Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies
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Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Michael Northrop and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, whose thought
leadership and generous support made this handbook possible.
The authors also thank the following individuals and organizations for offering their insights
and perspectives on this work:
Akshima Ghate Luke Pritchard
RMI India Governors’ Climate and Forests
Task Force
Cara Carmichael
Rocky Mountain Institute Marika Metz-Hall
Department of Business, Economic
Chris Yunker
Development, and Tourism
Hawaii State Energy Office
Mauricio Philipp
Clay Stranger
State government of Mato Grosso, Brazil
Rocky Mountain Institute
Melissa Miyashiro
Dimpy Suneja
Blue Planet Foundation
RMI India
Paolo Natali
Donovan Gordon
Rocky Mountain Institute
New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority (NYSERDA) Rolf Bateman
The Climate Group
Fernando Sampaio
Produce, Conserve, Include (PCI) Scott Glenn
Hawaii State Energy Office
Frédéric Marquet
State government of Hauts-de-France, Sophie Benger
France The Climate Group
Libby Ferguson Thomas Koch Blank
The Climate Group Rocky Mountain Institute
Vanessa Ulmer
NYSERDA
Wendy MacPherson
NYSERDA
2
About Rocky Mountain Institute
Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)—an adoption of market-based solutions that
independent nonprofit founded in cost-effectively shift from fossil fuels
1982—transforms global energy use to efficiency and renewables. RMI has
to create a clean, prosperous, and offices in Basalt and Boulder, Colorado;
secure low-carbon future. It engages New York City; the San Francisco Bay
businesses, communities, institutions, Area; Washington, D.C.; and Beijing.
and entrepreneurs to accelerate the
This guide was produced in partnership with the Under2 Coalition
and The Climate Group.
About the Under2 Coalition and the Climate Group
The Under2 Coalition is driven by The Climate Group is the Secretariat
a group of ambitious state and to the Under2 Coalition and works with
regional governments committed to governments to accelerate climate
keeping global temperature rises to action through three work streams:
under 2°C. The coalition comprises planning deep decarbonization
more than 200 governments that pathways, scaling innovative policy
represent over 1.3 billion people and solutions, and mainstreaming
nearly 40% of the global economy. transparency and reporting.
Authors Editorial and Design
Seth Coan, Jacob Corvidae, Editorial Director: Michael Banker
Jake Glassman, Ben Holland
Editor: Kathryn Flynn
*Authors listed alphabetically. Design by: Alchemy Mill
All authors from RMI. Images courtesy of Shutterstock
unless otherwise noted.
Contacts
Jacob Corvidae, jcorvidae@rmi.org
Seth Coan, scoan@rmi.org
Suggested Citation
Seth Coan, Jacob Corvidae, Jake Glassman, and Ben Holland.
Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies.
Rocky Mountain Institute, September 2020.
www.rmi.org/regions-take-action
Download and Share
This guide can be downloaded and shared for free at
under2coalition.org/news/regions-take-action or rmi.org/regions-take-action.
3
Table of
Contents
12-21 22-33
Clean Carbon-Free
Electricity Buildings
Introduction 6
Overview 14 Overview 24
Five Actions to Be Carbon-Free 8
Leadership in Action 15 Leadership in Action 25
How to Use This Guide 10
Key Milestones 16 Key Milestones 26
The Multiple Benefits
of Climate Action 10 Keys to Success 18 Keys to Success 28
The Climate Decade 11 Benefits 19 Benefits 29
Take Action Today 11 Case Study Resources 20 Case Study Resources 32
Useful Resources 68 Broader View 21 Broader View 33
4 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies
34-45 46-55 56-67
Healthy Innovative Sustainable
Transportation Industry Land Use
Overview 36 Overview 48 Overview 58
Leadership in Action 27 Leadership in Action 49 Leadership in Action 59
Key Milestones 38 Key Milestones 50 Key Milestones 60
Keys to Success 40 Keys to Success 52 Keys to Success 62
Benefits 41 Benefits 53 Benefits 63
Case Study Resources 42 Case Study Resources 54 Case Study Resources 66
Broader View 43 Broader View 55 Broader View 67
5
Introduction The risk and current impacts of climate change mean we must act. We can advance major economic and social benefits while preventing the worst of climate change. We can create great outcomes for our communities without jeopardizing them with extreme weather, floods, droughts, wildfires, and pandemics. This guide helps show the way. 6
Regions Take Action: The Benefits of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Major Climate Policies shows how regional Change (IPCC) reports that it is critical
governments are reaping the immediate to limit global warming to 1.5°C over
benefits of decisive climate action while the next 10 years.1 To avert a global
also safeguarding the future. For these climate catastrophe that could destabilize
governments, a few key actions are driving economies and cause untold social
great impacts on the economy, equity, unrest, we must cut greenhouse gas
health, and air quality, as well as resilience (GHG) emissions in half by 2030. This
and security. must be accomplished while fulfilling the
responsibility ministries and departments
Five regions share their experiences here. have to improve their sectors and their
These regions and their actions are at citizens’ quality of life. Thus, we are in
the heart of this guide for two reasons. “the climate decade.”
The work they are doing is transformative
and leads the way into the new climate State, provincial, and regional governments
economy. Also, the actions they have have a critical and unique role to play. They
taken are widely applicable to many other can drive transformative change at scale
governments. These actions aren’t just and provide a critical link between national
examples of what the leaders did; they are and local climate action. States, provinces,
blueprints for what many regions should and regions have direct responsibility for
do now. key areas of policy related to climate and
are thus able to show the many benefits of
To make transformative change, support transformative action.
is needed across a variety of regional
government departments and ministries. Regional governments have a unique ability
It cannot be driven by climate champions to create change. They enable counties
alone. Regions Take Action, designed as and cities to take action, and they prove
a resource for officials, highlights multiple solutions that other regions and national
benefits relevant to a particular sector. It governments can adopt. Because of their
is also available in shorter formats so that unique ability to drive both city and national
specific, relevant sections can be action, regions have a tremendous role to
shared separately. play in shaping global outcomes.
The guide focuses on five high-impact The Actions
actions and draws on the broader set of
actions identified previously in The This guide illustrates five actions
Carbon-Free Regions Handbook. where regional governments can take
transformative climate action and support
a set of broader benefits and needs.
Download
The Carbon-Free The five actions are:
MOUN
Regions Handbook
KY
TA
ROC
IN
IN
STIT UTE
Clean Electricity
Download Carbon-Free Buildings
The Carbon-Free
KY
MOUN
City Handbook Healthy Transportation
TA
ROC
IN
IN
STIT UTE
Innovative Industry
Sustainable Land Use
1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5oC. Special Report 15.
https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.
7
5
actions to be
carbon-free
Clean
Electricity
1
Convert to
clean sources
of power
8 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies
Healthy Sustainable
Transportation Land Use
Carbon-Free Innovative
Buildings Industry
2 3
Decarbonize end-uses Enhance the
primarily through carbon storage
electrification and efficiency of ecosystems
9
These activities will ideally run in parallel, as Each case study illustrates an example of a
they are interrelated strategies. For example, transformative solution for each sector. While
a carbon-free building sector becomes easier they may not represent the entire solution for
when electricity is moving toward clean a sector and are necessarily shaped by their
generation. While each action is ambitious, the local contexts, the highlighted approaches
examples show how determined action can demonstrate tangible pathways toward
also spur benefits on a larger scale. achieving the more comprehensive solution of
decarbonizing the economy.
To facilitate broader acceptance of these
actions, this guide highlights the following This guide is brief by design. For more
benefits which, in addition to emissions examples, resources, and the actual policy
reductions, result from these actions: documents, refer to The Carbon-Free
Regions Handbook.
Equity and inclusion. Actions that are
designed to ensure just treatment, equality of The Multiple Benefits
opportunity, and equal access to information of Climate Action
and resources for all
Deploying low-carbon technologies and
Economic development. Actions that support strategies will have impacts well beyond
the economic engines of our communities, reducing GHG emissions. Climate action effects
promote job growth, and bolster prosperity include positive human health implications;
improved ecosystem functioning; and
Air quality and health. Actions that promote
additional macroeconomic, social, or equity
health and well-being through improved
impacts.2 For example, one study estimates
environmental and social conditions
that decreased air pollution resulting from
Resilience and security. Actions that help climate action to meet a 1.5°C scenario leads
sustain life and livelihoods, promote safety, to approximately 153 million fewer premature
and reduce risk deaths worldwide. 3 In the United States alone,
the economic value of the avoided deaths is
estimated at $37 trillion. 4 These benefits may, in
How to Use This Guide some ways, measure up to the climate change
mitigation benefits.
Each priority action is presented within a stand-
alone document that can be detached from the Most major policies are not enacted to
broader handbook and shared with relevant address climate change alone; rather, by
departments, officials, and staff. solving connected problems, we can introduce
truly transformative policies and create new
Each action features a case study of leadership
opportunities. When non-carbon benefits of
in action to show how these policies and
climate action are properly considered and
programs can be instituted. The intent is
articulated, they become game-changers for
to impart lessons learned in surmounting
decision makers.
the challenges associated with instituting
transformative policies.
2 Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana, Sergio Tirado-Herrero, and Navroz K. Dubash. 2014.
“Measuring the Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 39 (1): 549–82.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267098768_Measuring_the_Co-Benefits_of_Climate_Change_Mitigation.
3 Shindell, Drew, Greg Faluvegi, Karl Seltzer, and Cary Shindell. 2018. “Quantified, Localized Health Benefits of Accelerated
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reductions.” Nature Climate Change 8 (April) 291–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0108-y.
4 Shindell, Drew. 2020. “Health and Economic Benefits of a 2°C Climate Policy.” Testimony before the House Committee on
Oversight and Reform Hearing on The Devastating Impacts of Climate Change on Health. August 5, 2020.
https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/Testimony%20Shindell.pdf.
10 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesThe Climate Decade seriousness needed then we will lose
our chance to stop the worst impact of
Many crises face us today. We cannot temperature rises. This means that we
ignore them. Given the interconnected all need to work together: businesses,
nature of climate, resource availability, governments, states, regions, cities and
economic growth, and equity, we cannot individuals. We need to see tangible
address one crisis at a time. One stone, commitments and changes across all
two birds is a proverb that spans sectors. Put simply, we need to see
many cultures. We need holistic policies action. This guide is here to act as a
that solve many problems at once. starting point for states and regions.
The result: better communities and a We hope to see it widely adopted and
stronger country. its suggestions for emissions reduction
expanded to governments everywhere.
We are now in the Climate Decade. We can fight climate change and limit its
If we do not halve global emissions by impacts but we have to take action now.
2030 and treat climate change with the There is no time to wait.
Take action today:
Commit to and plan
for these five ambitious actions.
Share these actions
with relevant officials and policymakers to build momentum.
Adapt
these actions to implement in your jurisdiction.
Launch
regional actions that effect
national and global change.
Measure
and report on progress.
1112 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies
Clean
Electricity
Commit to creating clean
electricity. Renewables are
cost-effective investments and
clean electricity is fundamental
to a carbon-free society.
13Clean Electricity
After years of declining costs and support The rise of renewable energy tracks
from progressive policies, clean and closely with the decline of coal,
renewable energy resources are now bringing about improvements in public
competitive with fossil fuels, producing health in communities struggling from
significant and tangible benefits for disproportionate exposure to pollution.1
the energy system and our quality of In addition, the global renewable energy
life. Electric utilities across the globe industry continues to support the economy,
are retiring coal plants, subnational with 11 million jobs currently and a projected
governments are prioritizing renewable 24 million jobs by 2030. In the United States
sources for electricity, and people are alone, clean energy jobs outnumber jobs
reaping the rewards of cleaner and in fossil fuel industries by three-to-one.
healthier options.
A fully clean and renewable electricity
For years, moderate carbon reduction system is the foundation of a zero-carbon
targets have been commonplace in many energy economy. Without significant
places around the world, but governments progress in decarbonizing the electricity
are now stepping up their ambitions with sector, efforts related to buildings, electric
100% renewable and clean energy targets, mobility, and industry will not achieve their
standards, and requirements. Policymakers full impact and promise. Though clean
have succeeded in passing these policies, energy, such as wind and solar, continues
not just by communicating climate concerns its expansion, there is still much to be done.
but by presenting a broad set of benefits It is clear now that a zero-carbon future
associated with renewable energy—in is within our grasp, but a fully renewable
particular, public health, energy security, electricity system requires ambitious
economic development, and resiliency. leadership, transformative policies,
and a comprehensive vision.
As subnational leaders pursue policies to
transition fully to clean and renewable
electricity, it is critical that they consider
the successes and challenges of their
peers around the globe. A vision for a 100%
renewable electricity system is the first step,
but the road to reaching that goal is filled
with political and technical challenges.
Fortunately, leaders in this space are
making great progress toward
overcoming obstacles and providing
invaluable lessons for scaling a clean and
renewable future for all.
1 Epstein, Paul R., Jonathan J. Buonocore, Kevin Eckerle,
Michael Hendryx, Benjamin M. Stout III, Richard
Heinberg, Richard W. Clapp, et al. 2011. “Full Cost
Accounting for the Life Cycle of Coal.” Ecological
Economics Reviews in the Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 1219 (February): 73–98.
14 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesClean Electricity
Hawaii, USA
Leadership in Action
Hawaii, USA: 100% Renewable Energy Portfolio
Hawaii was the first state in the United to set an RPS of 100% by 2045. In doing
States to enact legislation for a 100% so, the government set the bar not only
renewable electricity system. In the for Hawaii but for governments across
early 2000s, the state began the the globe. Today, Hawaii’s RPS stands
process of establishing and as a model for transitioning to a fully
frequently updating its renewable renewable energy future. Hawaii’s
portfolio standard (RPS). success in actualizing this vision is the
result of the efforts of a broad base
What began as a process of of ambitious, committed, and
incrementally increasing the standard collaborative stakeholders.
culminated in 2015, when Hawaii voted
15Driving Forces Energy and
Several factors economic security.
Hawaii’s reliance on oil as a fuel for
contributed to the electricity makes the state vulnerable to
state of Hawaii the volatile and high-cost nature of the
passing the 100% RPS: global oil market. Low-income households
spend an average of 15% to 20% of their
income on electricity.
Key Milestones
ACT 155: 50% RPS
A partnership between the state of Hawaii
and the US Department of Energy, the
Net Energy Metering (NEM) and 9% RPS HCEI establishes Hawaii as an innovation
Hawaii enacts NEM, which allows test bed to transform the energy sector
customers to be compensated at the into one based on renewable energy and
full retail electricity rate for excess solar energy efficiency.
generation exported to the grid. At the
same time, Hawaii establishes a 9% RPS.
Utility Scale Wind Project Hawaii Clean Energy
The 30 megawatt Initiative (HCEI)
Kaheawa Wind Power Act 155, Session Laws of
project is installed on the Hawaii 2009, increases the
island of Maui. RPS goals as a percentage
of electricity sales to meet
or exceed 25% by 2020 and
40% by 2030.
16 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesClean Electricity
Resilience. Economic development.
Hawaii’s vulnerability to its oil Many Hawaiians refer to renewable
dependence came into sharp focus energy as “indigenous energy” for its
after the 2011 tsunami wiped out potential to harness the power of the
the Fukushima nuclear plant and sun and offshore winds. The renewable
forced Japan to offset its losses with energy industry also provides plenty of
emergency imports of oil. This created opportunity for job growth on the islands.
chokepoints in supply and drove
unseen levels of price volatility.
Fukushima Daiichi disaster
The 2011 tsunami that wiped out the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear plant forces Japan to offset its energy losses with
emergency imports of oil, which sends global oil prices
upward and, for Hawaii, makes electricity prohibitively
expensive. This leads to a rapid adoption of rooftop solar,
which quickly becomes a highly competitive alternative.
100% RPS established
Hawaii becomes the first US state to
proclaim a 100% renewable energy
target for each of its six separate
island electric systems.
17Guiding vision
The clear vision of a 100% RPS is a critical enabling force.
Centering on this guiding vision results in a bold and
transformational policy while allowing for certain definitions
to be worked out subsequently.
Keys to Community engagement
Success To ensure the success of the RPS, policymakers
and advocates coordinate and leverage their
Hawaii’s RPS was the respective strengths to build a broad base of
community support. In the years leading up
result of coordination, to the RPS legislation, Blue Planet Foundation
commitment, and and other community organizations built a
grassroots coalition of community members,
strategic planning
students, and supportive business leaders.
by a wide array of
policymakers,
industry leaders,
and advocates. Some
of the key elements
to success include the
Governmental Champions
following factors:
Within the state government,
credit is frequently given to
“brave politicians” who took a
stand to pass the RPS. Hawaii
state officials and policymakers
played a critical role in building
the support of utilities, the
business community, and
government agencies.
Cost competitiveness
of renewables
The economic advantages of
renewable energy over oil-based
electricity serve as a contributing
force to justifying a 100% RPS.
18 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesClean Electricity
Benefits
In addition to its carbon reduction potential, Hawaii’s progress toward achieving 100% clean
and renewable electricity will produce a number of improvements to the economy of Hawaii
and the lives of the people who live there.
Economic Development Equity
Job growth. As of 2017, there were 2,715 solar Multifamily dwellings. Going forward,
jobs in Hawaii, which ranks fifth in the nation Hawaii intends to significantly increase the
for solar jobs per capita. supply of rooftop and community solar
energy for residents of apartment buildings
Renewable industry. The RPS will require and other multifamily dwellings.
extensive build-out of solar and wind
installations, as well as critical grid Land use. Hawaii stakeholders are working
infrastructure, which will result in closely with communities to ensure an
long-term, sustained economic growth equitable distribution of renewable energy
and job opportunities. assets to prevent disproportionate use of
some lands over others.
Health
Resiliency and Security
Emissions. The RPS reduces electricity sector
emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM2.5.2 Energy security. The Hawaii RPS will
eliminate dependence on oil and shelter the
Health costs. The total health and state from the costly and volatile swings of
environmental benefits of RPS across the the global oil market.
United States are valued at an estimated
$97 billion.2 Grid resiliency. In response to the RPS,
Hawaiian utilities are modernizing their
systems to prevent grid failure and ensure
access to power.
2 Mai, Trieu, Ryan Wiser, Galen Barbose, Lori Bird, Jenny Heeter, David Keyser, Venkat Krishnan, Jordan Macknick,
and Dev Millstein. 2016. A Prospective Analysis of the Costs, Benefits, and Impacts of U.S. Renewable Portfolio
Standards. National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/67455.pdf.
19Solar prices are lower and less volatile.
Hawaii Oil and Electricity Price Volatility Compared
with Average Solar Price3
40 160
35 140
30 120
Electricity Price (cents/kWh)
25 100
Oil Price ($/barrel)
20 80
15 60
10 40
5 20
0 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Fuel Oil - Avg. Price Retail Electricity Price - all sectors Solar Electricity Price
Additional case study resources:
State of Hawaii Public Utilities Commission Report to the 2019
Legislature on Hawaii’s Renewable Portfolio Standards4
DSIRE Summary of Hawaii RPS 5
Report: Powering Paradise6
3 Hawaii electricity price (cents/kWh) and crude oil imports price ($/barrel) cited from State of Hawaii Department
of Business, Economic Development, & Tourism. Solar prices (cents/kWh) are based on US average, cited from
International Renewable Energy Agency, IRENA (2020), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019.
4 State of Hawaii Public Utilities Commission. 2018. Report to the 2019 Legislature on Hawaii’s Renewable Portfolio.
https://puc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/RPS-2018-Legislative-Report_FINAL.pdf.
5 Database for State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. 2018. “Renewable Portfolio Standard.” May 31, 2018.
https://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/606.
6 Cross-Call, Dan, Jason Prince, and Peter Bronski. 2020. Powering Paradise: How Hawaii Is Leaving
Fossil Fuels and Forging a Path to a 100% Clean Energy Economy. Rocky Mountain Institute.
http://www.rmi.org/insight/powering-paradise.
20 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesClean Electricity
Broader View
As an island state with a predominantly petroleum-based electricity sector, Hawaii is
uniquely well positioned to capture the benefits of renewable energy, but the insights
gleaned from its efforts are nonetheless relevant to all subnational governments.
In developing economies, where energy demand and the associated infrastructure
investments will increase dramatically over the coming decades, decision makers
have a choice to leapfrog over fossil fuels–based energy and invest in clean and
renewable electricity.
Ultimately, the success of a 100% sales and infrastructure cost recovery
renewable electricity policy depends with a performance-based approach—
on the coordination of a diverse set of an enabling regulatory framework
political, commercial, and community for transitioning clean, resilient, and
stakeholders. To establish a legal affordable electricity.
and enforceable renewable energy
commitment, policymakers and This shift in thinking is especially
stakeholders must co-develop an relevant in light of the disproportionate
actionable vision. Since the success of electricity costs and levels of exposure
passing Hawaii’s RPS, 13 other US states to pollution low-income communities
have followed suit with 100% clean and bear worldwide. Though the renewable
renewable electricity targets. Elsewhere energy industry continues to grow and
across the globe, after recognizing the make great progress toward achieving
resiliency benefits of renewable energy, an array of climate, health, and
Fukushima Prefecture has established a economic benefits, there is much work
goal of 100% renewable electricity 7 to be done to ensure universal
availability of its benefits. To that end,
Policymakers must also complement policymakers should strive to build
their ambitious targets with a technically equity and broad availability into their
driven, defensible, and equitable strategies. Doing so will unlock the
approach to adapting the electric utility potential for a global transition to 100%
business model. For many subnational clean and renewable electricity.
governments, this may require replacing
the traditional approach to electricity.
7 McCurry, Justin. 2020. “Fukushima Unveils Plans to Become a Renewable Energy Hub.” The Guardian,
January 5, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/05/fukushima-unveils-plans-to-
become-renewable-energy-hub-japan.
2122 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies
Carbon-
Free
Buildings
Construct and upgrade our
buildings to be all-electric and
efficient, which will also create local
jobs and healthier, comfortable
places to live and work.
23Carbon-Free
Buildings
The buildings sector is on the verge of a major renovation, and technologies and strategies
for carbon-free buildings are in style. More than being fashionable, policies supporting
carbon-free buildings, when done right, provide multiple direct benefits to improve health,
equity, and resilience and drive economic growth.
These benefits can hardly be overstated. Furthermore, with increased awareness
Building energy efficiency and that the building sector is one of the
electrification strategies lead to improved largest sources of anthropogenic CO2
indoor and outdoor air quality, saving emissions, it has come under sharp focus
lives and improving health. Better access as an opportunity for decarbonization
to technology and services lowers energy policy across the globe. About 40% of
bills for disadvantaged populations and global energy–related CO2 emissions are
addresses energy affordability. Energy attributable to the buildings sector—28%
efficiency and flexibility in buildings help from building operations and 11% from
balance the grid’s loads and reduce grid building materials and construction.1 To
infrastructure costs. With adequate support limit climate change to 1.5°C, we need to
and policies, the energy services and drastically accelerate the rate of energy
retrofit industry will continue, if not retrofits for existing buildings as well as
accelerate, its current rate of impressive ensure that all new buildings are zero or
growth, providing widespread economic near-zero net carbon. In addition, since
growth and job opportunities. people spend approximately 90% of their
time in buildings, creating healthy indoor
Now more than ever, transformative environments is very important. Increasing
solutions are available, and well-designed awareness about the health and wellness
building sector policies are aimed at opportunities of building design is also
three core tenets to maximize the benefits beginning to drive important policy changes
for the sector: with both health and climate benefits.
Electrify: Removing fossil fuel use in buildings Improving buildings remains one of the
by upgrading to all electric equipment. largest untapped and cost-effective
decarbonization strategies, and regions
With Efficiency: Reducing energy use and
will do well to participate in this revolution
enabling smart, flexible adjustment of
of the building industry. The path toward
energy needs through better design and
a carbon-free building sector is a path
retrofit of buildings.
toward prosperity.
And Low-Carbon Materials: Using low-
carbon materials in new construction
and major retrofits; reusing rather than
manufacturing new carbon-intensive
materials where possible.
1 Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction.2019. 2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction.
http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30950/2019GSR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
24 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesCarbon-Free Buildings
Hawaii, USA
Leadership in Action
New York State, USA: Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act
In 2019, New York State enacted the Buildings are explicitly addressed as a
Climate Leadership and Community core consideration in achieving these
Protection Act (CLCPA), sweeping targets, and the CLCPA is supported by
legislation that establishes the a large set of complementary policies in
strongest economy-wide GHG the buildings sector.
emissions limits in the United States.
For state agencies, much of their new
The policy calls for New York to realize and existing building decarbonization
carbon neutrality, with direct emissions efforts now occur under CLCPA framing.
reductions of 85% by 2050, including a The state’s comprehensive strategy
40% reduction from 1990 levels by 2030. to move its building stock to carbon.
25Key Milestones
The CLCPA exists in an ecosystem of connected state policies.
Key policies are listed below in order of issuance:
Analysis reveals key role of energy efficiency
The state publishes New Efficiency: New York, and its
Statewide emissions targets set analysis reveals that New York will not meet these GHG
reduction targets unless stronger action is taken regarding
The New York State Energy Plan sets ambitious
energy efficiency; one-third of the emissions reductions
GHG emissions reduction targets, which are
needed to achieve the 40% by 2030 goal will come from
subsequently embedded in the CLCPA.
building energy efficiency strategies.
NYSERDA launches Clean Energy Fund Utilities required to
NYSERDA launches the $5 billion Clean drive emissions reductions
Energy Fund, spanning four portfolios: The state Public Service Commission (PSC)
market development, innovation and issues its Accelerated Efficiency Order, which
research, solar affordability through more than doubles utility energy savings
NY-Sun, and the New York Green Bank. goals through 2025 relative to historic levels.
neutrality includes a process of committing reducing the costs of energy efficiency
nearly $5 billion between 2020 and 2025 retrofits, building electrification, and high-
to incentives and market development performance new construction; advancing
activities for energy efficiency and and demonstrating strategies to achieve
heat pump deployment. Much of these deeper energy savings; providing financial
investments are funded by ratepayers and technical assistance, including to low-
and administered by utilities to achieve income consumers; and providing financing
ambitious energy savings targets. These for market participants. Other components
initiatives are expected to save customers of New York’s strategy include advancing
much more on energy costs and will building energy codes and stretch codes;
simultaneously accelerate market adoption procuring state agency commitments to
of low-carbon technologies. lead by example in their facilities; and
continuing to develop a Carbon Neutral
The New York State Energy Research and Buildings Roadmap and a Building
Development Authority (NYSERDA), the Electrification Roadmap to articulate
state’s clean energy and innovation agency, policies and programs for longer-term
plays a complementary role in these market transformation.
efforts. NYSERDA’s investments emphasize
26 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesCarbon-Free Buildings
New initiative significantly
Governor commits to advancing scales up funding
toward a carbon-neutral building stock The PSC issues “Order Authorizing
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo launches Utility Energy Efficiency and
the state’s Green New Deal, including a Building Electrification Portfolios
directive to chart a path to making through 2025,” a large-scale
New York’s statewide building stock undertaking aimed at advancing
carbon neutral. energy efficiency and heat pump
deployment in the state.
CLCPA helps unify the existing policy landscape
The CLCPA is signed, and it provides an avenue
for codifying, uniting, and strengthening much of
the state’s work in the building sector, with exact
details to be set through a scoping process.
Driving Forces
Factors that led New York to enact the CLCPA include:
Threat of Green economic Grassroots
climate impacts. opportunity. advocacy.
New York and its leadership New York recognizes Multiple groups of
increasingly recognize that that the development stakeholders (e.g.,
dramatic decarbonization is of green technologies environmental, labor,
necessary to mitigate climate and sustainable and community interests)
impacts that pose a significant practices creates jobs came together with clear
threat to the state’s economy and strengthens the demands to advance the
and infrastructure. The effects state’s economy. state’s new energy economy,
of Hurricane Sandy represent address climate change,
a tangible example of what advance climate justice,
the state hopes to avoid. and enhance resilience.
27Establishing a clear mandate
Provides a framework under which many other existing initiatives now fall.
The CLCPA is a guiding document that codified a number of Governor
Cuomo’s goals and executive orders, and it ensured that existing and
future decarbonization programs reflect the CLCPA mandate.
Reflecting constituent interests
Incorporates stakeholder feedback into the planning and policy
process. Key stakeholders include affordable housing advocates,
Keys to who have helped to elevate equity considerations, and market actors,
who have encouraged the use of energy efficiency and heat pump
Success incentives that are easy to understand and access.
Core factors in
New York State’s Incentives and information
success include Gains support from consumers and market
the following: actors as a result of state policies that advance
goals through a portfolio of incentives, technical
assistance, and demonstration projects.
Scalability and consistency
Achieves statewide consistency through unprecedented
collaboration between utilities and state agencies.
For statewide heat pump and low- to moderate-
income (LMI) initiatives, the overall program structure,
customer experience, and contractor experience are
designed to be similar throughout the state.
Optimizing impact
Tracks progress on a number of key performance
indicators, which allows the state to better understand
and then adjust its initiatives. For specific initiatives,
metrics include the number of utility programs
implemented, cost reductions in certain technologies,
and the number of heat pump installations.
Accelerating market adoption
Removes barriers to advanced technologies, such as heat pumps, so
they become the default options. This includes ensuring that high-quality,
affordable installations become standard practice; market fragmentation
is reduced; and consumers have easy access to information.
28 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesCarbon-Free Buildings
Benefits
The CLCPA’s main goal is to build an equitable and inclusive clean energy economy in
New York. The benefits of the state’s proactive leadership in this sector include:
Economic Development Infrastructure costs savings. Policies
that promote “non-wires alternatives”
Keep revenue in state while supporting
can reduce capital investments
clean technologies. New York residents
associated with electric transmission and
spend $14 billion on heating every year,
distribution infrastructure,2 and policies
including $8 billion on gas heating and
that promote electrification may avert
$4 billion on oil heating. Most of this
expensive gas pipeline infrastructure. 3
money leaves the state. Eliminating
fossil fuel heating would keep billions of Desirability. As cities around the world
dollars in New York. grow rapidly, regions with sustainable
building policies that promote a cleaner,
Job creation. Policies that support
healthier environment are more able
transformative technologies like heat
to attract and retain residents and are
pumps create jobs directly through
seeing a greater influx of foreign direct
installation and indirectly through
investment as well. 4
multiplier effects and private sector
investments. In addition, New York’s
policies directly fund workforce Health
development, including, for example, Air quality. Fuel combustion in buildings
training people to install heat pumps in affects indoor air quality and poses
their communities. serious health risks from particulate
pollution and gases like NO2 and
2 Stanton, Tom. 2015. Getting the Signals Straight: Modeling, Planning, and Implementing Non-Transmission
Alternatives Study. National Regulatory Research Institute. https://pubs.naruc.org/pub.cfm?id=536EF440-
2354-D714-51CE-C1F37F9B3530.
3 Golden, Rachel. 2019. Building Electrification Action Plan for Climate Leaders. Sierra Club. https://www.
sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/Building%20Electrification%20Action%20Plan%20for%20
Climate%20Leaders.pdf.
4 Pisani, Niccolò, Václav Ocelík, and Ganling Wu. 2019. “Does It Pay for Cities to Be Green? An Investigation of
FDI Inflows and Environmental Sustainability.” Journal of International Business Policy 2 (1): 62–85.
29CO. In New York City alone, research • Coordinating and improving access to
shows that PM2.5 particulate pollution, for information by aligning LMI initiatives
example, causes 3,000 premature deaths, with other state and local programs
2,000 hospitalizations for respiratory • Continuous improvement of LMI-related
and cardiovascular diseases, and 6,000 initiatives by tracking progress (e.g.,
emergency department visits for asthma households served, costs, and savings)
annually.5 Policies that advance efficiency and modifying initiatives to maximize
and electrification mitigate these problems. benefits and minimize costs
Equity Resilience and Security
Benefiting LMI communities. The CLCPA Climate resilience. These policies
explicitly states that at least 35% of the advance climate resilience for New York,
benefits of spending on clean energy and which, like many places around the
energy efficiency must go to disadvantaged world, faces worsening climate impacts.
communities. Examples of equity benefits Extreme weather, sea level rise, increased
of the CLCPA and related New York energy temperatures, air pollution, and health
policies include: effects are already being experienced and
are of particular concern.
• Providing bill payment assistance/
discounts through the Low-Income Community resilience. These policies
Affordability Program advance community resilience by
• Conducting energy literacy outreach, providing career opportunities in
education, and awareness campaigns marginalized communities.
through a customer hub
• Increasing access and affordability of key
technologies (e.g., efficiency technologies,
heat pumps, renewables)
5 Kheirbek, Iyad, Katherine Wheeler, Sarah Walters, Grant Pezeshki, and Daniel Kass. 2011. Air Pollution and the Health
of New Yorkers: The Impact of Fine Particles and Ozone. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/eode/eode-air-quality-impact.pdf.
30 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesCarbon-Free Buildings
Building policy can create equity.
Estimated Average Annual Job and Income Benefits of
the CLCPA, Total and to Disadvantaged Communities6
150,000 $11.3 billion CLCPA
jobs created finance generated Total
53,000 $4 billion
jobs created finance
generated 35%
of total benefits
to disadvantaged
communities
Note: The CLCPA requires that at least 35% of the benefits from spending on clean
energy and energy efficiency go to disadvantaged communities.
6 Total jobs created and income generated based on Demos policy brief (The Climate and Community
Protection Act). Jobs and income going to disadvantaged communities extrapolated by multiplying Demos
figures by the CLCPA requirement that 35% of spending benefits disadvantaged communities. Jobs created
and income generated apply to direct and indirect employment only.
31New York Resources
New York Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act7
The following resources relate to key building sector policies that interface
with the CLCPA:
“Governor Cuomo Announces Additional Toward a Clean Energy Future:
$2 Billion in Utility Energy Efficiency A Strategic Outlook 2020-202310
and Building Electrification Initiatives
to Combat Climate Change”8 New Efficiency: New York11
“In the Matter of a Comprehensive Energy NYS Clean Heat: Statewide
Efficiency Initiative”9 Heat Pump Program
Implementation Plan12
7 Bill No. A08429. 2019. New York State Assembly. https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_
video=&bn=A08429&term=2019&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y.
8 New York State. 2020. “Governor Cuomo Announces Additional $2 Billion in Utility Energy Efficiency and Building
Electrification Initiatives to Combat Climate Change.” News release, January 16, 2020. https://www.governor.ny.gov/
news/governor-cuomo-announces-additional-2-billion-utility-energy-efficiency-and-building.
9 “In the Matter of a Comprehensive Energy Efficiency Initiative.” 2020. Matter no. 18-00381. New York State
Department of Public Service. http://documents.dps.ny.gov/public/MatterManagement/CaseMaster.
aspx?Mattercaseno=18-M-0084.
10 NYSERDA (New York State Energy Research and Development Authority). 2020. Toward a Clean Energy Future: A
Strategic Outlook 2020–2023. https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/About/Strategic-Plan/strategic-outlook.pdf.
11 NYSERDA (New York State Department of Public Service). 2018. New Efficiency: New York, New York.
https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/New-Efficiency-New-York.pdf.
12 NYS Clean Heat: Statewide Heat Pump Program Implementation Plan. 2020. New York State Energy Research and
Development Authority, Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.,
Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation d/b/a National Grid, New York State Electric & Gas Corporation, Orange and
Rockland Utilities Inc., Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation, 2020. http://documents.dps.ny.gov/public/Common/
ViewDoc.aspx?DocRefId=%7b4DCD9A46-A766-4AEC-9D11-B042B4905251%7d.
32 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesCarbon-Free Buildings
Broader View
Policy solutions for modernizing buildings are relevant across the globe but can vary
depending on climatic, infrastructure, economic, and political contexts. Many cities
around the world—New York City; Vancouver, Canada; and Vienna, Austria, to name
just a few—are leading the charge to modernize their building stock. However, cities
and states must work together to align as closely as possible on goals, policies, and
building codes.
We are adding to the planet the Building sector policies also have the
equivalent of another New York City potential to work synergistically to
every month.13 Emerging economies advance progress in other sectors.
are driving this massive boom in new For example, policies that promote
construction, and these regions may the use of low-carbon building
drive significant progress by focusing materials or access to electric vehicle
on building sector policies that facilitate charging at certain buildings can
carbon-free new construction. create jobs in upstream manufacturing
or service industries.
On the other hand, over 80% of buildings
that will exist in 2030 are already built.14 There is not a one-size-fits-all policy
Regions with a higher proportion of framework. In certain contexts, such
existing building stock compared with as New York, jurisdictions can pursue
new development, including many building strategies within a larger
developed countries, may do well agenda that accomplishes other
to focus on policies that improve the interconnected social, economic, and
performance of existing buildings. environmental goals. Alternatively,
building sector policies can be
Furthermore, as building systems and implemented through targeted
technologies are evolving, policymakers legislation, executive action, existing
are faced with a growing list of options regulatory authority, or other means,
to consider. For example, in some cases, depending on the jurisdiction’s political
hydrogen may be a viable alternative context and priorities.
fuel for buildings.15 Nevertheless, as the
electric grid gets cleaner, whether it
be through electrification of buildings
or use of renewable hydrogen in
buildings, policies that support carbon-
free buildings provide a pathway for
improved health, economic benefits, and
carbon emissions reductions.
13 Architecture 2030. n.d. “New Buildings: Operational Emissions.” Accessed July 13, 2020. https://
architecture2030.org/new-buildings-operations/.
14 Bradtner, Stefanie. “The Global Building Stock Is Expected to Exceed 183 Billion Square Meters in 2026.”
Guidehouse Insights, April 26, 2018. https://guidehouseinsights.com/news-and-views/the-global-building-
stock-is-expected-to-exceed-183-billion-square-meters-in-2026.
15 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. 2019. Hydrogen Roadmap Europe: A Sustainable Pathway for
the European Energy Transition. https://www.fch.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Hydrogen%20Roadmap%20
Europe_Report.pdf.
3334 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate Policies
Healthy
Transportation
By creating better mobility
options and electrifying vehicles,
air pollution can be reduced while
giving people more choices for
transportation.
35Healthy
Transportation
The transportation sector is a primary EVs also offer economic advantages for
contributor to air quality, economic, drivers. Given the comparatively lower cost
and climate concerns, but recent of electricity, EVs are considerably cheaper
advancements in vehicle electrification to operate than vehicles fueled by petrol,
show great potential for eliminating the gasoline, and natural gas. These lower
negative impacts of petroleum-fueled operational costs enable EVs to achieve
cars and trucks. A little over 10 years ago, a much lower total cost of ownership
electric vehicles (EVs) were nonexistent than ICEs. These savings pass directly
in the global vehicle market. Today, they to drivers, easing the high cost of
account for 2.6% of global car sales and transportation for many.
are continuing to capture significant
market share; in 2019, global EV sales Transportation accounts for 24% of global
registered a 40% increase over 2018. energy–related CO2 emissions.1 In many
Many experts anticipate EV sales to locations, transportation’s share of the
overtake internal combustion engine problem continues to grow. Vehicle
vehicles (ICEs) by 2030. ownership and demand are climbing in
developing nations, with carbon-intensive
EVs offer significant health benefits over vehicles claiming the lion’s share of the
ICEs. Having no tailpipe, EVs produce vehicle market. The commercial market, too,
considerably lower levels of volatile organic poses significant challenges, as freight and
compounds (VOCs), sulfur oxides (SOx), delivery services are producing increasing
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate amounts of carbon emissions.2
matter (PM2.5 and PM10), which makes
them a clear part of the solution to Subnational governments can unlock a
transportation-related health concerns. broad set of benefits if they employ a
comprehensive approach to decarbonizing
mobility. Though the following case study
focuses on the very important approach of
electrifying vehicles, policymakers should
also consider measures for reducing
dependence on personal vehicles,
expanding nonmotorized transportation
infrastructure, and creating car-free
districts. Together, these measures will
lead to a cleaner, healthier, and better
quality of life.
1 IEA (International Energy Agency). n.d. “Transport:
Improving the Sustainability of Passenger and
Freight Transport.” Accessed August 5, 2020.
https://www.iea.org/topics/transport.
2 Scott, Mike. 2019. “Shipping Sector Comes Under
Increasing Pressure to Cut Its Carbon Footprint.”
Forbes, June 28, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/
sites/mikescott/2019/06/28/shipping-sector-
comes-under-increasing-pressure-to-cut-its-
carbon-footprint/#3363789c1487
36 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesHealthy Transportation
Hawaii, USA
Leadership in Action
Delhi, India: EV Policy
The Delhi EV Policy, passed in Delhi’s policy covers a wide array
December 2019 and enacted in of vehicle types, with incentives for
August 2020, is arguably the most electric two-wheelers; shared transport
comprehensive subnational policy of vehicles, such as three-wheelers and
its kind. With a strong focus on demand buses; as well as goods carriers and
creation, the policy calls for 25% of all freight vehicles. These other vehicle
new vehicles to be battery operated types produce tremendous amounts
by 2024. This target is estimated to of air pollutants and carbon emissions.
amount to 500,000 EVs and 4.82 million For instance, two-wheelers and three-
tons in CO2 emissions savings. wheelers contribute about 75% of the
vehicular PM5 emissions in Delhi,
While many subnational EV policies which is equal to the total amount of
around the world have chosen to focus pollution from trucks and eight times
on four-wheeled personal vehicles, that of buses.
37Key Milestones Delhi realizes the potential of EVs
Through a series of stakeholder workshops and
analyses, the Delhi government identifies EVs
as a key solution to the problem. There was
an understanding within the government that
policy could accelerate the transition to EVs.
Awareness of air pollution increases Leaders formulate draft policy
Understanding the threats to quality of The Delhi government develops a
life and public health, the government policy for consideration by cabinet
of Delhi seeks to develop a policy that ministers and various stakeholders.
combats vehicles’ contribution to air The policy focuses on electric two-
pollution. Studies indicated that 30% wheelers, shared transport vehicles,
of the particulate matter in Delhi is goods carriers, and freight vehicles.
emitted from tailpipes.
Driving Forces
The Delhi EV Policy provides the following
incentives and policies by vehicle type:
Two-Wheelers Electric Autos,
• Purchase incentive of 5,000 Indian rupees (INR) Rickshaws, and Carriers
per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of battery capacity. • Purchase incentive of 30,000 INR
• “Scrapping incentive” of 5,000 INR for the • Interest reduction of 5% on loans
scrapping and deregistration of an old internal for the purchase of electric autos
combustion vehicle. The incentive is subject to
a matching contribution made by the dealer at
the time of the sale.
• Mandate that all companies providing
last-mile deliveries must transition 50% of
their two-wheeler fleet to electric by March
2023 and 100% by March 2025.
38 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesHealthy Transportation
Policymakers engage stakeholders
The draft policy is put forward for discussion among
various stakeholders representing government
agencies, industry, civil society, and academia.
An estimated 300 stakeholders participate in the
process and provide feedback on the draft policy.
Government enacts policy
The final policy emerges as a highly
comprehensive set of demand incentives aimed at
making EVs affordable. The policy also provides
several non-fiscal incentives, such as waivers on
road tax, registration, and parking fees.
Four-Wheelers The Delhi EV Policy also includes
incentives for the expansion of
• Purchase incentive of 10,000 INR per
charging infrastructure. To that end,
kWh of battery capacity
the government has committed to
providing accessible charging or battery
Buses swapping facilities within 3 kilometers’
• Commitment that electric buses must travel of anywhere in Delhi. To ensure
account for 50% of all new buses in the this expansion, the Delhi government will
fleet of the government of the National subsidize the cost of installation.
Capital Territory of Delhi
39Vehicle demand generation
The Delhi EV Policy provides motivation in the form of up-front purchase
incentives, loan interest waivers, and a “scrapping bonus” that serves as
payment for retiring an internal combustion vehicle. The incentives help EVs
achieve cost parity with ICEs. In addition, the policy includes a number of non-
fiscal incentives, such as waivers on road tax, registration, and license fees.
Keys to
Success
Demand assurance to industry
The Delhi EV initiative The policy sends a clear signal to industry
has seen mounting that EV market is viable and here to stay.
By incentivizing demand across all vehicle
success as a result of types—two-wheelers, three-wheelers,
the following factors: and four-wheelers—the Delhi EV Policy
raises the visibility of electrification and
invites industry participation.
Charging infrastructure
expansion
Delhi offers a host of incentives for
charging infrastructure as well as
reduced-rate tariffs that further
improve the cost-effectiveness of
owning and operating an EV.
Skills training
Innovative jobs and skills training
programs provide hands-on education
and training for charging station
operators, technicians, and drivers.
40 Regions Take Action: The Benefits of Major Climate PoliciesHealthy Transportation
Benefits
Economic Development Health
Cost savings. Delhi’s transition to Air quality. The Delhi EV Policy is directly
EVs will produce significant individual aimed at improving air quality. Delhi is
cost savings and community-wide well known for its air quality problems,
economic benefits. and vehicles play a significant role in
those problems, contributing up to 40%
Efficiencies. Analysis conducted by RMI of PM5, 20% of PM10, and more than 80%
finds that the EVs sold through 2024 will of NOx, CO, and non-methane volatile
require 120.8 petajoules less energy than organic compounds (NMVOCs). 4
an equivalent ICE, which in turn will save
$865 million. 3 Emission reductions. Analysis suggests
that the Delhi EV Policy will offset 159
Economic stimulus. Those funds tons of PM2.5 tailpipe emissions by 2024.5
effectively act as a large economic Commercial drivers and citizens most
development stimulus into the region. exposed to vehicular emissions will see
Further, the Delhi government intends direct and near-term improvements to
to attract significant investment from health and quality of life.
a variety of industries, including
automotive manufacturers, electric Reduced exposure to pollutants. Drivers
distribution companies, charging station of Delhi’s omnipresent green and yellow
providers, financing services, and others, autos and other carriers will have the
which will help further the advancement opportunity to purchase a clean, zero-
of the EV market. Together, these emissions vehicle at a steeply discounted
entities will provide jobs and improve price and in turn significantly reduce
the Delhi economy. their exposure to harmful pollutants.
3 Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi and Rocky Mountain Institute. 2019. Accelerating Delhi’s
Mobility Transition: Insights from the Urban Mobility Lab in Delhi. Rocky Mountain Institute. https://rmi.org/
insight/urban-mobility-lab-delhi/.
4 Suneja, Dimpy. 2020. “Delhi’s Electric Vehicle Policy: Will It Be a Game Changer.” Rocky Mountain Institute.
January 17, 2020., https://rmi-india.org/delhis-electric-vehicle-policy-will-it-be-a-game-changer/.
5 Ghate, Akshima. 2019. “Delhi EV Policy: Govt Lays Foundation for a Clean Mobility Future.” Rocky Mountain
Institute. December 28, 2019. https://rmi-india.org/delhi-ev-policy-govt-lays-foundation-for-a-clean-
mobility-future/.
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