Sarasvatī-Sindhu Civilization - Sacred region of Bhārat's origins S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
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Sarasvatī-Sindhu Civilization
Sacred region of Bhārat’s origins
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
1
Facets of disciplines summarised by Dennys Frenez.
Why study Sarasvati-
Sindhu, Saptasindhu,
Vedic, Bhāratīya
Civilization?
अहम् ब्रह्मास्मम "I am
Brahman" ’I am a spark
from the anvil’
Importance of Indus
Script decipherment
--to document wealth of
a nation
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
28-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 2
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
यज्ञेि कल्पन्तताम ् -शक्
ु लयजुवेदः,मैत्रायणीसंहिता, काठकसंहिता,
शतपथब्राह्मणम/काण्डम
् ्६
--Yajna purifies gold, tin, lead, iron
मैत्रायणीसंहिता/काण्डं २/प्रपाठकः ११ अग्निचिततः2.11.5 अिुवाकः5
Mohenjo-Daro Priest –
Courtesy : harappa.com
पववताश्ि मे चिरयश्ि मे, ससकताश्ि मे विस्पतयश्ि मे , अश्मा ि मे मत्तृ िका ि मे, हिरण्यं ि
मेऽयश्ि मे, सीसं ि मे त्रपु ि मे, श्यामं ि मे लोहितायसं ि मे , अग्निश्िमे आपश्ि मे...
काठकसंहिता (त्तवस्वरः)/स्थािकम ् १८ अथाष्टादशं स्थािकम ् ।िमाः ।
शुक्लयजव
ु ेदः/अध्यायः १८ वसोर्ावराहद मन्तत्राः 18.13
अश्मा ि मे मत्तृ िका ि मे चिरयश्ि मे पववताश्ि मे ससकताश्ि मे विस्पतयश्ि मे हिरण्यं ि
मेऽयश्ि मे सीसं ि मे त्रपु ि मे श्यामं ि मे लोहितायसं ि मेऽग्निश्ि मे आपश्ि मे …॥१०॥
तैत्तिरीयसंहिता(त्तवस्वरः)/काण्डम ् ४/प्रपाठकः ७ 4.7.5 अिव
ु ाक 5 वसोर्ावरा
अश्मा ि मे मत्तृ िका ि मे चिरयश ् ि मे पववताश ् ि मे ससकताश ् ि मे विस्पतयश ् ि मे
हिरण्यं िमेऽयश ् ि मे सीसं ि मे त्रपुश ् ि मे श्यामं ि मे लोिं ि मे ऽग्निश्ि मे आपश ् ि मे
वीरुर्श्ि मे ओषर्यश ् ि मे कृष्टपच्यंि … Bactrian Silver Cylindrical Cup –
Courtesy : Miho Museum, Japan
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 3
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
Dharmakṣetra of Bhāratam Janam
(RV 3.53.12)
– Dholavira Signboard proclaims śreṇi of
metalwork artisans and seafaring merchants
-- ऋत ṛta ‘Civilization or prosperity order’; r̥tú ʻany fixed time,
seasonʼ RV. [√r̥]
-- ऋत ṛta is holy, settled order, creating riches of a nation
-- Integrating Indus Script, वैस्िक vaidika ज्ञानम् jñānam,
Economic History of Bhāratam Janam (RV 3.53.12) from 4th m.
BCE
Puruṣārtha परुु षार्थ "object of human pursuit“ --kāma, the gratification of desire; artha,
acquirement of wealth; dharma, discharge of duty; mokṣa, final realization) (धमाथर्थकाममोक्षाश्च
परुु षार्ाथ उिाहृतााः Agni Purāṇa)
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 4
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How did --पञ्िजि, पञ्िद्रत्तवड, पञ्ििौडाः, म्लेच्छः (अव्यक्तवाक् Meluhha), आयव Sarasvati's children
Bhāratam Janam and a paradigm shift in their sprachbund ‘union of spoken
languages’ https://tinyurl.com/rh6jmus
create the richest --Sacred प्रवनयव fire-ceremony; कृण्वन्ततो त्तवश्वमायवम ् make the world
nation on the prosper https://tinyurl.com/t89hx7fc
globe? --Bronze bezel ring with Indus Script hieroglyphs of a mint accountant-scribe, lathe worker in
ingots, metalware, bell-metal, fine gold https://tinyurl.com/3v6s6ajs
-- Singhin ‘spiny-horned’ खोंड khōṇḍa 'a young bull' rebus कोंड kōṇḍa 'hamlet (of a guild)' of
kunda शङ्ृ िी śṛṅgī ‘fine-gold-, ornament-gold-smiths’ https://tinyurl.com/y6bv2zrn
-- Indus Script evidence; Śreṇi dharma (श्रेस्ि धमथ) of guilds contributes to the wealth of guilds,
janapada and of Bhāratam nation https://tinyurl.com/45n9jua4
--Dholavira Signboard proclaims arkasal ‘metalworks guild'; determinative hieroglyph is khuṇṭ
'pin, peg' rebus khũṭ 'guild, community’ https://tinyurl.com/dfzm86wd
--Deciphering Paśupati seal, in penance, master of animals, wealth-accounting
ledgers https://tinyurl.com/y2h5bcga
--kã̄ṭāḷũ̄ 'thorny' pōḷī ‘dewlap' of zebu or double-sack कंठाळ kaṇṭhāḷa on one-horned young bull
hieroglyphs read Meluhha rebus kãṭhāḷ ʻmaritimeʼ seafaring Meluhha artisans &
merchants https://tinyurl.com/by5h6f27
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 5
New Light on civilization of
Bhāratam Janam, civilization of artisan guilds
-- Dharma is discharge of one’s duty with social responsibility sharing created wealth (śreṇi dharma) in a Rāṣṭr̥ī
commonwealth state of artisans; dharmaśāstra in action is Story of Civilization of Bhāratam Janam
-- Dholavira Signboard proclaims śreṇi, metalwork guild of artisans, seafaring merchants
-- History of Civilizational State Rāṣṭr̥ī & Economic Order, Wealth of Nations from ca. 7th millennium BC
-- Meluhha lingua franca, sprachbund ‘speech union/linguistic area’ of Bhāratam Janam united Rāṣṭr̥ī ‘the civilizational state’;
documented wealth of the nation, adding 8000+ Indus Script inscriptions from 4th-2nd m. BCE to Epigraphia Indica
-- Tvaṣṭā ‘artisan’ who created the wealth of the nation Rāṣṭr̥ī is divine, venerated in RV 10.125 Devī Sūktam
-- kāyakeva kailāsa, work is sacred, divine (Basava)
-- In the r̥ta, settled civilizational order, artisans created the richest nation on the globe from 7th millennium BCE
-- ऋत ṛta is holy, settled order defined by dicta of founders of the civilization to understand cosmic, sacred order:
-- ईशा वामयस्मिं सवं यस्ककञ्च जगकयां जगत।् तेन कयक्तेन भञ्ु जीर्ा मा गृधाः कमयस्मवद्धनम् ॥Īśa ‘Divine’ envelopes all actions on earth. Enjoy thyself through
sharing created wealth. Covet not the wealth of others. (ईशोपस्नषि् īśopaniṣad 1 of Vajasaneyi Samhita Book 40)
-- तत्त्वमस्स, tát tvam ási ‘That are You’ (Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7) Bhāratam Janam are sparks from the Divine Anvil.
-- Ayam Ātmā Brahma (अयम् आकमा ब्रह्म) - "This Self (Atman) is Brahma" (माण्डूक्य उपतिषद् Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 1.2 of
the Atharva Veda) S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 6
•
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
Saptasindhu in R̥gveda--Region in Bhāratam nation of
पाञ्ििद pāñcanada + Sindhu + Sarasvatī
याः सप्तरस्ममवथषृ भमतस्ु वष्मानवासजृ कसतथवे सप्त स्सन्धनू ् । यो रौस्हिममफुरद्वज्रबाहुर्द्ाथमारोहन्तं स जनास इन्राः ॥१२॥ RV 2.12.12
कवा यजु ा तव तकसोम सख्य इन्रो अपो मनवे सस्रतु मकाः । अहन्नस्हमररिाकसप्त स्सन्धनू पाविृ ोिस्पस्हतेव खास्न ॥१॥ RV 4.28.1
य ऋक्षािहं सो मचु र्द्ो वायाथकसप्त स्सन्धषु ु । वधिाथसमय तस्ु वनम्ृ ि नीनमाः ॥२७॥ RV 8.24.27
अस्प च “याः इन्राः “सप्त “स्सन्धषु ु गङ्गार्द्ासु निीषु । यद्वा । सप्त सपथिशीलासु स्सन्धषु ु । तककूलेस्ष्वकयर्थाः । गङ्गायां घोष इस्तवत्
। तेषु वतथमानानां मतोतिॄ ाम् “आयाथत् धनास्िकं प्रेरयेत् । -- सायिभाष्यम्
RV 2.12.12 Who with seven guiding reins, the Bull, the Mighty, set free the Seven great Floods to flow at pleasure;
Who, thunderarmed-, rent Rauhina in pieces when scaling heaven, He, O ye men, is Indra.
RV 4.28.1. ALLIED with thee, in this thy friendship, Soma, Indra for man made waters flow together,
Slew Ahi, and sent forth the Seven Rivers, and opened as it were obstructed fountains.
RV 8.24.27 Who will set free from ruinous woe, or Arya on the Seven Streams:
O valiant Hero, bend the Dasas’ weapon down.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 7
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Saptasindhu in R̥gveda
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
6/28/2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 8
Devī sūktam (RV 10.125)
Epigraphs of Indus Script authenticate and link with tradition of
vaidika culture, vaidika chanting, an intangible heritage.
Listen to Devī sūkta (3:30)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-E5xPEsP1A4
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
26-06-2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 9
10
26-06-2021
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanTuisto, Founder of the Germanic People (according to Tacitus) was Tvaṣṭṛ of Rigveda. Links Mleccha (Meluhha) of Indus Script with Germanic people of Germania. Tuisto S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 28-06-2021 11
-- Triśiras is Tvaṣṭr̥ 'm. a carpenter , maker of
M0304 Seal Hieroglyph: carriages (= त्/अष्टृ ) (AV. xii , 3 , 33) "creator
of living beings", the heavenly builder , N. of a
thattār 'buffalo horn' Rebus: god (called सु -क्/ऋत्, -पाण्/इ, -ग्/अभस्ति, -
taṭṭār 'brass worker’; Tuisto, ज् /अनिमि् , स्व् -/अपस्, अप् /असाम् अप् /अिम,
निश्व्/अ-रूप &c RV. ; maker of divine
Founder, Gemanic people -- implements , esp. of इन्द्र's thunderbolt and
Tacitus teacher of the ऋभुs i , iv-vi , x Hariv. 12146
f. R. ii , 91 , 1
-- kuṁḍa 'cluster' rebus: (अनि-)कुण्ड, (agni)
kuṇḍa 'fire-pit'. kuṇḍa -- 1: S.kcch. kūṇḍho m. ʻ
flower -- pot ʼ, kūnnī f. ʻ small earthen pot ʼ;
WPah.kṭg. kv́ṇḍh m. ʻ pit or vessel used for an
oblation with fire into which barley etc. is
thrown ʼ; J. kũḍ m. ʻ pool, deep hole in a stream
ʼ; Brj. kūṛõ m., °ṛī f. ʻ pot ʼ.(CDIAL 3264)
Rebus: kunda ‘nidhi’, kuṇḍaṇa ‘fine gold’
-- Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL
10310) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper'
(Slavic)
-- paṭṭaṭai ‘corn-rick’ Rebus: paṭṭaḍi ‘smithy,
forge’ (Kannada) Rebus: phaḍā फडा 'metals
manufactory’. maṇḍā ‘raised platform, stool’
Rebus: maṇḍā ‘warehouse’
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
28-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 12
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanTwo writing systems use hieroglyphs. Egyptian hieroglyphs, vocabulary of power Emperor Narmer N’r catfish M’r Hierakonpolis ca. 3200-3000 BCE chisel Meluhha hieroglyphs, vocabulary of long-distance trade and wealth creation (not of conquest; cf. though, horse is evidenced) S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 28-06-2021 13
Iron-smelting, alloying metalwork, acrobat hieroglyphs
M0312 seal cimmu ‘to butt or toss with the horns’ rebus: (Aṣkun-Kafiri) ċímä, ċimə ʻ iron ʼ cīmara ‘coppersmith’
M1406 seal ḍhōla m. ʻ large drum ʼ
मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus 1: meḍ 'iron, copper'
(Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ' iron' (Munda); med 'copper' (Slavic languages) Rebus 2: medha मेर् = yajña; मेर्ा
= र्ि (िैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क ii , 10.) 'dhanam','wealth'
డొల్లు , దొల్లు or దొరల్ల ḍollu. [Tel.] v. n. To fall, to roll over. పడు, పొరల్ల. dul mẽṛhẽt, dul meṛeḍ, 'cast iron'; koṭe
meṛeḍ ‘forged iron’ (Santali) Bshk. ḍōl ʻ brass pot WPah. ḍhōˋḷ m. ʻstoneʼ, ḍhòḷṭɔ m. ʻbig stone or boulderʼ Rebus:
dul 'cast metal'.
Banawali 7 seal rango'buffalo' rāngo ‘water buffalo bull’ (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) rebus: rango
'pewter' raṅga n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1]Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (←
H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter
ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562)*raṅgapattra ʻ
tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ]B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567)
kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ (Oriya)(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa 'equipment, metalware'; e.g. ayaskāṇḍa 'a quantity
of iron, excellent iron' (Pāṇ.gaṇ)
Notch: खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements'
Splinter: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, iron equipment workshop (working with tin, pewter and other
alloying metals). S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
28-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 14
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=0aaOntIlHBU (6:01)
Meluhha &
interaction spheres
– Historic Discovery
of Dholavira Sign
Board, validating
Meluhha speakers of
Cuneiform texts
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
26-06-2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 15Dholavira Signboard: arkasal -- அக்கசாலை akka-cālai < arka +. Metal
खुंट khuṇṭ ‘metal works Guild’;
works; ப ான் முதைியஉலைாகலேலை
பசய்யுமிடம்(சிைப்.16,126, உலை.);Mint; நா
అగసాలి or అగసాలెవాడు [Tel.] ணயசாலை
A goldsmith. కంసాలివాడు
अगं साळ्या aṅgasāḷyā a Epithet of that सोनार or goldsmith who is not
employed in coining Opp. to टं कसाळ्या (Marathi)
Dholavira
market street
ଅର୍କକ୍ଷେତ୍ର— Arkakshetra Title of Koṇārak in the district of Purī;
ଅଙ୍ଗତି
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati AṅgatiCentre
— Research ସଂ. ବି—(ଅଙ୍ଗ ଧାତୁ +ଅତି)— 1। ଅଗ୍ନି—1. Fire. 2।
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com ାତ୍ରୀ (ହେଖ) 2. Agnihotrī (Oriya)
ଅଗ୍ନିହMonographs: 16
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanDholavira Signboard signifies metalwork repertoire of artisans’ guild/factory
खुंट ‘peg, pin’
arka अर्क ‘copper, gold; flash, ray, sun
(Note: Hieroglyph repeated in 3 segments)
څرخṯs̱arḵẖ2) .m.s nd)) P .2 .( چرخA wheeled-carriage, a gun-carriage, a kuṭhī 'warehouse, factory, smelter'
cart څرخه.ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A spinning-wheel, a large reel. Pl. ْيey. (P) लोिकार lōhakāra A smelter of iron or a
खुंटी khuṇṭī, खुटी khuṭī f (खुंट) A peg or wooden pin. worker in iron; लोिlō ha ‘copper, metal’;
loa ‘a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata’; kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ kula ‘guild, temple’; kammaṭa ‘mint,coiner,
coinage’
kanac (kana, kana kona) mũhã̄ 'corner ingot' kañcu mũhã̄ 'bell-metal ingot'.
ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article'
koḍa 'one' koḍ 'iron workshop'.
dul ‘metal casting’
dula 'pair, couple (of anything)' (Kashmiri) PLUS ṯs̱arḵẖ ‘wheel’
ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the
claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; ḍaṭkop = to pinch, nip (only of
Centre'mineral' (Santali)
dhatu
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research
crabs) (Santali)
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 17
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanDholavira finds:123 thin gold foil, 116 beads, 6 rings
and disc. Ca. 3-2nd millenium BCE
The signboard proclaims work at arkasala ‘gold-
copper-smith workshop’
tsarkh ‘potter’s wheel’ rebus: arka ‘copper, gold’
eraka ‘metal infusion’.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
28-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 18
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanThe hypertext sign of ‘squirrel’ (Sign 51+variants) is on a long inscription
and on Nindowari seal
H. kuṛī f. ʻfireplaceʼ; M. kuḍī f. ʻhutʼ; kuṭī f. ʻhutʼ MBh ; WPah. krvṛi ʻgranary (for
corn after threshing)’; Gy.kúri ʻhouse, tent, roomʼ, kuri, guri ʻtentʼ (CDIAL 3232)
Ta. kuṭi house, lineage, town, tenants; kuṭikai hut made of leaves, temple; Ko.
kuṛḷ hut; guṛy temple; Ka. guḍi house, temple;; Tu. guḍi small pagoda or shrine
Te.guḍi temple. (DEDR 1655)
खुंट ‘peg, pin’
kula sreshthin khār khũṭ ‘guild-master of blacksmith guild, community (temple), factory/smelter’
kula lohakāra khũṭ ‘guild, metalwork community (temple), factory/smelter’
Each circular platform is kuṭhī ‘hut, temple, artisans’ workplace’-- phaḍa, paṭṭaḍe ‘manufactory’
Two hypertexts Ficus PLUS mountain-range are seen on Kalibangan seal loa
‘ficus’ rebus loh ‘metal, copper’ PLUSखोंडा khōṇḍā fig. A
(Signs 51, 327) signify hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell
guild-master, metalwork rebus कोंड kōṇḍa A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or
guild/factory village, composed generally of the huts of one caste.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 19
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanSpecialised use of writing; šēṣṭrĭ̄
̃ khāra ʻflying
squirrel’ Indian palm squirrel as hieroglyph
signifies seṭṭhin ’guild-master’ (of) khār ‘smiths’
śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild
ʼ, n̊ī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild --
master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., i̊ṇī -- f.;
S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a
guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, ṇ̊ī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ;
N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ;
Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ
merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., ṭ̊han f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ
wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ;
M. śeṭh, ṭ̊hī, śeṭ, ṭ̊ī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or
merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi˚ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950,
208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL12726)
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 20A professional calling card of the metalsmiths'
guild of Mohenjodaro
A long Indus Script inscription with over 17 'signs or
logographs (NOT syllables)' is a metalwork accounting ledger
catalogued by śrēṣṭhin, guild-master
https://tinyurl.com/y6yayvkk
Line 1: bright iron/alloy metal, alloy metal mint, large metal
ingot (ox-hide)
Line 2: iron ingots, metalcastings (of smithy/forge iron metals
workshop) handed over to Supercargo, (a representative of
the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for
overseeing the cargo and its sale).
Line 3: bronze guild master of smithy/forge, mint for three
types of ferrite mineral (magnetite, hematite, laterite)
Palm-squirrel on Nindowari seal: šēṣ̃ ṭrĭ̄ khāra, 'squirrel',
rebus: śrēṣṭhin ’guild-master’; khār खार् 'blacksmith'
(Kashmiri).
28-06-2021
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 21Indus Script has been deciphered
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXjSrfT9aCM&t=2s
Announcement by Hon’ble Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman
on 1 Feb.2020 during the 2020 Budget Speech (3 min. video)
Based on decipherment by Dr. S. Kalyanaraman, Sarasvati
Research Centre
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
26-06-2021 22Anthropomorph decipherment: professional calling card of a
seafaring merchant guild, smith/carpenter, writer
Brahmi inscription superimposed on Indus Script hieroglyphs on a copper plate shaped like ram’s horns
Indus Script hieroglyphs are:
Young bull with spiny horn: singi 'spiny-horned' Rebus (similar sounding word): singi 'ornament gold'
खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंिि kōndaṇa n (कोंििें) Setting or infixing of gems; कोंद kōnda
‘engraver’. कोंड kōṇḍa a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one guild.
कंठाळ kaṇṭhāḷa A double sack carried across a beast. Rebus: kãṭhāḷ ʻmaritimeʼ, boat. Thus,
artisan maritime guild working with ornament gold and gem-setting.
Horns of a ram -- meḍho 'ram' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'; meḍho 'helper of merchant']
कर्णक du. the two legs spread out (Atharva Veda xx,133,3 Rebus: karaṇa 'accountant, scribe'
Head of a varāha, barāh, baḍhi 'boar' Rebus: vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant'; bāṛaï 'carpenter'
Brāhmī inscription reading, meaning: Boatman, smith
śam ña ga – samjna ‘symbol’
kī ma jhi tha – (of) majhiā ʻ boatman ʼ
ta ḍa gha – ताडघाः an artificer who beats or hammers, a smith (Pāṇini 3.2.55)
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
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https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanPectoral; gold pectoral, pendant: पाठ pāṭha 'back' signifies फड phaḍa, paṭṭale 'guild', 'metals manufactory' held
in pottu 'common commonwealth guild partnersip)'.
ட்டலை² paṭṭarai , ட்டலை² paṭṭaṟai , n. < K. paṭṭale. 1.
Community; சனக்கூட்டம். 2. Guild, as of workmen; பதாழிைாளர்
சமுதாயம். Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi anvil,
workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop.(DEDR 3865).
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
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https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanपाठ pāṭha f (पृष्ठ S) The back. पटाड paṭāḍa f (Or पठाड or पठार) The girth of a bullock's packsaddle.
फड phaḍa m ( H) A place of public business or public resort; as a court of justice, an exchange, a
mart, a counting-house, a custom-house, an auction-room
--pannier or double-sack decorating the front shoulder of the 'unicorn' is कंठाळ kaṇṭhāḷa A double sack carried across a beast.rebus: kãṭhāḷ
'maritime trade'
--Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ
leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.;
G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg
(from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428)
Hieroglyph: ḍāg, 'waist': *ḍhākka ʻ back, waist ʼ. Wg. ḍakāˊ ʻ waist ʼ; Dm. ḍã̄k, ḍaṅ ʻ back ʼ, Shum. ḍäg, Woṭ. ḍāg, Gaw. ḍáka; Kal.
rumb. ḍhak ʻ waist ʼ, urt. ḍhã̄k ʻ back ʼ; Bshk. ḍāk ʻ waist ʼ, d(h)āk ʻ back ʼ AO xviii 233; Tor. ḍāk, ḍāgʻ back ʼ, Mai. ḍāg, ḍā; Phal. ḍōk ʻ
waist, back ʼ; Sh. ḍāki̯ f. ʻ back, small of back ʼ, pales. ḍāko; S. ḍhāka f. ʻ hip ʼ, L. ḍhāk; P. ḍhāk f. ʻ side, hip ʼ.(CDIAL 5582) Rebus a:
dhangar 'blacksmith'
Rebus b: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped
(gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषs S3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L.
Rebus c: ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 25
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanHieroglyphs on the hypertext composition are: A. 'Ear'; B. Rings on neck.C. Face of 'goat';
D. Forward-thrusting, spiny horn'; E. Body of young bull
--A. 'Ear' is a hieroglyph: *kāra -- : Kho. kār ʻ ear ʼ certainly not ← Wg. BKhoT 69.(CDIAL 3056) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith’
karṇī 'ear' rebus: karaṇī 'supercargo, scribe' [supercargo in charge as 'a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship'.
--B. 'Neck rings' are hieroglyphs: koḍiyum 'ring on neck'; [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an
animal (Gujarati) Rebus: koḍ 'workshop' (Kuwi)
--C.Goat hieroglyph: Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē k̃ a,
mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā,
(Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown
meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat. (DEDR 5087) Rebus: milakkha,
mleccha 'copper’. mũh ‘face’ (Lahnda) rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ PLUS mleccha, milakkha ‘copper’.
--D. Forward-thrusting, spiny horn hieroglyph: singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny horn' Rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. शृङ्स्गन् 'horned'
(RV)(Monier-Williams) शृङ्स्गन् śṛṅgin शृङ्स्गन् a. (-िी f.) [शृङ्गममकयमय इस्न] 1 Horned.(Apte) Rebus: शृङ्स्ग gold used for
ornaments (also -कनक) (Monier-Williams) शृङ्स्गाः śṛṅgiḥ शृङ्स्गाः Gold for ornaments śṛṅgī शृङ्गी Gold used for ornaments (Apte)
--E. Young bull hieroglyph: खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, bullcalf' rebus کار کندkār-kund .'manager' (Pashto); kō̃da कोोँि a kiln; कोंड kōṇḍa A
circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste (i.e. guild of artisans). Thus, the hypertext
Meluhha rendering of the five hieroglyphs together is: kār 'ear', koḍiyum 'rings on neck', mr̤ēka 'goat', singi 'forward-thrusting,
spiny-horned', khōṇḍa 'young bull' Rebus: khār 'blacksmith', koḍ 'workshop' (working with) milakkha,
mleccha 'copper', singi 'ornament gold' S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 26
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanCommonwealth guild of smiths/smelters: Guild-master of
-- ornament gold, copper, alloys, iron, tin smiths, artisans
pṓta, -˚aka -- m. ʻ young of animal or plant ʼ MBh.; Ku. potho ʻ any young animal ʼ (CDIAL 8399)
Ta. potu common; potumai common property, To. puQf common property of undivided family; Te. pottu friendship, amity, agreement,
partnership, holding in common. (DEDR 4507) PLUS koḍiyum ‘rings on neck’ Rebus: koḍ ‘workshop’. Thus, a Commonwealth Guild.
śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: śrēṣṭhin ‘foreman of a guild’; seṭh ʻhead of a guild, Members of the guild’ (working with a furnace) bhaṭa
'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace’.
The guild members are (six young animal protomes emerging from a ladder) on m417 seal:
1. Telugu. mr̤ēka, Brahui. melh Rebus: milakkha, mleccha 'copper’. PLUS mũh ‘face’ (Lahnda) Rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ PLUS singhin
‘forward-thrusting, spiny-horned’ rebus: singi ‘ornament gold’
2. barad, balad ‘ox’ Rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) PLUS kōḍu 'horns' rebus koḍ 'workplace’
3. Telugu. mr̤ēka, Brahui. melh Rebus: milakkha, mleccha 'copper’. PLUS mũh ‘face’ (Lahnda) rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ PLUS kōḍu 'horns'
rebus koḍ 'workplace’
4. kul, kola ‘tiger’ Rebus: kol ‘working in iron’ kolhe ‘smelter’
5. ranku ‘antelope’ Rebus: ranku ‘tin ore’
6. (Broken hieroglyph): meḍh ‘ram?’. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ OR baḍhi, ‘boar’ rebus: వడర, baḍaga, artificer, badhi ‘worker in wood and
iron’.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
27-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 27
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramana) manjhi 'centre, middle' Rebus 1 mã̄jhī 'cargo boat with raised platform';
pot 'gold bead' rebus 3: pōtrá 'Potr̥'s soma vessel ʼ RV; rebus 4: పోతపాత్రిక pōta-pātrika. n. A vessel, a
ship, ఓడ. "సంసార సాగరమతుల ధైరయ పోత పాత్రికనిసర త ంపుముకు మార." M. XII. vi.
222. పోతవణికుు or పోతవణిజుడు pōta-vaṇikku. n. A sea-faring merchant. ఓడను కేవుకు పుచ్చు కొన్న వాడు,
ఓడ బేరగాడు. పోతవహుడు or పోతనాహుడు pōta-vahuḍu. n. A rower, a boatman, a
steersman. ఓడన్డుపువాడు, తండేల్ల.
b) pot- (-t-) to bore, perforate; rebus 2: పోత pōta. adj. molten, cast in metal. పొతుత pottu. [Tel.] n. Friendship,
partnership, holding in common.Ta. potu common, general, public; neutrality, likeness,
equality; potumai ordinariness, common property, goodness; potti generality. Ma. potu common,
general. To. puQf common property of undivided family; pïty ïr ordinary (i.e. non-sacred)
buffalo(es). Ka. pudu, puduvu union, joint concern, holding in common, partnership. Te. pottu friendship,
amity, agreement, partnership, holding in common. (DEDR 4507).
kāṇá ʻ one -- eyed ʼ RV PLUS िृत्त vṛtta 'circle or space or reach of one's observation). Rebus reading yields the
expression the full reach of one's observation; the expression is கண்வட்டம் kaṇ-vaṭṭam 'mint' (Ta.) , cognate
Meluhha kammaṭa 'mint'. Cognate khambat (Gujarati)? The word kāṇá 'one-eyed' is read rebus: kāṇám 'wealth,
possessions'. Ta. kāṇam a land measure; landed property, possession, hereditary right; a weight (1/40 of a
mañcāṭi). Ma. kāṇam possession, goods, mortgage; Ka. kāṇi property, possession, hereditary right (DEDR 1444)
--kāṇa 'dotted circles', pot 'perforation, and standard kaṇṭhāla 'churning' device of Indus Script Corpora signify
Meluhha rebus expressions: kāṇā wealth, possessions; pōta 'metal infusion'; kãṭhāḷ 'maritime trade'.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 28
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman--kāṇa 'dotted circles', pot 'perforation, and standard kaṇṭhāla 'churning' device of Indus Script Corpora signify
Meluhha rebus expressions: kāṇā wealth, possessions; pōta 'metal infusion'; kãṭhāḷ 'maritime trade'.
-- pottige 'flame' is signified by the smoke and flame emanating from the top surface of the portable
furnace which is shown in the bottom register of the portable
Standard device. The dotted circles shown on the surface of the bowl in the bottom register also occur as
trefoil decorations on the shawl worn by Mohenjo-daro priest.
kunda 'lathe' rebus 4: kõdār ‘turner’ (Bengali); kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali); rebus 2:क द ों kōnda
‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ क द ों ण kōndaṇa n (क द ों णें) Setting or infixing of gems. Beaten
or drawn gold used in the operation.The socket of a gem.(Marathi); rebus 4: क ड ों kōṇḍa Guild: A circular
hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one profession.
A churning vessel kaṇṭhāla, kaṇṭhālā . a churning vessel
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 29
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanSignificance of decipherment
Decipherment shows that Bharatiya languages were united with a common dialect used by
artisans. Composite Indian Lexicon of 25+ languages:
https://www.academia.edu/37229973/Indian_Lexicon_Comparative_dictionary_of_over_8
000_semantic_clusters_in_25_ancient_Bharatiya_languages
Decipherment of over 8000 inscriptions of Indus Script are documents of wealth creation
by artisans and seafaring merchants.
This decipherment is proof that Sarasvati River was a navigable waterway for maritime
trade from 4th millennium BCE. Bharatiya artisans advanced commerce and trade and
promoted economic development for millenia.
For millennia, commerce and trade contributed to nation’s wealth– as narrated by Hon’ble
Finance Minister in her Budget Speech 2020.
Thus, we can narrate how Ancient Bharat became the richest nation on the globe from 4th
millennium BCE to 1 Common Era (CE).
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 30
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanScores of circular worker platforms, Harappa
James Kenoyer suggests the possibility
that these platforms were used by
indigo dyers. A possible, Majitha mã̄jhī ‘boat people,
surprising validation of this hypothesis dyers’?
comes from an anthropomorph with What did the centre of a
overlaid Brāhmī script inscription. If platform hold?
they were engaged in dyeing, certainly, Portable furnace? Lathe? Anvil?
there were engaged in producing
textiles on an industrial scale.
Padri circular platform with Lajja
Gauri temple. (Vasant Shinde, 1994)
Each circular platform is kuṭhī ‘hut, temple, artisans’ workplace’-- phaḍa, paṭṭaḍe ‘manufactory’
खंट
ु ‘peg, pin’
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 31Anthropomorphs on Sinauli coffins
--Hieroglyphs: loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron' PLUS koḍ
'horns' rebus: koḍ 'workshop, artisans’ workplace'. thattār 'buffalo horn'
Rebus: taṭṭār 'brass worker’; tatara ‘iron furnace’ (Japanese)
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
26-06-2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 32Scribe is accountant documenting wealth in ledgers
कुळकरिी kuḷakaraṇī m (कुल & कारिी S) An officer of a village under the पाटं ील. His
business is to keep the accounts of the cultivators with Government and all
the public records.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
26-06-2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 33aya ‘fish’ rebus: ayas ‘alloy metal’ कना kanā (Commonly किा) backbone; rebus: काणा kāṇā ‘wealth, possessions’ baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi.Marathi) karaṇa ‘rim of jar’ rebus: karaṇa ‘accountant, scribe’ Free-hand, cursive writing using Indus Script, an example from Kalibangan potsherd. S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 34
26-06-2021
Viśvakarma of Swāmimalai (Tiruvērakam) on the banks of Kaveri river
Indus Script Cipher explains make bronze Pratimā; the shrine of Skanda is one of 6 military camps
(aṟupaṭai vīṭu); the divine commander of deva is ஏரக skanda; his
ஏரக Skanda, vāhana is peacock.
maraka 'peacock' rebus: marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal’
Wing, feather: இறகு iṟaku , n. இற-. [T. eṟaka, K. eṟake, M. iṟahu.]
commander of army of deva, 1. Wing, feather; Ka. eṟake, eṟaṅke, ṟakke, ṟekke wing; ṟaṭṭe,
ṟeṭṭe wing, upper arm. Koḍ. rekke wing; raṭṭe upper arm. Tu. ediṅke,
controller of armoury reṅkè wing. Te. eṟaka, ṟekka, rekka, neṟaka,
neṟi id. Kol. reḍapa, (SR.) reppā id.; (P.) reṛapa id., feather. Nk. rekka,
reppa wing. (DEDR 2591) Rebus: Ka. eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion;
molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to
melt. (DEDR 866)
ஏரகம் ccm , n. 1. Udipi in S. Kanara, sacred to Skanda, one of the
35 six paṭai-vīṭu, q.v. See திருவவரகம் . ஏரகத்
துறறதலுமுரியன் (திரு முரு. 189). 2. Swāmimalai in the
Tanjore Dist.; சுவாமிமறை. பறட² paṭai , n. படு²-. [K. paḍe.]
1. Army; வேறன. (பிங் .) பறடயியங் கரவம் (ததாை் .
தபா. 58). பறடவீடு paṭai-vīṭu , n. < id. +. 1. Encampment,
soldier's quarters in an encampment; பாேறற. 2.
Capital; இராேதானி. வித்தக வீரன்
விறற் பறடவீடு (தபருங் . உஞ் றேக். 57, 117). (ஈடு.) 3.
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
Armoury, arsenal, magazine; ஆயுத ோறை. 4. The six shrines of
Skanda, viz., Tirupparaṅkuṉṟam, Tiruccīralaivāy, Tiruvāviṉaṉkuṭi,
Tiruvērakam, Paḻamutircōlai, Kuṉṟukaḷ; திருப்பரங் குன்றம் ,
kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
திருே்சீரறைவாய் , திருவா வினன்குடி, திருவவரகம் ,
பழமுதிர்வோறை, குன்றுகள் என்ற அறுவறகப்பட்ட
குமரக்கடவு ளிருப்பிடம் . (திருமுரு.) kambha 'wing' rebus:
kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage’.ranku ‘liquid measure’ ranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku
Tin ingots in ‘tin’
Haifa shipwreck dāṭu ‘cross’ rebus dhatu 'ore'. dhāṭnā ‘to send out,
pour out, cast (metal)’(Hindi) (CDIAL 6771).
with Indus mũhe ‘face’ (Santali) Rebus: mũh ‘ingot’ (Santali)
Script Together, the Meluhha expression is: ranku dhatu mũh
‘tin ore ingot’.
hieroglyphs, ca. QED (Proved that the message is in Meluhha language,
15th cent.BCE as Indus Script inscription on 3 ingots.)
Note: QED: "quod erat
demonstrandum“ (Latin), literally
meaning "what was to be shown“.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
26-06-2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 36Neolithic, chalcolithic cultures
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 37
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanCourtesy: Randall Law & Dennys Frenez ( for brilliant network maps of resources) --Chert used for stone blades; Steatite used for writing on seals/tablets Steatite resources
Networks for supplies of iron ore extended
into Southern Bhāratam
Networks of
wealth resources
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 39
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanS. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com 26-06-2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 40
Interaction sphere of Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization with
Southern Bhāratam
Moovar Kovil Temple Complex built (in Kodumbalur?) by chieftain Boothi Vikramakesari, in Irunkōvēl line
of Yadu vēḷir kings
-Sangam text Puranānūru (ca. 400 BCE) mentions Dwaraka & heritage of 49 generations
You are the best Vēlir of the Vēlir clan,with a heritage of `இவர் யார்?` என்குறவ ஆயின், இவவர
forty nine generations of Vēlirs who gave without limits, ஊருடன் இரவைர்க்கு அருளித் வதருடன்
முை் றைக்கு ஈத்த தேை் ைா நை் லிறே
who ruled Thuvarai with its long walls that seemed to be படுமணி யாறனப் பறம் பின் வகாமான்
made of copper, the city that appeared in the sacrificial pit 5 தநடுமாப் பாரி மகளிர்; யாவன
of a northern sag (Yaja). King who is victorious in battles! தந்றத வதாழன்; இவர்என் மகளிர்;
அந்தணன் புைவன் தகாண்டுவந் தனவன;
நீ வய, வடபாை் முனிவன் தடவினுள் வதான்றிே்
Great king with garlanded elephants! Pulikatimāl with a தேம் புபுறனந்து இயற் றிய வேண்தநடும் புரிறே
10 உவரா ஈறகத் துவறர யாண்டு
bright garland who knows what a man’s responsibility is, நாற் பத்து ஒன்பது வழிமுறற வந்த
and what you can do for bards! I am offering them. Please வவளிருள் வவவள! விறற் வபார் அண்ணை் ,
accept them. தாரணி யாறனே் வேட்டிருங் வகாவவ!
ஆண்கடன் உறடறமயின் பாண்கடன் ஆற் றிய
15 ஒலியற் கண்ணிப் புலிகடி மாஅை்
யான்தர இவறரக் தகாண்மதி; வான்கவித்து
Lord of the sky high mountain that yields gold! You whose இருங் கடை் உடுத்தஇவ் றவயகத்து அருந்திறை்
strength cannot be equaled on the earth that is covered by தபான்படு மாை் வறரக் கிழவ, தவன்வவை்
உடலுநர் உட்கும் தாறனக்
an arched sky and surrounded by the ocean, you whose 20 தகடை் அருங் குறரய நாடுகிழ வவாவய!
army puts fear into enemies with victorious spears! O ruler
of a land that can never be ruined!
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 41Khetri mines copper
powered the Bronze Age
Revolution
Provenance studies have shown that
most of the tin-bronze artifacts of
Mesopotamia contained copper from
Khetri mines. cf. F. Begemann und S.
Schmitt-Strecker, Uber Das Fruhe
Kupfer Mesopotamien, in: Iranica
Antiqua
Volume: 44 Date: 2009, Pages: 1-45.
I posit that tin traded by Meluhha
merchants in Mesopotamia came from
the Ancient Far East (which has the
world's largest tin belt) with Meluhha
traders acting as middlemen.
Provenance studies are ongoing to
determine the sources of tin which
created the Tin-Bronze Revolution in
Eurasia.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com
26-06-2021 Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 42Copper & Tin from Bharat
powered nze Age
Copper from Gujarat used in Mesopotmia, 3rd millennium BCE, evidenced by lead isotope analyses of tin-
bronze objects; report by Begemann F. et al. Title: Über das frühe Kupfer MesopotamiensAuthor(s): BEGEMANN, F. ,
SCHMITT-STRECKER, S.\Journal: Iranica AntVolume: 44 Date: 2009 Pages: 1-45
A lead isotope study »On the Early copper of Mesopotamia« reports on copper-base artefacts ranging in age from the 4th millennium B(Uruk period) to the Akkadian at the
end of the 3rd millennium BC. Arguments are presented that, in the (tin)bronzes, the lead associated with the tin used for alloying did not contribute to the total in any
detectable way. Hence, the lead isotopy traces the copper and cannot address the problem of the provenance of tin. The data suggest as possible source region of the copper a
variety of ore occurrences in Anatolia, Iran, Oman, Palestine and, rather unexpectedly (by us), from India. During the earliest period the isotopic signature of ores from
Central and North Anatolia is dominant; during the next millennium this region loses its importance and is hardly present any more at all. Instead, southeast Anatolia, central
Iran, Oman, Feinan-Timna in the rift valley between Dead Sea and Red Sea, and sources in the Caucasus are now potential suppliers of the copper. Generally, an
unambiguous assignment of an artefact to any of the ores is not possible because the isotopic fingerprints of ore occurrences are not unique. In our suite of samples bronze
objects become important during ED III (middle of the 3rd millennium BC) but they never make up more than 50 % of the total. They are distinguished in their lead isotopy
by very high 206Pb-normalized abundance ratios. As source of such copper we suggest Gujarat/Southern Rajasthan which, on general grounds, has been proposed before to
have been the most important supplier of copper in Ancient India. We propose this Indian copper to have been arsenic-poor and to be the urudu-luh-ha variety which is one of
the two sorts of purified copper mentioned in contemporaneous written texts from Mesopotamia to have been in circulation there concurrently.This archaeometallurgical
provenance study links Khetri copper mines --through Dholavira/Lothal and Persian Gulf -- with Mesopotamia.
It is possible that tin from Ancient Far East (the largest tin-belt of the globe) was also routed through Meluhha merchants. Evidence? Three pure tin ingots with Indus Script
inscriptions found in Haifa, Israel.
My decipherment appeared in Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies.
My monograph on this conclusion has been published in Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, Vol. 1, Number 11 (2010), pp.47-74 — The Bronze Age Writing System of
Sarasvati Hieroglyphics as Evidenced by Two “Rosetta Stones” By S. Kalyanaraman (Editor of JIJS: Prof. Nathan Katz)
http://www.indojudaic.com/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=1&Itemid=8
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 43
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanTin-Bronze Revolution: Largest tin granite belt of
the globe (Mekong delta, Malaysia)
In Indonesia, tin is mined on Bangka
Island ("Tin Island") off the
southeastern coast of Sumatra.
Mining pits seen in landscape. Pit tin
mine.6/20/2018
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 44
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanS. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 45
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanArtisans, seafaring merchants, goldsmiths,
ironsmiths
aya ‘fish’ rebus: aya ‘iron’
ayas ‘alloy metal’
khambhaṛā 'fish-fin’ Rebus:
Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage,
coin. coiner’
kã̄ṭāḷũ̄ 'thorny’, कंठाळ kaṇṭhāḷa ‘double-sack’on one-horned young bull hieroglyphs veṛha 'octopus' rebus: beṛhī 'smithy
read Meluhha rebus kãṭhāḷ ʻmaritimeʼ, seafaring Meluhha merchants, artisans. पोळ guild in a citadel (enclosure)
[pōḷa] 'zebu' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa] 'magnetite, ferrite ore' वेळ vēḷa f (Properly वेला) The sea-
shore. (Marathi)
खोंड khōṇḍa ‘young bull’ rebus: kond
‘furnace’ koṇḍa ‘guild’ PLUS singhi
‘spiny, forward-thrusting horn’
rebus: singhin ’ornament gold’
Ta. vēḷ petty ruler, chief, Cāḷukya king, illustrious or great man, hero;
Kur. bēlas king, zemindar, god; belxā kingdom; belō, (Hahn) bēlō queen of white-ants.(DEDR 5545)
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 46Sewn boats of Kerala and Ayn Soukhna on Red
sea,19th cent. BCE
Mohenjo-daro tablet with ox-hide ingots cargo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtpZPvpRMr4
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 47
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanKaren bronze drum with Indus
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
Script hieroglyphs
Hieroglyphs: frog, peacock, elephant, palm tree.
tāḷa 'palm' rebus: dhāḷa 'large ingot'.
maraka 'peacock' (Santali. Mu.) Rebus: मारक loha 'a kind of
calcining metal' (Samskritam)
Skt. mūkaka- id. (DEDR 5023) Rebus: mūh̃ ‘ingot’. Muha. The
quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.
(Santali)
karibha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron’
ib 'iron'. Hieroglyph: arka 'sun' Rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold,
moltencast, metal infusion'. miṇḍāl ‘markhor’
48
(Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL
10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.)
26-06-2021Bactrian ceremonial axes: Indus Script hieroglyphs
Taksa, extraordinary narrative of the pious donor, Br̥bu
takṣan a Paṇi, merchant; takṣâyaskāra 'carpenter,
blacksmith’
https://tinyurl.com/vxavfgn
krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. Pāṇ. [√kruś]Pa. koṭṭhu -- , ůka -- and kotthu -- , ůka -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ,
Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42; -- Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, l̊ā m. ʻ
jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, l̊ũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, l̊ā m.(CDIAL 3615) kul 'tiger' (Santali) kul, kola 'tiger, jackal' rebus: kol
'working in iron'. kambha 'wing' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage’; Wing, feather: Ka. eṟake, eṟaṅke, ṟakke,
ṟekke wing; ṟaṭṭe, ṟeṭṭe wing, upper arm. Koḍ. rekke wing; raṭṭe upper arm. Tu. ediṅke, reṅkè wing. Te. eṟaka, ṟekka,
rekka, neṟaka, neṟi id. Kol. reḍapa, (SR.) reppā id.; (P.) reṛapa id., feather. Nk. rekka, reppa wing. (DEDR 2591) Ka.
eṟaka, eraka any metal infusion; molten state, fusion. Tu. eraka molten, cast (as metal); eraguni to melt. (DEDR
866)
baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi 'a caste who work both in iron and wood' badiga 'artificer' (Kannada)
vāḍhi 'merchant’ (Gujarati)
melh,mr̤eka 'goat or antelope' rebus: milakkhu, mleccha 'copper'.
miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda.Ho.)
koṭe meṛed = forged iron. śyena, ‘eagle’ rebus: aśani 'thunderbolt' leads to the expression P آهنāhan, s.m. (9th)
Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهنْګرāhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهنْګرانāhan-garān. آهنْرباāhan-rubā, s.f.
(6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. آهنْرباويāhan-rubāwī. See .اوسپنهāhangar 'blacksmith'.
(Pashto. ahan-gār अिि ्-िार् (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16).Kashmiri).
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 49
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanपोळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus' rebus: पोळ pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrite ore.'
Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559)
Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ;
P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k;
N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ,
Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin
ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567)
balad m. ʻox ʼ, gng. bald, (Ku.) barad, id. (Nepali. Tarai) Rebus: bharata,
baran (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin)(Marathi.Punjabi)
भरतािें bharatācēm, भांडें bhāṇḍēm n A vessel made of the metal भरत (Marathi)
karibha 'trunk of elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron’
Note: Early stamp seals show hieroglyphs of sun’s rays, zebu, and of +
hieroglyph which signifies an agni-kunda,
S. Kalyanaraman, ‘fire
Director, Sarasvati Research altar’.
Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 50
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanranku ‘antelope’ rebus: ranku ‘tin’
करडूं karaḍū 'kid' rebus: karaḍā 'hard metal alloy'
Hieroglyph: ram, markhor: Dm. mraṅ m. ‘markhor’ Wkh. merg f. ‘ibex’
(CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ ‘ram’, miṇḍāĺ ‘markhor’ (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ
(Ho.); mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Munda.Ho.)
kharā 'hare' rebus: khār 'blacksmith’ kaṇḍho 'thorn’ rebus:
khaṇḍa 'implements'
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 51
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramangaṇḍa 'rhinoceros'; rebus: khaṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans .
खरडा kharaḍā 'A leopard' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard metal alloy'
panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol
'working in iron'; kolhe 'smelter’. kul ‘tiger’ rebus: kula ‘temple’
kāru 'crocodile' (Telugu) rebus: khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri)
koḍi- cock, fowl. (DEDR 2248). Rebus: khoṭ 'alloy' (Marathi). ख ट [ khōṭa ] f
A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down (Marathi) khoṭ
f ʻalloy' (Lahnda) S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 52
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanmaraka 'peacock’ rebus: marakaka loha 'copper calcining metal'.
karaṇḍa 'duck' (Sanskrit) karaṛa 'a very large aquatic bird' (Sindhi) Rebus:
करडा [karaḍā] ’hard alloy’
kanku
'crane, egret, heron’
rebus:
kangar 'portable
furnace'.
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 53
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanCopper plate kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā
inscriptions with
two-heads of giant 'bell-metal’ PLUS
tortoise dula ‘pair’ rebus: dul
‘metal casting’
Copper tablets, 212 Indus Script catalogues deciphered, karaḍā wealth-accounting ledgers archives detail kunda,
कच्छप nidhi-s, treasures of Kubera https://tinyurl.com/y9wzbcrk
kassa 'turtle' rebus: kãsā 'bell-metal' (Oriya), kamaṭha 'turtle'
rebus: kãsā kammaṭa 'bell-metal coiner, mint, portable furnace’
bicha ‘scorpion’ rebus: bicha ‘haematite, ferrite ore’; muka ‘frog’
muha ‘ingot’ ranku ‘antelope’ rebus; ranku ‘tin ore’; T hieroglyph:
saca ‘mould’
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre
26-06-2021 kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: 54
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaramanISRO identifies palaeo-channels of River
Sarasvati; aquifers are still active
Sedimentological data for the
borewells drilled in western
Rajasthan, along Palaeo-channels
of Vedic River Sarasvati; at
depths of 100 ft., water gushes
out. Indian Remote Sensing IRS
Wide-Field Senso (WiFS) image
showing palaeochannel signature
-- From Himalayas to Rann of
Kutch, Gujarat
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 55Ancient courses of River Sarasvati
Topographic map showing
northwestern India and Pakistan, key
Himalayan rivers and the distribution
of urban-phase Indus Civilisation
settlements. Note how Indus urban-
phase settlements are not necessarily
located along modern Himalayan
river courses. The most prominent
cluster of sites occurs located on the
drainage divide between the Satluj
and Yamuna rivers, an area devoid
of perennial Himalayan drainage.
Base digital elevation map is derived
from NASA Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission (SRTM). Site
locations are from the compilation of
urban-phase Indus settlement
locations collated in Possehl
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 56Dynamic Himalayas, still growing; Cosmic dance
Śiva tāṇḍava of Naṭarājā (Satara temple)
World’s Greatest Water Tower which nurtures over 2 billion
तांडwith
people व fresh,
ित्ृ यं sacred waters, stretches from Hanoi to
Caucasus, west of Tehran and Zagros mountains. The
Reservoir holds about 2000 growing glaciers on the Northern
side and 1500 growing glaciers on the Southern Indian
side. The glaciers are growing because the Northern Monsoon
rains which fall on these mountain ranges convert to snow and
ice above the height of over 8000 ft. The Himalayan ranges
rise upto 24000 ft. high, constituting the highest mountain
peaks of the world such as Sagar Mata [Nepalese. Also known
as Mt. Everest; 8,848 m (29,029 ft)] and Mt. Karakoram K2
[8,611 m (28,251 ft)]. The glaciers yield more than five largest
rivers of the globe: Yangtse,Huanghe, Mekong, Irrawaddy,
Salween, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Satluj,
Sindhu
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs:
https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 57Dynamic
The 6,000-kilometre-plus
formation
(3,700 of from
mi) journey
Himalayas
about 70 million years
ago. of the India
landmass (Indian Plate)
before its collision with
Asia (Eurasian Plate)
S. Kalyanaraman, Director, Sarasvati Research Centre kalyan97@gmail.com Monographs: https://independent.academia.edu/SriniKalyanaraman 26-06-2021 58You can also read
