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2021 edition
_ scaling
up to mass
adoption
50 cities_ 20 countries_ 5 continents_ 10 policy recommendations to scale up EVs globally_ this is the third ev city casebook _
PROJECT PARTNERS _
_ a global
analysis of
inspiring ideas, Urban Foresight® is a multidisciplinary
innovation practice that is dedicated to
policy pioneers accelerating the next generation of technologies,
services and policy frameworks for cities. We
work with ambitious organisations around the
and city-led
world on projects that improve lives, protect the
environment and boost local economies.
urbanforesight.org
innovation
in electric The IEA is at the heart of global dialogue on
vehicles.
energy, providing authoritative analysis, data,
policy recommendations, and real-world
solutions to help countries provide secure and
sustainable energy for all.
iea.org
The EVI Global EV Pilot City Programme (EVI-
PCP) aims to build a network of cities to work
together on the promotion of electric mobility.
It is a multi-government policy forum dedicated
to accelerating the introduction and adoption of
electric vehicles worldwide.
iea.org/programmes/
electric-vehicles-initiative
_
The HEV TCP, with a membership of 19
countries, collaborates on shared projects (Tasks)
to better understand and address technical and
non-technical challenges, and provide guidance
to policy makers.
ieahev.org
01 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
INTRODUCTION _
WHO IS THIS GETTING TO MASS EV ADOPTION
CASEBOOK FOR?
City managers
Officials in city administrations
who are looking to make
decisions, build alliances, and
design policies to move to Since the first EV City
Casebook in 2012, cities
mass EV adoption.
City political leaders
Elected figures who are
around the world have
looking for inspiring examples
of social, economic, and
overseen huge changes in
environmental change. mobility.
National policy officials
E
Individuals working at national lectric cars, buses, So, the task facing policymakers
level who have an interest and taxis have across the world is to accelerate
in EV policy, either setting rapidly increased in the move to mass adoption – and
nationwide frameworks for numbers, moving step towards a future of total
EVs or collaborating with beyond early pilots and trials. transport decarbonisation.
cities. New forms of micromobility and
smartphone-based transport What kind of policy, financial and
Managers in procurement, systems have grown in popularity. legal tools can they use to speed up
transport, and economic Cities have broken new ground in adoption? How do cities need to
development these innovative technologies and work with vehicle manufacturers,
Operational leads in local new policy ideas. energy providers and their citizens
government functions who can to create support for faster change?
play a direct role in EV uptake. Currently, most governments How does policy on EVs need to
have targets for continued EV link up with exciting developments
EV and transport industry growth. Many cities are planning in autonomous vehicles, connected
Organisations and individuals to ban fossil-fuelled vehicles devices, and mobility as a service?
working in electric mobility, altogether. There is unprecedented How can cities learn from their
manufacturing, and transport momentum around EVs, and a counterparts around the world, to
operations who want to better recognition of the role they play in move to mass EV adoption?
understand how cities see the cleaner, more sustainable cities.
challenge of mass EV adoption, This casebook is a showcase of
and how mature markets have But this progress needs to be cities building better, cleaner
evolved. sustained. By any scenario, mobility through EVs – designed
avoiding catastrophic climate to inspire others to move towards
Media, research and other change will require further mass electric mobility.
stakeholders reductions in greenhouse gas
This guide is intended to be emissions from transport. In most
useful to anyone with a broad countries, EVs still represent
interest in EVs, to understand a minority of new vehicles
what cities can do to secure a sold. Some EV types, like buses
sustainable, dynamic future. and heavy goods vehicles, are
developing quickly but are still
relatively nascent technology.
INTRODUCTION _ 02
electric vehicles
worldwide _
GLOBAL EV STOCK _ 2- & 3-WHEELERS _
CARS _
of all 2 & 3
2012 183k 25% wheelers
worldwide
2019 7.2m are electric
The majority are in Chinese cities
2- & 3-WHEELERS _ that ban two-wheelers with
internal combustion engines.
2012 196k
2019 251m
LIGHT COMMERCIAL EV _
LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES_
~70,000 sold in 2019
2012 18.3k
2019 378k
25,000 43,000
in Europe in China
BUSES _
2012 7.7k*
MICROMOBILITY _
2019 514k
600 CITIES IN OVER
*all in China 50 COUNTRIES HAVE
E-SCOOTER, E-BIKE &/OR
ELECTRIC MOPED SHARED
MEDIUM & HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS _ MOBILITY SCHEMES.
2012 259
GLOBAL SHARED E-SCOOTER
2019 23.2k TRIPS ARE EXPECTED TO
QUADRUPLE _
2019 230m
Electric Vehicles are defined as Battery Electric and Plug-in 2028 850m
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
03 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CONTENTS _
HOW IS THIS CASEBOOK STRUCTURED?
05_
This casebook global case studies
highlights inspiring of ev innovation
examples from
around the world of The first five chapters profile different
vehicle modes. Each chapter presents case
cities which have study cities, with a brief description of their
taken actions to approach and key insights from their journey
towards mass electric vehicle use.
accelerate mass
adoption of EVs. _
07 _ buses
17 _ taxis
27 _ city fleets
37 _ shared mobility
49 _ private transport
INTRODUCTION _ 04
59_ 83_
policy guidance references
for cities
An EV Policy Maturity Model is outlined, to This casebook was informed by over 50
provide guidance to cities in benchmarking interviews with city managers and experts,
progress and to help cities identify where to covering cities in over 20 countries across
further develop their efforts. the world. In total, these cities have
populations of 160 million people. Insights
were also drawn from desk research and
the global networks of the Electric Vehicles
Initiative (EVI), the Hybrid and Electric
Vehicle Technology Collaboration Program
(HEV TCP), and partners.
60 _ common challenges in scaling up 84 _ project context & partners
62 _ 10 lessons on what has worked 85 _ acknowledgements
69 _ a maturity model for cities 88 _ casebook references
05 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _
36/56 _ Oslo
21 _ Dundee
15 _ London
16 _ Vancouver
44 _ Paris
34 _ Modesto
26 _ Denver 41 _ Madrid
53 _ San Francisco 25 _ Washington DC
47 _ Santa Monica 35 _ Los Angeles
36 _ Rotterdam
46 _ Utrecht
57 _ Amsterdam
14 _ Santiago
07_ 17_ 27_
Buses Taxis City Fleets
11 _ Shenzhen _ China 21 _ Dundee _ UK 31 _ Stockholm _ Sweden
14 _ Santiago _ Chile 24 _ Nairobi _ Kenya 34 _ Modesto _ USA
15 _ Izmir _ Turkey 24 _ Kigali _ Rwanda 34 _ Berlin _ Germany
15 _ London _ UK 25 _ Taiyuan _ China 35 _ Haikou, Hainan _ China
16 _ Kolkata _ India 25 _ Washington DC _ USA 35 _ Los Angeles _ USA
16 _ Vancouver _ Canada 26 _ Denver _ USA 36 _ Rotterdam _ The Netherlands
26 _ Ahmedabad _ India 36 _ Oslo _ Norway
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ 06
31 _ Stockholm
47 _ Copenhagen
34 _ Berlin
46 _ Milan
15 _ Izmir
25 _ Taiyuan
58 _ Liuzhou 48 _ Shanghai
26 _ Ahmedabad 11 _ Shenzhen
16 _ Kolkata
35 _ Haikou
48 _ Singapore
24 _ Nairobi
24 _ Kigali
57 _ Cape Town
58 _ Auckland
37_ 49_
Shared Mobility Private Transport
41 _ Madrid _ Spain 53 _ San Francisco _ USA
44 _ Paris _ France 56 _ Oslo _ Norway
46 _ Utrecht _ The Netherlands 57 _ Amsterdam _ The Netherlands
46 _ Milan _ Italy 57 _ Cape Town _ South Africa
47 _ Copenhagen _ Denmark 58 _ Auckland _ New Zealand
47 _ Santa Monica _ USA 58 _ Liuzhou _ China
48 _ Singapore _ Singapore
48 _ Shanghai _ China
07 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _
buses _
In the next five Rapid advances in technology, with electric
buses improving range, power, and reliability,
years, almost a are encouraging cities around the world to
million electric electrify these services.
buses are expected In the next five years, almost a million electric
to be on the road buses are expected to be on the road. But the
market is still relatively immature and there
are still technical and operational challenges,
such as the capital cost of EV buses. Many
cities have invested in legacy diesel buses,
and have a mix of public and private bus
providers.
How have cities overcome these challenges?
How have cities worked with manufacturers
and private firms to rapidly scale-up the use
of electric buses?GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES _ 08
RECOMMENDATIONS _
Cities should look to scale up
bus electrification by:
01 _ 02 _ 03 _
Direct Partnerships Focus on lower-
leadership or joint income groups
with targets, ventures with and the equity
contractual technology, of clean air
incentives, and manufacturing,
requirements and grid
companies
Cities generally have Buses have challenging In many cities, bus use is
significant influence over power and reliability more extensive in lower-
bus fleets, either through needs. Successful income groups. Buses are
direct ownership, cities have built often a major contributor
procurement, or close partnerships in to urban pollution.
licencing their operators. manufacturing, utilities EV buses therefore
To move from small and energy generation represent a major
numbers of electric buses early on, to ensure these opportunity to frame
to mass uptake, cities standards are met, and electrification as a matter
should use this influence that sufficient charging of social justice: this
to set clear targets, capacity and grid can be emphasised by
require low-emissions management processes focussing on electrifying
vehicles, and directly were in place before the routes which serve
lead change. increasing uptake. poorer communities,
and stressing the
improvements to public
health through
cleaner air.09 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL VIEW _
of the world's VANCOUVER
99% deployed 0.3%
electric buses 4
are in China
PROJECTED GLOBAL ELECTRIC BUS MARKET
VALUE (USD) _
2019 2026
42.3bn 214.5bn
GLOBAL ELECTRIC BUSES REGISTERED _
Total in 2020
417,000
136,500 835,200
Registered Projected total
in 2019 by 2026
SANTIAGO
8%
776GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES _ 10
Map shows percentage of total bus
fleet that has been electrified and the
number of electrified buses.
LONDON IZMIR
4.8% 1.3%
437 20
KOLKATA SHENZHEN
4.7% 100%
80 16,35911 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDY _
SHENZHEN _ CHINA
Robert Bye/Unsplash
S
henzhen faced rapid majority of the city’s commuters are ‘captive
population growth, from riders’ - those whose lower income makes
one million people in 1990 buses the only viable transport option. By
to over 12.5 million today. capping the number of new vehicle licence
This expansion placed significant pressure plates granted each year, private ownership
on air quality and congestion, leading to of vehicles was limited and demand for
new policies to tackle transport emissions . effective and efficient public transport
Public transport accounted for 30% of urban further increased.
air pollution from transport, even though it
only constituted 2% of vehicles on the road. City leaders committed to fully electrify
the entire bus fleet of 16,359 vehicles by
The policy response was to both direct 2017. This was a complete switchover of
citizens to use public transport, and rapidly the existing service, with no increase in the
electrify bus services. overall number of buses in the fleet, and
no increase in customer fares. To this date,
The city’s authorities reported existing high Guangzhou is the only other city in the
utilisation of the public transit fleet, as the world to have achieved this.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES _ 12
Shenzhen was the first city
in the world to fully electrify
its bus fleet in 2017.
Shenzhen’s electric bus fleet Fiscal Incentives are also open to private cars, which
now consumes 72.9% less energy The three major bus operators brings in additional income.
than in 2016, resulting in a total in the city were incentivised to
reduction of 1.353 million tons of make the transition with an annual Optimising scheduling
CO2 per year. subsidy of USD The majority of buses are
75,500 for each charged overnight when
vehicle, 80% energy tariffs are lower.
funded by the
Shenzhen’s The buses have a 250
Shenzhen city electric bus fleet km range, so operating
Full bus authorities now consumes schedules were changed
and 20% to include a recharging
electrification has 72.9% less
from central session for any service
energy than
been achieved government. over this length.
This brought in 2016.”
through fiscal electric buses Industry partnership
into price parity with diesel buses. The bus manufacturer BYD is
incentives, Each electric bus had to travel based in Shenzhen. To speed up
rapidly deployed more than 60,000 km each year the development of new vehicles,
(a distance representing sustained the city adopted a partnership
infrastructure, and use in the city’s network) before model, where it helped BYD refine
the supplier received the subsidy. its technology by giving detailed
optimisation of technical feedback on early
scheduling. Charging Infrastructure versions of its electric buses.
The city has introduced 510 bus
charging stations with a total of
8000 charge points. Many of these13 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
KEY PLAYERS _
SHENZHEN _ CHINA NEW ENERGY
VEHICLE (NEV)
POLICY
The New Energy Vehicle
(NEV) policy is a long-
Local and Vehicle term supply-side policy
to increase the number of
national manufacturer EVs manufactured and sold
in China. This mandates
government in the number of NEVs (fully
electric, plug-in hybrid,
partnership hydrogen fuel cell vehicles)
which are produced
in the country by each
Shenzhen’s efforts were led More than 80% of the electric manufacturer. Credit targets
by the City Mayor’s office, buses deployed have been supplied are assigned by NEV type
but underpinned by clear by BYD. The close partnership and manufacturers must
direction by the central Chinese between the city and manufacturer meet their average annual
government. As well as support sped up adoption, and gave the NEV credit target.
for bus subsidies from central city greater assurance in making
government, Shenzhen also the switch. For example, BYD The Chinese government
became a pilot city for the developed a ‘lifetime guarantee’ identified 5 pilot cities,
introduction of New Energy so that any faults or battery testing new technologies
Vehicles (see box). failures would be covered by the and attempting to drive
manufacturer. down costs by rapid scaling-
up of infrastructure and
vehicle numbers. The pilot
ran from 2009 to 2020.
Zhang Yat Ming Sumsum/Wikimedia Commons
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES _ 14
CASE STUDY _
SANTIAGO _ CHILE
Santiago de Chile has changed its bus service
procurement model to rapidly accelerate bus
fleet electrification.
W
ith a population of over 7 million Procurement
people, Santiago de Chile is one of the Santiago is now changing its
largest metropolitan areas in South procurement of city bus services
America. to encourage electric buses. The
model was changed to separate
The city has historically suffered from high levels of the operation of services from the
particulate emissions and deteriorating air quality. provision of vehicles - and though
Chile’s national government also committed to the it is not mandatory for suppliers to
Paris Agreement and Atmospheric Decontamination use electric buses, contract lengths
Plan and its successor agreements and targets. for services are 14 years, compared
to the standard 10 year contract,
As a result, Santiago’s if the supplier’s fleet is more than
leadership has increasingly 50% fully electric.
worked to reduce transport
emissions. In 2018, the Overcoming challenges Industry Engagement
city became the first in Utility companies, operators,
in the procurement
the region to demand its consulting institutes, and
vehicle suppliers for public process, including manufacturers have been working
transport meet Euro VI together to understand grid
emission standards and, in
defining technical capacity needs, carry out pilot
late 2020, the first electric specifications to ensure tests, analyse route selection
buses entered circulation. and build business and service
operational efficiency and models. To tackle the challenge
Santiago now has the largest interoperability, is a key of the high capital cost, an
deployment of electric buses innovative financing mechanism
in absolute numbers of any element in a fleet-wide was developed. Vehicles were
city outside China, with 776 purchased by utility companies
electrification strategy for
electric buses in operation. and leased to bus operators,
It also has the first electric public transport” allowing the up-front costs of bus
corridor with segregated procurement to be separated from
lanes in South America, with operational costs.
access to bus depots with
charging infrastructure at
either end of the electric
bus corridor.15 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDIES _
IZMIR _ LONDON _
TURKEY UNITED KINGDOM
A solar power plant at the Strategic direction from the
bus depot provides surplus Mayor and the integrated
energy for Izmir’s electric transport authority has
bus fleet. resulted in the largest
electric bus fleet in Europe.
The City of Izmir has been a testing ground Mayoral policy to reduce air pollution in
for electric buses. The city municipality London has paved the way for the largest
signed agreements to reduce greenhouse gas electric bus fleet in Europe. There are now
emissions by at least 20% by 2020. 437 electric buses, operating across 27
bus routes. 4.8% of the fleet operates with
The transportation e-buses.. This has been achieved through
company of the buy-in from Transport for London (TfL)
metropolitan We generate and the Mayor and the drive from all
municipality (ESHOT) stakeholders to have zero emission buses in
tested 20 electric
enough power the fleet.
buses on all of its with our Solar
340 routes to better TfL has successfully overcome challenges
understand electric bus PV to transition and managed timescales for infrastructure
performance under a our fleet to installation and vehicle acquisition. For
range of conditions, and example, ensuring bus depots have enough
determine which routes electric buses.” power capacity with adequate infrastructure
were suitable for electric installation is important for the start dates
buses. of new contracts and routes awarded with
electric buses. Electric buses can take up
A key part of the project is the installation to 12 months to build depending on the
of 10,000 m2 of Solar PV (with a total power specification, building this into timescales of
supply of 835 kW) on the bus depot roof. bus deployment is imperative.
The daily energy needed to power the first
20 buses is exceeded by this provision,
saving 3,776 tonnes of CO2 annually. ESHOT
has chosen to only charge buses overnight at
the depot, to utilise this energy without the
need to rely on opportunity charging.
Now Izmir has a strategy in place to build on
this technical understanding of EV use and
this energy infrastructure, by scaling up to
reach 400 buses by 2024.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ BUSES _ 16
KOLKATA _ VANCOUVER _
INDIA CANADA
Kolkata is tackling air Interoperable overhead
pollution by incorporating charging of electric buses.
electric buses into
multimodal transport routes
across the city.
The Government of West Bengal procured The Canadian Urban Transit Research &
80 electric buses and deployed them on Innovation Consortium (CUTRIC) worked
routes in densely populated, polluted, and with a consortium of bus manufacturers,
congested areas – so that they had the transit agencies, city authorities and
greatest impact on improving air quality and electricity providers to demonstrate the
ensured equal access to public transport. feasibility of interoperable high-powered
overhead pantograph charging in cities.
With a complex
mix of existing Vancouver was the first city to deploy the
transport systems, Kolkata, the city buses in full revenue service. Four electric
the city was keen buses were deployed in the fleet. They
to ensure that new of joy, has run an were designed to charge with the high-
forms of transport power pantograph chargers based on the
integrated with
electric tramway Oppcharge (opportunity) protocol, which
old. So these for more than a provides a standardised, interoperable
routes were technology for charging buses and large
designed to century. The city vehicles "on-route". The demonstration
connect with is now also taking evaluated how the technology operated
ferries, trams, and and could be expanded to additional routes
passenger rail to a leading role to to enable the broader adoption of electric
create seamless introduce electric transit buses.
multi-modal
transportation buses for public Sharing data was at the heart of the project:
in the city – Vancouver shared its experience and data
ultimately leading
transport.” with two other transit agencies in Canada,
to faster uptake by York Region Transit and Brampton, which
the public. are deploying EV buses across 2020 and
2021.
This will be complemented by using
procurement to drive uptake further,
with future contracts issued by the city’s
transport authority requiring providers to
use electric or CNG buses.17 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _
taxis _
Taxis offer one of the However, taxi industries can be resistant to
change. Concerns over range and charging
strongest cases for time are genuine.
electrification: they
The cities in this chapter understand these
are high-mileage, dynamics, and work hard to engage their
intensively-used taxi operators – and build infrastructure and
policy that creates a compelling commercial
vehicles which many basis for a switch to EVs.
cities already regulate
or licence.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS _ 18 RECOMMENDATIONS _ Cities should look to scale up taxi electrification by: 01 _ 02 _ 03 _ Thinking long- Licence Using familiar term about requirements vehicle types incentives and infrastructure Many cities are aware that high- Requiring taxis to be electric to Taxi vehicles vary significantly mileage users like taxis could receive licencing is a powerful by city. Successful cities have be important to long-term tool to drive mass uptake. It often focussed on electric business models for charging can set deadlines by which a versions of familiar vehicles networks. Cities are designing taxi has to switch to EV, reduce – working with the grain of incentives with an awareness costs for EVs, or give faster traditions of rickshaws, two- of the trade-offs between approval for EV licences. Early- wheelers or distinct taxi-cab short-term uptake and long- stage EV taxi programmes designs. term sustainability: initially often begin with some kind delivering comprehensive taxi- of incentive or discount in only or shared infrastructure, licencing: mass uptake can and introducing low tariffs, be driven by moving these but thinking about how these regulations to EV-first or EV- features evolve in future. only approaches. These features vary by city, but the concept is to consider the long-term future of incentives and infrastructure policy as early as possible.
19 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL VIEW _
ONLY 2 DENVER
cities worldwide have 100% 200
electrified taxi fleets - 2.8M
Taiyuan & Shenzhen
USD163bn
Expected total global
revenue from taxi and ride-
hailing services in 2020
TAXI & RIDE-HAILING COMPANIES LONG TERM
ELECTRIFICATION TARGETS _
DIDI UBER OLA
1M 100% 20%
EVs available shift to EV of fleet to be EV
currently by 2040 by 2021
10m
EVs available by 2028
RIDE-HAILING & TNCS regulation over TNC operations,
with regulation set at a state,
Recent years have seen the regional or national level.
disruption of the traditional Taxi
& Ride-hailing model by Transport Trips from these global ride-hailing WASHINGTON DC
Network Companies (TNCs).
Companies such as Didi, Uber,
companies are growing fast. In
the USA, trips with TNCs have
97
Lyft, Ola, and Grab offer an app- exceeded taxi trips in many cities: 5.3M
based booking system. Different for example, in Washington DC
licencing laws in different TNCs account for approximately
countries mean that in some cities 60 million trips, compared to just
there is no control or city-level 9 million taxi trips per year.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS _ 20
Number of Electric Taxis
City Population
and Private Hire Vehicles
DUNDEE TAIYUAN
134 8,292
149K 3.9M
KIGALI NAIROBI AHMEDABAD
50 11 UNKNOWN
1.1M 1.8M 8.1M21 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDY _
DUNDEE _ UNITED KINGDOM
Alpegor / Adobe Stock
Dundee, Scotland’s 4th biggest Dundee has a typical taxi fleet for a
small city, with over 700 taxis serving a
city, is recognised as one of population of 150,000. The first electric
Europe’s leading cities in the taxi was introduced in 2015, and through
a combination of regulation, incentives,
deployment of electric vehicles. and direct financial support, almost one in
five (19%) of taxis and private hire vehicles
are now purely electric. The city’s council,
H
armful NOx and particulate taxi operators, and vehicle companies now
matter levels led to an air share a commitment to improving the
quality management zone environment for Dundee’s citizens.
being created in 2012, and
the city has looked to electrification as the
central component of its strategy to improve
air quality.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS _ 22
Dundee has worked closely with
the taxi industry to deliver a range
of policy changes, incentives,
and infrastructure to support and
encourage the trade to make the
switch to electric vehicles.
over 100,000 charging sessions per year.
Over 65% of usage at these hubs is from
Installation of three rapid commercial organisations. Taxi companies
charging hubs across the city has report that the creation of this infrastructure
accelerated the electrification of was crucial to their willingness to switch to
EVs.
the taxi fleet.”
Financial support for taxi owners
Annual safety inspections fees are £11 lower
for electric taxis, passing on the savings
Using licencing to scale up from avoiding emissions test and engine oil
electrification tests on to the vehicle operator.
To encourage electrification of the taxi
fleet, significant changes to taxi licensing Until November 2019, EVs had access to free
policy were introduced following extensive electricity at charge points and free parking
engagement with the industry. All new in any Dundee City Council bay. The tariffs
private hire licences (known as ‘plates’) have introduced are designed to cover costs
to be electric for the life of the plate, and if a only and still lead to operational savings
driver wishes to change a personal plate into for drivers, but were created to build better
a company plate, then it would have to be long-term sustainability into the business
electric for the lifetime of that plate. model for the city.
Public Charging Infrastructure
In 2018 Dundee City Council installed three
charging hubs with 6 rapid charge points
at each hub. These hubs have registered23 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
KEY PLAYERS _
DUNDEE _ UNITED KINGDOM
City Working EV National
authority Group Champion Government
Dundee City Council Strong communications New firms have often Funding from both
identified and introduced and engagement meant recognised that new Scotland’s devolved
key policy changes that industry needs were technology and licencing government and
that are supporting the understood and acted can be a source of the UK’s national
transition to a 100% zero on. A long-standing Taxi competitive advantage, government supported
emission taxi fleet – but Liaison Group was used prompting others to the development of the
the crucial element in to discuss plans well in follow their innovation. charging hubs in Dundee.
the city’s success was advance, with discussion One taxi firm was
consensus and sustained of incentives, pressures instrumental in driving
support from elected on taxis, and feedback on change in the sector:
politicians, officials, the location of charging David Young, the owner
and wider public sector infrastructure. Around of the 203020 taxis,
institutions. 2 years of planning and introduced a fleet of
discussion took place 30 electric vehicles
before the first EV taxi in 2015 and became a
was rolled out. With the passionate advocate
council and taxi trade who encouraged other
unions represented, the businesses to follow
group offers a shared his lead. This kind of
forum to agree the role peer-to-peer promotion
of taxis in the city’s is seen in the city as
ambitions. influential, given taxis are
a tightly-knit sector.
Urban Foresight / Dundee City Council
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS _ 24
CASE STUDY _
NAIROBI _ KENYA
Private provision of NopiaRide, a private provider, is installing charging
hubs to support the expansion of its electric ride-
charging hubs to support an hailing fleet. These EVs are designed to mitigate
electric ride-hailing venture. urban air pollution while retaining the potential of
a new flexible service for mobility in the city. Three
hubs equipped with DC Fast Chargers were built in
shopping malls cross the city. NopiaRide (which is
backed by the EV car share company EkoRent from
Helsinki) is scaling up from 50 EVs to the goal of
having 1,500 vehicles on the road by the end of 2021
– led in part by driver demand, because the lower
running costs of EVs has resulted in a 30-50% increase
in earnings.
CASE STUDY _
KIGALI _ RWANDA
Partnerships between Rwanda’s capital, Kigali, is aiming to leap-frog
traditional fossil fuel transport with a partnership
utilities and vehicle between Volkswagen and Siemens. Volkswagen has
manufacturers to bring a plant in the city, and in December 2019 launched
a ride-hailing app called Move, developed by a local
about an electric ride- IT start-up. It launched with 50 electric cars and 15
charging stations built by Siemens.
hailing scheme.25 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDIES _
TAIYUAN _ WASHINGTON DC _
CHINA USA
Financial support led to Purpose-built EV
rapid transition of the entire charging to support taxi
taxi fleet. electrification.
All 8,292 taxis in Taiyuan were electrified To encourage taxi drivers
in an eight month period as a result of a to switch to electric-only Investing in a
planned taxi fleet renewal supported by vehicles in Washington DC,
financial subsidies. The city was due to dedicated taxi charging charge point
re-licence its fleet, and as that approached, points were built at the in central
the city developed strong incentives central transport hub of
to encourage every taxi to switch. BYD Union Station. Two Level 3 station
opened a factory in the city to support charge points were installed
the transition. Subsidies were introduced which can only be used by
dedicated
to cover around two-thirds of the cost of taxis – not by TNCs or the for the taxi
a new vehicle. This reduced the capital general public – thanks to a
costs of a typical electric taxi from around partnership between a taxi industry.”
RMB 309,000 (USD 46,000) to only RMB operator, city government,
109,800 (USD 14,500). This was achieved and private infrastructure
through subsidies of RMB 100 from the operator, ChargePoint.
Municipal government, RMB 50,000 from
the Provincial government and RMB 50,000 Charging fees were set at a favourable rate
from Central government. of USD 4.50 compared to around USD 9-11
for charge points elsewhere in the city. The
infrastructure has proved popular with the
97 electric taxis in the city, with between
800 to 1000 charging sessions daily in 2019.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ TAXIS _ 26
DENVER _ AHMEDABAD _
USA INDIA
Changes to the EV Serving first and last-mile
tax credit supporting journeys with e-rickshaws.
electrification of TNCs.
Legislators opened up Colorado’s electric E-rickshaws are quieter, faster, cleaner
vehicle tax credit program to rental and cheaper to operate than traditional
companies and businesses with fleets. auto rickshaws. In India they offer similar
As part of a series of tax incentives to opportunities and challenges to e-scooters
encourage electrification, Colorado enabled in other countries. Ahmedabad has invested
this EV tax credit to be used for TNCs – an in public transport, including introducing
incentive which few US states offer. This a new rapid bus service in 2009 and
has resulted in over 200 Kia Niros being construction of a new metro starting in
deployed for Lyft drivers who can now lease 2015 – but the city still faced significant
the vehicles at a cheaper rate. These drivers congestion in central locations, as a result
also pay a weekly fee that will give them of first- and last-mile connections from bus
all-you-can-charge access to electricity from stations being taken by rickshaw.
several different providers.
In response, the Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation provided a parking dock
for e-rickshaws in the city, the regional
government introduced subsidies to
stimulate adoption, and at the end of 2020
issued a tender to buy 5,000 e-rickshaws to
sell on to drivers.27 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _
city
fleets _
Urban freight is City centres across the world are busy with
fleets owned by logistics firms, municipalities
responsible for one- themselves, and private businesses. These
quarter of urban city fleets tend to be high mileage and
concentrated in city centres, operating in a
transport emissions commercial context with tight margins and
in most advanced time pressure for journeys: so persuading
them to switch to EVs requires sustained
economies. incentives and encouragement.
Working with businesses to address these
challenges and switch these fleets to electric
is essential if cities are to achieve their
decarbonisation goals.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS _ 28
RECOMMENDATIONS _
Cities should look to scale up
city fleet electrification by:
01 _ 02 _ 03 _
Shifting Road access Business
procurement and use tools engagement
from some programmes
EVs, to EV-by-
default
Many cities looked to Many city fleets, like City fleets have a wide
procurement of EVs in logistics companies and range of ownership
municipal fleets to begin business owners, want models, and hugely
their electrification access to city centres or variable patterns of
journey. Mature EV business districts. Policy replacement cycles
cities now operate tools like clean air zones, and vehicle lifespans.
procurement so that congestion charging, Comprehensive
municipal fleets buy EVs clean-logistics zones, or communications
in all but exceptional lane use can be effective plans for a business
circumstances. in moving from early to audience are important
mass adoption of EVs by to understanding their
these vehicle users. concerns, persuading
firms to make the switch
to EVs, and generating
support from a wide
range of stakeholders.29 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL VIEW _
URBAN FREIGHT CO2 EMISSIONS _ MODESTO
of global
transport GHG
6% emissions
of European
city urban
25% transport
emissions
GLOBAL LOGISTICS MARKET _
USD6TN 4.5% 45%
Estimated market Annual of global
worth by end growth spend is
of 2020 forecast from Asia
Pacific
GLOBAL LOGISTICS prescribed specifications. Amazon
COMPANIES has ordered 100,000 Rivian
ELECTRIFYING e-trucks, 10,000 electric rickshaws,
and 1,000 e-cargo bikes. UPS has
Multinational logistics companies ordered 10,000 trucks from the LOS ANGELES
are developing long term plans London based start-up Arrival.
to transition significant parts of FedEx has deployed 1,000 Chanje
their fleets to electric. Many have V8100 electric delivery vehicles
started publishing targets. DPDHL with plans to electrify 42 FedEx
has already deployed more than stations in California to allow the
10,000 electric StreetScooters – deployment of more vehicles in
an electric delivery van made to the future.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS _ 30
E-commerce has increased freight volume in cities and shifted logistics
vehicles to local streets and arterials. As the EV market grows, electrification
of logistics vehicles can play a significant role in reducing air pollution in cities.
OSLO STOCKHOLM
ROTTERDAM BERLIN HAIKOU31 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDY _
STOCKHOLM _ SWEDEN
Micael Widell/Unsplash
Stockholm is a growing city,
D
ecarbonising transport whilst
extending services to meet
with forecasts estimating a population growth is high on
population increase of 25% the agenda for city officials.
The city has a decarbonisation target of
by 2030 from the current 2040, and the key mechanism for reducing
its fleet emission has been the innovative
one million people. Clean Vehicles in Stockholm programme.
This has been run by the City of Stockholm
since 1994, and focusses on driving adoption
through procurement.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS _ 32
Stockholm has supported EV
adoption in its municipal fleet by
delivering a leading procurement
strategy that considers EVs first
for any vehicle replacement and
transport service.
The strategy has focused on a range of clean there is a single annual procurement
vehicles – those with tailpipe emissions less to create lower costs for the authority,
than 50 g CO2/km, including ethanol, biogas, replacing 100 vehicles per year across the
hybrid, and plug-in hybrids. The city’s fleet city’s departments.
now consists of 99% clean
vehicles of which 27% are Charging ahead of demand
fully electric, and has a Deploying charging infrastructure
specific target of completely
decarbonising by 2030.
A progressive has been a key challenge. Some
council sites are rented or vehicles
EV-first procurement
procurement are parked on street, so the
city had to increase provision
Ensuring procurement
considers EVs first was key framework elsewhere and in its own sites.
There are dedicated charge
to Stockholm’s transition
to electric. When a new helped to deliver points for the city’s own vehicles,
reducing reliability concerns
vehicle is considered for
purchase, the fleet manager our low carbon from staff.
transport
assesses the needs of
the department to see if
ambitions.”
choosing an EV is possible,
or if e-bikes or cargo bikes
might be suitable. To help
staff consider this switch,
a suitable EV is available to
test drive for a couple of weeks to reduce
any concerns. The fleet manager ensures33 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
KEY PLAYERS _
STOCKHOLM _SWEDEN
Senior Municipal Fleet
Government Lead
officials
National political leadership The city’s Central Fleet
catalysed the decarbonisation of Management has played a central
the municipal fleet in Stockholm. role in electrification. The Fleet
This started with the 1994 EV Managers assess each new vehicle
programme, and top-down request to ensure that electric
political support has continued vehicles are procured first if they
in the development of the can fit the purpose.
programme.
Gemma Evans/Unsplash
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS _ 34
CASE STUDY _
MODESTO _ USA
With financial assistance, Frito-Lay is a food manufacturer with a major
plant in Modesto, California. This will become its
Frito Lay has led one of the first to use an entirely sustainable fleet of vehicles,
biggest electrifications of enabled by governmental financial support and the
assistance of CALSTART. Frito-Lay is deploying 15
logistics in the world. Tesla semis, 38 Volvo natural gas-powered semis,
six electric Peterbilt box trucks, 12 electric forklifts
and three electric yard tractors. This was supported
by a USD 15.4 million grant from the California Air
Proud to use an entirely sustainable Resources Board, a USD 13.5 million in matching
funds from Frito-Lay with another USD 1.8 million
fleet of vehicles as part of a holistic
coming from American Natural Gas. This support is
approach to reduce the plant’s driving one of the largest electrifications of a private
logistics facility in the world.
carbon footprint.”
CASE STUDY _
BERLIN _ GERMANY
Over the past six years 1000 The push for zero-emission delivery led the company
to adopt and integrate new vehicles such as cargo
electric logistics vehicles bikes for urban deliveries. It built electric into each
(including delivery vans, part of the delivery journey across a modern logistics
firm operating at scale - as well as manufacturing its
e-bikes, and e-trikes) have own StreetScooter delivery van for its fleets. There
are now over a thousand e-bikes and e-trikes in Berlin
been deployed across delivering parcels and letters for DHL. The company
several of DHL’s Berlin has a target that by 2025, 70% of first and last mile
trips will be electrified, up from the current rate of
depots for delivering parcels 35-36%. All charging of the logistics fleet takes place
in DHL’s depots, and DHL has three infrastructure
and letters. partners for development of
further facilities.35 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDIES _
HAIKOU, HANAN _ LOS ANGELES _
CHINA USA
The first province in China Supporting electrification of
to announce official targets municipal fleets across the
to shift to clean energy USA by the Climate Mayors
vehicles in municipal fleets Electric Vehicles Purchasing
by 2030. Collaborative.
In 2019, Hainan became the first province The City of Los Angeles is electrifying its
in China to announce official targets for a entire government fleet, with more than 800
transition to 100% clean energy vehicles for electric vehicles already deployed.
its fleets set out in “Development Plan of
Clean Energy Vehicles in Hainan Province”. One of the key mechanisms to support the
This will be achieved through three five- city government’s fleet electrification is the
year phases, which will initially target public Climate Mayors’ Purchasing Collaborative:
fleets, such as government vehicles and an online platform and resource portal that
buses, and will apply to private passenger guides and encourages city leaders and
and commercial fleets in later years. In public bodies across the USA to buy EVs
2020, Government, bus, taxi, postal/ collectively, reducing costs and sharing
logistics service, and car share services must best practice on implementation. This was
purchase EVs when updating their fleets. launched by the Los Angeles Mayor Eric
Garcetti in 2018, and participating cities
The regional strategy sets out a clear have collectively committed to purchasing
technology roadmap. It recognises that as more than 2,000 EVs to date. For example,
an interim step, plug-in hybrid and natural- one of the other cities in the collective,
gas vehicles might be necessary – but as Austin, Texas, has now deployed 330 EVs in
costs reduce and technology matures, its municipal fleet.
battery electric and fuel cell vehicles are the
ultimate goal.GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ CITY FLEETS _ 36
ROTTERDAM _ OSLO _
THE NETHERLANDS NORWAY
Creating a fast-charging Catalysing electrification of
plaza to support a 2025 logistics by introducing a
zero-emissions target. LEZ.
A fast charging plaza was built in Rotterdam, Oslo has implemented a Low Emission Zone
with eight parking spaces to support zero- in the form of three toll rings around the
emission parcel transport in and around city, where the toll rates are dependent on
the Rotterdam city centre – meeting the type of fuel. Toll rates for diesel cars are the
city’s overall 2025 zero-emissions target for most expensive, while EVs pay only 50 per
logistics. cent of petrol cars for entering the different
zones. Zero-emission trucks (weight above
The FLEX EV consortium included a range 3.5 ton) are exempt from paying the toll.
of organisations, including the Dutch This has incentivised logistics companies to
transport research agency TNO, a charging deploy zero emissions vehicles. For example,
infrastructure provider, electric truck DB Schenker has opened a zero-emission
developer EMOSS, and logistics firms DHL city hub with 23 electric vehicles, including
and Road Runner couriers – all working electric trucks, vans and bicycles. Every day,
together to design logistics fleets around the around 800 consignments in Oslo will be
charging plaza. delivered from this depot using an electric
vehicle.
This was made possible with financial
support of EUR 1.9 million (USD 2.24
million) from Demonstration Climate
Technologies and Innovations in Transport
(DKTI-Transport), a Dutch government
scheme to support demonstration projects
which might have potential to move to
mass adoption.37 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _
shared
mobility _
Shared mobility Car share schemes have grown in popularity,
while scooters, e-scooters, bike share
schemes include schemes and e-bikes have all rapidly
some of the newest increased in numbers, fuelled by new apps
and mobile technology.
and most exciting
technologies in These forms of shared mobility can
directly replace car use. They usually have
transport. lower manufacturing and battery costs.
So they have the potential to lead mass
adoption faster and more easily than other
technologies. How can cities use these
innovations to get to mass electric mobility?
How can EV efforts integrate with these other
technologies?GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY _ 38
RECOMMENDATIONS _
Cities should look to
scale up shared mobility
electrification by:
01 _ 02 _
Clear principles Future-proofing for
for space and use digital integration
of micromobility between systems
schemes
Concerns over street clutter, access Even if cities encourage private markets in
to charging, and space use can create mobility, city administrations play a major
opposition to micromobility schemes from role in making systems coherent for their
political and business stakeholders. Clear citizens. In practice, mass EV adoption
locations for storage and charging, and clear is more likely if systems are digitally
road and pavement access rights for e-bikes, integrated, with single ticketing, charging
e-scooters and micromobility schemes and access systems – even if the providers
can take advantage of these exciting new compete with each other. Cities should see
technologies, without undermining support their role as enabling future integration and
for them. modal switch away from private petrol and
diesel cars more likely, by brokering data and
information-sharing protocols.39 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
GLOBAL VIEW _
OVER 600 OVER 2900
cities, across 50 e-bike sharing
countries, offer schemes operate
shared mobility worldwide
devices SANTA MONICA
3,200
NUMBER OF SHARED E-BIKES _
ASIA 36,963
EUR 25,564
N.AMER 13,894
PROJECTED GROWTH OF SHARED E-SCOOTERS _
2019 2024
774,000 4.6M
USD41.98BN 85,000
Projected value of shared Shared e-scooters
e-scooter market available in North
by 2030 America, 2018
CAR SHARE SCHEMES AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE _
3128 CITIES IN 59 COUNTRIES
OPERATE CAR SHARE SCHEMES
of these 59 countries
66% have introduced EVs as
MADRID
part of a car share fleet in
at least one of their cities 2,000
OVER 236 managing either free-
floating, station based or
OPERATORS peer-to-peer car share
servicesGLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY _ 40
Number of car Number in
share EVs micromobility fleet
UTRECHT COPENHAGEN SHANGHAI
250 2,000 6,400
PARIS MILAN SINGAPORE
21,000 510 1,20041 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDY _
MADRID _ SPAIN
Giuseppe Buccola/Unsplash
M
adrid is a city with larger area restricting access for
low private car highly polluting vehicles.
ownership – only Competitive
around one in five car share 100% electric vehicles benefit from
residents own a car. This is due to market along free parking on-street and in public
good public transport provision, car parks with no time limit, and
high population density, and with our Low plug-in hybrid vehicles pay 50% of
concerted policies to reduce car Emission Zone the parking cost with a time limit
use. is pushing our of 2 hours.
The city introduced a Low
switch to EVs.” The LEZ is monitored by ANPR
Emission Zone in central Madrid cameras which use the national
but faced growing poor air quality database to ensure vehicles adhere
issues outside the central zone. to legislation.
To tackle this, ‘Madrid 360’ was
introduced in January 2020 as aGLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY _ 42
Users have access
to over 2,000
electric vehicles
in the city.
Multiple car share Policy framework for private automotive industry. Share Now is
provision owned by Daimler AG and BMW,
schemes are Car share schemes have operated Zity is backed by Renault, and
operating in Madrid within the city since 2016, PSA Groupe operate Emov. All the
two years before the LEZ was companies that operate car share
in a dynamic, established. The car share services schemes in the city have their
are all private initiatives which own app to book vehicles. There
competitive market. are not regulated by the city is some initial work ongoing to
government. integrate these apps together into
the ‘MaaS Madrid’ app – a good
There are few to no barriers to example of how electrification
setting up car share schemes - with policy interacts with emerging
no subsidies, no allocated bays, mobility as a service concepts.
and no direct intervention from
the city. But thanks to the LEZ’s Reducing user need to
overarching regulation of vehicle charge
use, car share operators have still Users of the car share schemes are
switched to EVs – and so public not required to plug vehicles into
policy goals of reducing emissions charge points. Instead, companies
have still been advanced. remotely monitor the state of
charge of vehicles and collect them
Digital spin-offs from major to recharge them when necessary.
autos This enables ‘free floating’ car
Some of the car share schemes schemes, rather than cars based at
operating in Madrid are backed by fixed locations – making it much
large organisations involved in the easier for a user to access cars.43 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
KEY PLAYERS _
MADRID _ SPAIN
FLEET SIZE & TYPE _ PRICING MODEL (USD) _
ShareNow
500 0.22 - 0.36
Smart cars per minute (plus 0.39 per km
above 200km)
Zity
658 0.21 - 0.31
Smart cars and per minute. Flat rates for 4, 8
Renault Zoes and 24 hours.
Emov
500 0.22 - 0.36
Citreon C-Zero per minute (plus 0.31 per km
above 250km)
Wible
500 0.29 7.06
Kia Nero Plug-ins per minute per hour
Beyond Madrid boundaries,
5.88 per day with 100km inc.
Wishlife
35 0.94 0.47
Nissan Leaf, Renault Zoe, first 10km per km for
Tesla Model 3, Jaguar I-Pace further
& VW e-Golf distanceGLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY _ 44
CASE STUDY _
PARIS _ FRANCE
Building on a successful bike share
scheme, the city is regulating operators
who have now deployed thousands of
electric bikes and e-scooters.
P
aris is globally recognised micromobility devices can only park in the
for its work in shared 2,500 spaces the city has allocated for this
micromobility, and a purpose, or in car/motorcycle on-street
combination of regulation, spaces.
financial support, and spatial policy has built
on this reputation in newer technologies. Financial support
The Velib docked e-bike sharing scheme
Road Space Allocation was procured with financial support from
Paris faced challenges in the city. The management contract is for 15
potential conflicts over use Regulation years (starting in 2018) held by a syndicate
of public space. Many bikes of 31 local authorities in and around Paris.
and micromobility vehicles is key to
drive and park on sidewalks,
often in central areas with high successful
density of pedestrians. This led
to concerns over the impact to shared
on pedestrians, particularly
elderly and disabled citizens. micromobility
To resolve this issue, the City
created 2500 stations with schemes.”
15,000 parking spots reserved
for e-scooters. Docked e-bikes
have approximately 32,000
parking spaces across
the city.
Rules and Regulations
Legislation has been enacted nationally
and by city authorities to ensure devices
benefit the city. Since 2019, micromobility
operators (except the Velib scheme) pay a
fee to operate in the city. These operators
are limited on the number of devices
they can deploy in the city. Free floating45 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
KEY PLAYERS _
PARIS _ FRANCE
Lime Doot Tier Velib Jump
VEHICLES _ 5000 5000 5000 6000 500
Electric foot- Electric foot- Electric foot- Electric bikes Electric bikes
scooters scooters scooters
CHARGING _ Free-floating Free-floating Free-floating Public Free-floating
station-
based
FINANCING _ Self- Self- Self- Subsidised Self-
financed, pay financed, pay financed, pay by the city, financed, pay
a fee to the a fee to the a fee to the under city a fee to the
city city city contract city
Robin Berg/We Drive Solar
GLOBAL STUDIES OF EV INNOVATION _ SHARED MOBILITY _ 46
CASE STUDIES _
UTRECHT _ MILAN _
THE NETHERLANDS ITALY
An innovative car share Long term vision for electric
scheme linking microscale car sharing with policies
renewables to EV charging. to ensure electrification of
services for new vehicles
from 2024.
We Drive Solar consists of a fleet of around Milan has multiple car share schemes
70 EVs in Utrecht which are charged through operating EVs, including ShareNow and
roof-mounted Solar PV in a microgrid. The Sharengo. These schemes are a mixture
vehicles park in charging plazas which We of free floating and station-based car
Drive Solar owns. The share services, with dedicated charging
company focuses on infrastructure associated with EV car share
people who would use parking spaces.
the cars on a regular Organic
basis. growth of car The services are let under contract from
the city government for up to seven
The project is share vehicles years, and from 1st January 2024 the car
particularly innovative share companies are obliged to switch to
enabling
as it uses the vehicles electric vehicles for any new purchases or
along with bi-directional reduction in substitutes into the scheme. The car share
charging infrastructure companies have to pay the city authority
as ‘mobile storage’ on
car ownership EUR 1,200 (USD 1,428) per year per space,
the microgrid. EVs offer for residents.” but this is waived if the vehicle is electric.
fast response, short term 17% of the 3,000 car share vehicles in the
storage to balance the city are now electric.
grid, with only a million
vehicles needed to balance the grid in The
Netherlands, We Drive Solar is a solution
that supports the grid and encourages EVs.
The initiative has been supported by
a multitude of partners including the
municipality of Utrecht, Renault, Last Mile
Solutions (the charging station management
service provider), and Elaad NL(the
knowledge and innovation center of the
Dutch grid/network operators on EV and
smart charging). We Drive Solar operations
are expanding sustainably across other cities
such as Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and
The Hague.47 _ EV CITY CASEBOOK 2021
CASE STUDIES _
COPENHAGEN _ SANTA MONICA _
DENMARK USA
Bike sharing scheme First city to see the spread
supported by the city of dockless e-scooters
authority.
Copenhagen has adopted a new vehicle In 2017, Santa Monica became the first city
sharing platform for its e-bike fleet. to see hundreds of e-scooters deployed
Bike sharing has been commonplace in across the city. With no municipal
Copenhagen since the 1990s, and a new regulation, permits, or requirements, and
partnership between the Italian technology a high number of tourists visiting the city
and engineering firm SITAEL, and Bycyklen, to use the devices,
a Danish cycling start-up, won a tender led it was viewed by
by the city to create a new platform. It now micromobility
has over 2000 electric bikes available across providers as an ideal As one of the
the city. test ground.
first cities to
The scheme has features to help its effective In September 2018,
see dockless
management, such as a safe locking system these e-scooters
for the vehicles, a satellite geolocation became regulated with micromobility take
feature, and access to usage data and permits from the city.
diagnostic information of fleets in real time. These were issued to
off – practically
four companies with a overnight – we
From a user perspective, the app enables vehicle cap.
riders to undock vehicles with their paved the way
smartphone, look up vehicle availability, Throughout the 18 in regulation
take advantage of promotions to support month pilot, data
bikes’ redistribution operations, and make was collected to to create a
automatic payments for sharing sessions. understand how
framework for
people used the
vehicles, what the these companies
challenges were, and
how they could be
to operate.”
addressed. As a result,
Santa Monica still has
the early dynamism of
a start-up market in micromobility – with no
requirement for suppliers to provide docks
– but in the context of publicly-regulated
market which the city’s authorities can
shape.You can also read
