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Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the
Contemporary World
Series Editors
Effie G. H. Pedaliu
LSE Ideas
London, UK
John W. Young
University of Nottingham
Nottingham, UKThe Palgrave Macmillan series, Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World aims to make a significant contribution to academic and policy debates on cooperation, conflict and security since 1900. It evolved from the series Global Conflict and Security edited by Professor Saki Ruth Dockrill. The current series welcomes proposals that offer inno- vative historical perspectives, based on archival evidence and promoting an empirical understanding of economic and political cooperation, conflict and security, peace-making, diplomacy, humanitarian intervention, nation- building, intelligence, terrorism, the influence of ideology and religion on international relations, as well as the work of international organisations and non-governmental organisations. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14489
Antonio Varsori · Benedetto Zaccaria
Editors
Italy in the New
International Order,
1917–1922Editors Antonio Varsori Benedetto Zaccaria Department of Political Science, Law, Department of Linguistics and and International Studies Comparative Cultural Studies University of Padova Ca’ Foscari University of Venice Padova, Italy Venice, Italy Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World ISBN 978-3-030-50092-4 ISBN 978-3-030-50093-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50093-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Alpha Stock/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 How to Become a Great Power: Italy in the New
International Order, 1917–1922 1
Antonio Varsori
Part I Italy and the Allies
2 Lloyd George, Italy, and the Making of a New World
Order, 1916–1922 19
William Mulligan
3 Italy Through British Eyes, 1919–1920 41
Giulia Bentivoglio
4 France and Italy in the Making of a New Central
Europe, 1918–1922: Cooperation and Rivalry 59
Frédéric Dessberg
5 Wilson’s Parallel Diplomacy: The American Red Cross
and Italian Public Opinion, 1917–1919 89
Daniela Rossini
vvi CONTENTS
6 The King’s Diplomacy from World War I to Its
Aftermath 113
Andrea Ungari
Part II Italy and the Vanquished Nations
7 Italy and Austria, 1918–1920: Overcoming
Hereditary Enmity 137
Maddalena Guiotto
8 Betraying the Allies? Italy, Hungary and the Béla Kun
Intrigue 167
Valentine Lomellini
9 Public Opinion in the Weimar Republic and the Image
of Post-War Italy, 1918–1922 185
Monica Fioravanzo
Part III Italy and the New Europe
10 Searching for a Policy for the New Europe: Italy
and the Eastern European Settlement at the Paris
Peace Conference 205
Francesco Caccamo
11 Encroaching Visions: Italy, Yugoslavia and the Adriatic
Question, 1918–1920 229
Massimo Bucarelli and Benedetto Zaccaria
12 Italy: The View from Moscow from 1917 to the Rise
of Mussolini 255
Elena DundovichCONTENTS vii
13 Italy Faces the Birth of the League of Nations 281
Italo Garzia
14 A Mutilated International Order 309
Georges-Henri Soutou
Index 333Notes on Contributors
Giulia Bentivoglio is a lecturer at the University of Padova. She is the
author of many articles on British and Italian foreign policy. Among her
publications are The Two Sick Men of Europe? Britain and Italy Between
Crisis and Renaissance, 1976–1983 (2018); La relazione necessaria. La
Gran Bretagna del Governo Heath e gli Stati Uniti (1970–1974) (2011).
Massimo Bucarelli (Ph.D.) teaches History of International Relations
and History of European Integration at ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome.
He has authored and edited several books and scholarly articles on Italian-
Yugoslav relations in the twentieth century. Among them are Mussolini
e la Jugoslavia 1922–1939 (2006); Aldo Moro, l’Italia repubblicana e i
Balcani (2011); Italy and Tito’s Yugoslavia in the Age of International
Détente (2016); L’Italia tra la guerra e la pace: il problema dell’inter-
vento italiano nella Prima Guerra Mondiale e le conseguenze negli assetti
adriatici e balcanici (2018).
Francesco Caccamo is Associate Professor of Eastern European History
at the University of Chieti. Italy’s policy in Eastern Europe is one of his
main fields of research. On this subject, he published L’Italia e la “Nuova
Europa” (1919–1920) (2000) and Odissea arbëreshe (2012), and co-edited
L’occupazione italiana della Jugoslavia (2008).
Frédéric Dessberg is Assistant Professor at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
University, assigned to the Military Academy of Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan.
He currently heads the ‘European Defence and Security’ Department at
ixx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS the Military Academy Research Centre, is a member of UMR SIRICE (Sorbonne), and holds a Jean Monnet European Chair. He specialises in French policy in Central and Eastern Europe between the two World Wars. Elena Dundovich is Full Professor of History of International Relations in the Department of Political Science, University of Pisa. She teaches courses in History of International Relations, History of Eastern Europe, and Geopolitical Dynamics in the Post-Soviet Area. She is Director of the Ph.D. School in Political Science. Among her publications are Bandiera Rossa trionferà? (2017) and Cornobyl’. L’assenza (2012). Monica Fioravanzo is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Padova. She has held visiting positions at the FU of Berlin, IFZ of Munich, and Columbia University in New York. Among her publi- cations are Italia e Germania dopo la caduta del Muro. Politica, cultura, economia, edited with F. Focardi and L. Klinkhammer (2019); 1943. Strategie militari, collaborazionismi, Resistenze (2015), and Mussolini e Hitler: la Repubblica sociale sotto il Terzo Reich (2009). Italo Garzia was Full Professor of History and International Relations at the University of Bari, Italy. He has published extensively in the field of the international activities of the Holy See, with particular focus on the papacies of Benedict XV, Pious XI and Pious XII, and the birth of the League of Nations. His scholarly interests also include Adriatic relations and the foreign policy of Aldo Moro. His works include La Questione Romana durante la prima guerra mondiale (1981), Pio XII e l’Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale (1988) and L’Italia e le origini della Società delle Nazioni (1995). Maddalena Guiotto is a Researcher at the Fondazione Museo Storico in Trento. She specialises in the history of Italian-Austrian and Italian- German relations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She has edited Italien und Österreich im Mitteleuropa der Zwischenkriegszeit/Italia e Austria nella Mitteleuropa tra le due guerre mondiali (2018). Valentine Lomellini is Associate Professor in History of International Relations at the University of Padova, with a Ph.D. in Political Systems and Institutional Changes. Among her most recent publications are La grande paura rossa. L’Italia delle spie bolsceviche (1917–1922) (2015) and,
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi as editor, The Rise of Bolshevism and Its Impact on the Interwar Inter- national Order (2020). She is currently working on the European State response towards international terrorism during the Cold War. William Mulligan is a Professor of Modern History at University College Dublin. He has written widely on the First World War, including The Origins of the First World War (2010) and The Great War for Peace (2014). Daniela Rossini is Professor of American History at Roma Tre Univer- sity. Her recent publications are: Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy: Culture, Diplomacy and War Propaganda (2008); Donne e propa- ganda internazionale. Percorsi femminili tra Italia e Stati Uniti nell’età della Grande Guerra (2015); and (as co-editor) 1917. L’inizio del secolo americano (2018). Georges-Henri Soutou is Professor Emeritus at Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) University and a member of the Institut de France. His works focus particularly on the First World War, and Franco-German relations and the Cold War. Major publications in this context are: L’Or et le Sang. Les buts de guerre économiques de la Première guerre mondiale (1989); L’Alliance incertaine. Les rapports politico-stratégiques franco-allemands, 1954–1996 (1996); La Guerre de Cinquante Ans. Les relations Est-Ouest 1943–1990 (2001); La Grande Illusion. Quand la France perdait la paix 1914–1920 (2015); and La guerre froide de la France 1941–1990 (2018). Andrea Ungari is Full Professor in Contemporary History at Guglielmo Marconi University and Adjunct Professor in Theory and History of Political Parties at Luiss Guido Carli University, both in Rome. His recent publications are La guerra del Re. Monarchia, Sistema politico e Forze armate nella Grande guerra (2018) and the Atlante Geopolitico del Mediterraneo 2019 (2019). Antonio Varsori is Full Professor of History of International Relations at the University of Padova, Italy. He is also a member of the Commis- sion for the Publication of Italian Diplomatic Documents at the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Among his most recent publications are Radioso Maggio. Come l’Italia entrò in Guerra (2015), Storia inter- nazionale. Dal 1919 a oggi (2nd edition, 2020), and, with Annalisa Urbano, Mogadiscio 1948. Un eccidio di italiani fra decolonizzazione e guerra fredda (2019).
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Benedetto Zaccaria is currently a ‘Research Grant Holder’ in the Department of Linguistics and Comparative Cultural Studies, Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Italy. He specialises in the History of International Relations, with a focus on the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Among his publications are The EEC’s Yugoslav Policy in Cold War Europe, 1968– 1980 (2016), La Strada per Osimo. Italia e Jugoslavia allo specchio (1965– 1975) (2018), and, with Antonio Varsori (eds.), Italy in the International System from Détente to the End of the Cold War: The Underrated Ally (2018).
Abbreviations
AA Auswärtiges Amt
ACP Archivio Conferenza della Pace
ACS Archivio Centrale dello Stato
ADAP Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik
ADÖ Außenpolitische Dokumente der Republik Österreich 1918–
1938
AdR Archiv der Republik
AJ Arhiv Jugoslavije
ARC American Red Cross
ASMAE Archivio Storico Ministero degli Affari Esteri
AVPRF Archiv Vnešnej Politiki Rossijskoj Federacii
BL British Library
COMINTERN Communist International
CPI Committee on Public Information
DDF Documents diplomatiques français
DDI Documenti diplomatici italiani
DVP Dokumenty Vnešnej Politiki SSSR
FO Foreign Office
FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IWM Imperial War Museum
LRCS League of Red Cross Societies
NARA National Archives and Records Administration
NPA Neues Politisches Archiv
ÖStA Österreichisches Staatsarchiv
PA Parliamentary Archives
xiiixiv ABBREVIATIONS PAAA Politisches Archiv des auswärtigen Amts PCI Partito Comunista Italiano RA Royal Archives RKP Russian Communist Party SHS Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca SIS British Secret Intelligence Service SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands TNA The National Archives
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