Remembering David T. Lykken; Research: The Bogdanov Affair, Maternal Height and Twinning Tendencies; Insights, Anecdotes and Visions - Cambridge ...
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NEWS, VIEWS AND COMMENTS
Remembering David T. Lykken;
Research: The Bogdanov Affair, Maternal
Height and Twinning Tendencies;
Insights, Anecdotes and Visions
Nancy L. Segal
Department of Psychology, California State University, United States of America
Remembering David T. Lykken
September 21, 2006 brought the fol-
lowing e-mail message from Dr.
Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr.:
Sad news. David died over the
weekend . . . I have attached the
New York Times story. We are
all getting older, aren’t we?
I have thought a lot about David
Lykken since that day because of the
important part he played during my
time in Minnesota (1982–1991),
working on the study of twins reared
apart. Nearly 2 half-days (one for each
twin) were reserved for twin assessments
Drs Len Heston (left), David T. Lykken, Niels Juel-Nielsen and Elke D. Eckert at the University
in his psychophysiology laboratory.
of Minnesota. (Photograph by Dr. Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., University of Minnesota.)
Dr Lykken’s contributions to twin
research were stellar. His studies of
EEG spectra, mate selection, mental
abilities, personality, attitudes and twins were involved. Some information Minnesota. He earned a BA degree in
interests are widely cited. David also and excerpts from that piece form part psychology, philosophy and mathemat-
coined the term ‘emergenesis’ to of the life history that follows. I also ics in 1949. As a psychology graduate
describe genetically-based traits that do provide my own recollections of David student he held positions as an assistant
not run in families—traits that are during my nine years as a postdoctoral in teaching (1949) and in research
influenced by complex gene configura- fellow and research associate with the (1951), while earning an MA degree in
tions that show high resemblance in Minnesota Study of Twins Reared psychology and statistics (1952). Next,
monozygotic (MZ) twins, but weak Apart. David is shown below with he earned a PhD degree in clinical psy-
resemblance in dizygotic (DZ) twins. A some other members of the reared apart chology, and neuropsychiatry (1955).
list of David’s publications is appended research team and with visitor, Dr Niels His doctoral work, which examined
to this article. (Interestingly, he did not Juel-Nielsen. individual differences in convicted
include his publications in his CV.) He David T. Lykken was born on June criminals, found greater impulsivity
18, 1928, in Minneapolis. He and his and reduced fear in psychopaths, com-
left quite a legacy.
wife, Harriet, had three sons: Jesse, pared with other convicts or
The New York Times acknowledged
Joseph and Matthew. Two of his sons noncriminals. Aside from several acade-
David’s life and death in a respectful
are attorneys and one is a physicist, mic residences in other institutions
and informative obituary in its
September 20, 2006 issue (see Carey, exemplifying David’s view that talents
2006). I received several copies from have a partial genetic basis.
Address for correspondence: Nancy L.
friends and colleagues, some of whom David’s research career spanned
Segal, Department of Psychology, California
had no idea that I knew David, but more than 50 years and almost all of it State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA.
assumed I would be interested because took place at the University of E-mail: nsegal@fullerton.edu
Twin Research and Human Genetics Volume 10 Number 1 pp. 225–230 225
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https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.1.225Nancy L. Segal
(e.g., 1954–1955: NSF Fellow at the concepts without remembering David I think this table illustrates both
Maudsley Hospital, in London; Lykken … the virtues and the limitations of
1959–1960: Fellow at the Center for Production memory refers to the using these single item ratings.
Advanced Study at Stanford University; The ‘abstract intelligence’ item
people, places and objects that we expect
does wonderfully well, but
1968-1969: NIMH Senior Fellow at the to see in certain locations, contexts and people have had a lot of experi-
University of London), David’s research settings. We become keenly aware of ence in assessing their own
took place at the University of them when they are absent. I have not intelligence against that of others.
Minnesota, Departments of Psychology been back to Minneapolis since 1996, so But the ‘contentment’ item, one
and Psychiatry. I have not experienced David’s absence would have thought, should
Over the years, David held a directly — but I have experienced it behave like the MPQ-Well Being
number of editorial and consulting posi- indirectly in a recent ‘virtual tour’ of his (WB) score — but it doesn’t. For
tions. He was Editor for the Personality WB, the disattenuated MZ corre-
laboratory. Mostly, I remember the
lation would have beenNews, Views, and Comments
A more accurate estimate of heritability. McGue, M., Tellegen, A., Bouchard, The within-pair EEG similarity of twins
Lykken, D. T. Twin Res Hum Genet. T. J. Jr. Am Psychol. 1992; 47(12), reared apart. Stassen, H. H., Lykken
2004; 10(1), 168–173. 1565–1577. D. T., Bomben G. Eur Arch Psychiatry
The mechanism of emergenesis. Why (some) Americans believe in the lie Neurol Sci., 1988; 237(4), 244–252.
Lykken, D. T. Genes Brain Behav. detector while others believe in the Recruitment bias in twin research: the rule
2006; 5(4), 306–310. Review. guilty knowledge test. Lykken, D. T. of two-thirds reconsidered. Lykken, D.
Parental licensure. Lykken, D. T. Am Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1991; 26(3), T., McGue, M., Tellegen, A. Behav
Psychol. 2001; 56(11), 885–894. 214–222. Genet. 1987; 17(4), 343–362.
Reconstructing fathers. Lykken, D. T. Am Heterogeneity in the inheritance of alco- Electrodermal activity in euthymic patients
Psychol. 2000; 55(6), 681–682. holism. A study of male and female with affective disorders: One-year
twins. Pickens, R. W., Svikis, D. S., retest stability and the effects of stimu-
The causes and costs of crime and a con- McGue, M., Lykken, D. T., Heston, L. lus intensity and significance. Iacono,
troversial cure. Lykken, D. T. J Pers. L., Clayton, P. J. Arch Gen Psychiatry. W. G., Lykken, D. T., Haroian, K. P.,
2000; 68(3), 559–605. 1991; 48(1), 19–28. Peloquin, L. J., Valentine, R. H.,
A behavioral genetic analysis of the relation- When kin correlations are not squared. Tuason, V. B. J Abnorm Psychol. 1984;
ship between the socialization scale and Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., 93(3), 304–311.
self-reported delinquency. Taylor, J., McGue, M., Segal, N., Tellegen, A. Rhythmometry reveals heritability of circa-
McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., Lykken, D. Science. 1990; 250(4987), 1498. dian characteristics of heart rate of
T. J Pers. 2000; 68(1), 29–50. human twins reared apart. Hanson, B.
Sources of human psychological differ-
Individual differences in electrodermal ences: The Minnesota Study of Twins R., Halberg, F., Tuna, N., Bouchard,
responsivity to predictable aversive Reared Apart. Bouchard, T. J. Jr, T. J. Jr, Lykken, D. T., Cornelissen,
stimuli and substance dependence. Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., Segal, N. G., Heston, L. L. Cardiologia. 1984;
Taylor, J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. L., Tellegen, A. Science. 1990; 29(5–6), 267–282.
G., Lykken, D. T., McGue, M. 250(4978), 223–228. Electrodermal activity in euthymic unipo-
Psychophysiology. 1999; 36(2), 193–198.
Does contact lead to similarity or similarity lar and bipolar affective disorders. A
Incompetent parenting: Its causes and possible marker for depression.
to contact? Lykken, D. T., McGue,
cures. Lykken, D. T. Child Psychiatry Iacono, W. G., Lykken, D. T.,
M., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Tellegen, A.
Hum Dev. 1997; 27(3), 129–137. Peloquin, L. J., Lumry, A. E.,
Behav Genet. 1990; 20(5), 547–561.
Personality and divorce: A genetic analysis. Valentine, R. H., Tuason, V. B. Arch
Heritability of substance abuse and antiso- Gen Psychiatry. 1983; 40(5), 557–565.
Jockin, V., McGue, M., Lykken, D. T. J
cial behavior: a study of monozygotic
Pers Soc Psychol. 1996; 71(2), 288–299. The assessment of smooth tracking dys-
twins reared apart. Grove, W. M.,
Psychophysiological prediction of substance Eckert, E. D., Heston, L., Bouchard, function. Iacono, W. G., Lykken, D.
abuse. Iacono, W. G., Lykken, D. T., T. J. Jr, Segal, N., Lykken, D. T. Biol T. Schizophr Bull. 1983; 9(1), 44–50.
McGue, M. NIDA Res Monogr. 1996; Psychiatry. 1990; 27(12), 1293–1304. The effects of instructions on electroder-
159, 129–149; discussion 150–160. mal habituation. Iacono, W. G,
The Minnesota Twin Family Registry:
Genotype-environment correlations and some initial findings. Lykken, D. T., Lykken, D. T. Psychophysiology. 1983;
interactions in the etiology of sub- Bouchard, T. J. Jr, McGue, M., 20(1), 71–80.
stance abuse and related behaviors. Tellegen, A. Acta Genet Med Gemellol Measuring the average evoked response to
McGue, M., Lykken, D. T., Iacono, (Roma). 1990; 39(1), 35–70. light flashes: The contribution of eye-
W. G. NIDA Res Monogr. 1996; 159, blink artifact to augmenting-reducing.
49–72; discussion 73–80. Genetic and environmental influences on
special mental abilities in a sample of Iacono, W. G., Gabbay, F. H., Lykken,
A genetic analysis of relative weight among twins reared apart. Bouchard, T. J. Jr, D. T. Biol Psychiatry. 1982; 17(8),
4020 twin pairs, with an emphasis on Segal, N. L., Lykken, D. T. Acta Genet 897–911.
sex effects. Allison, D. B., Heshka, S, Med Gemellol (Roma). 1990; 39(2), Presidential address, 1981. Research with
Neale, M. C., Lykken, D. T., 193–206. twins: The concept of emergenesis.
Heymsfield, S. B. Health Psychol. Lykken, D. T. Psychophysiology. 1982;
1994; 13(4), 362–365. Genetic determination of the human EEG.
Survey of recent results on twins reared 19(4), 361–373.
Heritability of interests: A twin study. together and apart. Stassen, H. H., Diagnosis of zygosity in twins: Reply to
Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Lykken, D. T., Propping, P., Bomben, Wilson. Lykken, D. T. Behav Genet.
McGue, M., Tellegen, A. J Appl G. Hum Genet. 1988; 80(2), 165–176. 1981; 11(6), 589–591.
Psychol. 1993; 78(4), 649–661.
Personality similarity in twins reared apart Committee report. Publication recommen-
Is human mating adventitious or the result and together. Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. dations for electrodermal measurements.
of lawful choice? A twin study of mate T., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Wilcox, K. J., Fowles, D. C., Christie, M. J.,
selection. Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A. J Segal, N. L., Rich, S. J Pers Soc Psychol. Edelberg, R., Grings, W. W., Lykken,
Pers Soc Psychol. 1993; 65(1), 56–68. 1988; 54(6), 1031–1039. D. T., Venables, P. H. Psychophysiology.
Age and the self-perception of ability: a Habituation of the skin conductance 1981; 18(3), 232–239.
twin study analysis. McGue, M., response to strong stimuli: A twin Two-year retest stability of eye tracking
Hirsch, B., Lykken, D. T. Psychol study. Lykken, D. T., Iacono, W. G., performance and a comparison of
Aging. 1993; 8(1), 72–80. Haroian, K., McGue, M., Bouchard, electro-oculographic and infrared
Emergenesis. Genetic traits that may not T. J. Jr. Psychophysiology. 1988; 25(1), recording techniques: Evidence of
run in families. Lykken, D. T., 4–15. EEG in the electro-oculogram.
Twin Research and Human Genetics February 2007 227
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https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.1.225Nancy L. Segal
Iacono, W. G., Lykken, D. T. Volunteer bias in twin research: The rule of Autonomic versus cortical arousal in schizo-
Psychophysiology. 1981; 18(1), 49–55. two-thirds. Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, phrenics and non-psychotics. Lykken,
A., DeRubeis, R. Soc Biol. 1978; D. T, Maley, M. J Psychiatr Res. 1968;
Measuring deviant eye tracking. Lykken,
25(1), 1–9. 6(1), 21–32.
D. T., Iacono, W. G., Lykken, J. D.
Schizophr Bull. 1981; 7(2), 204–205. Psychology and the lie detector industry. Correcting psychophysiological measures
Lykken, D. T. Am Psychol. 1974; for individual differences in range.
Blood typing and twin zygosity: A compar- 29(10), 725–739. Lykken, D. T., Rose, R., Luther, B.,
ison of two methods. Lykken, D. T.
On the validity of the preception hypothe- Maley, M. Psychol Bull. 1966; 66(6),
Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma).
sis. Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., 481–484.
1981; 30(4), 293–295.
Psychophysiolog y. 1974; 11(2), Psychological prediction from actuarial
Comments on ‘smooth-pursuit eye move- 125–132. Review. tables. Lykken, D. T., Rose, R. J Clin
ments: A comparison of two
Genetic determination of EEG frequency Psychol. 1963; 19, 139–151.
measurement techniques’ by Lindsey,
Holzman, Haberman, and Yasillo. spectra. Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., Perception in the rat: Autonomic response
Thorkelson, K. Biol Psychol. 1974; to shock as function of length of
Iacono, W. G., Lykken, D. T. J Abnorm
1(4), 245–259. warning interval. Lykken, D. T. Science.
Psychol. 1979; 88(6), 678–680.
Range correction applied to heart rate and 1962; 137, 665–666.
Eye tracking and psychopathology. New
to GSR data. Lykken, D. T. Confusion, conviction, and control groups.
procedures applied to a sample of
Psychophysiology. 1972; 9(3), 373–379. Lindzey, G., Lykken, D. T., Winston,
normal monozygotic twins. Iacono, W.
G., Lykken, D.T. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Perception: Autonomic response to shock H. D. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1961; 63,
1979; 36(12), 1361–1369. as a function of predictability in time 221–222.
and locus. Lykken, D. T, Macindoe, I.,
Electro-oculographic recording and scoring Continuous direct measurement of appar-
Tellegen, A. Psychophysiology. 1972;
of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye ent skin conductance. Lykken, D. T.,
9(3), 318–333.
tracking: A parametric study using Roth, N. Am J Psychol. 1961; 74,
monozygotic twins. Iacono, W. G., Schizophrenia and arousal revisited. Two- 293–297.
Lykken, D. T. Psychophysiology. 1979; flash thresholds and electrodermal
Infantile trauma, genetic factors, and adult
16(2), 94–107. activity in activated and nonactivated
conditions. Gruzelier, J. H., Lykken, temperament. Lindzey, G., Lykken, D.
The orienting response: importance of D. T., Venables P. H. Arch Gen T., Winston, H. D. J Abnorm Soc
instructions. Iacono, W. G., Lykken, D. Psychiatry. 1972; 26(5), 427–432. Psychol. 1960; 61, 7–14.
T. Schizophr Bull. 1979; 5(1), 11–14. A rat-holder with electrodes for GSR mea-
Direct measurement of skin conductance:
The detection of deception. Lykken, D. T. A proposal for standardization. surement. Lykken, D. T, Rose, R. Am J
Psychol Bull. 1979; 86(1), 47–53. Lykken, D. T., Venables, P. H. Psychol. 1959; 72, 621–622.
Review. Psychophysiology. 1971; 8(5), 656–672. Properties of electrodes used in electro-
Within-subject covariation of reaction time Square-wave analysis of skin impedance. dermal measurement. Lykken, D. T.
and foreperiod cardiac deceleration: Lykken, D. T. Psychophysiology. 1970; J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1959; 52,
Effects of respiration and imperative 7(2), 262–275. 629–634.
stimulus intensity. Iacono, W. G., Healthy scepticism. Lykken, D. T. Am J A study of anxiety in the sociopathic per-
Lykken, D. T. Biol Psychol. 1978; 7(4), Psychiatry. 1970; 126(9), 1330. sonality. Lykken, D. T. J Abnorm
287–302. Psychol. 1957; 55(1), 6–10.
Some properties of skin conductance and
The diagnosis of zygosity in twins. potential. Lykken, D. T., Miller, R. D., Individual differences. Jenkins, J. J., Lykken,
Lykken, D. T. Behav Genet. 1978; Strahan, R. F. Psychophysiology. 1968; D. T. Annu Rev Psychol. 1957; 8,
8(5), 437–473. 5(3), 253–268. 79–112.
The psychopath and the lie detector. Statistical significance in psychological A method of actuarial pattern analysis.
Lykken, D. T. Psychophysiology. 1978; research. Lykken, D. T. Psychol Bull. Lykken, D. T. Psychol Bull. 1956; 53(1),
15(2), 137–142. 1968; 70(3), 151–159. 102–107.
Research: The Bogdanov Affair, Maternal
Height and Twinning Tendencies
The Bogdanov Affair Bourgogne in different years — Igor sion programs, Temps X and Rayons
specialized in theoretical physics X, both of which address topics in
The identical Bogdanov twins, Igor (2002), while his brother specialized popular science and science fiction. It
and Grichka, were born in France, on in mathematics (1999). The twins is suspected that the Bogdanov twins’
August 29, 1949. They received PhD gained notoriety in the 1980s from later association with possible scien-
degrees from the University of their appearances on the French televi- tific fraud and/or misrepresentation
228 Twin Research and Human Genetics February 2007
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https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.1.225News, Views, and Comments
became more widely known because scientific ability and integrity. Broader that the combination of GH with gona-
they were public figures from the start. implications of the Bogdanov Affair datropin induces multiple ovulation in
The ‘Bogdanov Affair’ has many facets concern the efficacy of the peer-review women experiencing fertility problems.
to it, so only a brief synopsis will be system in its present form, and what can Therefore, it was reasoned that if height
presented here, drawn from information be done to improve it. It could also be and twinning are proportional to IGF
available in Wikipedia that this case attracted so much atten- level, then twinning might be correlated
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdanov_Affair tion because it involved identical twins. with height via IGF.
). Individuals interested in additional Steinman’s (2006b) study is not the
details are invited to visit the website Maternal Height and Twinning first one to find an association between
and links. Tendencies
maternal height and twinning tenden-
The controversy surrounding the A recent study by Steinman (2006b) cies. Several older studies reporting this
twins seems to have begun when the linking maternal height and twinning result are summarized in MacGillivray et
cover of their 1991 book, Dieu at la tendencies drew considerable media al. (1988), although a Scottish investiga-
Science (God and Science), indicated interest. Specifically, evidence was pre- tion found that the effect weakened
that both brothers held doctoral degrees sented to show that women whose
with secular increases in maternal
when, in fact, they did not earn their height exceeded the United States popu-
height. A concern with Steinman’s
degrees until 1999 and 2002. Charges lation average (5.31 feet) were more
(2006b) recent study is that the sample
of plagiarism also followed, but were likely to give birth to twins and triplets
settled out of court. Eventually, the sci- was quite modest in size (n = 129
than relatively shorter women. (Women
entific credibility of their articles, in the study had a mean height of nearly women). In addition, the proposed
published subsequent to their receiving 5. 4 feet, range: 4.92 to 6.00 feet.) mechanisms responsible for the height-
their PhD degrees, was questioned; in The proposed underlying mecha- twinning relationship predict an increase
fact, both twins encountered difficulties nism involves insulin-like growth factor in DZ twin births only. The multiple
in passing their final defense. (IGF), a substance that mediates the birth children born to study participants
Over the next few years dialogues, effects of growth hormone (GH) on the included ‘predominantly (but not exclu-
debates and discussions about the twins body. In previous research, Steinman sively) DZ sets’ (Steinman, 2006b, p.
appeared on the Internet and in major (2006a) showed that diet increased the 695). Precise figures were not provided,
newspapers around the world. There is bioavailability of intrafollicular IGF, but would enable more accurate assess-
some support for the pair, but there is enhancing follicular sensitivity to follicle ment of these findings, as would
also considerable questioning of their stimulating hormone (FSH). He notes large-scale replication.
Insights, Anecdotes and Visions
Fetus-in Fetu
A case of the rare occurrence of fetus-
in-fetu was reported in a newborn
Chilean boy (Reuters, 2006). Fetus-in-
fetu describes a situation in which one
twin becomes trapped within the other
during pregnancy and continues to
grow. In the latest case, the abnormality
was identified by a scan shortly before
the mother gave birth. Following deliv-
ery, the trapped fetus (which was four
inches long and inside the newborn’s
abdomen) was removed. Fetus-in-fetu
is estimated to occur in 1/500,000
births. Less than 90 such occurrences
have been reported worldwide.
A Hidden Twin Identical twins. (Photo by Suellen Symons.)
I came across a poster of Football
Hall of Fame quarterback, John learned that Elway had a twin sister Society. ‘My twin sister Jana meant
Elway, while looking through boxes who passed away from cancer, the world to me. Growing up, she
of twin memorabilia sent by Kay prompting him to donate research was my earliest playmate and sports
Cassill (Twins Foundation). I funds to the American Cancer competitor. Losing Jana hit me hard
Twin Research and Human Genetics February 2007 229
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https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.1.225Nancy L. Segal
and I’d like to help to beat cancer References B. Thompson (Eds.), Twinning and
any way I can’ (FansEdge, 2004). twins. Chichester: Wiley.
Carey, B. (2006, September 20). David
Lykken, 78, dies; Studied behavior. Reuters (2006). Chilean boy born with
Visions New York Times, C–13. fetus in his stomach. Retrieved from
Pictures of MZ twins are continually FansEdge (2004). Elway home announces www.reuters.com.
fascinating. They remind us how American Cancer Society will be offi- Steinman, G. (2006a). Mechanisms of
much our physical development is cial brand beneficiary. Retrieved from
twinning VII. Effect of diet and hered-
influenced by genetic factors, while www.johnelway.com/news.aspx?id=8.
ity on human twinning rate. Journal of
challenging our expectations of physi- Lykken, D. (1999). Happiness: What twin Reproductive Medicine, 51, 405–410.
studies show us about nature, nurture,
cal uniqueness across individuals. Steinman, G. (2006a). Mechanisms of
and the happiness set point. New York:
Two photographs taken by the tal- Golden Books Pub Co. twinning VIII. Maternal height,
ented Australian photographer, MacGillivray, I., Samphier, M., & Little, J. insulinlike growth factor and twinning
Suellen Symons, capture these con- (1988). Factors affecting twinning. In rate. Journal of Reproductive Medicine,
cepts to perfection. I. MacGillivray, D. M. Campbell, & 51, 694–698.
230 Twin Research and Human Genetics February 2007
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