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1 Statistical Report 2021 - Oil & Energy
STATISTICAL REPORT
2021
Editor: John Cooper Copyright © FuelsEurope Printed in Belgium - Designed by www.morris-chapman.com
3 Statistical Report 2021
STATISTICAL REPORT
2021
4 Statistical Report 2021
Foreword
High quality, verified and reliable facts and figures In this year edition, we kept the section dedicated
are essential to support economic and political to the COVID-19 pandemic as it is still having an
analysis. For this purpose, FuelsEurope Statistical impact on the EU refining industry.
Report 2021 aims at providing a comprehensive
set of statistics about the refining industry that • Prices & Margins
can be used by all stakeholders.
• Oil & Energy
This 2021 edition contains the most up-to-date
• Refined Products
information based on currently available data for
the sector. One should, however, note that some • Refining
of the data is updated every 2 or 4 years. • Emissions
This includes global energy markets, oil products • Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
demand and international trade flows, fuel
• COVID-19’s Impact
specifications, prices and margins, the integration
with the petrochemical sector as well as the
environmental performance of the EU refining
industry.
John Cooper
Director General
5 Statistical Report 2021
www.linkedin.com/company/fuelseurope www.twitter.com/FuelsEurope
www.youtube.com/fuelseurope www.fuelseurope.eu
www.cleanfuelsforall.eu
6 Statistical Report 2021
Prices & Margins
7 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
FIG.1 T
OTAL TAXATION SHARE
IN THE END CONSUMER PRICE
Source: European Commission
EURO-SUPER 95 EURO-SUPER 95 ROAD DIESEL OIL ROAD DIESEL OIL
COUNTRY % COUNTRY %
50% - 55%
Belgium 60
Greece 64 > 55% - 60% France 60
FI
Italy 64 Ireland 58
> 60% 64 53
Ireland 63 Portugal 56
SE
France 62 Slovenia 56
62 50
Sweden 62 EE 57 47 Netherlands 55
Portugal 61 LV 58 54 Latvia 54
DK
Belgium 59 LT Malta 54
59 53
Czechia 59 55 50 Denmark 53
IE NL
Denmark 59 DE PL
Finland 53
63 58 65 55
59 52 51 47
Germany 59 Austria 52
BE
CZ
Latvia 58 59 60 LU Germany 52
59 51 SK 57 51
Austria 57 55 50 Croatia 51
FR AT HU
Croatia 57 RO Czechia 51
62 60 56 56 SI
51 49
Estonia 57 49 47 Greece 51
57 52
Slovakia 57 IT
HR Slovakia 51
Malta 56 64 61 BG
57 51 Bulgaria 50
52 50
Slovenia 56 ES Cyprus 50
Lithuania 55 53 49 EL Lithuania 50
Luxembourg 55 PT 64 51 Luxembourg 50
Cyprus 53 61 56 Sweden 50
Spain 53 56 54 MT Hungary 49
CY
Bulgaria 52 Spain 49
53 50
Hungary 51 Estonia 47
Poland 51 The price at the pump is driven to a large degree by tariffs and taxes. On average, over half Poland 47
Romania 49 the cost of fuel at the pump represents taxes. The taxes on gasoline are generally higher than Romania 47
for diesel. This differential tax treatment has driven the demand shift over the past 20 years.
Since the dieselgate and a progressive alignment of taxes on gasoline and diesel in a number
of member states, this shift in demand has progressively ceased. Road fuel taxes contribute
substantially to Member States’ revenues.
Reference date: 22 March 2021
8 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
FIG.2 B
REAKDOWN OF AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL PRICES
ACROSS EU-27 (MARCH 2021)
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
PRODUCT TARIFFS VAT
Sweden 0.78 0.46 0.31 1.55
Italy 0.56 0.62 0.26 1.44
Belgium 0.57 0.60 0.25 1.42
Finland 0.69 0.46 0.27 1.42
France 0.54 0.61 0.23 1.38
Netherlands 0.61 0.51 0.24 1.36
Portugal 0.59 0.51 0.25 1.36
Ireland 0.57 0.51 0.25 1.33
Greece 0.65 0.42 0.26 1.32
Denmark 0.62 0.43 0.26 1.32
Croatia 0.63 0.41 0.26 1.30
Germany 0.63 0.47 0.18 1.28
Estonia 0.66 0.37 0.21 1.23
Cyprus 0.62 0.41 0.20 1.22
Hungary 0.61 0.35 0.26 1.22
Malta 0.55 0.47 0.18 1.21
Spain 0.60 0.38 0.21 1.18
Czechia 0.56 0.42 0.21 1.18
Latvia 0.55 0.43 0.20 1.18 PRODUCT
Slovakia 0.58 0.40 0.20 1.18
TARIFFS
Austria 0.57 0.41 0.19 1.17
VAT
Slovenia 0.52 0.43 0.21 1.16
Unit: Price in Euro
Poland 0.60 0.34 0.21 1.14
per litre
Lithuania 0.56 0.37 0.20 1.12
Luxembourg 0.56 0.36 0.16 1.07
Romania 0.57 0.34 0.17 1.07
Bulgaria 0.50 0.33 0.17 1.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Whereas this is progressively evolving towards equal taxation of the price paid at the pump contributes to the refiner’s income,
rates, gasoline prices were generally higher than diesel prices in the remainder represents taxes, the biggest share, the purchase
most member states due to a higher tax element. Only a fraction of the crude and the distribution and marketing costs.9 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
FIG.3 B
REAKDOWN OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE PRICES
ACROSS EU-27 (MARCH 2021)
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
PRODUCT TARIFFS VAT
Netherlands 0.61 0.81 0.30 1.71
Denmark 0.67 0.62 0.32 1.62
Greece 0.58 0.71 0.31 1.60
Italy 0.56 0.73 0.28 1.58
Finland 0.58 0.68 0.30 1.57
Portugal 0.60 0.67 0.29 1.56
Sweden 0.58 0.64 0.30 1.52
France 0.57 0.69 0.25 1.51
Germany 0.62 0.65 0.20 1.47
Ireland 0.54 0.62 0.27 1.43
Belgium 0.57 0.60 0.25 1.41
Estonia 0.58 0.56 0.23 1.37
Croatia 0.59 0.51 0.27 1.37
Malta 0.59 0.55 0.20 1.34
Slovakia 0.57 0.54 0.22 1.34
Spain 0.62 0.47 0.23 1.32
Latvia 0.54 0.52 0.22 1.28
Lithuania 0.54 0.47 0.21 1.22
Austria 0.52 0.49 0.20 1.21 PRODUCT
Luxembourg 0.55 0.47 0.17 1.20 TARIFFS
Czechia 0.50 0.49 0.21 1.20 VAT
Hungary 0.58 0.36 0.25 1.20
Unit: Price in Euro
Slovenia 0.52 0.44 0.21 1.18
per litre
Cyprus 0.54 0.44 0.19 1.17
Poland 0.56 0.38 0.22 1.15
Romania 0.55 0.37 0.17 1.09
Bulgaria 0.49 0.36 0.17 1.02
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Whereas this is progressively evolving towards equal taxation fraction of the price paid at the pump contributes to the
rates, gasoline prices were generally higher than diesel prices refiner’s income, the remainder going to Member States and
in most member states due to a higher tax element. Only a the purchasing of the crude oil.10 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
FIG.4 C
RUDE OIL PRICE EVOLUTION
Source: Energy Information Administration and Federal Reserve Economic Data
180
160
REAL (2021)
NOMINAL
140
US dollar per barrel, monthy average
Unit: Europe Brent spot price
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2020
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2021
The EU Refining industry operates between two global, open of relatively low prices, oil started rising leading to peaks just
and transparent markets: the market for crude oil and the before the financial crisis in 2008. Amid the coronavirus crisis
market for refined products. The main benchmarks are priced and a price war led by Riyadh and Moscow, demand in April
in dollars. The price of crude oil is set on international spot 2020 reached down to a level last seen in 1995. By the end of
markets and reported by designated agencies. The price of oil 2020, crude oil price went above $50/bbl for the first time since
is an important marker for the global economy and is closely early March.
watched by businesses and policy-makers. After a decade11 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
FIG.5 REFINERS OPERATE BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL
COMMODITY MARKETS: CRUDE MARKET AND
REFINED PRODUCTS MARKET
Source: Wood Mackenzie and Argus Media
Unit: Average yearly prices; US Dollar per barrel
140
120 BRENT FOB
GASOLINE
100
DIESEL
80
GASOLINE CRACK
60 DIESEL CRACK
40
20
EU refining operates between two global
0 commodity markets, the crude market and
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
the refined products market. The ‘crack
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
spread’ represents the difference between
the cost of crude oil and the market sales
Unit: Average yearly prices; US Dollar per barrel
price for refined products. Generally, product
140 prices rise with crude prices but the drivers
of the difference are many. In historic terms,
120 the profitability has started to decline in
a context of falling demand (2008). After
100 a first, yet small, improvement, in 2012-
2013 a better period started for refineries
80
in 2015-2018. Prices started falling again
in 2019, with a record low in 2020 due to
60
the global pandemic. The spread is generally
40 tight, margins are low and the industry is
highly vulnerable to the operating costs that
20 must be deducted from the spread before
profitability can be considered.
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2012 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
FIG.6 EVOLUTION OF GAS PRICES
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
12 Average German Import price*
11 Netherlands TTF (DA Heren Index)**
US Henry Hub***
10
9
Unit: Gas prices in $/MBtu
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Since 2009, the US industry gained a significant competitive Source: *1986 -1990 German Federal Statistical Office, 1991-
advantage over the EU industry as a result of the shale oil 2020 German Federal Office of Economics and
revolution. Export Control (BAFA)
**ICIS Heren Energy Ltd.
***Energy Intelligence Group, Natural Gas Week.13 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
FIG.7 C
OBALT AND LITHIUM CARBONATE PRICES
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
100000 15000
COBALT PRICES* LITHIUM CARBONATE PRICES**
Unit: US dollars per tonne
Unit: US dollars per tonne
80000 12000
60000 9000
40000 6000
20000 3000
0 0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
After steep rises in prices for cobalt and lithium in 2017 and *Note: 2
000-2012 spot grade for cathodes, source US
2018, prices fell back sharply in 2019. Cobalt prices declined Geological Survey. 2013-2018 min purity 99.8%,
by over 50% while lithium carbonate prices slipped 31%. source London Metal Exchange.
Production responded quickly to the drop in prices, with
cobalt production down 21.2%, largely due to a decline in **Note: 2
000-2008 unit value, data series 140, source US
the Democratic Republic of Congo. Lithium production fell Geological Survey. 2009-2018 FOB South America,
19.2%, driven mainly by lower Australian output. source Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.14 Statistical Report 2021 - Prices & Margins
OIL & ENERGY15 Statistical Report 2021 - Oil & Energy
FIG.8 W
ORLDWIDE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
BY FUEL TYPE IN 2019
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
5%
World 6%
European Union 4%
33%
583.9
27% Exajoules
250
24%
200 193
4% 11%
158
Unit: Exajoules
150 141
11%
38%
68.8:
100
11% Exajoules
50 38
26 25 29 25%
17
8 7 3 8
0
Oil Natural Coal Nuclear Hydro Renewables
gas energy electricity
Oil remains the world’s dominant fuel, making up just over a Note: P
lease note that due to rounding, figures may not add up
third of all energy consumed. Compared to 2018, oil and coal’s exactly to 100%
market share decreased by roughly 1% whilst natural gas and Exajoules - Please note that this data was available in
hydroelectricity gained 1%. In addition, renewables increased Mtoe in previous years.
their share by 2% globally, now accounting for 5% of the world’s
energy consumption.16 Statistical Report 2021 - Oil & Energy
FIG.9 WORLDWIDE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
BY REGION IN 2019
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
OIL COAL
25% OTHERS 19% USA 16% OTHERS 7% USA
5% EU-28
3% AFRICA
3% JAPAN
12% INDIA
2% RUSSIA
6% SOUTH Total energy
AND Total
Total energy
energy 14% EU-28
157.9
CENTRAL 193 Exajoules
Exajoules
AMERICA
9% MIDDLE EAST 4% JAPAN
5% INDIA 3% RUSSIA
14% CHINA 52% CHINA
Unit: Exajoules
Global energy consumption remained mostly
unchanged between 2018 and 2019. It can be
seen that oil (14%) and natural gas (12%) remain
NATURAL GAS the main energy sources in the EU. Globally, coal
consumption remained at 27%. Coal remains
25% OTHERS 22% USA
the main energy consumed in China and India
- together the two countries are responsible
for 64% of the global consumption. Compared
to 2018, Russia, China and India have each
increased their consumption of natural gas by
4% SOUTH
1%.
AND Total energy
CENTRAL 141.5 Exajoules 12% EU-28
AMERICA Note: C
onsumption is measured in exajoules.
Please note that this data was available in
14% MIDDLE EAST 3% JAPAN Mtoe in previous years.
Please note that due to rounding, figures
1% INDIA may not add up to exactly 100%.
8% CHINA 11% RUSSIA17 Statistical Report 2021 - Oil & Energy
FIG.10 W
ORLDWIDE CRUDE OIL MOVEMENT
IN 2019
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
24.9 259.1
30.7
22.6
69.4 76.3
80.8
218.9 20.6
137.7 141.2
50.6 55.6 67.2 244.8
69.4
44.2 58.2
32.3 48.0 56.8 34.6
158.8 48.4
91.1 49.2
Unit: Million tonnes per year
45.2 254.1
59.7
39.4
21.6
30.2
79.5
USA 68.5
CANADA
MEXICO
SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
EUROPE & EURASIA
MIDDLE EAST
Crude oil is an internationally traded commodity with trade flows
AFRICA
taking place all over the world.
ASIA PACIFIC
There are two open and transparent markets - crude oil and refined
TRADE FLOWS IN 2019 products - within which the European refining industry operates.18 Statistical Report 2021 - Oil & Energy
FIG.11 W
ORLDWIDE REFINED PRODUCT DEMAND*
AVERAGED 98.3 MILLION BARRELS PER DAY
IN 2019, WITH EU ACCOUNTING FOR 13%
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
OTHER ASIA PACIFIC 13% 24% NORTH AMERICA
EURASIA 1%
JAPAN 4%
INDIA 5%
6% SOUTH AND
Total
CENTRAL AMERICA
98.3 Mbd
CHINA 14% 3% RUSSIA
AFRICA 4%
13% EU
MIDDLE EAST 10% 2% EUROPE NON-EU
Global demand for oil products decreased from 99.8 million *Inland demand plus international aviation and marine
barrels per day in 2018 to 98.3 in 2019. The EU’s share bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of
remained at 13% compared to the previous year. North biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of
America accounts for 24% of the global demand, followed by coal and natural gas are also included.
China with 14% of the demand.19 Statistical Report 2021 - Oil & Energy
FIG.12 E
U-28 TOTAL OIL DEMAND AMOUNTED TO
566.9 MILLION TONNES IN 2020
Source: Wood Mackenzie
COUNTRY Mt/y COUNTRY Mt/y
Austria 12.8 Italy 50.8
Belgium 29.3 Latvia 1.8
Bulgaria 3.9 Lithuania 2.8
Croatia 3.1 Luxembourg 2.9
Cyprus 2.3 Malta 2.6
Czechia 9.2 Netherlands 42.9
Denmark 6.6 Poland 30.8
Estonia 1.4 Portugal 10.1
Finland 8.4 Romania 8.9
France 71.0 Slovakia 4.0
Germany 106.4 Slovenia 2.3
Greece 12.8 Spain 52.3
Hungary 7.4 Sweden 14.4
Ireland 6.9 United Kingdom 58.8
EU TOTAL = 566.9
Norway 7.6
Switzerland 9.4
Turkey 45.3
TOTAL NO + CH + TR = 62.3
EU NON EU
TOTAL = 629.2
Unit: Million tonnes per year
EU-28 total oil demand amounted to 566.9 Mt in 2020 Among EU Member States that recorded the biggest fall in
decreasing by 11.4% compared to 2019. the oil demand were Spain (-20.1%), United Kingdom (-19.8%)
and Finland (-16.9%).
Oil demand dropped significantly due to the Covid-19
pandemic in all the EU Member States except in Sweden Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up.
where the demand remained stable.20 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
REFINED PRODUCTS21 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.13 H
ISTORICAL DEMAND FOR OIL PRODUCTS
IN THE EU-28 IN 2020
Source: Wood Mackenzie
800
Total Demand 2009: 682.9 Total Demand 2020: 566.9
700 34.3
68.2
600 74.7 21.5
Unit: Million tonnes per year
283 53.8
500 39
275.2
400
300
54
200 34.4
101.8
81.2
100
41.3 33.5
25.6 28.1
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
From 2009 to 2014, a downward trend has been LPG DIESEL/GASOIL
observed for oil products demand in the EU.
NAPHTA FUEL OIL
This 10% decline over these 5 years was mainly
due to the fall in fuel oil and gasoline demand. GASOLINE OTHER PRODUCTS
From 2015, a slight increase has been witnessed JET/KEROSENE REFINERY FUEL & LOSS
mainly due to the rise in demand of diesel/gasoil
and kerosene products over the past years. In
2020, the total demand of oil products decreased
by 12% compared with 2019 due to the Covid-19
pandemic.22 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.14 A
VERAGE REFINERY OUTPUT BY PRODUCT
TYPE IN OECD EUROPE IN 2020
Source: International Energy Agency
2.8% LPG
14.3% OTHER PRODUCTS
7.4% NAPHTHA
9.3% FUEL OIL 18.1% GASOLINE
5.6% KEROSENE
42.5% DIESEL/GASOIL
A wide range of products, from transportation and industrial industry as well as waxes, solvents and other specialised
fuels to chemical feedstock, are produced from crude oil. products. Fuels for transport represent the biggest share of
EU refineries also produce many specialty products, such the production.
as bitumen for road construction and roofing, lubricants
for transport and industry, petroleum coke for the metal Note: P
lease note that due to rounding, figures may not add up.23 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.15 B
IOFUELS PRODUCTION IN THE EU-28
IN 2019
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
350
300
Thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day
250
200
150
100
50
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
BIOFUELS
The overall production of biofuels in the EU has doubled since Note: Includes biogasoline (such as ethanol) and biodiesel.
2008; growing from 144 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per Volumes have been adjusted for energy content.
day to 290 in 2019.24 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.16 R
OAD FUEL DEMAND IN THE EU-28
IN 2020
Source: Wood Mackenzie
3.00
250000
2.50
200000
Unit: Million tonnes per year
Diesel/Gasoline ratio
2.00
150000
1.50
100000
1.00
50000 0.50
0 0.00
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
GASOLINE DIESEL RATIO
The tax-incentivised dieselisation trend has significantly gasoline as well as a shortage of diesel production in the EU.
contributed to a fundamental change in the EU’s road fuel However, since the diesel gate and the progressive alignment
demand structure. The shift from gasoline to diesel began of gasoline and diesel taxes the trend is slowly reversing.
some 25 years ago and led to a major demand decline for25 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.17 R
OAD FUEL DEMAND IN THE EU BY COUNTRY
IN 2020
Source: Wood Mackenzie
38% Germany 62%
21% France 79%
33% United Kingdom 67%
24% Italy 76%
19% Spain 81%
23% Poland 77%
41% Netherlands 59%
18% Austria 82%
23% Belgium 77%
32% Sweden 68%
Sustained by favourable excise taxes on
26% Czech Republic 74% diesel, the shift from gasoline to diesel
26% Romania 74% over the past two decades led to a higher
20% Portugal 80% demand for diesel as a road fuel in the vast
45% Greece 55% majority of EU Member States.
32% Hungary 68%
In some countries, such as France and
17% Ireland 83% Spain, the imbalance is far more pronounced
33% Denmark 67% as a result of even more favourable tax
35% Finland 65% policies for diesel.
22% Slovakia 78%
The continued growth in heavy duty
18% Luxembourg 82%
transport in the EU, driven by the internal
20% Bulgaria 80%
market and external trade, has further
25% Croatia 75% contributed to spurring diesel demand.
14% Lithuania 86%
21% 79% However, recent measures to rebalance
Slovenia
taxation level of diesel with gasoline could
18% Latvia 82%
trigger a progressive shift in diesel demand.
30% Estonia 70%
51% Cyprus 49%
39% Malta 61%
20 15 10 5 - - 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Unit: Million tonnes per year GASOLINE DIESEL26 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.18.a N
ET TRADE FLOWS FOR REFINED PRODUCTS
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT GASOLINE (EXCLUDING
BIO-COMPONENTS)
Source: Eurostat
45%
160000
40%
140000
35%
120000
30%
100000
25%
Unit: Kilotonnes
80000
20%
60000
15%
40000 10%
20000 5%
0%
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION Overproduction of gasoline in the EU has been increasing over the years, despite
a mild decrease in overall production volumes, due to a decrease in domestic
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
consumption. This decreasing trend for domestic consumption, however, has
NET EXPORTS AS % OF stabilised from 2013 onwards. In 2019, we can see a first increase in domestic
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION gasoline production driven by a change in consumer preferences toward gasoline
fuelled vehicles.27 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.18.b N
ET TRADE FLOWS FOR REFINED PRODUCTS
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT KEROSENE (EXCLUDING
BIO-COMPONENTS)
Source: Eurostat
40%
70000
35%
60000
30%
50000
25%
40000
Unit: Kilotonnes
20%
30000
15%
20000 10%
10000 5%
0%
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION For kerosene, the EU is import dependent, relying substantially on supplies from
Russia and Asia.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
NET IMPORTS AS % OF
FINAL CONSUMPTION28 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.18.c N
ET TRADE FLOWS FOR REFINED PRODUCTS
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT DIESEL/GASOIL
(EXCLUDING BIO-COMPONENTS)
Source: Eurostat
45%
300000
40%
250000
35%
30%
200000
25%
Unit: Kilotonnes
150000
20%
15%
100000
10%
50000
5%
0%
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION For diesel/gasoil, on the other hand, the EU covers most of its consumption
through domestic production.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
NET IMPORTS AS % OF
FINAL CONSUMPTION29 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.19 M
AJOR GASOLINE AND DIESEL/GASOIL
TRADE FLOWS TO AND FROM THE EU-28 IN 2019
Source: Eurostat
EU-28
81.7 291.7
25.5 RUSSIA
21.5
NORTH
AMERICA 6.1 18.4 ASIA
Unit: Million tonnes per year
10.3 ASIA
12.6
AFRICA
The major trade flows to and from the EU reflect the imbalance in gasoline/ GASOLINE DEMAND IN 2019
diesel demand in Europe. As a consequence, significant excess gasoline
DIESEL/GASOIL DEMAND IN 2019
production capacity needs to be exported, whilst Europe became heavily
reliant on imports from third countries/regions - especially Russia, the MAIN GASOLINE TRADE FLOWS IN 2019
Middle East and the USA to meet regional demand for diesel and jet fuel. MAIN DIESEL/GASOIL TRADE FLOWS IN 2019
North America was the traditional export market for gasoline surpluses in
Europe, but the shale oil revolution and cheap energy enabled US refiners to
increase their supplies for their internal market and compete on other export
markets with EU refiners.30 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.20 E
U-28 GASOLINE TRADING BALANCE
USA REMAINS AN IMPORTANT EXPORT MARKET
FOR THE EU
Source: Eurostat
NET EXPORT
2019 9%
2018 6%
2017 3%
2016 1%
2015 -1%
2014 7%
2013 10%
Unit: Million tonnes per year
2012 10%
2011 5%
2010 9%
2009 9%
2008 11%
2007 10%
2006 10%
2005 12%
2004 14% EUROPE NON EU
2003 19%
USA
2002 19%
REST OF THE WORLD
2001 24%
Note: Please note that due to rounding,
2000 23% figures may not add up to exactly 100%.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
The US was the traditionally the main export market for the and Asia. The EU gasoline surplus in 2019 remained high.
structural EU gasoline surplus. The shale oil boom in the late North America and Asia were the two key export markets
2000s has decreased export opportunities to the US and for the EU.
forced EU refiners to find other markets, primarily in Africa31 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.21 E
U-28 DIESEL/GASOIL TRADING BALANCE
RUSSIA IS A LEADING EXPORTER OF GASOIL TO
THE EU
Source: Eurostat
NET IMPORT NET EXPORT
19% 80% 1% 2019
20% 68% 12% 2018
20% 54% 26% 2017
28% 48% 24% 2016
27% 47% 27% 2015
26% 42% 32% 2014
Unit: Million tonnes per year
30% 38% 32% 2013
30% 31% 39% 2012
31% 40% 30% 2011
22% 55% 23% 2010
27% 49% 23% 2009
29% 49% 22% 2008
5% 68% 27% 2007
8% 87% 5% 2006
1% 97% 1% 2005
8% 80% 12% 2004
87% 12% 1% 2003
1% 86% 12% 2002
1% 79% 20% 2001
1% 63% 37% 2000
40 30 20 10 0 10 20
NORTH AMERICA After a significant increase of gasoil imports from the US between 2008 and
2013, Russia recovered some of the lost shares between 2014-2018 to remain
RUSSIA
the leading gasoil exporter to the EU. This continued dependence of the EU
REST OF THE WORLD on imports of gasoil is the result of the diesel/gasoline imbalance that the EU is
facing for many years.
Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up exactly to 100%.32 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.22 E
U-28 JET FUEL TRADING BALANCE
MIDDLE EAST REMAINS MAIN JET FUEL SUPPLIER
FOR THE EU
Source: Eurostat
NET IMPORT NET EXPORT
32% 65% 1% 2% 2019
2% 29% 65% 4% 2018
1% 30% 67% 2% 2017
7% 27% 65% 1% 2016
7% 30% 63% 0% 2015
7% 29% 58% 6% 2014
7% 26% 58% 9% 2013
7% 21% 64% 8% 2012
Unit: Million tonnes per year
3% 31% 62% 4% 2011
4% 26% 68% 2% 2010
15% 34% 49% 2% 2009
12% 36% 47% 4% 2008
8% 16% 74% 1% 2007
17% 14% 67% 3% 2006
25% 9% 62% 3% 2005
18% 6% 70% 6% 2004
40% 3% 44% 13% 2003
43% 2% 43% 11% 2002
20% 63% 16% 2001
24% 55% 21% 2000
20 15 10 5 0 5
REST OF THE WORLD There is a substantial EU dependence on jet fuel imports originating mainly from
ASIA PACIFIC the Middle East and to a lesser extent from the Asia Pacific region.
MIDDLE EAST Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up exactly to 100%.
EUROPE NON EU33 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
FIG.23 M
ARINE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27
Source: Wood Mackenzie
70000
60000
45 636
Unit: Consumption (1000 tonnes)
50000
28 256
40000
30000
20000
15 368
10000
10 821
0
20
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
FUEL OIL GASOIL 20
During the past years there was a rise in marine gasoil consumption at the expense of fuel oil. Switching to LNG
or using scrubbers are alternatives to meeting the new International Maritime Organisation (IMO) emissions limits.34 Statistical Report 2021 - Refined Products
REFINING35 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.24 G
LOBAL REFINING CAPACITY
AS OF 2019
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
22.3% 17.1%
North Europe + 6.6%
America Eurasia Russia
22 586 17 309 6 721
Unit: Thousand barrels daily
5.9% 9.9% 35.1%
Latin 3.2%
Middle
e Asia
America Africa
East Pacific
5 984 3 200 10 022 35 518
Refining is spread around the world and a truly global business. largest for refining, behind Asia Pacific at 35% and North America
The share of Europe and Eurasia (excluding Russia) has declined at 22%.
by -0.2% compared to 2018. At 17% the region remains third36 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.25 P
ROJECTED INVESTMENT IN REFINING SECTOR
PER REGION 2020-2045
Source: OPEC World Oil Outlook 2020
400
MAINTENANCE/CAPACITY REPLACEMENT
350
REQUIRED ADDITIONS
300 EXISTING PROJECTS
250
Unit: $ billion
200
150
100
50
0
US & Latin Africa Europe Russia & Middle China Other
Canada America Caspian East Asia-Pacific
All three categories of refinery investments are estimated at More than $1 trillion is projected to be dedicated to maintenance,
around $1.47 trillion for the 2020-2045 period. $235 billion invested in known projects and the remaining $178
billion to additions beyond firm projects.37 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.26 R
EFINERY/STEAM CRACKER SITES
IN EUROPE
Source: Concawe and PetrochemicalsEurope
2
3
3 2
3
2
2
2
REFINERY LOCATION
STEAM CRACKER LOCATION
INTEGRATED REFINERY / STEAM CRACKER LOCATION
A large number of refineries are integrated with, or very close is an intrinsic part of the industrial value chain and provides the
to steam crackers which produce the feedstock for the basis for advanced high value products.
petrochemical industry. Such interconnections show how refining38 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.27 O
PERATIONAL LOW-CARBON PROJECTS IN
EUROPE
Source: FuelsEurope
Low-Carbon Liquid Fuels operational projects
Low-Carbon Technology operational projects
3
2
Up to May 2021, there were 23 low-carbon projects operational the EU achieve its climate goals. You can visit our cleanfuelsforall.
across Europe. These projects - ten low-carbon technologies eu website for regular updates on the map and more information
projects and thirteen low-carbon liquid fuels projects - are helping about each project.39 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.28 77 MAINSTREAM REFINERIES WERE OPERATING
IN THE EU-28, NORWAY AND SWITZERLAND AT
THE END OF 2020
Source: Concawe
Number of Number of
COUNTRY refineries COUNTRY refineries
Austria 1 Ireland 1
Belgium 3 Italy 10
Bulgaria 1 Lithuania 1
Croatia 1 Netherlands 5
Czechia 2 Poland 2
Denmark 2 Portugal 1
Finland 1 Romania 3
France 6 Slovakia 1
Germany 11 Spain 8
Greece 4 Sweden 3
Hungary 1 United Kingdom 6
EU-28 TOTAL = 74
Norway 2
Switzerland 1
TOTAL NO + CH = 3
TOTAL = 77
EU NON EU In December 2020, there were 77 ‘mainstream’ (capacity
Threshold > 30 kbbl/d or 1.5 Mt/a above 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a) refineries in the EU-28,
Norway and Switzerland.
Note: T he threshold data used as basis for the FuelsEurope
Statistical Report was lowered from 50 kbbdl/d
or 2.5Mt/a to 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a. As a result, 3
refineries were added to the total (1 in Croatia, 1 in
Italy and 1 in Romania).40 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.29 E
U-28, NORWEGIAN AND SWISS MAINSTREAM
REFINERIES HAD 662.2 MILLION TONNES
OF PRIMARY REFINING CAPACITY IN 2020
Source: Concawe and Oil & Gas Journal
*Refining *Refining
COUNTRY capacity COUNTRY capacity
Austria 9.7 Ireland 3.6
Belgium 38.8 Italy 88.3
Bulgaria 9.8 Lithuania 9.5
Croatia 6.7 Netherlands 60.2
Czechia 8.8 Poland 25.2
Denmark 8.7 Portugal 10.6
Finland 10.3 Romania 10.8
France 58.5 Slovakia 5.8
Germany 97.0 Spain 68
Greece 21.2 Sweden 22
Hungary 8.1 United Kingdom 63.7
EU-28 TOTAL = 579.2 million tonnes per year
Norway 16.0
Switzerland 3.40
TOTAL NO + CH = 19.4 million tonnes per year
TOTAL = 662.2 million tonnes per year
EU NON EU
Threshold > 30 kbbl/d or 1.5 Mt/a
The 77 mainstream refineries operating in 2020 in the EU-28, Note: The threshold data used as basis for the FuelsEurope
Norway and Switzerland had a primary refining capacity of Statistical report was lowered from 50 kbbdl/d or
662 million tonnes. This represents a decrease by 144 million 2.5Mt/a to 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a. As a result, three
tonnes of primary refining capacity since 2009. Over the last refineries were added to the total and the total refining
year the refining capacity in the EU has decreased due to five capacity increased.
refinery closures. Note: Refining capacity is expressed in million tonnes per year.
Numbers may not add up due to rounding.
*Status in December 202041 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.30 R
EFINERY CLOSURES IN EUROPE
Source: Platts and Concawe
300
Unit: Capacity (kbbl/d)
200
100
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020
UK FRANCE ITALY GERMANY ROMANIA SPAIN
SWITZERLAND FINLAND PORTUGAL CROATIA THE NETHERLANDS
Threshold > 30 kbbl/d or 1.5 Mt/a
Since 2009, out of close to 100 refineries operating Note: T he threshold data used as basis for our report was
in Europe, 24 mainstream refineries were closed or lowered to 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a, which added one
transformed. Currently, five refineries in Europe underwent refinery closure to the total (Dunkirk in 2014).
a transformation process, moving away from oil and
converting into biorefineries.42 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.31 O
IL PIPELINES - MAP OF EUROPE
Source: Concawe
F i n l a n d
a
S w e d e n
ni
A N o r w a y
th
T
L
Bo
A
O N
C T
I C
of
E Helsinki
A
N
G ul f
Oslo
Stockhol m
Tallinn
Estonia
Riga
Latvia
Denmark
Copenhagen
Lithuania
G r e a t
Vilnius
B r i t a i n
Minsk
Rep. of Belarus
Ireland
Dublin
The Netherlands
Berlin
Amsterdam Warsaw
London
P o l a n d
Belgium
G e r m a n y
Bruxelles
Czech
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Prague
Rep. U k r a i n e
Paris
S l o v a k i a
Austria Vienna
Bratisl ava
Moldova
Switzerland
Liechtenstien Hungary Budapest
F r a n c e Bern
Slovenia
R o m a n i a
Ljubljana Zagreb Croatia
Bosnia
Belgrade
and
San Marino Herzegovina Serbia Bucharest
Sarajevo
I t a l y Montenegro
B u l g a r i a
Andorra
Sofia
Podgorica
Rome
FYROMSkopje
Tirana
Albania
Portugal Madrid
S p a i n G r e e c e
Lisbon
T u r k e y
Athens
Valletta
PIPELINES: IN OPERATION OR STAND BY Pipelines are a long-established, safe and efficient mode of
CRUDE OIL transport for crude oil and petroleum products. They are used
OIL PRODUCTS both for short-distance transport (e.g. within a refinery or depot,
or between neighbouring installations) and long distances.
Note: The map is based on publicly available information as An extensive network of cross-country oil pipelines in Europe
well as the information gathered by Concawe and as such meets a large proportion of the need for transportation of
should not be considered exhaustive. petroleum products.43 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.32 C
APACITY AND UTILISATION
OF EUROPEAN REFINERIES
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020
800 100%
95%
90%
700
Unit: Capacity (million tonnes)
Unit: Utilisation rate
85%
80%
600
75%
70%
65%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
IDLE CAPACITY REFINERY THROUGHPUT UTILISATION RATE
Since 2008, the utilisation rate of EU refineries has been European refineries reaching 86%. This rate is commonly
oscillating between 86% to a lowest of 78%. In 2017, an accepted as a requirement for efficient economic operations
increased rate has been observed with the utilisation of of a refinery.44 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.33 Q
UALITY OF REFINERY WATER EFFLUENT
OIL DISCHARGED IN WATER
Source: Concawe
50 30.00
Unit: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharge (ktonnes/yr)
45
Unit: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharged
25.00
40
per reported throughput (g/tonne)
35
20.00
30
25 15.00
20
10.00
15
10
5.00
5
0 0.00
1969 1974 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 2000 2005 2008 2010 2013 2016
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharge (ktonnes/yr)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharged per reported throughput (g/tonne)
The EU Refineries have significantly improved the quality to extremelly low levels relative to pre-1990; both in terms
of refinery water effluent in the last decades. The amount of the absolute amount of TPH discharged and the amount
of Total Petroleum Hyrdrocarbons (TPH) discharged in expressed relative to the volume of feedstock processed
effluents from reporting installations continued to decrease (throughput) and the refining capacity of the installations.45 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
FIG.34 C
HEMICAL INDUSTRY RAW MATERIAL USE
Source: CEFIC and ICIS
100% 8 7 8 8 8 8
8 11 12 11 10
90% 14
13 16 19 22 24
80% 25 20 25
25 29
70%
60%
50%
72 73
70 68
40% 65
63 63 63
58 61
56
30%
20%
10%
7 6 6 6 5 4 5 6 5 4 4
0%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GAS OIL NAPHTHA LPG ETHANE
The EU refining sector is closey integrated with the Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add
petrochemical sector. A large part of the petrochemical up exactly to 100%.
feedstock relies on refined products, such as naphtha and
petroleum gases.46 Statistical Report 2021 - Refining
EMISSIONS47 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.35 M
ARINE FUEL SULPHUR SPECIFICATIONS
SULPHUR EMISSION CONTROL AREAS (SECAs)
Source: IMO and Concawe
Established ECAs
Possible ECAs
Chinese SECAs
The limit for the sulphur content of marine fuels in SECAs is within the Coastal ECA, i.e. within China’s territorial sea (including
0.1% since 1 January 2015. the Hainan Coastal ECA) as well as Hong Kong, Taiwan and
Mainland China.
The limit for the sulphur content of marine fuels outside SECAs
in the EU waters is set at 0.5% for EU waters from 2020. From 1 January 2020, the new 0.5% global sulphur cap entered
into force replacing the previous limit of 3.50% which had been
Since January 2015, all vessels in the Emission Controlled Area in effect since 1 January 2012.
(ECA) of the Baltic Sea, North Sea, English Channel and waters
200 nautical miles from the coast of US and Canada, have had to From 1 January 2022, vessels must use fuel with a sulphur
reduce their sulphur emissions to 0.1%. content not exceeding 0.1% while operating within the Hainan
Coastal ECA. Vessels are required to use either a distillate, an
From 1 January 2019, vessels have been required to use fuel alternate fuel or install a scrubber that removes sulphur from the
with a sulphur content not exceeding 0.5% while operating exhaust after combustion.48 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.36a PM EMISSIONS FROM EXHAUST IN THE EU-28
REDUCED BY OVER 60%
Source: European Environment Agency
PM2.5 PM10
400 400
350 350
Unit: Kilo tonnes (Kt)
300 300
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
2000 2004 2008 2012 2018 2000 2004 2008 2012 2018
PM2.5 Overall transport emissions PM10 Overall transport emissions
PM2.5 Exhaust emissions PM10 Exhaust emissions
PM emissions are continuously decreasing as the result of standard, modern road vehicles with diesel engines are using
cleaner diesel fuel, advanced engines and effective emissions highly efficient filters that remove 99.9% of PM.
control technology. With the introduction of the Euro 649 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.36b S
INCE 1990, FUELS ARE GETTING
PROGRESSIVELY CLEANER RESULTING WITH
EXHAUST EMISSIONS REDUCTION BY OVER 80%
Source: European Environment Agency
8000 700
NOx SOx
7000 600
6000
500
5000
400
4000
300
3000
200
2000
1000 100
0 0
Unit: Kilo tonnes (Kt)
1990 1996 2004 2010 2018 1990 1996 2004 2010 2018
7000 40000
NMVOC CO
6000 35000
30000
5000
25000
4000
20000
3000
15000
2000
10000
1000 5000
0 0
1990 1996 2004 2010 2018 1990 1996 2004 2010 2018
Since 1990, the refining industry contributed to cleaner NOX (as NO2) - Nitrogen Oxides
exhausts currently containing over 80% lower SOX, NMVOC, SOX (as SO2) - Sulphur Oxides
and CO emissions. NOX emissions have decreased by over NMVOC - Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
60%. These significant improvements are the result of the CO - Carbon Monoxide
partnerships with the automotive industry which aims at
improving the fuel engine efficiency and leading to multiple
environmental benefits.50 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.37 MAXIMUM ON-ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR LIMITS
Source: Stratas Advisors, March 2021
10 - 15 PPM 16 - 50 PPM 51 - 350 PPM
351 - 500 PPM 501 - 2000 PPM 2001 - 10000 PPM No information
Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/ Detailed information on limits and regulations can be found at
cities, or based on average content. www.stratasadvisors.com.51 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.38 M
AXIMUM GASOLINE SULPHUR LIMITS
Source: Stratas Advisors, March 2021
0 - 10 PPM 11 - 30 PPM 31 - 50 PPM
51 - 150 PPM 151 - 500 PPM 501 - 3500 PPM No information
Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/ Detailed information on limits and regulations can be found at
cities, or based on average content. www.stratasadvisors.com.52 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.39 G
HG EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN THE EU-27
IN 2018
Source: European Environmental Agency
TRANSPORT 20.6%
27.0% ENERGY SUPPLY
INTERNATIONAL
NAVIGATION 3.4%
WASTE MANAGEMENT 2.9%
INTERNATIONAL
AVIATION 3.2%
19.7% INDUSTRY
RESIDENTIAL AND
COMMERCIAL 11.4%
11.7% AGRICULTURE
Energy supply and industry accounted for 46,7% of total GHG Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up
emissions in the EU in 2018. Transport, including international exactly to 100%.
shipping and aviation generated 27,2% of EU GHG emissions.53 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.40 C
O2 EMISSIONS TREND BY SECTOR IN THE EU-27
Source: European Environment Agency
(1990=100%)
300
250
Unit: Emissions (% of 1990 level)
200
150
100
50
0
1990
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2017
2018
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
ENERGY SUPLY AGRICULTURE CO2 emissions per sector have generally been
declining since 2007. Industry’s (processes
INDUSTRY WASTE
and manufacturing) CO2 emissions decreased
TRANSPORT INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION sharply over the period 2007-2012 and are now
respectively 30% and 38% below the 1990 levels.
RESIDENTIAL INTERNATIONAL AVIATION
COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL CO2 emissions from transport have been
steadily decreasing between 2008 and 2015.
However, in 2016 we have seen slight increase in
the CO2 emissions in transport which is mainly
due to international aviation.54 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.41 P
ROJECTED DECLINING EU SHARE
IN GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS
Source: International Energy Agency, WEO 2020
41%
38%
23%
13% 21%
10% 4%
9% 3%
5%
RUSSIA
6%
4%
NORTH EUROPE
Unit: CO2 emissions (%) of world total
6%
AMERICA 4%
SOUTHEAST
3% 4% ASIA CHINA
MIDDLE
EAST
AFRICA
3% 3% ASIA PACIFIC
LATIN
AMERICA
2019
2040
In 2019, the EU accounted for 9% of the total global CO2 also forecasted to decrease by 2040, whereas in the other
emissions and this share is expected to reduce to 5% in parts of the world, emissions are likely to increase.
2040. CO2 emissions in North America, Russia and China are55 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.42 P
ROJECTED CO2 EMISSIONS
PER CAPITA/REGIONS
Source: International Energy Agency, WEO 2020
2019 2040
14
11.7
12
Unit: CO2 emissions per capita
10
8.5 8.4
7.8 7.7
8 7.4
6 5.3
3.9 3.7
4 3.4 3.2
2.1 2.2 2.4
2
1 0.9
0
North Central & Europe Africa Middle East Eurasia Asia-Pacific Southeast Asia
America South America
All regions but Eurasia and Southeast Asia are expected are estimated to be reduced by nearly 4 million tonnes by
to see a decrease in CO2 emissions by 2040. The drop is 2040 while in Europe, a decrease of 2 million tonnes is
especially notable in North America, where CO2 emissions foreseen.56 Statistical Report 2021 - Emissions
FIG.43 NOX CONTRIBUTION TO EU-28 EMISSIONS
FROM MAIN SOURCE SECTORS IN 2018
Source: European Environmental Agency
1% WASTE 15% AGRICULTURE
15% ENERGY
SUPPLY
39% ROAD
TRANSPORT
15% MANUFACTURING
AND EXTRACTIVE
INDUSTRY
8% RESIDENTIAL,
8% NON-ROAD COMMERCIAL AND
TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONAL
NO x are main contributors to the air quality problems found We have witnessed two major changes between 2017 and
in several urban areas in the EU. The road transport sector is 2018. The agricultural sector’s NO x emissions increased
the most significant contributor, being responsible for 39% of from 8% to 15%. In the opposite direction, the residential,
the total of NO x emissions emitted in 2018 in the EU. commercial and institutional sector shrunk their NOx
emissions from 14% to 8%.57 Statistical Report 2021 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
RETAIL & MARKETING
INFRASTRUCTURES58 Statistical Report 2021 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.44 A
LTERNATIVELY FUELLED VEHICLES
ACCOUNTED FOR 25% OF TOTAL PASSENGER
CAR REGISTRATIONS IN THE EU-27 IN 2020
Source: ACEA
Electrically-chargeable Other than Electric
Vehicles (ECV) Vehicles (APV)
42.9% 8.6%
28%
Diesel
Vehicles
24.5%
Alternative
Fuel
Vehicles Total number
registered in 2020
47.5%
Petrol 2 436 995
Vehicles
48.5%
Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (HEV )
Although the decline of 3 million units in car registrations following the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on car
resulting from COVID-19 hit diesel and petrol-powered sales, sought to stimulate alternatively-powered vehicles in
vehicles the hardest, conventional fuel types still dominated particular, further driving demand for low and zero-emission
EU car sales in terms of market share (75.5%) in 2020. cars.
Alternatively fuelled vehicles accounted for 25% of the total
passenger car sales across the EU, a significant increase Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up
from 2019 to 2020 (11% to 25%, respectively). Stimulus exactly to 100%.
packages introduced by governments to boost demand, Data for Bulgaria is not available.59 Statistical Report 2021 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.45 E
LECTRIC VEHICLES AS A PROPORTION OF THE
TOTAL FLEET IN THE EU-27, ICELAND, NORWAY & UK
Source: European Environment Agency
350000 10%
9%
300000
8%
250000 7%
Unit: Number of electric vehicles
Unit: Share of electric vehicles
6%
200000
5%
150000 4%
3%
100000
2%
50000
1%
0 0%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES SHARE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (%)
Electric cars — battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in ‘Share of electric vehicles’ refers to electric vehicle registrations
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) — are gradually penetrating (BEV and PHEV) as a percentage of the new cars’ registration.
the EU market. However, despite a steady increase in the
number of new electric car registrations annually, from Non-plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which are exclusively
700 units in 2010 to about 550 000 units in 2019, they still fuelled by conventional fuels, are not included in the data shown.
account for a market share of only 3.5 % of newly registered
passenger vehicles. Islandic data included from 2018 and Norwegian data included
only in 2019.
Note: T
he chart reports the number of electric vehicles (battery
electric vehicles - BEV and plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles - PHEV) newely registered in EU27_2020,
Iceland, Norway and United Kingdom.60 Statistical Report 2021 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.46 N
UMBER OF PETROL STATIONS IN EUROPE
END OF 2020
Source: National Oil Industry Associations
Number Number
of petrol of petrol
COUNTRY stations COUNTRY stations
Austria 2 733 Italy 21 750
Belgium 3 085 Latvia 612
Bulgaria 4 600* Lithuania 718*
Croatia N/A Luxembourg 238
Unit: Number of petrol stations
Cyprus 315 Malta 69*
Czechia 4 008 Netherlands 4 142
Denmark 2 051 Poland 7 739
Estonia 495 Portugal 3 418
Finland 1 869* Romania 1 615**
France 11 160 Slovakia 973
Germany 14 459 Slovenia N/A
Greece 6 100 Spain 11 650
Hungary 2 014 Sweden 2 701
Ireland 1 850
EU-27 TOTAL = 110 364
United Kingdom 8 385
Norway 1 709
Switzerland 3 357
Turkey 13 063
TOTAL UK + NO + CH + TR = 26 514
TOTAL = 136 878
EU NON EU
There were over 136 000 petrol stations in the EU-27, * N umbers for 2019
Norway, UK, Switzerland and Turkey operating in 2020 ** T he decrease in the number of the stations in Romania
fuelling some 250 million cars and over 35 million trucks. compared to the previous year is the result of a new
procedure of counting, which does not include the
unbranded pump stations.61 Statistical Report 2021 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.47 A
VERAGE QUATERLY PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORT
IN THE EU-27
Source: Eurostat
300.000.000
250.000.000
200.000.000
150.000.000
100.000.000
50.000.000
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2020 2020
Q1 Q2 Q3
Passengers in the EU-27
The number of air transport passengers has been the COVID-19 crisis, travel restrictions and the economical
progressively growing since 2008 until 2019. A small conditions have resulted in a dramatic drop reaching -70% in
decrease, which can be attributed to the aftermath of the 2020 versus 2019 based on average quarterly air passenger
2008 financial crisis, has been witnessed in 2009-2010. The transport figure.
change in the amount of passengers transport by air following62 Statistical Report 2021 - COVID-19’s Impact
COVID-19’S IMPACT63 Statistical Report 2021 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.48 CHANGE OF PRIMARY ENERGY DEMAND BY REGION
AND BY FUEL TYPE IN 2021 RELATIVE TO 2019
Source: International Energy Agency
10.00% Oil
Coal
8.00%
Gas
6.00% Renewables
Nuclear
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
-2.00%
-4.00%
-6.00%
China India United States European World
Union
The drop in demand in 2020 did not affect all fuels evenly. rapidly was in 1976. Despite the strong rebound, oil demand
Oil was by far the hardest hit, with restrictions on mobility remains 3% (3.1 mb/d) below 2019 levels.
causing demand for transport fuels to fall by 14% from 2019
levels. At the peak of restrictions in April, global oil demand Road transport activity has remained subdued through much
was more than 20% below pre-crisis levels. Overall, oil of the year, expected to recover to pre-Covid‑19 levels only
demand was down by almost 9% across the year. in the last months of 2021, while air transport demand is on
track to remain markedly below 2019 levels for all of 2021.
In 2021, oil demand is expected to rebound by 6%, faster Only in Asia and, notably, in China does oil demand climb well
than all other fuels. The last time oil demand increased this above pre-Covid‑19 levels.64 Statistical Report 2021 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.49 W
TI VS BRENT
Source: Federal Reserve Economic Data
80
60
Unit: US Dollars per barrel, daily
40
20
0
-20
WTI Brent
-40
-60
1/1/2020 1/4/2020 1/8/2020 1/12/2020 22/3/2021
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WTI price fell of transporting the crude to another storage facility is high.
precipitously; the Brent price also fell, but not as much. This Brent, on the other hand, is produced in the North Sea and
difference in the behavior of the two oil prices may be caused can be more easily transported to waterborne tankers for
by differences in the storage technologies at settlement. In temporary storage.
Cushing, where WTI is settled, storage is fixed and the cost65 Statistical Report 2021 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.50a GASOLINE AND DIESEL UNTAXED PRICE
DEVELOPMENT DURING COVID-19 CRISIS
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
0.70
0.65
0.60
Unit: Euro/Litre
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.
2.
4.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
0.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
Petrol (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
Diesel (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
The rapid decline in economic acitivity during the COVID-19 2020 that faciliated a -65% quaterly drop in crude prices.
crisis put a downward pressure on fuel prices, as demand With plummeting product prices, the relative share of the tax
plummeted and refineries struggled with over-production burden on refining products grew considerably. Prices went
and limited storage capacity. The price decline was progressively back up reaching pre-Corona level in February
exaerbated by a price war between Russia and OPEC in Q1 2021.66 Statistical Report 2021 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.50b G
ASOLINE AND DIESEL PRICE WITH TAXES
DEVELOPMENT DURING COVID-19 CRISIS
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
1.6
1.4
1.2
Unit: Euro/Litre
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.
2.
4.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
0.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
Petrol (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
Diesel (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
The rapid decline in economic acitivity during the COVID-19 2020 that faciliated a -65% quaterly drop in crude prices.
crisis put a downward pressure on fuel prices, as demand With plummeting product prices, the relative share of the tax
plummeted and refineries struggled with over-production burden on refining products grew considerably. Prices went
and limited storage capacity. The price decline was progressively back up reaching pre-Corona level in February
exaerbated by a price war between Russia and OPEC in Q1 2021.67 Statistical Report 2021 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.51 N
EW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN THE
EU-27 IN 2020 COMPARED TO 2019
Source: ACEA
1500000
-5.7%
-3.3%
1000000 -7.5% -7.4% -22.3% 3.1% -7.8%
-12.0%
-18.9%
-55.1% -52.3%
500000
-76.3%
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2019 2020
2020 saw the biggest yearly drop in car demand since From 2019 to 2020, the EU passenger car market contracted by
records began. As COVID-related restrictions continued 23.7% to 9.9 million units.
to weigh heavily on sales across the European Union.68 Statistical Report 2021 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.52 N
UMBER OF FLIGHTS PER MONTH IN THE
EUROCONTROL AREA IN 2020 AND 2021
COMPARED TO 2019
Source: EUROCONTROL
1200000
1000000
-0.50%
800000 0.9%
600000 -51%
-41% -54%
-60% -56%
400000
-64% -62% -35%
-64%
-66% -79%
200000 -86%
-88%
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2019 2020 2021
In 2020, a large number of countries across the globe dropped again with the second wave of COVID-19 in October
shut down borders and limited travel as a response to the (56,31%). In 2021, the number of flights stayed relatively
COVID-19 outbreak. While January 2020 and February 2020 stable but low.
recorded a minor decrease in the number of flights in the
EUROCONTROL area* compared to 2019, a drastic fall in the *E
UROCONTROL area: EU-27, Albenia, Armenia, Bosnia
number of flights in April 2020 (-88.2%) and May (-85,93%) and Herzegovina, Georgia, Israel, Monaco, North Moldova,
was witnessed. The number of flights rose slightly by June Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Norway,
(-78,97%) with the relaxation of flight restrictions, then Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine.69 Statistical Report 2021
About FuelsEurope
FuelsEurope is a division of the European Petroleum Refiners FuelsEurope aims to inform and provide expert advice to the EU
Association, an AISBL operating in Belgium. This Association, institutions and other stakeholders about European Petroleum
whose members are all 40 companies that operate petroleum Refining and Distribution and its products in order to:
refineries in the European Economic Area in 2020, is comprised
of FuelsEurope and Concawe divisions, each having n ontribute in a constructive way to the development of
C
separate and distinct roles and expertise but administratively technically feasible and cost effective EU policies and
consolidated for efficiency and cost effectiveness. legislation.
Members account for almost 100% of EU petroleum refining n romote an understanding amongst the EU institutions and
P
capacity and more than 75% of EU motor fuel retail sales. citizens of the contribution of European Petroleum Refining
and Distribution and its value chain to European economic,
technological and social progress.70 Statistical Report 2021
Disclaimer
We have made every attempt to ensure the accuracy and OPEC Disclaimer - The data, analysis and any other
reliability of the information provided in this report. However, information (the “information”) contained in the World Oil
the information is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Outlook is for informational purposes only and is neither
Neither FuelsEurope nor any of its member companies accept intended as a substitute for advice from business, finance,
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IEA Disclaimer - Global Indicator Refining Margins are The views expressed in the World Oil Outlook are those of the
calculated for various complexity configurations, each optimised OPEC Secretariat and do not necessarily reflect the views of its
for processing the specific crude(s) in a specific refining centre. governing bodies and/or individual OPEC Member Countries.
Margins include energy cost, but exclude other variable costs, The designation of geographical entities in the World Oil Outlook,
depreciation and amortisation. and the use and presentation of data and other materials, do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
Consequently, reported margins should be taken as an of OPEC and/or its Member Countries concerning the legal
indication, or proxy, of changes in profitability for a given refining status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or
centre. No attempt is made to model or otherwise comment concerning the exploration, exploitation, refining, marketing and
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individual crude slates and producing custom product sales, in the World Oil Outlook shall be construed as interpreting or
nor are these calculations intended to infer the marginal values modifying any legal obligations under any agreement, treaty,
of crude for pricing purposes. law or other texts; or expressing any legal opinions or having
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