Program Implementation Document - Asian Development Bank
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Program Implementation Document Project Number: 49056 November 2016 PAK: Access to Clean Energy Investment Program
CONTENTS Page I. Program Description 1 II. Results and Disbursement 2 A. The RBL Program’s Overall Results including Disbursement Linked Indicators is in Table 2 and 3 below. 2 B. Disbursement Allocation and Status 12 III. Expenditure Framework and Financing 14 A. Expenditure Framework 14 IV. Program Systems and Implementation Arrangements 14 A. MHP Implementation Business Model 14 B. Monitoring and Evaluation System 17 C. Fiduciary Systems 20 D. Satisfying Procurement Member Country Eligibility Restrictions 22 E. Safeguard Systems 22 F. Suggested Guiding Principles for Voluntary Land Donations 23 G. Gender and Social Dimensions 23 H. Communication and Information Disclosure Arrangements 23 I. Development Coordination 24 V. Integrated Risks and Mitigating Measures 24 VI. Program Action Plan 24 VII. Technical Assistance 24 A. Summary 24 B. Consulting Service Requirement 25 VIII. Monitoring of Key Program Covenants 25 IX. Summary of Key Outstanding Issues 25 X. Accountability Mechanism 25 XI. Program Organizational Structure and Focal Staff 25 A. Organizational Structure 25 B. Program Officers and Focal Persons 26
PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION DOCUMENT 1. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is wholly responsible for implementing the program supported by results-based lending. The Asian Development Bank staff support the results based lending program design and implementation. The program implementation document (PID) consolidates the essential program implementation information. The PID is a management tool which supports effective program implementation, monitoring, and reporting. It is developed throughout the program processing, and should be discussed with the developing member country at loan negotiations. It is a living document that should be refined and kept up to date during program implementation.
Abbreviations ACE - Anti-Corruption Establishment ADB - Asian Development Bank AFD - Agence Française de Développement BPEEL - best-practice energy efficiency legislation AGP - Auditor General of Pakistan APFS - audited program financial statement DC - development contractor DDO - Drawing and Disbursement Office DMF - design and monitoring framework DLI - disbursement-linked indicator EA - executing agency EAD - Economic Affairs Division EDP - Energy Department of Punjab EIA environmental impact assessment ERC - Energy Resource Center FD - Finance Department FABS - Financial Accounting and Budgeting System FS feasibility study IA - implementing agency ICT - Information Communication Technology IEE initial environmental examination KPEPA Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency KPP - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province M&E - monitoring and evaluation MHP - micro-hydropower plant MW - megawatt NAB - National Accountability Bureau NAM - New Accounting Model NBP - National Bank of Pakistan OCR - ordinary capital resources O&M - operations and maintenance PAP - program action plan P&D - Planning and Development PEC - Pakistan Engineering Council PEDO - Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization PEECA - Punjab Energy Efficiency and Conservation Agency PHC - primary healthcare facility PID - program implementation document PMU - program management unit PbPR - Punjab procurement rules PMC - program management consultant PPMS - program performance monitoring system PPR - program progress report
PPRA - Public Procurement Regulatory Authority PPTA project preparatory technical assistance PSSA - program safeguards system assessment RBL - results-based lending RRP - report and recommendation of the president SBD - standard bidding document SBP - State Bank of Pakistan TA - technical assistance WA - withdrawal application
Access to Clean Energy Investment Program (RRP PAK 49056) I. Program Description 1. The results-based lending (RBL) program will support the Government of Pakistan’s national and provincial goals of providing uninterrupted access to affordable and clean energy by financing a slice of the provincial power sector plans in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPP) and Punjab. The program scope, defined by community-based renewable energy initiatives and public sector energy efficiency programs, is summarized in Table 1. The RBL program will exclude activities that would be classified as category A in the Safeguard Policy Statement (2009),1 and activities that would involve procurement of works, goods, and services under contracts whose estimated value exceeds specified monetary amounts.2 Table 1: Program Scope (As of November 2016) Item Broader Government Programs Results-Based Lending Program Outcome Uninterrupted access to affordable and Increased access to sustainable and more clean energy for all sections of the reliable electricity services, particularly for population. vulnerable communities in KPP and Punjab. Key outputs (i) Expanded generation capacity, (ii) (i) Renewable energy-based power plants are increased electrification rates, (iii) increased installed, (ii) increased opportunity for women renewable energy generation, and (iv) and girls to obtain energy services and benefits, increased private sector investment in (iii) enhanced institutional capacity to foster energy sector development. sustainability, and (iii) public sector energy efficiency is promoted. Activity types (i) Development of renewable and thermal (i) Installation of micro-hydropower plants in rural energy resources, (ii) development and KPP, (ii) introduction of sustainable business enforcement of policies and regulations, (iii) models for off-grid power, (iii) implementation of (iv) provision of reliable electricity to all off-grid decentralized solar solutions for population, and (v) demand-side education and primary health care facilities in management and energy efficiency KPP and Punjab, and (iv) support to energy initiatives. efficient initiatives in Punjab. Program $26 billion: $ 454.3 million expenditure $10 billion for KPP $ 330.3 million for KPP $16 billion for Punjab $ 124.0 million for Punjab Main financiers Provincial government $25.3 billion Provincial government $ 40.8 million (9%) and respective Community $30 million Community $9.9 million (2.2%) financing ADB $ 325 million ADB $ 325 million (71.5%), OCR Funding amounts AFD $ 78.6 million AFD $ 78.6 million (17.3%) Geographic KPP and Punjab KPP and Punjab coverage Implementation 20172021 20172021 period ADB = Asian Development Bank, AFD = Agence Française de Développement, KPP = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, OCR = ordinary capital resources. Source: Asian Development Bank, Energy Department, KPP and Punjab 1 Asian Development Bank, 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila. 2 The amounts are currently $50 million for works, turnkey and supply, and installation contracts; $30 million for goods; $20 million for information technology systems and non-consulting services; and $15 million for consulting services. ADB, 2013. Piloting Results-Based Lending for Programs. Paragraph 66. Manila.
2 II. Results and Disbursement A. The RBL Program’s Overall Results including Disbursement Linked Indicators is in Table 2 and 3 below. Table 2: RBL Program Results Framework (As of November 2016) DLI Yes/ Baseline Results Indicators no value Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Outcome: Access to sustainable and more reliable electricity services increased, particularly for vulnerable communities in KPP and Punjab 1. By 2021, access to electricity is provided to Yes 0 2016 40,000 households 80,000 120,000 180,000 240,000 an additional 240,000 households and 2.6 households households households households million students in unelectrified and poorly DLI 0 500,000 students 1,100,000 1,600,000 2,100,000 2,600,000 electrified areas: 1 students students students students KPP: households (cumulative) 0 40,000 80,000 120,000 180,000 240,000 KPP: total students (cumulative) 0 160,000 320,000 480,000 640,000 800,000 Punjab: total students (cumulative) 0 340,000 780,000 1,120,000 1,460,000 1,800,000 2. In previously electrified areas, the number of No 13,000 2016 10,400 schools 7,800 5,200 schools 2,600 0 schools targeted schools and PHFs affected by load schools, 1900 1,520 PHFs schools 760 PHFs schools 0 PHFs shedding is reduced to zero by 2021: PHFs 1,140 PHFs 380 PHFs KPP (cumulative) 3,000 schools 2,400 schools 1,800 1,200 schools 600 0 schools 120 PHFs 96 PHFs schools 48 PHFs schools 0 PHF 72 PHFs 24 PHFs Punjab (cumulative) 10,000 8,000 schools 6,000 4,000 schools 2,000 0 schools schools 1,424 PHFs schools 712 PHFs schools 0 PHF 1,780 PHF 1,068 PHFs 356 PHFs Output 1 Renewable energy-based power plants installed 3. By 2021, power generation capacity from Yes 0 MW 2016 36 MW 73 MW 109 MW 146 MW 182 MW clean energy sources is increased by an DLI additional amount of 182 MW: 2 153 MW in KPP (MHP and solar) 0 MW 31 MW 61 MW 92 MW 123 MW 153 MW (cumulative) 29 MW in Punjab (solar) (cumulative) 0 MW 5 MW 12 MW 17 MW 23 MW 29 MW 4. By 2021, at least 26,587 sites have Yes 0 installed 2016 5,317 10,635 15,952 21,270 26,587 renewable energy-based power plants DLI installed, of which: 3 KPP: 1,000 MHPs installed (cumulative) 200 400 600 800 1,000 KPP: 8,187 solar plants installed 1,637 3,275 4,912 6,550 8,187 (cumulative)
3 DLI Yes/ Baseline Results Indicators no value Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Punjab: 17,400 solar plants installed 3,480 6,960 10,440 13,920 17,400 (cumulative) Output 2. Opportunity for women and girls to obtain energy services and benefits increased 5. By 2021, at least 30% of schools with solar Yes 0%; no school 2016 plant installed are girls schools: DLI connected to 6% 12% 18% 24% 30% KPP (cumulative) 4 solar plant 6% 12% 18% 24% 30% Punjab(cumulative) 6% 12% 18% 24% 30% 6. By 2021, at least 7% of target households Yes 0 %; no newly 2016 2% 4% 5% 6% 7% newly connected to electricity are women- DLI connected 1 headed households (cumulative, KPP) 5 households 7. By 2021, 500 PHFs used by women for No 0 PHFs 2016 50 PHFs 150 PHFs 275 PHFs 400 PHFs 500 PHFs delivery or antenatal care (ANC) are equipped equipped with with solar plants. solar plants KPP (cumulative) 10 PHFs 30 PHFs 50 PHFs 60 PHFs 70 PHFs Punjab (cumulative) 40 PHFs 120 PHFs 225 PHFs 340 PHFs 430 PHFs 8. By 2021 3000 women are trained to equip No 2016: 0 2016 500 trained 1500 trained 2000 trained 2500 trained 3000 trained them in using energy benefits. women trained KPP (cumulative) 500 trained 1500 trained 2000 trained 2500 trained 3000 trained Output 3. Institutional capacity to foster sustainability enhanced. 9. By 2021, governance, financial Yes 2016 management and procurement functions are DLI improved. 6 Corporate governance structure KPP energy department (PEDO) No procure- implemented, First internal PEDO internal ment unit, no including dedicated audit report performance internal audit procurement unit approved by audit report on Internal audit PEDO board the program department produced established and operationalized Procurement manual adopted Business model adopted for micro- hydroelectricity plants Program management unit strengthened. 1 Women-headed households mean any household headed by: (i) a single woman living on her own, (ii) a widow, or woman separated from her husband for any reason, including migration, with or without children.
4 DLI Yes/ Baseline Results Indicators no value Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Energy department of Punjab (EDP) No procure- Dedicated procurement EDP internal EDP internal ment unit, no unit established. audit report performance internal audit Internal audit produced audit report on department established the program and operationalized produced Procurement manual adopted Program management unit strengthened. 10. By 2021, 100% of identified energy and No 0% trained 2016 20 % staff trained 40 % staff 60 % staff 80 % staff 100 % staff finance department staff of both provinces trained trained trained trained trained on technical issues, gender, project management, financial management, contract management, and environmental and social management. KPP (cumulative) 20 % staff trained 40 % staff 60 % staff 80 % staff 100 % staff trained trained trained trained Punjab (cumulative) 20 % staff trained 40 % staff 60 % staff 80 % staff 100 % staff trained trained trained trained 11. From 2017, ICT-driven program Yes No PPMS 2016 performance monitoring system (PPMS) is DLI operationalized to produce annual 7 performance monitoring reports on all indicators and PAP actions. KPP PPMS set up, 2017 2018 report 2019 report 2020 report 2021 report report issued issued on all issued on all issued on all issued on all indicators and indicators and indicators indicators and PAP actions PAP actions and PAP PAP actions actions Punjab PPMS set up, 2017 2018 report 2019 report 2020 report 2021 report report issued issued on all issued on all issued on all issued on all indicators and indicators and indicators indicators and PAP actions PAP actions and PAP PAP actions actions Output 4. Public sector energy efficiency promoted in Punjab
5 DLI Yes/ Baseline Results Indicators no value Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 12. By 2019, energy audits are conducted on Yes No energy 2016 30% of identified public 100% have Methodology 100% of identified public sector buildings and a DLI audits, no sector buildings have conducted developed and model net zero building is constructed. 8 model net zero conducted energy audits approved for energy audits building Construction of model follow-up on net zero building initiated energy audit recommendation s Construction of model net zero building completed and government standards and design for net zero buildings notified. ADB = Asian Development Bank, DLI = disbursement-linked indicator, EDP = Energy Department of Punjab, ICT = Information and Communication Technology, IVA = independent verification agent, KPP = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, MHP = micro-hydropower plant, MW = megawatt, PEDO = Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization, PPMS = program performance monitoring system, RBL = results-based lending. Sources: Asian Development Bank, Energy Department of Punjab, and Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization. Table 3: Disbursement-Linked Indicator Verification Protocols (As of November 2016) Information Source and Verification Agency and Disbursement-Linked Indicator Definition and Description of Achievement and Verification Time Frame Procedure DLI 1. By 2021, access to electricity is provided to an additional 240,000 households and 2,600,000 students in un-electrified and poorly electrified areas. 2016 baseline: 0 Definition: KPP: PEDO or EDP prepares an All targets are cumulative and provide For MHP, the DLI refers to the total households connected to the MHP grids PEDO reports attestation that the DLI is met and the minimum threshold for provided by the RBL program. For solar sources, the DLI refers to the total drawn from its attaches the relevant report. The disbursement without prejudice to the number of students in schools provided with solar electricity by the RBL PPMS. IVA will verify the results each year arrangements for partial disbursement. program, to be obtained from education authorities. first, from the administrative Disbursement targets for KPP: Punjab: records. These will be the number Households: Conditions for disbursement are met when (i) the total number of households EDP reports of consumers per site and 2017: 40,000 provided with electricity by the program from MHPs equals or exceeds the drawn from its schoolchildren in connected schools 2018: 80,000 annual cumulative target specified, and (ii) when the total number of students in PPMS. in KPP and the number of 2019:120,000 beneficiary schools is equal to or exceeds the annual cumulative target Frequency for schoolchildren in connected schools 2020: 180,000 specified. In KPP, MHP component counts for 80% of full disbursement and reporting will be in Punjab. Second, the IVA will back 2021: 240,000 solar sources component counts for 20% of full disbursement. For example, if annual. this up with random spot checks of Students: all the household targets are achieved but student targets are not, then 80% of communities, and schools in field the target amount allocated for KPP for that year will be disbursed. visits. Field trips may be combined
6 Information Source and Verification Agency and Disbursement-Linked Indicator Definition and Description of Achievement and Verification Time Frame Procedure 2017: 160,000 Partial disbursement: The DLI is scalable and partial disbursement is allowed as appropriate for DLIs 1 to 5, with 2018: 320,000 for each of the above components. If the target is not fully achieved, then checking of different elements for 2019: 480,000 disbursement is proportional to the increase made from the previous period’s each DLI on the same field trip. 2020: 640,000 targeted achievement for that component. The following formula will be applied: 2021: 800,000 Partial DLI disbursement = planned DLI disbursement for the period (actual Within three weeks of receiving the achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of the previous independent verification report, Disbursement targets for Punjab period) / (targeted achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of ADB confirms that the target is met 2 Students: the previous period). and initiates the process of 2017: 340,000 Disbursements are allowed for early or late achievement of the DLI. This means disbursement. 2018: 780,000 that the planned disbursement amount for a given year can be released when 2019: 1,120,000 the set target is fully achieved, even if the achievement is a year or more late, as long as this is within the loan period. If the target achievement is early, early 2020: 1,460,000 disbursement can be made. 2021: 1,800,000 DLI 2. By 2021, power generation capacity from clean energy sources is increased by an additional amount of 182 MW. 2016 baseline: 0 Definition: KPP: PEDO or EDP prepares an All targets are cumulative and provide Clean energy sources mean MHPs and solar plants installed by the RBL PEDO reports attestation that the DLI is met and the minimum threshold for program in KPP, and solar plants installed by the RBL program in schools in drawn from its attaches the relevant report. The disbursement without prejudice to the Punjab, and the University of Bahawalpur. For each province, installed power PPMS. IVA will verify the results each year arrangements for partial disbursement. generation capacity will be added up. There is no need to disaggregate by type through (i) a review of program Disbursement targets for KPP: of renewable sources. Punjab: records on delivery, installation and 2017: 31 MW EDP reports capacity of power source and (ii) 2018: 61 MW Conditions for disbursement are met for each province when the total drawn from its backed up by field spot checks. The 2019: 92 MW installed capacity from the above sources reach or exceed the megawatts PPMS. verification process will take into 2020: 122 MW specified in the annual target for that province. Frequency for account the different capacities of 2021: 153 MW reporting will be each source. Field trips may be Disbursement targets for Punjab: Partial disbursement: The DLI is scalable and partial disbursement is allowed. annual. combined as appropriate for DLIs 1 2017: 6 MW If the target is not fully achieved, then disbursement is proportional to the to 5, with checking of different 2018: 12 MW increase made from the previous period’s targeted achievement. The following elements for each DLI on the same formula will be applied: field trip. 2019: 17 MW Partial DLI disbursement = planned DLI disbursement for the period (actual Within three weeks of receiving the 2020: 23 MW achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of the previous independent verification report, 2021: 29 MW period) / (targeted achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of ADB confirms that the target is met 3 the previous period). and initiates the process of Disbursements are allowed for early or late achievement of the DLI. This means disbursement. that the planned disbursement amount for a given year can be released when 2 For each year, the baseline (representing 0% disbursement) is taken from the previous period’s planned target, while the current year’s target (representing 100% disbursement) is taken from the current year’s planned target. 3 For each year, the baseline (representing 0% disbursement) is taken from the previous period’s planned target, while the current year’s target (representing 100% disbursement) is taken from the current year’s planned target.
7 Information Source and Verification Agency and Disbursement-Linked Indicator Definition and Description of Achievement and Verification Time Frame Procedure the set target is fully achieved, even if the achievement is a year or more late, as long as this is within the loan period. If the target achievement is early, early disbursement can be made. DLI 3: By 2021, at least 26,587 sites have renewable energy-based power plants installed. 2016 baseline: 0 Definition: KPP: PEDO or EDP prepares an All targets are cumulative and provide Renewable energy sources mean MHPs in KPP, and solar plants in schools PEDO reports attestation that the DLI is met and the minimum threshold for and PHFs in both KPP and Punjab. These are considered installed when the drawn from its attaches the relevant report. The disbursement without prejudice to the plant is operational and producing electricity. Whatever the installed capacity of PPMS. IVA will verify the results each year, arrangements for partial disbursement. the MHP or solar plants, each plant is counted as an entity. in the same process as for DLIs 1 to Disbursement targets for KPP: Punjab: 5 (review of records backed up by Total MHPs installed: Conditions for full disbursement are met for each province when the total EDP reports field spot checks). For DLI 3, field 2017 : 200 number of installations (MHPs and solar plants in KPP and solar plants in drawn from its checks will focus on the installation 2018 : 400 Punjab) is equal to or exceed the annual target for that province. For KPP, the PPMS. and operationalization of plants. 2019 : 600 MHPs account for 80% and solar plants for 20% of full disbursement. For Frequency for Field trips may be combined as 2020 : 800 example, if all the MHP installation targets are achieved but not the solar plant reporting will be appropriate for DLIs 1 to 5, with 2021 : 1,000 targets are achieved, then from the target amount allocated for DLI 3 for KPP annual. checking of different elements for Solar plants installed: for that year, 80% disbursement will be made for the full achievement of MHP each DLI on the same field trip. 2017: 1,637 installation. Within three weeks of receiving the 2018: 3,275 independent verification report, Partial disbursement: The DLI is scalable and partial disbursement is allowed ADB confirms that the target is met 2019: 4,912 for each component. If the target is not fully achieved, then disbursement is and initiates the process of 2020: 6,550 proportional to the increase made from the previous period’s targeted disbursement. 2021: 8,187 achievement for that component. The following formula will be applied: Disbursement targets for Punjab: Partial DLI disbursement = planned DLI disbursement for the period (actual Solar plants installed: achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of the previous 2017: 3,480 period) / (targeted achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of 2018: 6,960 the previous period). 4 2019: 10,440 Disbursements are allowed for early or late achievement of the DLI. This means 2020: 13,920 that the planned disbursement amount for a given year can be released when 2021: 17,400 the set target is fully achieved, even if the achievement is a year or more late, as long as this is within the loan period. If the target achievement is early, early disbursement can be made. DLI 4: By 2021, at least 30% of schools with solar plant installed are girls’ schools. 2016 baseline: No school connected to Definition: The numerator for this indicator is the number of girls-only schools KPP: PEDO or EDP prepares an solar plant. (“girls’ schools”) connected to a solar plant. The denominator is the total number PEDO reports attestation that the DLI is met and All targets are cumulative and provide of schools connected to a solar plant. Each year, the numerator and drawn from its attaches the relevant report. The the minimum threshold for denominator are measured on a cumulative basis. PPMS. IVA will verify the results each year, disbursement without prejudice to the in the same two stage process as 4 For each year, the baseline (representing 0% disbursement) is taken from the previous period’s planned target, while the current year’s target (representing 100% disbursement) is taken from the current year’s planned target.
8 Information Source and Verification Agency and Disbursement-Linked Indicator Definition and Description of Achievement and Verification Time Frame Procedure arrangements for partial disbursement. Conditions for disbursement are met for each province when the percentage Punjab: for DLIs 1 to 5 (first, review of Disbursement targets (Share of girls share of girls’ schools equals or exceeds the annual percentage target for that EDP reports program and school records; schools within the total number of province. drawn from its second, random spot checks schools having received solar plants): PPMS. conducted in the field). for KPP: Partial disbursement: The DLI is scalable and partial disbursement is allowed. Frequency for Field trips may be combined as 2017: 6% If the target is not fully achieved, then disbursement is proportional to the reporting will be appropriate for DLIs 1 to 5, with 2018: 12% increase made from the previous period’s targeted achievement. The following annual. checking of different elements for 2019: 18% formula will be applied: each DLI on the same field trip. 2020: 24% Partial DLI disbursement = planned DLI disbursement for the period (actual Within three week of receiving the 2021: 30% achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of the previous independent verification report, for Punjab: period) / (targeted achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of ADB confirms that the target is met 5 2017: 6% the previous period). and initiates the process of 2018: 12% Disbursements are allowed for early or late achievement of the DLI. This means disbursement. 2019: 18% that the planned disbursement amount for a given year can be released when the set target is fully achieved, even if the achievement is a year or more late, 2020: 24% as long as this is within the loan period. If the target achievement is early, early 2021: 30% disbursement can be made. DLI 5: By 2021, at least 7% of target households newly connected to electricity are women-headed households. 2016 baseline: 0 Definition: KPP: PEDO or EDP prepares an All targets are cumulative The denominator for this indicator, the “target households”, means the PEDO reports attestation that the DLI is met and Disbursement targets for KPP: households in the communities selected by the RBL program that have received drawn from its attaches the relevant report. The All targets are cumulative and provide electricity generated from MHPs. The numerator is the number of women- PPMS. IVA will verify the results each year, the minimum threshold for headed households provided with electricity from MHPs under the RBL in the same two stage process as disbursement without prejudice to the program. Women-headed households mean any household headed by: (i) a Punjab: for DLIs 1 to 5 (first, review of arrangements for partial disbursement. single woman living on her own, with or without children, or (ii) a widow, or EDP reports program records, and second, Share of women-headed households woman separated from her husband for any reason, including migration, with or drawn from its random spot checks conducted in within the total number of households in without children. PPMS. the field). Checks for this DLI will KPP having received electricity Frequency for focus on the number of women- generated from MHPs: Conditions for disbursement are met when the percentage share of women- reporting will be headed households in MHP 2017: 2% headed households equals or exceeds the annual cumulative target for KPP. annual. beneficiary communities. Field trips 2018: 4% may be combined as appropriate for 2019: 5% Partial disbursement: The DLI is scalable and partial disbursement is allowed. DLIs 1 to 5, with checking of 2020: 6% If the target is not fully achieved, then disbursement is proportional to the different elements for each DLI on 2021: 7% increase made from the previous period’s targeted achievement. The following the same field trip. formula will be applied: Within three week of receiving the Partial DLI disbursement = planned DLI disbursement for the period (actual independent verification report, achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of the previous ADB confirms that the target is met and initiates the process of 5 For each year, the baseline (representing 0% disbursement) is taken from the previous period’s planned target, while the current year’s target (representing 100% disbursement) is taken from the current year’s planned target.
9 Information Source and Verification Agency and Disbursement-Linked Indicator Definition and Description of Achievement and Verification Time Frame Procedure period) / (targeted achievement of the current period – targeted achievement of disbursement. 6 the previous period). Disbursements are allowed for early or late achievement of the DLI. This means that the planned disbursement amount for a given year can be released when the set target is fully achieved, even if the achievement is a year or more late, as long as this is within the loan period. If the target achievement is early, early disbursement can be made. DLI 6: By 2021, governance, financial management and procurement functions are improved. 2016 baseline: No procurement unit, no Definition: KPP: PEDO or EDP prepares an internal audit department. The actions under DLI 6 in terms of institutional strengthening are measured by PEDO reports attestation that the DLI is met and Disbursement targets for KPP: the results produced, as follows: attaches the relevant reportand the 2017: (i) Corporate governance a) An internal audit department must meets the following criteria. The Punjab: following as applicable:. structure implemented, including department (i) independently assesses the organization's risk management, EDP reports (a) for the implementation of the dedicated procurement unit, (ii) governance and internal control system, (ii) reports regularly on these to the Frequency for corporate governance structure: a Internal audit department established highest level in the organization (e.g., head of the organization, management reporting will be copy of the new corporate and operationalized, (iii) procurement and the audit committee), and (iii) is made up of qualified and skilled people annual. governance structure in place, with manual adopted (iv) business model able to work in accordance with the requirements contained within the an indication of the names of the adopted for micro-hydroelectricity International Professional Practices Framework. Most importantly, the internal staff occupying the various plants, (v) program management unit audit report (2018) and performance audit report (2021) produced by the positions reflected in the structure, strengthened. internal audit department must meet the standards set by the Auditor-General of and a copy of the document which 2018: First internal audit report Pakistan. describes the functions and approved by PEDO board. b) A dedicated procurement unit must meets the following criteria: (i) it is responsibilities of each unit and 2021: PEDO internal performance established as a permanent unit of the organization with supplementary position in the structure; audit report on the program produced. procurement staff in the Program Management Unit, (ii) its functions are (b) for the establishment of the procurement planning, procurement process, contract management and dedicated procurement unit or Disbursement targets for Punjab: procurement monitoring and reporting, and (iii) the roles and accountabilities are internal audit department: a 2017: (i) Dedicated procurement unit clearly defined within the unit as well as with the rest of the organization. certification from the appropriate established, (ii) Internal audit c) The procurement manual must be able to guide all PEDO/EDP activities in officer of PEDO or EDP confirming department established and procurement and contracting practices and must meet provincial regulatory that the procurement unit or internal operationalized, (iii) Procurement requirements in the procurement of all goods, services and works, as well as in audit department has been manual adopted, (iv) Program the internal controls and standards of conduct for all personnel involved in the established and operationalized management unit strengthened. procurement process. with a copy of the document which 2018: EDP internal audit report d) The business model adopted for MHPs means the KPP government has to describes the functions and produced. review, select and adopt one of a number of business models developed as part responsibilities of the unit or 2021: EDP internal performance audit of the due diligence report under ADB’s TA 9047 PAK. department and a list of the names report on the program produced. e) A strengthened program management unit means a unit that has been of the staff occupying each position established and staffed in line with the organogram in the PPTA report, which in the unit or department; means having the operational strength to implement PAP. (c) for the adoption of the 6 For each year, the baseline (representing 0% disbursement) is taken from the previous period’s planned target, while the current year’s target (representing 100% disbursement) is taken from the current year’s planned target.
10 Information Source and Verification Agency and Disbursement-Linked Indicator Definition and Description of Achievement and Verification Time Frame Procedure procurement manual or business Conditions for disbursement are met for each province when the institutional model: a copy of the notification or action(s) specified for that year has been completed and the entities or products other order of the appropriate body set up or produced meet the criteria set out in (a) to (d) above. For 2017, each or officer in PEDO or EDP adopting of the 5 actions required of the KPP government accounts for 20% of the full the procurement manual or disbursement allocation for that year, while for Punjab, each of the 4 actions business model, and a copy of the required accounts for 25% of the full disbursement allocation for that year. That manual or model; is, if Punjab completes only the action on internal audit and no other in 2017, (d) for the strengthening of the then it will receive only 25% of the full allocation for that year. program management unit: a certification of the appropriate Partial disbursement is not allowed: The DLI is not scalable. The action has officer in PEDO or EDP listing the to be completed before any disbursement. Disbursements are not allowed for actions that were completed in late achievement of the DLI. This means that all actions and reports must be order to strengthen the program completed on time. Early payment against an earlier than scheduled completion management unit, with an indication date is allowed. of the dates of completion and other supporting details. The IVA will verify the results in 2017, 2018 and 2021 on the basis of the required reports. Within three week of receiving the independent verification report, ADB confirms that the target is met and initiates the process of disbursement. DLI 7: From 2017, ICT-driven program performance monitoring system (PPMS) is operationalized, to produce annual performance monitoring reports on all indicators and PAP actions. 2016 baseline: No PPMS Definition: KPP: PEDO or EDP prepares an Disbursement targets for KPP: Operationalization of PPMS means the establishment of the PPMS in EDP and PEDO reports attestation that the DLI is met and 2017: PPMS set up in PEDO, 2017 PEDO, with the required software and capacity in place to (i) conduct drawn from its attaches the relevant report. report issued performance monitoring of all DMF indicators as well as additional indicators, as PPMS. The IVA will verify the results each 20182021: annual performance required, for the procurement, installation and functioning of MHP and solar year on the basis of the monitoring report issued on all plants, and (ii) to implement all the PAP actions as agreed. The PPMS should Punjab: performance monitoring reports. indicators and PAP actions. be a web-based monitoring system, to allow for data transmission and collection EDP reports Within three week of receiving the from remote locations. “All indicators” mean all the indicators agreed on by all drawn from its independent verification report, Disbursement targets for Punjab: stakeholders in the early part of 2017. PPMS. ADB confirms that the target is met 2017: PPMS set up in EDP, 2017 Frequency for and initiates the process of report issued Conditions for disbursement are met for each province when the actions reporting will be disbursement. 20182021: annual performance specified for that year are met. For 2017, full disbursement requires (a) PPMS annual. monitoring report issued on all to be set up (50% of full disbursement allocation for that year) and (b) a 2017 indicators and PAP actions. report to be produced on all indicators (50% of full disbursement allocation for
11 Information Source and Verification Agency and Disbursement-Linked Indicator Definition and Description of Achievement and Verification Time Frame Procedure that year). Partial disbursement is not allowed: The DLI is not scalable. Disbursements are also not allowed for late achievement of the DLI. DLI 8: By 2019, energy audits are conducted on 100% of identified public sector buildings and a model net zero building is constructed. 2016 baseline: No energy audits Definition: EDP reports EDP prepares an attestation that “Identified public sector buildings” are all those in the list developed by EDP in drawn from its the DLI is met and attaches the Disbursement targets for Punjab: the first quarter of 2017 and acceptable to ADB. The number of buildings on this PPMS. relevant report. The IVA will verify 2017: list constitutes the denominator for this indicator for 2017 and 2018. The Frequency for the results for energy audits in 30% of identified public sector numerator is the number of buildings from the list that have had energy audits reporting will be 2017, 2018 and 2019 on the basis buildings have conducted energy conducted. “Net zero building” means a 62% reduction from current average annual. of the energy audit reports audits level for net emission. produced in 2017 and 2018, and Construction of model net zero the approval of follow up on energy building initiated Conditions for disbursement for the energy audits are met when the audit recommendations in 2019. 2017: percentage targets for 2017 and 2018 are achieved, and when the institutional For the construction and 100% of identified buildings have actions specified for each year have been completed. For the net-zero building, government standards on net zero conducted energy audits condition for disbursement for the 2017 target is met when civil works are building, the IVA will conduct 2018: started and target for 2019 is met when the building has been completed, checks of the site and the Methodology developed and approved furnished, equipped and Energy Department staff shifted to the building. For notification of standards. for follow-up on energy audit recom- each year, the institutional actions relating to energy audits are allocated 15% of Within three week of receiving the mendations the full disbursement amount and institutional actions relating to net-zero independent verification report, Construction of model net zero building are allocated 85% of the full disbursement amount for that year. ADB confirms that the target is met building completed and government and initiates the process of standards and design for zero-net Partial disbursement: For 2017 and 2018 energy audits percentage targets, disbursement. buildings notified. the DLI is scalable and partial disbursement is allowed. However, partial disbursement is not allowed for the institutional actions. Disbursements are allowed for early or late achievement of the DLI. This means that the planned disbursement amount for a given year can be released when the set target is fully achieved, even if the achievement is a year or more late, as long as this is within the loan period. If the target achievement is early, early disbursement can be made. ADB = Asian Development Bank, DLI = disbursement-linked indicator, EDP = Energy Department of Punjab, ICT = Information and Communication Technology, KPP = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, MHP = micro-hydropower plant, MW = megawatt, PEDO = Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization, PAP = program action plan, PHF = primary health care facility, PPMS = program performance monitoring system, RBL = results-based lending. Sources: Asian Development Bank, Energy Department of Punjab, and Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization.
12 B. Disbursement Allocation and Status Table 4: Disbursement Schedule for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ($ million) Share of Total ADB total ADB Financing financing Disbursement Linked Indicator Allocation (%) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 By 2021, access to electricity is provided to an additional DLI 1 240,000 households and 800,000 students in un-electrified 44.65 20% 8.93 8.93 8.93 8.93 8.93 and poorly electrified areas. By 2021, power generation capacity from clean energy DLI 2 55.85 25% 11.17 11.17 11.17 11.17 11.17 sources is increased by an additional amount of 153 MW. By 2021, at least 9,187 sites have renewable energy-based DLI 3 44.65 20% 8.93 8.93 8.93 8.93 8.93 power plants installed. By 2021, at least 30% of schools with solar plant installed are DLI 4 15.65 7% 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 3.13 girls schools. By 2021, at least 7% of target households newly connected DLI 5 17.85 8% 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57 to electricity are women-headed households. By 2021, governance, financial management and DLI 6 22.34 10% 13.40 4.47 0.00 0.00 4.47 procurement functions are improved. From 2017, ICT-driven program performance monitoring system (PPMS) is operationalized to produce annual DLI 7 22.32 10% 11.16 4.47 2.23 2.23 2.23 performance monitoring reports on all indicators and PAP actions By 2019, 100% of identified public sector buildings have DLI 8 conducted energy audits and the methodology for follow-up 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 on energy audit recommendations has been approved. Subtotal 223.31 100% 60.29 44.67 37.96 37.96 42.43 Interest and Commitment Charges 14.00 Total 237.31 ADB = Asian Development Bank, DLI = disbursement-linked indicator, ICT = Information and Communication Technology, MW = megawatt. Sources: Asian Development Bank and Energy Department of Punjab.
13 Table 5: Disbursement Schedule for Punjab ($ million) Share of Total ADB total ADB financing financing Disbursement Linked Indicator allocation (%) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 By 2021, access to electricity is provided to an additional DLI 1 1,800,000 students in un-electrified and poorly electrified 16.75 20% 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 areas. By 2021, power generation capacity from clean energy DLI 2 20.90 25% 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.18 4.18 sources is increased by an additional amount of 29 MW. By 2021, at least 17,400 sites have renewable energy- DLI 3 16.75 20% 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 based power plants installed. By 2021, at least 30% of schools with solar plant installed DLI 4 6.70 8% 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 are girls schools. By 2021, at least 7% of target households newly connected DLI 5 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 to electricity are women-headed households. By 2021, governance, financial management and DLI 6 8.36 10% 5.02 1.67 0.00 0.00 1.67 procurement functions are improved. From 2017, ICT-driven program performance monitoring system (PPMS) is operationalized to produce annual DLI 7 7.54 9% 4.18 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 performance monitoring reports on all indicators and PAP actions By 2019, 100% of identified public sector buildings have DLI 8 conducted energy audits and the methodology for follow-up 6.69 8% 1.67 2.51 2.51 0.00 0.00 on energy audit recommendations has been approved. Subtotal 83.69 100% 23.09 17.24 15.57 13.06 14.73 Interest and Commitment Charges 4.00 Total 87.69 ADB = Asian Development Bank, DLI = disbursement-linked indicator, ICT = Information and Communication Technology, MW = megawatt. Sources: Asian Development Bank, Energy Department of Punjab, and Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization.
14 III. Expenditure Framework and Financing A. Expenditure Framework 2. Program expenditures. The broader government programs’ expenditures are estimated to be $26,280 million from 2017 to 2021, of which the RBL program expenditures are estimated to be $454.3 million. 3. Program financing plan is summarized in Table 6. The co-financing from AFD will be loan. The cofinancing will be joint and collaborative, and will not be administered by ADB. Table 6: Program Financing Plan KPP Share of Total Source Punjab ($ million) Program (%) Government Provincial government 13.8 26.9 40.8 9.0 Community contribution - 9.9 9.9 2.2 Development partners Asian Development Bank 1 Ordinary capital resources (loan) 87.6 237.3 325.0 71.5 Agence Française de Développement 22.4 56.2 78.6 17.3 Total 124.0 330.3 454.3 100.0 KPP = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Sources: Asian Development Bank estimates, Energy Department of Punjab, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. IV. Program Systems and Implementation Arrangements A. MHP Implementation Business Model 4. Under the RBL program, the MHPs will provide electricity to around 1.5 million people in rural areas of KPP, and solar plants installed at schools will provide electricity to more than 2.6 million students, including 1.2 million girls. The MHP program will be implemented with the assistance of NGOs, hired through a competitive procurement process serving as the lead partner of the contractor, and responsible for site selection, conducting feasibility study and community mobilization. The contractor team will together be responsible for construction of the plant and training of the community team on operation and maintenance. The community organizations will be responsible for operation and maintenance of the plant and collection of cost recovery tariff to ensure sustainability. Four possible business models have been developed by the project preparatory technical assistance consultant. In all possible business models, the following essentials to ensure successful project implementation and a sustained long term operation are to be address: (i) Tariff: Application of proper tariff scheme covering all costs of direct expenses for operation and maintenance, financial contingency for unexpected events and the accumulation of funds for future renewal of the asset. (ii) Licencing: All projects independent from the ownership has to ensure that they dispose all the necessary licences and approvals according to federal and provincial regulation. 1 The interest and other charges during construction to be capitalized in the loan.
15 (iii) Fulfil provision for operation and maintenance: To ensure a safe and stable operation and to enable a maximal lifetime of the micro-hydropower plant the provisions for operation and maintenance are to fulfil. (iv) Funds: The owners and the operators have to ensure – observed by PEDO – that they allocate the dedicated shares of tariffs for contingency and renewal in the foreseen accounts. (v) Social and Environmental Safeguard: All provisions concerning social and environmental safeguard are to fulfil. 5. Based on the above essentials for sustainability, Table 7 shows different models. Table 7: Options to Structure the Business Model Business Model Development and Construction Asset Management and Operation No. Project Owner Project Developer Asset Owner Asset Operator A.I PEDO Development Contractor Community Community A.II PEDO Development Contractor PEDO Community A.III PEDO Development Contractor Community O&M Provider A.IV PEDO Development Contractor PEDO O&M Provider B PEDO Development Contractor Private Private Investor/Operator Investor/Operator C Private Investor Private Investor Private Investor Private Investor/Operator 6. Four different business models have been proposed by the PPTA consultants. Details are as below: Business Model – Privatisation Figure 1: Business Model for Plants with Generation Capacity Up to 200 KWs Development Operation A. Funds out of Hydro Power Fund of HDF Government of KP are allocated to PEDO B. PEDO selects the developer/Mobilizer to A perform the works. E C. Development Contractor/Mobilizer shall PEDO COMITY direct interact with Community for social mobilisation and project development D. PEDO shall approve technical proposals, B D ensure the process follows the rules and receive the final works when Development commissioned. Contractor/ E. PEDO is transferring the asset to the COMITY -in the form of COMITY- and Mobilizer ultimate responsible of the Operation and C Maintenance as owner of the plant as all liabilities* are transferred to COMITY Community *in case of full ownership transfer COMITY=group of people nominated by a community, HDF= Hydel Development Fund, PEDO= Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization. Source: Asian Development Bank project preparatory technical assistance (TA-9047) for the Access to Clean Energy Investment Project consultants’ report.
16 Business Figure Model 2: Business – Privatisation Model for Plants with Generation Capacity from 200 to 500 KWs (Option 1) Development Operation A. Funds out of Hydro Power Fund of HDF Government of KP are allocated to PEDO B. PEDO selects the developer/Mobilizer to A perform the works. C. Development Contractor/Mobilizer shall E direct interact with Community for social PEDO COMITY mobilisation and project development D. PEDO shall approve technical proposals, ensure the process follows the rules and B D F receive the final works when commissioned. Development O&M Prov. E. PEDO is transferring the asset to the Contractor/ COMITY -in the form of COMITY- and Mobilizer ultimate responsible of the Operation and Maintenance as owner of the plant as all C liabilities* are transferred to COMITY F. COMITY is undertaking an operation & Community maintenance agreement with an private service provider COMITY= group of people nominated by a community, HDF= Hydel Development Fund, KP= Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, O&M=operations and maintenance, PEDO= Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization. Source: Asian Development Bank project preparatory technical assistance (TA-9047) for the Access to Clean Energy Investment Project consultants’ report. Business Model Model Figure 3: Business – Lease-Out for Plants with generation capacity from 200 to 500 KWs (Option 2) Development Operation A. Funds out of Hydro Power Fund of Government of KP are allocated to PEDO B. PEDO selects the developer/Mobilizer to HDF perform the works. C. Development Contractor/Mobilizer shall A O&M Prov. direct interact with Community for social mobilisation and project development PEDO D. PEDO shall approve technical proposals, E ensure the process follows the rules and receive the final works when B D commissioned. E. PEDO shall undertake a Lease Agreement Development Community for operation and maintenance with a Contractor/ private sector O&M provider. Mobilizer PEDO shall be ultimate responsible of the C Operation and Maintenance as owner of the Plant. Community is beneficiary of the operation. Community All liabilities are by PEDO. HDF= Hydel Development Fund, O&M=operations and maintenance, PEDO= Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization. Source: Asian Development Bank project preparatory technical assistance (TA-9047) for the Access to Clean Energy Investment Project consultants’ report.
17 Business Model – Privatisation Figure 4: Business Model for Plants with Generation Capacity from 500 – 1000 KWs Development Operation A. Funds out of Hydro Power Fund of Government of KP are allocated to PEDO HDF B. PEDO selects the developer/Mobilizer to perform the works. A C. Development Contractor/Mobilizer shall E direct interact with Community for social PEDO Private Investor mobilisation and project development D. PEDO shall approve technical proposals, ensure the process follows the rules and B D F receive the final works when commissioned. Development E. PEDO is privatizing and transferring the O&M Prov. asset to an private investor Contractor/ Mobilizer F. Private investor is undertaking the operation & maintenance by himself or he C is awarding an private service provider with an operation & maintenance agreement Community HDF= Hydel Development Fund, KP= Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, O&M=operations and maintenance, PEDO= Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization. Source: Asian Development Bank project preparatory technical assistance (TA-9047) for the Access to Clean Energy Investment Project consultants’ report. B. Monitoring and Evaluation System 7. This section describes the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system that will apply to the rest of the program period with RBL financing, and incorporates the recommendations of the program M&E system assessment on ongoing M&E activities. 1. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation System 8. Institutional arrangements. Similar M&E systems to track program progress for KPP and Punjab are managed in parallel and will report on program progress to ADB; and coordinate with the relevant provincial departments. The M&E responsibilities are summarized in Table 8. Table 8: M&E Responsibilities by Agency Agency Responsibilities PEDO, EDP, and Populate the web-based M&E system with field information. PEECA Verify and confirm the field information. Maintain the M&E system. Issue and approve the quarterly reports. Submit disbursement requests to ADB. Coordinate with provincial finance, education, and health departments. ADB Process disbursements based on fulfillment of DLIs. Monitor the program status. Periodically deploy TA consultants to validate PEDO and EDP’s reports on DLIs (see para __). Provincial health, Facilitate data collection of field information during the operations and maintenance finance and stage for the solar program. education Provide inputs on status of indicators in the solar-powered schools and primary departments healthcare facilities. ADB = Asian Development Bank, DLI = disbursement-linked indicator, DMF = design and monitoring framework, EDP = Energy Department of Punjab, M&E = monitoring and evaluation, PEDO = Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization, PEECA = Punjab Energy Efficiency and Conservation Agency, TA = technical assistance. 9. M&E indicators. The expanded M&E indicators for the rest of the program period, which
18 will be monitored by PEDO, EDP and PEECA. The agencies will update the status of the program DMF, DLIs, and PAP; and compliance with the loan agreement. The key indicators are in Table 9. The M&E systems will be web-based, where the data on indicators will be aggregated in quarterly progress reports for the entire program, and for specific indicators. 10. Organizational setup and information flow for M&E. Figure 5 illustrates this process. 11. Data collection, analysis, and reporting with web-based M&E system. A web-based M&E system is being designed,2 which will enable PEDO, EDP and PEECA to effectively monitor the expanded M&E indicators. The system will allow large volumes of data to be collated, analyzed and captured in the program progress reports to be submitted to (i) the provincial energy, health and education department secretaries; and (ii) ADB bi-annually. 12. Program evaluation. Within two years after RBL effectiveness, ADB will field a midterm review to report on the progress against the program indicators, and agree on catch-up measures for any delays. Within one year from RBL closing, the program EAs will submit program completion reports to ADB and the Government on the results of the programs in KP and Punjab. Within two years from RBL closing, ADB, in consultation with the EAs, will prepare its own program completion report, and share the same with the Government. Table 9: Key M&E Indicators Program Responsible Minimum Deliverable to Indicator Monitoring Agency Monitoring External Parties Key Indicator DMF DLI PEDO EDP PEECA DC Frequency PPR WA Number of approved feasibility studies * * Quarterly * Energy produced * * * Monthly * Commissioned capacity * * * * Monthly * * Beneficiary population * * * * Monthly * * Female population benefited * * * * Monthly * * Percentage of women-headed households * * * Monthly * * Number of women trained on using energy benefits * * * Quarterly * * Percentage of private operators * * Quarterly * Number of jobs created * * * Yearly * GHG mitigation * * * Monthly * Final capacity expected * * * Quarterly * Number of created utilities * * * * Monthly * * Aggregated cost * * * Monthly * Percentage of annuity recovered * * Quarterly * Global availability * * * Quarterly * Number of complaints * * * Quarterly * Percentage of girl schools * * * Monthly * * Number of PHFs with delivery and antenatal care * * * Monthly * * Percentage of compliance with BPEELs * Yearly * * Compliance with energy efficiency audits in public * Yearly * * building plan Compliance with construction work plan for the ERC * Quarterly * * BPEEL = best-practice energy efficiency legislation, DC = contractor, DLI = disbursement-linked indicator, DMF = design and monitoring framework, EDP = Energy Department of Punjab, ERC = Energy Resource Center, M&E = monitoring and evaluation, PEDO = Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization, PEECA = Punjab Energy Efficiency and Conservation Agency, PHF = primary healthcare facility, PPR = program progress report, WA = withdrawal application. 2 The system is being developed by the project preparatory TA consultants under TA 9047-PAK: Access to Clean Energy Investment Project, and finalized with PEDO and EDP.
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