SPECIFICATIONS OF ECO-MATERIALS AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN THE DESIGN OF MODERN FURNITURE
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(JPMNT) Journal of Process Management – New Technologies, International
Vol. 7, No 1, 2019.
SPECIFICATIONS OF ECO-MATERIALS AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN
THE DESIGN OF MODERN FURNITURE
Petar Namicev1, Viktorija Tasevska2
1, 2
University Goce Delcev Shtip, Republic of Macedonia
petar.namicev@ugd.edu.mk, viktorijatasevska@hotmail.com
Original Scientific Paper
doi:10.5937/jouproman7-19887
Abstract: The materials are an important segment Keywords: materials, sustainable materials, eco-
of everyday life and their choice in the production friendly design, modern furniture, aesthetics,
of products is of a great importance. The choice of functionality, harmony.
materials is influenced by certain technical
requirements that are necessary to be met, and INTRODUCTION
those requirements are density, strength,
The material is a solid substance
temperature stability, price, and material resistance.
According to the origin, the materials are that has a mass and takes up space and
divided into natural/eco-materials and products are made from it in order to be
artificial/conventional. Eco materials are natural used. According to the origin, materials are
resources that are obtained directly from nature and divided into natural and artificial.
can have a variety of benefits in the design of the
The term ‘eco-materials’ covers the
home. The human and nature's symbiosis is an
important foundation in the modern design
resources that derive directly from nature
industry. Adding the same to the home brings the and can be used for various projects at
warmth felt in nature. In the manufacture of home editing.
modern furniture the following eco-materials are Natural / eco-materials include
used: wood, stone, leather, metals, bamboo, cork
wood, stone, metal, leather, bamboo,
and natural fibres. All these materials provide a
pleasant ambience that is in harmony with nature natural fibres, etc.
without harming people’s health. On the other hand, the
The wood used in the manufacture of artificial/conventional materials derive from
furniture introduces warmth, naturalness, and natural materials by adding some other
attractiveness.
impurities, in order to obtain more
The natural stone most often has a
decorative role in the making of furniture. economical materials whose characteristics
Natural leather is used for upholstery of cannot be compared with those of the
furniture to add comfort and softness. natural. The artificial/conventional materials
Metal is used in furniture in order to give include metal alloys, polymers, composites,
a special look.
technical ceramics, superconductors etc.
The bamboo has a significant role in
furniture manufacture and is characterized by high The essence in the selection of eco-
toughness, easy processing, and durability. design materials is based on the analysis of
The cork, besides being used for the application of the object, the expected
insulation, has also been used in the manufacture of lifespan, the burdens on which the object
furniture, as well as decorative material.
will be subjected, and the fulfillment of the
Natural fibres are used for upholstery of
furniture and as floor coverings. heat requirements. (Mike Ashby, Kara
Johnson Elsevier, 2002).
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Vol. 7, No 1, 2019.
When selecting materials, the considered:
following synthetic criteria should be
Criteria Specifications
Еmbodied energy
Percentage of reuse of waste
Ecological
Percentage of waste processing
Percentage of use as filling Earth
Fuel consumption during transport
Specific heat
Thermal comfort Thermal conductivity
Thermal diffusion
Vapor permeability factor
Compressive strength
Mechanical forces Bending strength
Tensile strength
Expense Price
Table 1: Synthetic criteria and specifications of finishing materials
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF ECO-MATERIALS
Today, the variety of materials and them. (David Pearson, 1989). The graphic
ideas is huge, so you need to pay more presentation presents the characteristics of
attention to the features that need to satisfy eco-materials:
Specifications of eco – materials
don`t consume don`t waste a lot to possess high to have positive
to be eco - energy during of energy while insulating effects on the
friendly to be recyclable
transport building qualities environment
Figure 1: Specifications of eco – materials
Starting from the fact that eco- • Not to be radioactive;
materials should not be harmful to users • Not to be electromagnetic (Spiegel,
actually means: Ross and Dru Meadows, 2006)
• To be free of polluting and toxic
components;
2.1. USE OF ECO - MATERIALS IN its individuality in the interior. In order to
THE DESIGN OF MODERN achieve a satisfying interior look, it is
FURNITURE essential the furniture be selected according
The term modern furniture refers to to quality, design, function, and comfort.
furniture that was produced in the late 19th Furniture is considered valuable only when
century, under the influence of modernism. the quality of the design, materials and its
The choice of furniture is a significant construction are at the same level as the
feature with which the individual expresses price.
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Vol. 7, No 1, 2019.
In the manufacture of modern used: wood, stone, leather, metals,
furniture the following eco-materials are bamboo, cork and natural fibres.
WOOD - GENERAL FEATURES
WOOD
there are different brings warmth to the
natural and wood furniture is
types with different interior and reacts to
renewable material always in trend
specifications humidity
Figure 2: General specifications of tree
The wood is a natural and renewable warm colors, as well as the unlimited
material, excellent for making furniture modeling, it is easily likable. The wood is
and it is always in trend. It is characterized most often used for the production of
by high toughness, easy manipulation, and corpus furniture, as well as for the
maintenance. If it is carefully designed and preparation of details of some furnishings,
maintained, the wooden furniture can be thus giving them a special accent.
used almost infinitely, and because of the
• STONE - GENERAL FEATURES
STONE
used in the interior gives a different decorative (internal
natural material of inorganic its use is an eternal constant
sense of respect, trust, purity, application) and construction
origin dictated by the characteristics
luxury and power stone (external application)
Figure 3: General specifications of stone
The use of the stone is an eternal because of its easy maintenance, as well as
constant dictated by its characteristics the unique appearance and colors that it
(hardness, resistance, longevity, and easy has. It is used in the manufacture of
maintenance) and which gives the user a furniture (mostly as a working surface), as
sense of respect, trust, purity, luxury, and well as covering floor and wall surfaces.
power. Natural stone is a durable and solid (Josifovska Ruzica, Stefanovska Sonja,
material that is widely used in the interiors 2013)
LEATHER - GENERAL FEATURES
there are varying degrees of
softness and durability, easily natural material of animal origin
etched and painted
LEATHER
It`s seen as part of the furniture
It is produced by tanning of raw
area (coating chairs and
animal leather
upholstered furniture)
Figure 4: General specifications of leather
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Vol. 7, No 1, 2019.
The leather is a natural material which is much less expensive, yet it has
that is obtained by tanning of animal skin. much weaker qualities than the natural
It is characterized by a different degree of leather. Due to the ability to "breathe", it is
softness and durability and is easy to mostly used as a material for upholstery or
manipulate. It has been applied since the decorating wood furniture. (Todorka
farthest past as a natural skin, and today it Samardzioska, 2015)
is often replaced with synthetic leather
METAL - GENERAL FEATURES
METAL
they differ due to the
among corrosion of the the furniture is
themselves in the most substrate, it is different in
irreplaceable
physical, prominent are necessary to form, price and
materials that easily fit in
chemical iron, aluminum protect them by quality, the most
radiate with modern design
properties, the and non-ferrous means of important
luxury
method of steel doping, metal or feature is
processing and non-metallic stability
so on protective layers
Figure 5: General specifications of metals
Metals as natural materials differ thousands of years. Furniture made of
from each other according to the physical, metal is characterized by great secrecy and
chemical properties, the manner of quality, and the most important feature is
processing, etc. They are irrefutable its stability. Because it is treated for rust
materials that radiate with luxury and are and heat resistance, metal furniture does
easily fitted into the modern design. In the not require any special maintenance. (Carl
manufacture of furniture, metals have a J. Nilson, David A. Taylor, 2012)
major role and have been used for
BAMBOO - GENERAL FEATURES
one of the oldest traditional building materials
quickly renewable material from the grass family
BAMBOO
due to its ability to grow rapidly, it is a solid wood replacement,
and due to the high stiffness of the steel
easy to manipulate and shape, and used in the interiors makes
unique exciting, economical and functional
Figure 6: General specifications of bamboo
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Vol. 7, No 1, 2019.
Bamboo is one of the oldest material that is known for its durability and
traditional construction materials, from the it's beautiful decorative properties. It has a
grass family. Due to the ability to grow wide range of applications such as window
rapidly, it is a profound replacement of the curtains, floor coverings, as well as for
wood, and due to the high stiffness, it is a making a number of decorative and seating
replacement of the steel. Bamboo is a very furniture. (Dunkelberg Klaus, 1992)
beautiful and easily sustainable natural
CORK - GENERAL FEATURES
when dry is lightweight, porous, easily adaptable and very
elastic and easily compressed, it creatively used, and the
is also waterproof and quite advantage is light construction
stable of projects
due to the good elasticity and
one of the oldest insulating wear resistance, it is also used for
materials the manufacture of floor
coverings
due to the properties of a good
an inexhaustible natural CORK heat and sound insulator, it is
resource of natural origin
used for making wall coverings
Figure 7: General specifications of cork
Cork is one of the oldest insulating coverings, jewelry, paintings, etc. Due to the
materials. It is an inexhaustible natural properties of a good heat and sound
resource and a great friend of man in the insulator, it is used for making wall
conservation of nature. As a material, it is coverings, and due to the good flexibility
easily adaptable and it is quite creative, and and wear resistance, it is used for the
the advantage is the light performance of the manufacture of floor coverings.
projects. From it can be made, floor and wall
NATURAL FIBRE - GENERAL FEATURES
NATURAL FIBERS
Upholstery of furniture,
floor coverings, covers of low density and high easily accessible and
plant, animal and mineral
seating gowns, specific properties biodegradable
decorative ornaments
Figure 8: General specifications of natural fibers
Recently, natural fibres have biodegradability, make them an eco-friendly
attracted attention due to the advantages they substitute for conventional fibres. They are
have in terms of conventional materials. They commonly used for making furniture covers,
are easily accessible and biodegradable. They as well as for making carpets and rugs.
are characterized by low density and high (Emilija Fidancevska, Vineta Srebrenkoska,
specific properties. Their positive features, 2009)
such as high toughness, good specific strength,
low price/performance ratio, and above all
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Vol. 7, No 1, 2019.
2.2. THE INFLUENCE OF ECO- characteristics are incomparable to those
MATERIALS IN THE DESIGN OF of natural (eco) materials.
MODERN FURNITURE The most important characteristic
In the design of modern furniture, of eco-materials is their specific natural
eco-materials are timeless materials that beauty, so no artificially created material
are always in trend. As natural materials, will look like the natural one. They
they have positive characteristics on incorporate the nature in every aspect of
human’s health and the environment, but life, giving it a relaxed atmosphere that fits
also with unmatched quality and with the fast and dynamic pace of modern
durability. living, and making the home a place where
Nowadays, as their replacement, peace can be found out of the everyday
artificial materials are used, which can be responsibilities.
found at a lower price, but their
Material Types used in furniture Use of material in the The interior style in
production manufacture of furniture which it finds use
• Solid deciduous trees • Housings (closets, Industrial
(walnut, oak, cherry, bureaus, wardrobes) Scandinavian
maple and birch) Decorative elements of Nautical
• Exotic coniferous trees furniture Bohemian
WOOD (ebony, mahogany, Shabis chic
rosewood tree) Farmers
• Soft evergreen trees Urban fashionable
(pine, spruce, spruce,
cypress, cedar, sesquia)
Granite Decorative elements of Rustic
Marble furniture Classic
STONE Traventine Working surfaces Minimalist
Porphyry Eclectic
Sandstone
Beef / veal Upholstered furniture Classic
Sheep Decorative element of Minimalist
LEATHER Goat wood furniture Eclectic
Aligator`s Decorate Traditional
Snake and other.
Iron Outdoor furniture (for Industrial
МЕТАL Aluminum decks and patio) Scandinavian
Stainless steel Brass beds and tables Nautical
Urban fashionable
There are thousands of Seating garments Asian (Japanese and
bamboo species Tables and chairs Chinese style)
Lying Feng shui
BAMBOO Decorative ornaments
Curtains
Floor and wall coverings
From the tree Decorative elements of Industrial
Less common than root furniture Italian
CORK Less often in the making
of furniture
Floor and wall coverings
Plant (cotton, kapok Upholstery of furniture Industrial
tree, flax, jute, hemp, Floor coverings Scandinavian
ramie, sisal, raffia and Seat covers Nautical
NATURAL FIBER coconut fibers) Decorative ornaments Bohemian
Animal (wool, silk, Shabis chic
rabbits, goats, camel Farmers
fibers) Urban fashionable
Table 2: General specifications of eco - materials
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Wood as a natural material, used in alligator, snake, etc. It is used as a material
the manufacture of furniture gives a for covering upholstered furniture and
different dimension to the interior. The most chairs giving a luxurious look. It is also
commonly used types of wood are solid used for upholstery or decorating wood
deciduous trees (walnut, oak, cherry, maple, furniture, as well as a decorative element on
and birch), exotic coniferous trees (ebony, the walls. The interior styles in which the
mahogany, and rosewood), as well as soft skin can be found are: classic, minimalist,
evergreen trees (pine, fir, spruce, cypress, eclectic and traditional. (Todorka
cedar, sequoia). It is used from the farthest Samardzioska, 2015)
past, giving it a stunning and aristocratic Metals as natural materials are
appearance. The tree is used in the obtained from oxide ore from where the
production of corpus furniture and oxygen is consumed. Their usage dates back
decorative elements. The wooden elements from history. Most of them are unstable and
give special beauty, and the interior is warm subject to corrosion, so it is necessary to
and comfortable. As a natural material, it protect them with the help of alloying,
regulates the humidity of the air and metal protective layers and non-metallic
positively influences the health of people. protective layers. The most commonly used
The interior styles in which the tree is types of metal are iron, aluminum, and
applied are industrial, Scandinavian, stainless steel. The quality of the metal
nautical, bohemian, shabby chic, farmland pieces depends on the way and the attention
and urban fashion. in their production. They can be processed
The stone, as a natural material of in a variety of ways, and various forms of
inorganic origin, is applied from the farthest refined furniture can be obtained that can fit
past. As a material, it is characterized by in almost every environment. Furniture
durability, endurance, and aesthetics and is from metal can be found in a variety of
always in trend. The most commonly used forms, prices, and quality, and because of
types of stone are granite, marble, its continuance and artistic tractability. It is
travertine, porphyry, and sandstone. It is commonly found as open-air furniture, as
used for covering floor and wall coverings, well as brass tables and beds. The main
working surfaces, as well as furniture where feature of metal furniture is its durability.
it is combined with other materials (wood, The interior styles in which metal is applied
metal or glass) as a decorative element. are: Industrial, Scandinavian, Nautical and
Visually enriches the space, giving it a sleek Urban Modern (Carl J. J. Nilsson, David A.
minimalist to luxurious effect. The interior Taylor, 2012)
styles in which the stone can be found are: Bamboo is an excellent source for
rustic, classic, minimalist and eclectic. the manufacture of furniture and it is found
(Josifovska Ruzica, Stefanovska Sonja, in thousands of different types. Due to
2013) mechanical strength, easy processing and
The term leather in a technological availability in many tropical and subtropical
sense implies a variety of animal skins, areas, it is a solid wood replacement, and
which, by processing, increase the due to the high stiffness, it is a steel
resistance to friction, softness, flexibility, replacement. It is economical, easy to
improve aesthetic characteristics and the operate and it easily bends and gives the
like. The most commonly used types of desired shape.
animal skin are bovine/veal, sheep, goat,
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It is used for making seating sets,
tables, and chairs, beds, decorative CONCLUSION
ornaments, curtains, as well as floor and The material is a solid substance that
wall coverings. The use of bamboo blinds has a mass and takes up space and products
allows a solid prevention of the for use are made by it. According to the
permeability of the sun's rays in the home, origin, materials are divided into natural and
and with the addition of bamboo as a artificial. Natural (eco) materials carry the
decorative element, Asian influence on the epithet of timeless materials that are applied
ambient itself is obtained. The interior in the design of furniture and interior. Used
styles in which the bamboo is found are
in the manufacture of furniture they
Asian (Japanese and Chinese style) and
contribute to the preservation of the
Feng Shui. (Dunkelberg Klaus, 1992)
environment, positively affect the health of
The cork is a product obtained from
the people and provide a more comfortable
the tree cork oak (from the tree trunk, and
stay in the room, without causing allergic
rarely from the root) and it is one of the
reactions. Natural / eco-materials include
oldest materials used for insulation. Except
wood, stone, metal, leather, bamboo, natural
as insulating material, due to its easy
fibres, etc.
adaptability and project performance, it
According to the characteristics of
finds application in the design of interiors,
the materials, it can be concluded that:
fashion design, healthcare, and construction
• The main representative of natural
industry, making timeless products that are
materials and at first we are associating with
easy to satisfy everyone's taste. During the
is the tree that is encountered in the interior
manufacture of furniture it is seen as a
in different colours and shapes and most
decorative element, and less often for
often in the manufacture of furniture. Every
making furniture. The interior styles in
tree representative is welcome, and the cost
which the cork is found are: industrial and
is crucial;
Italian.
• Natural stones are widely used in the
Nowadays, more emphasis is put on
interiors because of their easy maintenance,
the healthy environment, and the usage of
as well as the unique look and colours they
natural fibres, as well as their composite
have. Commonly used as decorative
(eco-composites), is increasing. The most
elements;
commonly used are the fibres (cotton,
• Due to its smoothness and comfort, the
kapok, akon, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, sisal,
skin is most often used to make seating
raffia, and coir) and animal (wool, silk,
furniture (upholstery), as well as a
rabbits, goats, camel fibres). In the interiors,
decorative element on the walls, most often
they are mostly used for the upholstery of
placed in a frame;
furniture, floor coverings (for making
• By placing the metal as a decorative
carpets and rugs), cloth for the seating
element of the room, a special emphasis is
furniture and decorative ornaments. The
given, which is accompanied by strength
interior styles in which the cork is applied
and courage. They are painted in various
are industrial, Scandinavian, nautical,
colors.
bohemian, shabby chic, farm, and urban
fashion. (Emilija Fidancevska, Vineta
Srebrenkoska, 2009)
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Vol. 7, No 1, 2019.
• Bamboo is a material that can easily be Josifovska, R., Stefanovska S. (2012):
shaped and is easily sustainable. It is Building materials and constructions for
construction and geodetic profession:
characterized by durability and
construction technician, Ministry of
ornamentation. It has a variety of Education and Science of the Republic of
applications in the production of a number Macedonia
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well as for making curtains and flooring. Materials / Todorka Samardzioska. -
Skopje: Faculty of Civil Engineering -
• Cork is one of the oldest materials used
Skopje
for insulation; it is easily adapted and is Pearsin, D. (1989): The New Natural
quite creative. There is a wide application in House, Ed. Conran
fashion, the interior design of the room, as Ashby, M., Johnson Elsevier, K., (2002):
well as the health and construction industry. Materials and Design, Butterworth -
• The application of natural fibers is Heinemann
Wimer, W. (2004): Eco-design
constantly increasing. Their positive
implementation ISBN 1-4020-3070-3
features make them an eco-friendly Spiegel, R., Meadows, D., (2006): Green
substitute for conventional fibers. They are Building Materials - New Jersey: John
used for upholstery of furniture and as floor Wiley and Sons
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building material, in: IL31 Bambus, Karl
Krämer Verlag Stuttgart
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