as fruit flies
The packhouse manager should ensure that
may persist after harvest.
600 fruit is selected from an orchard for
inspection for fruit fly infestation from the first
delivery of fruit within a calendar week. See
example below:
Day Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
1st Week Pick Pick
Inspect No Inspect
2nd Week Pick
Inspect
3rd Week Pick Pick
Inspect No Inspect
4th Week Pick
InspectCritical Control Points
1) Orchard selection: Orchards that could be 3) During the pre-harvest fruit damage
infested with fruit fly by neighbouring high risk assessment (within 10 days before harvest): If
areas (home gardens containing host plants, any live fruit fly larvae or eggs are found in fruit
poorly managed orchards, juicing factories, during the pre-harvest damage assessment
hawker activity), unless these high risk areas then it is recommended that the orchard be
are under effective fruit fly control, must be withdrawn for the EU and fruit should be
excluded for export to the EU. submitted to an alternative market.
2) During the fruit damage assessments (6 4) At the packhouse: If any fruit fly infested or
weeks before harvest and 4 weeks before damaged fruit is detected during the
harvest): If any fruit fly damage is recorded in packhouse delivery inspection or during the
an orchard then a registered control measure final end point inspection, the source orchard
must be applied according to the listed must be withdrawn for export to the EU for the
control options. remainder of the season.
Addendum 1
1 trap per 2 ha is the standard For small orchards, e.g. 1 ha, use 1 trap in
each orchard if the orchards are
Practical examples for other on-farm
separated from adjacent orchards by a
scenarios (these will be added to the
road, windbreak or similar division.
guidelines document):
Where 2 small orchards, e.g. 1 ha each,
in orchards of 3 ha, if it is on a flat surface,
are adjacent to each other without being
one trap is sufficient, but if the orchard is
separated by a road, windbreak or similar
on a slope, use 2 traps.
division, 1 trap can be placed in the
For orchards between 3 and 4 ha, use 2 centre of the 2 orchards.
traps.APPENDICES
DISCLAIMER Appendix 1 Checklist for fruit fly
All the information in this management
document is issued by HORT-
GRO (Pty) Ltd (Reg no. Appendix 2 Trap monitoring excel sheet:
2005/010343/07). Whilst all care To be uploaded to PhytClean, in
has been taken in the provision Excel format, for submission of
of the information in this docu- official B. dorsalis surveillance
ment, this information is provided data.
without liability to us, our affiliates or
any officers or employees of ours. Appendix 3 Damage assessment excel sheet
Please find full disclaimer here. Appendix 4 Bactrocera dorsalis - Monitoring
guidelines
If viewing digitally, click on the Appendix 5 Bactrocera dorsalis - Action plan
highlighted links above to access.
Appendix 6 Registered crop protection
products (New control products
are registered regularly, and
Main References
control products can be
Barnes, B., Allsopp, E., 2006. Vrugtevlieë by kern- de-registered or its uses
vrugte, steenvrugte en tafeldruiwe. LNR amended. It is therefore
Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch. important to visit the Agri-Intel
Manrakhan, A., 2016. Fruit Fly. Vol III, Chapter 3: website at
Specific pests. CRI. Nelspruit, South Africa. https://www.agri-intel.com/ and
to get expert advice before
Ekesi, S., Billah, M.K., 2007. A field guide to the using any product to control fruit
management of economically important fly.)
Tephritid fruit flies in Africa. ICIPE Science Press,
Nairobi, Kenya.
Layout and design by
https://www.icarative.comYou can also read
