PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT FOR A SPACE-SAVING DAYBED - DIVA
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Product development for a space- saving daybed Produktutveckling för en platseffektiv dagbädd Anund Fernando Faculty of Health, Nature and Engineering Science Degree project for Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering Bachelor Thesis, MSGC12, 22.5 credits Supervisor: Johan Strandberg Examiner: Professor Leo de Vin Date: 2020-06-14 Pages: 53
Abstract This thesis documents a product development project as a Bachelor of Science in Innovation Technology and Design engineering degree. The thesis was written during spring 2020 at Karlstad University. The project was conducted on behalf of IKEA of Sweden with the goal of developing a new daybed. Daybeds are versatile furniture that can convert a living room into a bedroom in just a few seconds. The current daybeds at IKEA cannot be separated into two single beds and still maintain the same height level to enable dual sleeping. This function is something that many customers have requested and desired. The goal of this project was to develop a daybed that can be separated into two single beds and maintain the current functions of a daybed. The project has been conducted with the use of a project model that includes the following phases: planning, pre-study, requirement specification, concept generation, concept selection as well as layout construction. The final phase of the project included the handing in of this thesis, an exhibition and a presentation. A pre-study was conducted to establish the past research, functions, shapes, sizes, new possibilities etc. These were identified and transformed into demands and wishes to create a requirement specification which was used as a foundation for the concept generation. The concept generation provided various ideas for previously established sub functions. These were then combined to create complete concept solutions for the new daybed. By utilising known screening methods only a few concepts remained. These were presented to the outsourcer and a final concept was chosen for further development. The chosen concept takes inspiration from the simple space-saving methods of stacking and folding. This concept meets all the demands and most of the wishes in the requirement specification. A prototype in scale 1:10 and a CAD-model was made to better present the concept. The concept consists of two almost identical beds where one is assigned as the bottom bed and the other is the top bed. To use them as a daybed they need to be stacked on top of each other in which the top bed is placed upside down. Recommendations for further work with the concept are also presented in the thesis.
Sammanfattning Denna rapport dokumenterar ett produktutvecklingsprojekt som en högskoleingenjörsexamen inom innovationsteknik och design. Rapporten skrevs under våren 2020 vid Karlstads universitet. Projektet genomfördes på uppdrag av IKEA of Sweden med målet att utveckla en ny dagbädd. Dagbäddar är mångsidiga möbler som kan omvandla ett vardagsrum till ett sovrum på bara några sekunder. De nuvarande dagbäddarna hos IKEA kan inte separeras till två enkelsängar och samtidigt bibehålla samma höjdnivå för att möjliggöra dubbelsängs-sovande. Denna funktion är något som många kunder har begärt och önskat. Målet med detta projekt var att utveckla en bäddsoffa som kan delas upp i två enkelsängar och fortfarande bibehålla befintliga dagbäddars funktioner. Projektet har genomförts med en projektmodell som inkluderar följande faser: planering, förstudie, kravspecifikation, konceptgenerering, konceptval samt layoutkonstruktion. Den sista fasen av projektet inkluderade inlämningen av denna avhandling, en utställning och en presentation. En förstudie genomfördes för att fastställa tidigare forskning, funktioner, former, storlekar, nya möjligheter etc. Dessa identifierades och omvandlades till krav och önskemål för att skapa en kravspecifikation som användes som underlag för konceptgenereringen. Konceptgenereringen tillhandahöll olika idéer för tidigare etablerade underfunktioner. Dessa kombinerades sedan för att skapa kompletta konceptlösningar för den nya dagbädden. Genom att använda kända sållningsmetoder återstod bara några få koncept. Dessa presenterades för uppdragsgivaren och ett slutligt koncept valdes för vidareutveckling. Det valda konceptet hämtar inspiration från de enkla utrymmesbesparande metoderna för stapling och vikning. Detta koncept uppfyller alla krav och de flesta önskemål i kravspecifikationen. En prototyp i skala 1:10 och en CAD-modell skapades för att bättre presentera konceptet. Konceptet består av två nästan identiska sängar där en är nedre sängen och den andra är övre sängen. För att kunna använda dem som en dagbädd måste de staplas ovanpå varandra där den övre sängen placeras upp och ner. Rekommendationer för vidare arbete med konceptet presenteras också i rapporten.
Table of Content
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................................3
Sammanfattning..................................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Background .........................................................................................................................7
1.2 Problem Definition ..............................................................................................................7
1.3 Purpose ...............................................................................................................................7
1.4 Objectives ...........................................................................................................................8
1.5 Delimitation ........................................................................................................................8
2. Methodology...............................................................................................................................9
2.1 Project Plan .........................................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Time Management .......................................................................................................9
2.1.2 Risk Assessment ..........................................................................................................9
2.2 Pre-study ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Literature Study ......................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Customer Feedback.................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Function Analysis ...................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4 Competitor Product Analysis ..................................................................................... 11
2.2.5 Brand DNA Analysis ................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Requirement Specification ................................................................................................. 12
2.3.1 Olsson’s Criteria Matrix ............................................................................................. 12
2.3.2 Weight Determination Matrix .................................................................................... 13
2.4 Concept Generation ........................................................................................................... 13
2.4.1 Idea Generation.......................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Morphological Matrix ................................................................................................ 15
2.5 Concept Selection .............................................................................................................. 16
2.5.1 Concept Evaluation and Screening ............................................................................. 16
2.5.2 Gate Meeting ............................................................................................................. 17
2.5.3 FMEA ....................................................................................................................... 17
2.6 Layout Construction .......................................................................................................... 18
2.6.1 Calculations ............................................................................................................... 18
2.6.2 Modelling .................................................................................................................. 18
2.6.3 CAD Modelling ......................................................................................................... 18
2.6.4 Concept Description................................................................................................... 19
3. Result........................................................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Project Plan ....................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.1 Time Management ..................................................................................................... 20
3.1.2 Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................ 21
3.2 Pre-study ........................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Literature study .......................................................................................................... 21
3.2.2 Customer Feedback.................................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 Function Analysis ...................................................................................................... 24
3.2.4 Competitor Product Analysis ..................................................................................... 25
3.2.5 Brand DNA Analysis ................................................................................................. 27
3.3 Requirement Specification ................................................................................................. 28
3.3.1 Olsson´s Criteria Matrix............................................................................................. 29
3.3.2 Weight Determination Matrix .................................................................................... 30
3.4 Concept Generation ........................................................................................................... 30
3.4.1 Idea Generation.......................................................................................................... 30
3.4.2 Morphological Matrix ................................................................................................ 33
3.5 Concept Selection .............................................................................................................. 38
3.5.1 Concept Evaluation and Screening ............................................................................. 38
3.5.2 Gate Meeting ............................................................................................................. 39
3.5.3 FMEA ....................................................................................................................... 40
3.6 Layout Construction .......................................................................................................... 40
3.6.1 Calculation ................................................................................................................ 41
3.6.2 Modelling .................................................................................................................. 43
3.6.3 CAD Modelling ......................................................................................................... 43
3.6.4 Concept Description................................................................................................... 45
4. Discussion................................................................................................................................. 48
5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 50
Acknowledgment .............................................................................................................................. 51
Reference list .................................................................................................................................... 52
Appendices
Appendix 1: Project Plan
Appendix 2: Competitor Product Analysis
Appendix 3: Sketches
Appendix 4: Calculation
1. Introduction
This project is a Bachelor Thesis that summarizes the Innovation and Design program
provided by Karlstad University. The project took place in the spring of 2020 within the
course Degree for Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design (MSGC12) which contains
22.5 credit points. The project was conducted in collaboration with IKEA of Sweden.
1.1 Background
The IKEA daybeds are a range of versatile products that can be used both as a sofa, a single
bed or a double bed when extended. They are very popular for customers that live in a small
space and need to use a room both as a living room during the day and a bedroom during the
night. They are also often used in children’s room and in guestrooms.
Today the IKEA daybeds can’t be used to create two separate single beds which in some
situations is preferred by the customers. The current construction needs to stay together
because the parts support each other during use.
1.2 Problem Definition
The main problem formulations for the project are;
- How can a daybed be designed to create two separate single beds and keep all the
current functions of daybeds?
- How should the daybed be constructed to enable the two mattresses to be on the same
height in order to secure a good function for dual sleeping?
1.3 Purpose
The purpose of this project is to investigate and find the most suitable solutions for the new
daybed. Although, the main purpose is for the student to learn how to apply the product
development process in real life projects.
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1.4 Objectives
The goal of this project is to develop a daybed that can perform all the functions of the current
daybeds but also provides the user with the option to create two separate single beds. Another
goal is to provide IKEA with a concept that they can take further to production. The student’s
goal is to do a deliberate and professional work using the methodology of the design process.
The aims and objectives of the thesis work are;
• Get an understanding of the structure and functions of the existing daybeds.
• Investigate if there are any current mechanics that can be implemented into the new
concept.
• Generate, develop and validate detailed construction of the selected concept.
• The solution should be feasible and approved by the outsourcer.
The project will contain 600 hours and is estimated to be completed in 2020-06-07. The final
presentation will take place in 2020-05-27 and the final report will be handed in on 2020-05-
25.
1.5 Delimitation
Since the problem formulation is very broad and therefore would take more than the available
time, the project will have a couple of delimitations. The concept will not address the
following:
• Manufacturing – since this might restrict the concept generation.
• Ergonomics – regarding the comfort, since this has more to do with the mattress. The
concept will take ergonomics in account if certain unnatural movements are needed
for it to work.
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2. Methodology
The project is based on the product development process and complies with the engineer and
industrial designs way of work. The methodology is shaped from the design process
according to Johannesson et al. (2013). In Figure 1 there is a simplified picture of how the
project is divided into parts and how it was conducted.
Figure 1. A simplified visualization of the included phases
2.1 Project Plan
In the early stages of the project a time plan was created containing the vital phases that a
design process should contain. A project plan was made which included the titles:
background, goal, organization, project management, risk assessment and document
management according to Eriksson & Lilliesköld (2004) theories. A project plan is used to
help structure a project and illustrate the different phases.
2.1.1 Time Management
The primary tool when creating the time plan was establishing a Work Breakdown Structure
(WBS), a valuable method to help display the different parts of the project. According to
Eriksson & Lilliesköld (2004) a WBS will help answer the question “What needs to be done
for the project to be concluded?”
Afterwards an analysis was made to identify what kind of dependencies the various parts
have. With this information as well as an estimation of necessary time allocation a GANTT-
schedule was created. A GANTT-schedule helps identify the different parts across a timeline
and gives a greater general picture of how the project will unfold (Johannesson, et al, 2013).
2.1.2 Risk Assessment
A risk assesment was made using Eriksson & Lilliesköld (2004) theories about what in
Swedish terms is called Miniriskmetoden. It includes the problems that could occur as well as
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the actions that will be taken if they were to happen. The risk assessment is a tool that was
updated throghout the project.
2.2 Pre-study
The pre-study is used to find the needs for all the products life cycle phases and convert them
into technical criteria. During the allocated time for this phase as much information as
possible is assembled. The collected information surrounds the main subject and will provide
a base to construct primary and secondary requirements in a criteria matrix as stated by
Johannesson et al. (2013).
2.2.1 Literature Study
Literature studies analyses scientific articles, books and reports which gives descriptions or
statements related to the specific topic at hand. The purpose with the studies is to get insight
on the important literature that have been published in a certain subject. Through this analysis
a more informed opinion can be developed, and a broader perspective will be achieved which
Milton & Rodgers (2013) explains in their book Research methods for product design.
The focus of the pre-study for this project was on IKEA’s current daybeds, the competition
and space-saving teqniques for furniture. With the help of the research from Milton &
Rodgers (2013) an iterative four step process could be used. The applicable steps are;
1. Problem - What needs to be studied?
2. Search - Where can valuable content for the subject be find?
3. Evaluation – What information is relevant?
4. Analysis and intrepretation – What is the mening of the information and how can it be applied in this
project?
Inatially studies were made on what methods should be used for the work with researching,
sketching and prototyping etc. thereafter studies in areas such as functionality, various space-
saving techniques and construction were made. Complementary studies were made
throughout the phase because of the difficulty to predict all necessary data at the start of the
project.
2.2.2 Customer Feedback
Customer feedback is a gift that can be used as a strategic tool by a designer. When a
customer buys a product and feel satisfaction or diss satisfaction, they have the option to
either inform the seller or stay quiet. If the user chooses to write about their experience with
the product then the seller has the chance to ensure that it does not happen again by
implementing some form of solution to the problem (Barlow & Møller, 1996). The analysis
10was done using the customer feedback provided by IKEA on their daybeds. It was divided
into positive and negative feedback. Through the analysis, critical feedback could be extracted
and were taken into consideration during the creation of the requirement specification.
2.2.3 Function Analysis
When creating a product, it is important to figure out why the product exists, its main purpose
and how it can be obtained. A product can be divided into one main function and sub
functions. Without the main function none of the other functions can be obtained. Together
they build a hierarchy which can be illustrated using a tree structure, see Figure 2. This
structure helps the interpreter understand the questions “How” and “Why” (Österlin, 2016).
Figure 2. The functions divided in a tree structure (Österlin, 2016)
2.2.4 Competitor Product Analysis
According to Johannesson et al. (2013) product information regarding competing products are
essential when conducting a product development. It is also needed to find known technichal
solutions. An easy tool to use when analysing the different companies and their products is
through a table. This table contains the company’s name, the product, the price, it´s size, the
various functions and eventual comments. The analysis was conducted by visiting the stores
or their websites.
With the help of the outscorcer an appropriate list of rival products were established. A very
common mistake when conducting a competitor product analysis is too focus too much on the
technology surrounding the product and not on the user needs. Using the information
collected, both the strenght and the weaknesses of all competing products can be determined.
The summary can then be used to examine the issues that needs to be adressed when
developing the new product (Milton & Rodgers, 2013).
The goal of the competitor product analysis was also to try and define the functions and shape
that is needed for a product to be classified as a daybed.
112.2.5 Brand DNA Analysis
This type of analysis is carried out to explore the design language, signifiers that conveys a
brand and how the brands values are portrayed through the product. Brand DNA analysis is
used to discover all the different aspects of a branded product through the data collected from
customer feedback and design analysis (Milton & Rodgers, 2013). The evaluation is applied
through different perspectives:
• Aesthetics – Sensorial perspective
• Interaction – Behavioural perspective
• Performance – Functional
• Construction – Physical perspective
• Meaning – Mental perspective
Since IKEA has a very wide variety of products even in the daybed assortment, the brand
DNA analysis was only done on Hemnes daybed which is their most popular daybed (IKEA,
2020).
2.3 Requirement Specification
In this phase of the project a specification on what needs to be accomplished was made. A
well described specification provides a great basis for the concept generating as well as a
reference for the assessment of the conclusive solutions (Johannesson, et al., 2013).
According to Österlin (2016) a requirement specification has to be distinct, but should not be
too limiting since that could lead to absent guidens or that the concept gets to restricted with
demands and wishes. The creation of the requirements specification was an iterative process
because the knowledge regarding the various subjects continuously grew.
2.3.1 Olsson’s Criteria Matrix
With the aim to create a check list for the requirements, Olsson’s Criteria Matrix was used.
According to Johannesson et al. (2013) Olsson’s matrix includes the criteria areas which
needs to be considered. These criteria areas compose of the product’s various life cycle
phases. For every life cycle phase there are four different aspects that needs to be taken into
consideration: process, environment, society and economy. See Table 1. Every cell represents
a potential product aspect under the analysed life cycle phase. These cells are later used as a
check list when formulating eventual criteria. Cells that are regarded as irrelevant are later
excluded from the matrix.
12Table 1. Olsson's Criteria Matrix (Johannesson, et al., 2013)
Aspects
Life Cycle Phase Process Environment Society Economy
Creating (development, construction 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4
etc.)
Production (manufacturing, assembly, 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4
storage etc.)
Distribution (sales etc.) 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
Usage (installation, maintenance etc.) 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4
Disposal (recycle, destruction etc.) 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4
2.3.2 Weight Determination Matrix
When creating a requirement specification, it is easy to become subjective, even though most
try to be as rational and objective as possible. According to Johannesson et al. (2013) the
Weight Determination Matrix can be utalized to avoid the occurence of subjectiv assesments.
This matrix is based on pair-wisely comparison, considering every established criteria. The
criterias are placed in both the rows and columns of the table, see Table 2. The two different
criterias that are compared shares the value 1. If one is more important than the other it will
receive the whole value 1, but if they are deemed equally important then they both receive the
value of 0.5 each. After all criterias have been compared the assigned values are added in
rows. The evaluation criteria with the highest sum therefore recieves the highest weight and is
deemed most important out of all the stated criterias.
Table 2. An example of the Weight Determination Matrix
Criteria A B C D Sum Sum/Tot
Wish A - 1 0.5 0.5 2 0.33
Wish B 0 - 0 0.5 0.5 0.08
Wish C 0.5 1 - 1 2.5 0.42
Wish D 0.5 0.5 0 - 1 0.17
Tot 6 1.00
2.4 Concept Generation
The concept generation is the central phase for the product development process. It is in this
phase where most of the idea invention is carried out and most of the creativity is spent here.
13In some contexts, it is mentioned that chaos and total freedom is the winning concept when it
comes to concept generation. These are important ingredients, but they need to be
implemented in a result-oriented process which provides an underlying structure (Michanek &
Breiler, 2007).
2.4.1 Idea Generation
Mood Board
The first stage in the concept generation was to create a mood board. According to Cassidy
(2011) mood boards are used frequently in design industries. Mood boards can be used in
many ways but in this instance, it was used to facilitate creative and innovative thinking. A
summarizing collage was made to establish which aesthetics, meanings and feeling the future
concept should inherit.
Creative Methods
The second stage in the concept generation was to create as many ideas as possible. The main
methods that were used were “Brainstorming” and “Brainsketching”. Both these methods are
quick and simple ways to create a large number of solutions. The problem was divided into
sub functions when explained to the participants. Each sub function was then processed in
both the main methods. In the book called Creativity for Engineers (Dhillon, 2006) states that
a group of 8-12 individuals are optimal to get the best result when using the brainstorm
method.
There are guidelines that need to be followed during an idea generation session. Michanek &
Breiler (2007) states that there are creative “do’s” and “don’ts”.
Do’s
• Come up and fly – let go of all repression and let the ideas fly
• Produce many ideas – quantity before quality is the focus in the beginning
• Take notes/ visualize the ideas – preserve all the ideas
• Shoot – in this case it is okay to act before thinking
Don’ts
• Criticizing and evaluating – don’t criticize other ideas, the evaluation comes later
• The leader always knows best – don’t say what the boss wants to hear
• Everyone talking in sequence – it is okay to interrupt each other
14• Analysing – everything does not have to be thought through the whole way
Brainstorming
This method is performed in a group. By using this technique, a large amount of ideas are
expected. All type of critics as well as judgements are prohibited from this exercise since the
goal is to get as many ideas as possible regardless of the absurdity. The ideas are either
written or drawn on, for example post-it notes. Afterwards they are displayed in a way that
everyone in the group can observe what the others have come up with. Thereafter the different
ideas can be categorized in groups with similar ideas. If the concepts are regarded as
insufficient then the process can be repeated (Österlin, 2016).
Brainsketching
This method has been proved useful when there are certain individuals in the group who are
shy or quiet, which could lead to suggestions or ideas being left out. To perform this method
all participants, need to sit around a table with their own paper. The person leading the session
begins with formulating the problem. When everyone is agreed on the problem, a timer is set
on 5 minutes and the partakers proceeds to draw up their ideas simultaneously. When the
timer stops the papers are passed to the next person and the timer restarts. Now everyone have
the chance to see what the participant ahead of them has drawn/ written and either build on
those ideas or take inspiration from them. This process is then repeated until the leader has
sufficient ideas to further the project (Dhillon, 2006).
2.4.2 Morphological Matrix
A morphological matrix is a tool that is used to establish all the possible combinations of
solutions regarding the sub functions stated in the function analysis. This method is done by
inserting the sub function and their respective partial solution alternatives into the matrix, as
shown in Table 3. Afterwards, lines are drawn through all the total solutions. Then sort out all
the total solutions that fulfil the stated requirements for the product and have geometrical as
well as physical compatible sub solutions. The last step is to eliminate the total solutions that
are evidently inept (Johannesson, et al., 2013).
Table 3. An example of a morphological matrix (Johannesson, et al., 2013)
Sub function Partial solution alternatives
Function 1 Solution A Solution D
Function 2 Solution B Solution E Solution G
Function 3 Solution C Solution F
152.5 Concept Selection
In this phase the suggested solutions that have been produced during the concept generation
are evaluated based on the demands and wishes that have been stated in the requirement
specification. The suggested solutions are screened, and a winning concept will be selected
for further development (Johannesson, et al., 2013).
2.5.1 Concept Evaluation and Screening
According to Johannesson et al. (2013) the first step in the evaluation process is “elimination
of bad solutions”. This part of the process can be helped if a rough screening of the solutions
already been made in the conclusion of the idea generation. In the elimination process the
solutions will be analysed on whether they:
• solve the main problem
• meet the requirements in the requirement specification
• are feasible in reality
• are below the cost ceiling
• are favourable regarding the environment, safety and ergonomics
• fit the company product program
The elimination is done using the elimination matrix according to Pahl and Beitz. See Table 4.
Table 4. Elimination matrix according to Pahl and Beitz (Johannesson, et al., 2013)
Page Elimination matrix for: Elimination criteria:
[+] Yes
[-] No
Solves the main problem
Meets the requirements
[?] More info needed
Safety and ergonomics
Enough information
[!] Verify requirement specification
Under cost ceiling
Fits the company
Decision:
[+] Pursue solution
[-] Eliminate solution
[?] Seek more info
Solution
Feasible
[!] Verify requirement specification
Comment Decision
1 + + + + + + + +
2 + + - -
3 + + ? + + + + ?
4 + ? + + + + + !
The next step in the evaluation process is done by applying Pugh’s relative decision matrix.
With the help of this tool the amount of solutions will be further reduced. In a relative
16decision matrix, the selection is based on relative comparison between the various solutions.
The selection criterion that are formulated in the matrix should emanate from the requirement
specification, with focus on the critical problem that the product should solve.
All formulated selection criteria are inserted to the matrix with all the alternative solutions. A
reference solution (DATUM) is also chosen and inserted. The reference solution should be a
well-known product, which in this project could be Hemnes daybed from IKEA. Every
alternative solution is then compared to the reference solution. Depending on whether the
alternative solution is better (+), as good as (0) or worse (-) than the reference solution, the
appropriate symbol is given. Afterwards all the results from the different comparisons are
added into a cumulated net value and ranked as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. An example of a relative decision matrix according to Pugh (Johannesson, et al., 2013)
Criteria Alternatives
1 [ref] 2 3 4 5
Wish A D - + 0 -
A
Wish B + + - +
T
Demand D U 0 - - +
Wish E M - 0 - +
Sum [+] 1 2 0 3
Sum [0] 1 1 1 0
Sum [-] 2 1 3 1
Net value 0 -1 1 -3 2
Ranking 3 4 2 5 1
Proceed no yes no yes
2.5.2 Gate Meeting
After the relative decision matrix had provided a few concepts that could be proceeded, a
presentation was created with descriptions and images of the concepts. This document was
then presented to the outsourcer and together with the project manager a decision was made
on which concept that should be selected.
2.5.3 FMEA
Before further development of the selected concept could take place, a Failure Mode Effect
Analysis (FMEA) needed to be made. According to Tonnquist (2018) this method helps
identify and remove errors before they transpire. This tool is usaully used for design,
production and development. The FMEA answers questions regarding severity, occurrence
and possibility of scenarios that could emerge.
172.6 Layout Construction
During this phase the final development is completed, and the concept is realized.
Hallgrimsson (2012) implies that the process is iterative whereas the physical models explore
the different functions and Computer Aided Design (CAD) is implemented to establish the
remaining or surfaced problems. The purpose is also to identify eventual defects with the
concept that have not yet been observed.
The later a problem surfaces during a project, the more expensive it will be to rectify.
Therefore, it is extremely important to maintain good communication between factory,
outsourcer and costumer. This way the risk of a problem occurring is minimized
(Hallgrimsson, 2012). That is why close contact was kept amongst all involved during this
phase of the project.
2.6.1 Calculations
Most of the calculations for the concept were done with the help of data provided by Granta
Design (2019). Using the book Formler och tabeller för mekanisk konstruktion (Björk, 2017)
the right formulas could be implemented. With the merits from the calculations, a graph could
be created for the material selection of each part. These graphs were created using CES
Edupack 2019 by Granta Design (2019).
2.6.2 Modelling
The model was examined on the aspects of form and function. This process was iterative and
needed adjustments were made along the way. Sketch models are created using simple
materials to create a better feeling surrounding the measurements and shapes. These does not
need to be constructed in the intended material but are created with materials that are easy to
shape, such as cardboard or clay. The models provide another way to visualize the concepts
and the functions to others (Hallgrimsson, 2012). The main function of the prototype was to
show the different functions of the product to others during the exhibition.
2.6.3 CAD Modelling
The program used for the CAD modelling was Creo 5.0. With the knowledge gained during
the course Construction Mechanics II (MSGB37) at Karlstad University, the right methods
could be applied. The use of the top-down technique makes it easy to tie the various parts
together, and in that way make smoother and controlled changes to the different parts without
receiving error messages or causing any extra work.
182.6.4 Concept Description
This was the final part of the project in which the full concept was presented. A description
was formulated to help understand the different functions and material suggestions were made
to the outsourcer.
193. Result
The following chapter features the result of the methodology and the solution propositions
that emerged during the process. All of this was then accumulated into a final concept.
3.1 Project Plan
3.1.1 Time Management
In the beginning a preliminary time plan was created to present the project from start to finish.
The schedule is based on predetermined dates for deadlines and submissions together with the
own experiences of how time consuming each phase usually is. The time plan could be
followed accordingly with a few minor adjustments along the way. The report was written
alongside all the stages of the project.
Below a WBS-schedule is presented, which illustrates the projects phases and the respective
tasks that were conducted during the project. See Figure 3. The phases where structured
according to when they will take place during the project and were reused to make a PERT-
schedule. In Figure 4 a critical line is presented using the PERT-schedule. See Appendix 1 for
the whole project plan which was prepared in the first stage of the project.
Figure 3. WBS-schedule
Figure 4. PERT-Schedule
203.1.2 Risk Assessment
The risk assessment showed that risk 1,2 and 3 had the highest chance of occurring as shown
in Table 6. To handle these risks and prevent them from happening, the stated adjustments
were executed.
Table 6. Risk assessment of the project
# Risk P C R Adjustment
R1 The time plan does not hold up for various 3 5 15 Continually update the time plan and check the
reasons available time
R2 Problem with collecting information 4 3 12 Check with the outsourcer if they have relevant
information. Also, check the available studies
in the library´s data base
R3 Diffuse problem formulation 4 3 12 Discuss the problem formulation with the
outsourcer and make it clear
R4 Insufficient resources 2 3 6 Ask the outsourcer and discuss with the
supervisors what the available resources are
R5 Lack of communication with supervisors 2 3 6 Have contact with multiple employees at
(due to illness etc.) IKEA and contact supervisor at the university
R6 Not achieving the goals of the project 2 5 10 Continuous follow-up with the supervisors
R7 Malfunction with documents Update the different versions and create back
ups
R8 Problem with generation plausible concepts 2 4 8 Discuss it with the supervisor at the university
and investigate if there are other concept
generation methods
R9 The outsourcer is unhappy with the project 1 4 4 Keep the outsourcer updated during the project
and involve them in the concept selection
R10 The project manager is unable to conduct 1 5 5 Adjust the time plan accordingly
the project (due to illness etc.)
3.2 Pre-study
This is where the results from the pre-study is presented.
3.2.1 Literature study
The literature study was conducted using Diva-portal which is an archive for research
publications and student assignments. Data bases such as Google Scholar and One Search
were also used for the research. The words and subjects used in the searches were chosen
through discussions with the outsourcer and own thoughts on necessary background
information.
Space-Saving Furniture
According to Astonkar & Kherde (2015) more and more people are moving to the central
parts of the city due to better employment opportunities and a progressive lifestyle. Because
21of this movement there is less free space in the inner cities which usually results in smaller
apartments for the inhabitants. Transformable space-saving furniture is therefore in high
demand. These kinds of furniture provide one product with multiple functions. What Astonkar
& Kherde (2015) also realized was that the space-saving furniture could be optimized by
integrating them with the structures and layout of the buildings.
The History of Daybeds
In the article The Humble Daybed Has A Storied History, Endick (n.d.) states that the daybed
has long been an essential furniture for many homes and have served various purposes. The
exact description is rather vague but to get a better understanding on what could be
categorized as a daybed just imagine any seating furniture that can be rearranged into a bed.
Although the modern daybed is somewhat basic in its design it is functional. Daybeds look a
lot like sofas but with a more sturdier looking frame and contains a linked spring that provides
the possibility of converting it into a double bed. The different frames vary depending on
design and purpose but is usually made in wood or metal. According to Endick (n.d.) almost
every ancient culture utilized some form of daybed. It predates all sofas and was initially
created for a place to relax. In ancient Greece, the daybeds were used in rooms of socializing.
The basic intention was to create a furniture where one could sit or lounge.
Modular design
According to Kamrani & Salhieh (2002) a modular design can be defined to break down a
design problem into as independent parts as possible. Modular products are products that
carries out different functions by combining separate building blocks. The core in this type of
product should be well thought through and able to cope with the other building blocks. Every
component that is designed using the modular design method should support one or more
functions. Thus, it is important that a function analysis is created to establish a main function
along with sub functions.
Folding design
There are many space-saving techniques but perhaps the most useful one according to Li et al.
(2015) is the folding technique. This technique is applicable in many ways and offers plenty
of solutions for various geometric problems. The main problem is that rigid parts cannot be
bended and therefore is not applicable to folding. If the rigid parts are combined with hinges
this is no longer a problem and the parts can be folded in a controlled manner. The hinges
provide certain movements that need to be constrained and these movements usually need
extra space to operate without colliding with the surroundings. The folding technique can be
22rather complicated depending on the product. To solve these problems a good spatial
awareness and a great foresight of the dynamic changes of the shape is helpful.
Furniture development
In the book Furniture Design: An Introduction to Development, Materials and
Manufacturing, it is stated that there are many various aspects that needs to be taken into
consideration when developing a new furniture. These aspects are mainly functional and
technical but the one aspect that is most prominent in the furniture world is the aesthetics.
Most customers want a furniture that can be described as both beautiful and innovative.
Nowadays furniture is much more than just a tool for sitting, resting, structuring and holding,
it has become a decorative item as well. Because of this the semantic facets are incredibly
important. Although, developing a furniture that is functionally, technically and visually
appealing is a hard task and usually one aspect excels more than the other two. Thus,
identifying the most important aspect is essential, especially if the project has a small budget
or limited time (Lawson, 2013).
Joints
According to Podskarbi et al. (2016) joints are a vital part for strength, technical and
operational functions in furniture constructions. The effectiveness of joints can be enhanced if
the number of links are increased and the toughness of construction can be improved by
increasing the thickness of the used material. Joints are in most cases the weakest parts in a
construction and the quality of the joints are usually the determining factor for the durability
of the end product. The general requirements for connections on a construction are that they
should be easy to assemble and disassemble, have a short number of components, fulfil the
aesthetic wishes as well as being externally invisible. There are many different joint solutions,
but the most known ones are glue, catch, wedge, screw & bolt, spring as well as magnet.
These solutions also come in various portrayals. Finding the optimal joint for a construction is
not always easy but the best way is typically to observe the prior products or products that
closely resembles the new construction. This way a statement on what works and what can be
improved is more easily made.
3.2.2 Customer Feedback
With the help of an excel file provided by IKEA, 2059 costumer reviews of the Hemnes
Daybed could be read. The comments were read and then assorted together into the most
fitting description. The review was only regarded if the complaint or praise was repeated by
different costumers at least 25 times. This way, incidents or malfunctions that are deviations
23could be screened. The descriptions were then divided into positive and negative feedback.
See Table 7. One subject that the costumers had problems with agreeing on was the
complexity of the assembly of the daybed.
Table 7. Costumer Reviews of Hemnes Daybed
Hemnes Daybed
Positive Negative
The product is perceived as functional and The beam in the middle of the construction
practical due to its many functions. is weak and twists easily.
It comes off as robust and a high-quality Some of the screws in the construction
product due to the material and sturdy frame. seems to be lacking in quality and gets
loose.
Many customers mention the storage space A few customers mention that the height of
as convenient and excellent size. the daybed when contracted is a bit high,
mostly for children.
The products quality and functions match Some customers wish that the product could
the price. be separated into two separate beds, which
currently is not possible.
The slats are perceived as flimsy and brake
easily.
3.2.3 Function Analysis
The products main function was defined first. Afterwards, the sub functions could be stated
by dividing the main function and in that way all necessary properties for the new product
could be specified. See Figure 5. The main function of a daybed was defined as a furniture
that “relieves the body”. The sub functions were to create identity, provide storage, provide
rest place and enable separation.
24Figure 5. Function analysis of a daybed
3.2.4 Competitor Product Analysis
During the competitor product analysis, it emerged that the look and functions of the daybeds
vary and comes in all shapes and sizes. Most products on the market might fulfil a lot of
criteria but usually lack in at least one certain area, see Table 8. This has proven to be very
different from daybed to daybed and is diverged between functions such as storage, back rest
and extra beds. In some cases, the daybeds even looked more like a sofa bed, see Figure 6. A
more detailed competitor product analysis can be seen in Appendix 2.
25Table 8. Analysis of the competitor products
Product Positive Negative Value
Vantinge (Jysk, • No mattress needed • Low height High
2020) • Double bed function • No back/ side rest
• Easy to move • No storage
Nils (Mio, 2020) • Double bed function (possible) • Must buy extra bed Low
• Simple • Must buy drawers
• Back/ side rest • Incomplete product
Morrow (Chilli, • Two beds (not separate) • No double bed function Medium
2020) • Mattress included • Small
• Back/ side rest • No storage
Oliva (Chilli, • Aery design • Totally separate products Medium
2020) • Two beds (separate) • No storage
• Double bed function • No coupler for the beds
• Back/ side rest • No mattress
Libourne • Back/ side rest • More like a sofa bed High
(Furniturebox, • Two beds (not separate) • No double bed function
2020) • Storage space
• Mattress included
Tatyana* • No mattress needed • Small Low
(Trademax, • Side rest • No double bed function
2020) • No storage
• No back rest
Mainstays • Aery design • No double bed function Low
Modern Metal • Two beds (separate) • No storage
Daybed with • Back/ side rest • No mattress
Trundle
(Walmart, 2020)
*No permission to show picture
Figure 6. Images of competitor's products
263.2.5 Brand DNA Analysis
The product chosen for this analysis was Hemnes daybed from IKEA. Hemnes was chosen
because of its popularity and multifunctionality. The Brand DNA Analysis was conducted by
interviewing IKEA’s bedroom staff and observing the customers at IKEA Karlstad. Later a
summary was made to conclude the main observations and thoughts.
Aesthetics – Sensorial perspective
The daybed is regarded as aesthetically good looking. The model could be described as a mix
between modern and old-fashioned design. Its robust look and the panelling on the back and
sides of the construction makes it look more traditional. But, the simplicity and “cleanness” of
the details and functions make it modern as well. The drawers look somewhat misplaced
because of its more “plastic” look and because the front is placed outside of the bedframe.
The texture of the daybed is very smooth to the touch and feels very sturdy. All though, since
the material is wood, it can sometimes give of a creaking sound when it is used.
Interaction – Behavioural perspective
The daybed is a very basic construction even though it has several different functions. Thus,
the customers do not seem to have a problem using the product to its fullest capability. The
users performed the functions such as pulling out the extra bed accurately. Most people
seemed to know that the daybed can be formed into a double bed and had no problem
understanding that it has storage space in the form of drawers. The product encourages the
user to both sit and lie down. The knob on the drawers invites the user to open them, while
also making it easier to do so.
Performance – Functional
The Hemnes daybed is viewed as a multifunctional bed. Aside from it being a single bed, it
can become a double bed by just pulling out the bed framework. When retracted it is a bed
and a sofa depending on the users need. As an extra function the product provides storage in
the shape of three drawers. These drawers are very spacy and fits many complementary
products such as pillows and covers. This way all that is needed for the daybed can be kept in
the same place and makes it easy to transform.
Construction – Physical perspective
IKEA has many different suppliers and manufacturers; thus, the product can be manufactured
in many different countries. The construction is mainly composed of wood fiber board with
acrylic and polyester colour working as a decorative and protective detail. There are also
27some parts that are made from solid pinewood and chipboard. The product is a rather simple
construction and resemble a bed in many ways. The side in which the “extra bed” is pulled
out can be fragile since the horizontal metal beam is relatively thin. If the “extra bed” is not
pulled out all the way, then this is not a problem. The daybed allows up to two mattresses
with the dimension 80x200 cm stacked on top of each other and a mattress of up to 160x200
cm when fully extended.
Meaning – Mental perspective
The product provokes the feeling of comfort and cosiness. Though, the comfort is very
dependent on the pillows and sheets that is placed on the bed. The more the rigid parts of the
daybed are being concealed by pillows, the comfier it will look. The back and side rest
provoke relaxation and the feeling of being in a cocoon when laying down. The main meaning
with the design could be that it should look more like a bed than a sofa, in other words, the
opposite of a sofa bed.
Figure 7. Construction of Hemnes Daybed Figure 8. Hemnes Daybed from IKEA
3.3 Requirement Specification
In this phase all the demands and wishes for the product are presented in a criteria matrix.
These demands and wishes were developed mainly via discussions with the company and the
outcome of the pre-study. The pre-study played an important part in this evaluation and gave
inspiration for the wishes that were included.
283.3.1 Olsson´s Criteria Matrix
With the implementation of Olsson’s Criteria Matrix, several demands and wishes emerged
which are presented in the matrix below, see Table 9.
Table 9. Criteria Matrix
Criteria Cell Criteria Demand [D] Function [F]
number Wish [W] Limitation [L]
1 1.1 Design according to the company’s demands on D L
furniture for sitting and lying
2 1.1 Convert into two separate single beds, at least D F
80x200 cm each
3 1.2 Renewable and/ or recyclable materials D L
4 1.2 Constitute the company’s environment and W, 3 L
sustainability goals
6 1.3 Minimize the risk of injury D L
7 1.3 The construction allows a mattress the size of at D L
least 80x200 cm
8 2.3 Minimize parts for assembly W,3 L
9 2.4 Minimize manufacturing cost W,1 L
10 3.1 Transported in parts, assembly at desired location W,4 F
11 3.3 Coherent design with one of IKEA’s W,1 L
collections/series
12 3.4 Space-saving D F
13 4.1 Easy to clean W,4 F
14 4.1 Intuitive functions W,5 F
15 4.3 Exhort ergonomic movement W,3 F
16 4.3 Storage space W,5 F
17 4.3 Can be assembled by customer, with simpler tools D L
18 4.3 Aesthetically appealing W,4 L
19 4.3 Can be used as a double bed D F
20 4.3 Provide back/side rest W,4 F
21 5.1 Easily exchangeable/ demounted without special W,3 L
tools
22 5.2 100% reusable D L
23 5.3 No unhealthy substances emitted during elimination W,1 L
293.3.2 Weight Determination Matrix
Olsson’s Criteria Matrix developed 13 wishes which had to be prioritised according to their
importance for the project. These wishes are stated in Table 9. The ranking of priority was
between 1-5, where 5 has the highest priority. See Table 10.
Table 10. Weight Determination Matrix
3.4 Concept Generation
This portion of the report presents the concept generation which is conducted to generate
solution propositions on the given problem formulation.
3.4.1 Idea Generation
Mood Board
A mood board which comprised of pictures showing ideas, observations and other relevant
thoughts regarding expression, design and style were created. The ideas for the content of the
mood board came mostly from the perception of daybeds that was acknowledged during the
pre-study and requirement specification. See Figure 9. The mood board was created by
establishing the following key words for the new daybed:
• Comfortable
• Safe
• Creative
• Versatile
30Figure 9. Mood Board
Creative Methods
The workshop for the idea generation in group included seven students with various
educational backgrounds. During the workshop, the methods brainstorming, and
brainsketching were used. All the questions used during the session were pre-determined to
support the sub functions of the daybed that were stated in the pre-study phase. The following
questions were asked to the participants:
• How can a daybed be separated into two single beds?
• How does one get the two beds to be on the same height level?
• How can storing be provided in a bed/ sofa?
• How can the two bed be connected?
The questions were asked separately, and the participants got the opportunity to sketch and
write down their ideas on a piece of paper with the help of a pen.
All through the brainstorming only post-it notes were used so that the participants could
produce as many solutions as possible without worrying about leaving space on the paper.
The next method was brainsketching, in which the students got to build on each other’s ideas.
This resulted in new unique ideas and gave an even better base for the continuation of the
concept generation.
Below are some of the ideas that came up for each question. The different figures are a few of
the solutions for the answered question.
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